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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Development of Quality World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086 Published by Atom and Cell Publishers © All Rights Reserved Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.org/ Original Article Development of Quality Standards and Phytochemical Investigation of Cichorium intybus L. seeds. Rizwan Ahmad1,2, Mohd Mujeeb*3, Firoz Anwar4,5 and Aftab Ahmad6 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Vivek College of Technical Education,Bijnor UP, India 2 Uttarakhand Technical University Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India. 3 Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India. 4 Department of Pharmacology, Siddharth institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun- Uttarakhand. 5 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah- 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 6 Health Information Technology Department, Jeddah Community College, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box- 80283, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Received: 23-07-2015 / Revised: 25-08-2015 / Accepted: 31-08-2015 ABSTRACT Cichorium intybus Linn (Asteraceae) is a bushy perennial herb with blue, lavender, or occasionally white flowers. Chicory contain mainly volatile oils, alpha-amyrin, taraxerone, baurenyl acetate and beta-sitosterol, with the majority of the toxic components. In addition, the leaves of chicory may also be used as compresses to be applied externally to ease skin inflammations and swellings. As a mild diuretic, it increases the elimination of fluid from the body, leading to its use as a treatment for rheumatism and gout. The root and the leaves are appetizer, cholagogue, diuretic, hypoglycemic, laxative and tonic. The present study was designed to establish quality standards of C. intybus. Different Physiochemical Parameter like extractive values, ash values, were determine. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out to detect different phytoconstituents. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts in different solvent revealed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids and proteins. Heavy metals were determined and found within acceptable limits. Pesticides residues and aflatoxins were also determined but not found in the tested samples. The physicochemical and phytochemical standards which are outcome of this research may be utilized as substantial data for identification and standardization of C. intybus seeds. Keywords: Cichorium intybus, Pesticide, Aflatoxins, Phytochemical, Heavy metal INTRODUCTION magnesium and potassium as well as potassium nitrate. It also contains a bitter glycoside named Cichorium intybus L. seed is a member of the cichorine. In traditional medicine, all parts of the family Asteraceae. It is an important medicinal plant specially root and leaves are used as diuretic, herb and used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha laxative, antibilious, antipyretic, blood purification systems of medicine for diseases of hepatobiliary and strengthen of the stomach. It is also used as an system and renal system. Recent studies have appetizer as well as in the treatment of hepatic found some of the important constituents in chicory failure, jaundice, intermittent fever and mild states such as caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, inulin, of chronic skin diseases (Suzuki et al .1995) .The and polyphe-nol in C. intybus L. (Maliakel et sesquiterpene lactones like lactucin and al.2008) Chicory is a widespread weed with lactucopicrin were used for antibacterial and antibacterial effect. Its habitants are road sides, antimalarial activity(Rai et al.1996), antifungal railroads and waste grounds, flowering period lasts activity(Kocsis.2003,Ghaderi et al.2012). Chichory from June to October. Leaves of the plant contain also has antibacterial and nematicidal effect salts such as sulphates and phosphates of sodium, (kirtikar et al. 1997). However few scientific *Corresponding Author Address: Dr. Mohd Mujeeb, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard nagarNew Delhi, India, 110062 E-mail [email protected] Mujeeb et al., World J Pharm Sci 2015; 3(9): 1925-1933 reports are available related to its Determination of ash values: Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical analysis. Ash values: This constraint can be used for the Therefore, this study was designed to establish determination of inorganic materials, such as quality standards of the drug. carbonates, silicates, oxalates and phosphates. Heating causes the loss of organic material in the MATERIALS & METHODS form of CO2 leaving behind the inorganic components. Ash value is an important Procurement of plant material: Cichorium characteristic of a drug and with the help of this intybus L seeds were procured from Yucca parameter we can detect the extent of adulteration Enterprises, Bombay and samples were identified as well as establish the quality and purity of the by taxonomist. The voucher specimen was drug. There is a considerable difference in the ash deposited in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry values of different drugs but mostly the difference Research Laboratory, Vivek College of Technical varies within narrow limits in case of the same Education, Bijnor for further reference. The drug. The acid insoluble ash consists mainly of voucher no was NISCAIR/RHMD/Consult/- silica and high acid insoluble ash thereby indicating 12/1781/81. the contamination with earthly materials. The water-soluble ash is used to estimate the amount of Macroscopical and microscopical evaluation: inorganic elements The plant material was subjected to macroscopical and microscopical evaluation. The seeds of C. Determination of total ash values: Ignition of intybus were observed carefully and preliminary medicinal plant material yields total ash observations were recorded. The seeds were constituting both physiological (from the plant powdered with the help of grinder and stained with tissue) and non-physiological (extraneous matter different staining reagent to ascertain the presence adhering to the plant) ash. The ground drug was of particular type of microscopical characters. incinerated in a silica crucible at a temperature not exceeding 450 oC until free from carbon. It was Physicochemical standardization: then cooled and weighed to get the total ash content. Determination of extractive value: It is the amount of soluble constituents extracted with Determination of Acid insoluble ash values: different solvents from a given amount of Acid insoluble ash represents sand and siliceous medicinal plant material. (Harborne1992; earth. Ash is boiled with 25 mL dilute HCl (6N) for Mukherjee2002) five minutes. The insoluble matter collected on an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and Cold Extraction: The air-dried coarse drug ignited at a temperature not exceeding 450 oC to a powder (10 gm) was macerated with solvent constant weight. (Petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water) of volume 100 mL in a closed flask for 24 hours, Determination of Water-soluble ash values: Ash shaking frequently during six hours and allowing was dissolved in distilled water and the insoluble standing for 24 hours. It is filtered rapidly, taking part collected on an ash less filter paper and ignited precaution against loss of solvent, the filtrate at 450oC to constant weight. By subtracting the evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottom dish weight of insoluble part from that of the ash, the and dried at 105oC, to constant weight and weight of soluble part of ash was obtained. percentage yield was calculated. Florescence analysis: Many herbs fluorescence Hot Extraction: The powdered material of the when cut surface or powder is exposed to UV light drug (10 gm) was packed in a Soxhlet apparatus and this can help in their identification method. The separately for each solvent like petroleum ether, fluorescence character of the plant powders (40 chloroform, methanol and water. Each extract was mesh) was studied both in daylight and UV light evaporated to dryness and constant extractive value (255 and 366 nm) and after treatment with different was recorded. reagents like sodium hydroxide, picric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, iodine, ferric Successive Extraction: The dried and coarsely chloride etc.(Chase1949; Kokoshi1958) powdered material (10 gm) was subjected to successive extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus with Phytochemical screening: The Petroleum ether different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform extract, Chloroform extract, Methanolic extract, and methanol. The extracts were evaporated to aqueous extract of the plant material were dryness and their constant extractive values were subjected to preliminary phytochemical recorded. investigation for the detection of secondary 1926 Mujeeb et al., World J Pharm Sci 2015; 3(9): 1925-1933 metabolites. (Mukherjee2002). The screening was and Fusarium verticillioides. Aspergillus species performed for Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Phenolic produce aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 which are compounds, Flavonoids, Protein, Saponins, considered to be involved in the etiology of human mucilage, resins and lipids or fats etc. liver cancer. (Samson etal 2001). Heavy Metal Residues: Residues of heavy metals RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Cd, Pb, As and Hg) in the extracts were determined according to the American The macroscopical study of the C. intybus L seeds Organization of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) was done. The seeds were pale brown to grey in official method of analysis (Anonymous 2002) colour,
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