Newsletter | Jan - Mar 2018 | Issue 05 International Society of Exposure Science

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

JESEE NEWS

2018 JOINT ANNUAL MEETING

FUTURE OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

CANCER PREVENTION FOR FIREFIGHTERS

EXPOSURES FROM HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

URBAN VEGETATION AND AIR POLLUTION INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE ISSUE 04

About ISES

Mission

ISES works to meet humanity's needs for public health and environmental protection through a global community of exposure science professionals. ISES encourages the open exchange of information, provides opportunities for career development, acknowledges and promotes excellence in the practice of exposure assessments and research in the field of exposure science.

For information on membership and to learn more about the ISES, please visit http:// intlexposurescience.org.

Editorial Board Eunice Varughese, PhD, Editor-in-Chief Carol Burns, PhD Jane Ellen Clougherty, PhD Erin Haynes, DrPH Judy S. LaKind, PhD

Acknowledgements Design and layout by Chris Gustin. Get in touch at chrisgustin.io. Typeset with Freight Sans Pro and Tisa Pro.

Photo Credits Stock photos sourced via unsplash.com and the following incredible photographers: Cover photo courtesy of Lucas Huffman. Pages 7, 15, and 16 courtesy of Chuttersnap. Page 5 courtesy of Sebastien Gabriel. Page 13 courtesy of Aidan Bartos. Back page courtesy Diego PH.

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CONTENTS

3 13 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE by Judy S. LaKind, PhD CINCINNATI RESEARCHERS AND FIREFIGHTERS 5 COLLABORATE TO JESEE NEWS DEVELOP OCCUPATIONAL by Rick Peltier, PhD CANCER PREVENTION 7 STRATEGIES FUTURE OF EXPOSURE by Erin Haynes, DrPH, MS ASSESSMENT IN 15 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH URBAN VEGETATION AND STUDIES TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR by Gayle DeBord, PhD & Mark D. Hoover, PhD POLLUTION 11 by Jun Wu, PhD SEEKING TO UNDERSTAND 19 EXPOSURES FROM JOINT ISES-ISEE 2018 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING ANNUAL MEETING by Nicole Deziel, PhD INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE ISSUE 05

President’s Message: Fewer Silos in 2018? by Judy S. LaKind, PhD

for polio vaccines administered between 1955 and 1963. The discovery came after many of us had already been part of the frst wave of vaccinations. Don’t get me wrong: I am grateful to have been part of a generation of kids who did not worry about contracting polio. But the observation that about 100 million of us were exposed to simian virus 40 has led to many studies about possible health risks associated Happy New Year! with the vaccine (Poulin and DeCarpio 2006). This exposure occurred around the same time A friend and colleague suggested a book to me that new environmental chemicals came into the called The Vaccine Race, by Meredith Wadman. In market and that dietary patterns and food the prologue, the author described the frst polio sources began to be transformed (the products in vaccine, which was later found to be today’s grocery stores do not resemble the fare at inadvertently contaminated with simian virus 40, our New Jersey A&P from the 1960’s). So this

3 / intlexposurescience.org INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE generation has experienced many changing References cited: exposures from an array of sources. Some dietary 1. Azad MB, Abou-Setta AM, Chauhan BF, and pharmaceutical exposures have been studied Rabbani R, Lys J, Copstein L, et al. for their association with health outcomes (e.g., Nonnutritive sweeteners and Tylenol and childhood asthma [Eyers et al. 2011]; cardiometabolic health: a systematic aspartame and neurobehavioral/cardio- review and meta-analysis of randomized metabolic health [Lindseth et al. 2014; Azad et al. controlled trials and prospective cohort 2017]) but I am not aware of a solid literature that studies. CMAJ. 2017 Jul 17;189(28):E929- includes aggregate exposure assessments from E939. these varied exposure sources, which are all part of what has been described as the exposome. 2. Eyers S, Weatherall M, Jeferies S, Beasley R. Paracetamol in pregnancy and the risk So while we will continue to have conversations of wheezing in ofspring: a systematic at our Society meetings about risks associated review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp with chemical exposures that are new to our Allergy. 2011 Apr;41(4):482-9. generation and the ones following, we could also be considering other exposures that fall outside 3. Lichtveld K, Thomas K, Tulve NS. our own silos. Perhaps we should be exploring Chemical and non-chemical stressors how ISES can attract researchers from other silos afecting childhood obesity: a systematic (e.g., nutrition science, medicine) so that we can scoping review. J Expo Sci Environ think more expansively about exposures we Epidemiol. 2018 Jan;28(1):1-12. should be contemplating in the context of public health research (see Lichtveld et al. 2018 for a 4. Lindseth GN, Coolahan SE, Petros TV, nice example of this kind of thinking). We also Lindseth PD. Neurobehavioral efects of need to develop methods to address these aspartame consumption. Res Nurs Health. complex multi-source exposures as they are 2014 37(3):185-93. identifed. 5. Poulin DL, DeCaprio JA. Is there a role for Thanks for reading. SV40 in human cancer? J Clin Oncol. 2006. 10;24(26):4356-65.

Judy S. LaKind, PhD President, International Society of Exposure Science

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JESEE News by Rick Peltier, PhD

Most of us are around 12 years old when we are evaluation in JESEE. After some revisions and frst taught about the scientifc method. We all editorial review, your hard work is polished to a know it well – ask a question, gather data, sheen, and published for your professional peers formulate hypotheses, analyze your data, and to consume and utilize. We add another line to then communicate your fndings. For me, that our CV, and move to the next project. last step – as a 12 year old budding scientist - was usually in the form of a two-page paper with extra But the work we do in exposure is really wide margins or an illegible hand-written poster meaningful, and has importance beyond just our with pictures cut out from magazines. professional peers through JESEE. Certainly communicating your results to your peers is Now, we spend a great deal of time crafting our valuable for your professional standing, and communication, infected with the jargon of our improves science on the whole. But for most of discipline, including citations pointing to us, we deal with important issues of exposure infuential work, and writing with scientifc, that afect populations, and only a tiny fraction of direct language. This is important for these individuals would ever read a scientifc disseminating your work in an efcient, fact- journal. These individuals – who need access to based assessment of your fndings, and, like most exposure science results – rely on mass media, journals, we use this as a criterion for peer websites, and non-peer reviewed information

5 / intlexposurescience.org INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE sources to understand these issues. Because of idea to cite your work in these types of this, I encourage you to publish your work in publications – especially if the work is in a journal JESEE, and then go even further. like JESEE.

Think of this as just another type of science I’m glad we have a resource like JESEE where we communication that talks about our work in less can disseminate our most important science. But technical terms directly to populations who need I’m also confdent that we need to engage the this kind of information. Does your work deal public through other means, and do so in ways with urban air pollution exposures for asthmatic that are a lot more efective than that old tri-fold kids? Maybe we should craft efective messages poster presentation in the science classroom. for teachers or parents. Interested in longitudinal There are countless ways to bring these messages pesticide exposure on farms? Perhaps to the masses by producing high quality and well- communicating with farm workers would be edited publications that directly help the public, meaningful. Do you work on pharmacokinetic while supported by outstanding journalism models of phthalate exposures in consumer professionals. products? It might make sense to tell the people who consume these products. Compared to the And that is a good thing, especially since, after all average ISES member, teachers and farm workers these years, my hand writing is still illegible. and ordinary consumer product users are not very likely to read your work, and even if they did, they might not understand it. About the Author Rick Peltier is the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of JESEE To do this efectively, we have to realize that it’s and has been an associate editor for more than six not just our professional peers who value these years. He is an Associate Professor in the results. I would argue that we need to engage the Department of Environmental Health Science at public in more meaningful, public health- the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Contact oriented ways. There are so many diferent him anytime - to talk shop, ask a question about avenues one can take – from crafting press the journal, or just send a friendly hello - at releases with your local press or public relations [email protected]. ofce, to writing directly for the numerous online mass media periodicals that are comprised of articles written for the general public. The Hill, The Conversation, and major city (or even small town) newspapers are great resources to spread your science. It’s not uncommon to write an article and have it read worldwide by tens of thousands of people. Sit for an interview with a local reporter. Answer their questions, and have empathy for what they do, and do not, know. Quite often, you might work with an excellent journalist who can best capture your strengths (science reasoning) with their own professional abilities (like editing and messaging to target audiences). Be warned that it is a very diferent experience engaging these types of publications, and you’ll likely go through more drafts than you think, but it is no less important to get these messages out efectively. And it’s always a good

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Future of Exposure Assessment in Occupational Health Studies by Gayle DeBord, PhD and Mark D. Hoover, PhD

Exposure assessment is part of the modern knowledge of the exposure compositions, industrial hygiene framework. It forms the basis concentrations, and conditions where the of the process to anticipate and recognize workplace hazards occur. Hazard-informed hazards, evaluate exposures, and control and exposure assessment ensures that the relevant confrm protection from risks to safety, health, exposures are assessed in the appropriate well-being, and productivity in the workplace locations and at the appropriate times. (Figure 1). To address the complexities of understanding, communicating, and managing Exposure assessment in occupational health risks from the gamut of chemical, physical, studies has evolved over the years to keep pace biological and psychological hazards, the with the ever-changing nature of both work and framework includes a strong integration between the U.S. and global workforces, along with the the assessment of hazards and the assessment of changing nature of exposures outside the exposures. Exposure-informed hazard workplace. Traditional occupational health assessment ensures that realistic information studies generally ignored exposures to hazards in about actual workplace exposure is factored into the environment and only looked at exposures any laboratory-based studies that are conducted. found in the workplace. Assessments assumed that the workplace exposure levels were so high Exposure-response relationships are better that they would overwhelm the contributions of understood when they are informed by any other environmental exposures. While some

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Figure 1. Industrial hygiene framework and process to protect safety, health, well- being, and productivity in the workplace.

Figure 2. Hierarchy of controls to protect workers from exposures to hazards.

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high level exposures still exist within the strategies and (2) developing or improving workplace, many workplace exposures have been specifc exposure assessment tools or methods. reduced or controlled by application of the To advance those goals, NIOSH also created its hierarchy of controls (https://www.cdc.gov/ virtual NIOSH Center for Direct Reading and niosh/topics/hierarchy/) (Figure 2). Sensor Technologies (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ topics/drst) in 2014 to evaluate the role of sensors The hierarchy of controls provides a process for and other direct reading methods in the determining feasible and efective control workplace. Recent exposure assessment activities solutions to protect workers from exposures to (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/ppop/pdfs/ hazards. The National Institute for Occupational EXAP-PPOP-2017.pdf) include sensor evaluation, Safety and Health (NIOSH) (https://www.cdc.gov/ development of new sensors, and publication of niosh/) interprets that this hierarchy begins with the new 5th edition web-book version of the elimination and substitution, which are the most NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (https:// efective measures but are often difcult to www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/ introduce to industries that have well established 5th_edition_web_book.html). Sensors are likely processes. The hierarchy continues with applying to have a large impact on occupational health engineered controls where possible and studies as new sensors and applications are being providing administrative controls, including developed every day. Issues regarding a confrming that controls are in place and working framework for the ethical use of sensors in the properly, as well as monitoring and confrming workplace (https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science- the health of workers. Finally, the hierarchy blog/2017/01/20/wearable-sensors-ethics/) are concludes, as a last resort, with the use of any also being addressed, including how monitoring personal protective equipment that may still be programs that involve wearable sensors should required. The low levels of exposures present in apply wearable sensors to beneft or contribute to many modern workplaces can make it difcult to society (justifcation), use the least intrusive confrm a direct association of a disease with only means necessary to accomplish the objectives an occupational exposure, even in the presence of (optimization), and anticipate and avoid or evidence from studies in laboratory animals or minimize potential adverse consequences other toxicologically-based premises. In addition, (minimization of harm). other factors and exposures may have a role in the development of an occupational disease. This Recently, key occupational health areas have been is especially true of chronic diseases that have identifed (https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science- multiple pathways to disease initiation and blog/2017/01/10/howard/) where research into progression. new strategies and new tools for the assessment of exposure are needed to aid in the identifcation NIOSH identifed exposure assessment methods of hazards in these felds. These areas include: and tools as a top-21 priority area as part of the frst decade of the National Occupational • Oil and Gas Extraction – Innovative Research Agenda (NORA) (https://www.cdc.gov/ exploration and extraction technologies niosh/nora/default.html) in 1996. The NIOSH such as directional drilling and high Exposure Assessment Program (https:// volume hydraulic fracturing have led to a www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/exap/) was boom in domestic oil and gas production continued during the second decade of NORA; in the U.S. Worker exposures to crystalline and for the current third decade of NORA, silica and hydrocarbon gas and vapors exposure assessment has been named a core area have been identifed during the process to for NIOSH research and practice. Over these extract oil and gas. Work is needed to years, priorities for exposure assessment have identify other exposures and especially to been articulated in two overarching goals: (1) evaluate potential diseases that might developing or improving exposure assessment occur due to these exposures.

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• Robotics – Job automation has ushered in As worksites have evolved, today’s occupational a whole new type of workplace. How the health studies need to take a multifaceted worker interacts with this new approach towards exposure assessment. environment and the subsequent risks Worksites today are more complex as are the have not been widely studied. factors that combine to result in occupational diseases. New strategies such as those being • Sensors – The development of new applied in exposomic studies (https:// sensors, evaluation of existing sensors, academic.oup.com/aje/article/ and the new applications for sensors will 184/4/302/2236658) are needed to thoroughly help revolutionize exposure assessment. investigate workplace exposures, as well as the Sensors need to be evaluated for their myriad exposures that occur in settings beyond intended purpose and steps must be taken the workplace. New occupational exposure to ensure that the sensors are properly assessment tools and methods, such as sensors, used. New strategies on sensor can have a major impact on advancing our deployment are needed to aid in exposure ultimate goal of making it easier for everyone to assessment along with the collection, get the right things done right regarding health validation, and interpretation of large by building and sustaining connected, protected, amounts of data. and respected communities of leaders, cultures, and systems with the tools, training, and • Nanotechnology and Advanced experience needed to protect safety, health, well- Manufacturing – New engineered being, and productivity in all the places we live, materials with dimensions and learn, work, and play. performance-enhancing features on the nanometer scale are being created and new exposure assessment methods are ABOUT THE AUTHORS needed to measure worker exposures to Dr. Gayle DeBord, Cincinnati, OH, these and existing nanomaterials. [email protected], managed the NIOSH Advanced manufacturing, such as 3-D Exposure Assessment Program for the last 7 years printing, is a new feld involving processes and was the Director of the NIOSH Center for and materials for which little exposure Direct Reading and Sensor Technologies. She is assessment has been conducted. recently retired following a 30-year career of research and leadership as a commissioned corps • Disaster Science – First responders and officer in the U.S. Public Health Service at NIOSH. the public are at an increased risk during a disaster, natural or otherwise, because Dr. Mark D. Hoover, National Institute for of the dynamic environment in the early Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, stages of a disaster. Exposure assessment [email protected], is coordinator of the NIOSH strategies to realize real-exposure Exposure Assessment Program and co-director of exposure monitoring are needed to the NIOSH Center for Direct Reading and Sensor improve incident command decision- Technologies. Questions about and collaborations making to protect frst responders and the with the program and center are enthusiastically public without interfering with the encouraged. response itself. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this • Healthy Workforce – This feld is in need report are those of the authors and do not of strategies and tools to identify factors necessarily represent the official position of the and exposures that impact the well-being National Institute for Occupational Safety and of workers and can be social determinants Health, Centers for Disease Control and of disease. Prevention.

intlexposurescience.org / 10 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE ISSUE 05 Seeking To Understand Exposures From Hydraulic Fracturing

With a new grant from the Environmental provide critical scientifc evidence for Protection Agency (EPA), ISES member Nicole policymakers, health ofcials and other Deziel, Assistant Professor at the Yale School of researchers. The project leverages the Public Health, will investigate potential water- intrinsically inter-disciplinary nature of exposure based exposures and health efects of science.” unconventional oil and gas production (UO&G). The Appalachian Basin has contributed Dr. Deziel is directing an interdisciplinary team of signifcantly to the nation’s oil and gas boom. scientists who will investigate the impact of Energy production from the Basin’s northern tier hydraulic fracturing, more commonly known as has skyrocketed over the last decade as the “fracking,” and related activities on drinking Marcellus and Utica Shales have been targeted water quality and neonatal health outcomes intensively for oil and gas extraction. Advances in within the Appalachian Basin. drilling and hydraulic fracturing have unlocked these reserves, which has increased domestic Thousands of wells have been hydraulically supplies and made oil and gas cheaper, but fractured within the Appalachian Basin—an area widespread deployment of these extraction stretching from Alabama to New York—during technologies have been accompanied by concerns the past decade and the practice is expected to about environmental contamination, social continue for years to come. Hydraulic fracturing stressors and health problems that may be felt is initiated after a gas or oil well has been drilled acutely by lower-income communities. Through and involves pumping a mixture of water, sand the grant, the EPA is seeking multidisciplinary and chemicals into the wellbore under high research that illuminates the impacts of pressures to fracture the surrounding rock and unconventional oil and gas production, with the liberate the trapped oil and gas. Currently, more ultimate goal of using this research to inform than 9 million people in the United States alone policy decisions and best practices for oil and gas have drinking water sources within 1.6 km (1 drilling within the Appalachian Basin and mile) of a hydraulically fractured well. Exposure elsewhere. data are critically needed to understand whether UO&G development is associated with water The study began in September 2017 and will contamination, human exposure, and human continue for three years. This project expands health impacts in such communities. upon Nicole’s prior work in the region. She and Yale post-doctoral fellow and ISES member Dr. “This research connects exposure scientists with Elise Elliott led a team of Yale scientists in physical scientists, engineers and conducting the Ohio Water and Air Quality Study epidemiologists from across the Yale campus to in the summer of 2016, which was a community- evaluate the likelihood of drinking-water based study examining the water contamination, contamination and adverse birth outcomes air quality, and health among residents in a resulting from these new industrial activities,” county in Ohio with the largest number of stated Deziel. “Research from these disciplines permitted shale gas wells. Dr. Elliott, who is also has generally been occurring separately, and part of the new research efort, looks forward to integration of exposure science with following up on the results gleaned from the hydrogeology, chemistry and epidemiology will initial study. “Collection of water samples from

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hundreds of homes should greatly advance our understanding of the potential chemical exposures occurring in the Marcellus and Utica Shale regions,” stated Elliott.

About the Author Nicole Deziel is an Assistant Professor at the Yale School of Public Health. Dr. Deziel serves as Principal Investigator of a study funded by the American

Cancer Society investigating co-exposures to multiple flame Figure 1. Ohio home with nearby drilling rig. retardants, pesticides, and other persistent pollutants and thyroid cancer risk. She is also PI of a new inter-disciplinary project entitled “Drinking water vulnerability and neonatal health outcomes in relation to oil and gas production in the Appalachian Basin," which was recently selected for a three-year, $2 million EPA Grant. Nicole has served on four ISES Technical Organizing committees, founded and chaired our Diversity Committee from 2014-2017, and currently serves on the Publications Committee and the JESEE Editorial Board. Figure 2. ISES members Nicole Deziel (right) and Elise Elliott Please feel free to contact (left) conducting water quality research in Ohio. Nicole at [email protected]

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Cincinnati Researchers and Firefighters Collaborate to Develop Occupational Cancer Prevention Strategies

Danger to frefghters doesn’t stop when the fre having a possible association with frefghting. is out. Firefghters are exposed to harmful Science and research can give back to substances at both the scene of the fre and the frefghters, though, through collaborative work frehouse. In a meta-analysis of 32 studies on to develop prevention strategies. Erin Haynes, cancer risk among frefghters, Grace DrPH, researcher at UC’s Environmental Health Lemasters, PhD, a faculty member at the Center and director of the Center’s Community University of Cincinnati (UC) in Ohio and Engagement Core (CEC), collaborated with the researcher for the university’s NIEHS-funded Cincinnati Fire Department (CFD) to measure environmental health center, found that airborne particulate and PAHs at the frehouse frefghters have an elevated risk to certain and during overhaul. Her research found cancers that may be related to their exposure to elevated levels of both hazardous compounds, complex mixtures, such a polyaromatic so Dr. Haynes and her team made 3 prevention hydrocarbons (PAHs). The study assessed the recommendations: Wear your Air, Wash probable, possible, or unlikely risk of 21 cancers Yourself and Wash Your Gear. This message was and found that frefghters have a probable risk shared with Cincinnati frefghters, the for multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin Cincinnati Firefghter Union and the Firefghter lymphoma, prostate, and testicular cancers. Safety Committee. The CFD recommended the Eight additional cancers were also listed as prevention message be communicated via a

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high-impact video featuring frst video, the CFD has cancer risk while they local frefghters who had invested resources to provide successfully advocated for developed cancer in the line of frefghters with tools to wash Ohio Senate Bill 27, which duty. Dr. Haynes and her team their gear and themselves on provides preemptive cancer then collaborated with the scene following a fre. The CFD coverage in Ohio. These CFD to develop the video, even requested a second video successes demonstrate the which was shared with the to train frefghters how to power and impact of Ohio Association of properly use to the new partnership between Professional Firefghters resources (https:// researchers and frefghters. (OAPF) and has received www.youtube.com/watch? Collaborations such as this can 60,000 views on their v=SfYSO1dJ4Dc). continue to reduce the risk of Facebook page and via the CEC cancer in frefghters and save YouTube channel, where it has The impact of the research and lives. been viewed 5,800 times prevention strategies (https://www.youtube.com/ developed in Cincinnati has watch? reached far beyond the city About the Author v=Y-7I0U3323Y&t=124s). fre department. Dr. Lemasters Erin Haynes, DrPH, MS is an provided an expert testimony Associate Professor of Since the development of the to educate policy makers on Environmental Health at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. She has been conducting community- engaged exposure science for over a decade. Please feel free to contact Erin at [email protected]

Above Cincinnati Firefighters Joe Gunnewick, Joe Lonneman, and Jack Klosterman.

Above Right Cincinnati Firefighters-in-training implementing the "Wash Yourself" prevention strategy.

intlexposurescience.org / 14 URBAN VEGETATION and Traffic-Related Air Pollution by Jun Wu, PhD INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE

Trafc-related air pollution (TRAP) is a major size, stomata, vegetation structure and leaf environmental health problem in densely microstructure (e.g. the occurrence of leaf hairs, populated urban cities worldwide (1). Street the availability of waxes) (6). The reported canyons, relatively narrow streets with tall, velocities of particle deposition on tree leaves can continuous buildings on both sides, are abundant vary widely by 3 orders of magnitude (7). After within city environments (2). Road-side air deposition, particles can be resuspended to the quality is a particular concern in street canyons, air or washed of by precipitation dripping from where lowered wind speeds, in-canyon air the plants to the soil. Only the latter process recirculation, and high trafc emissions can represents a net-removal of PM from the result in high concentrations of TRAP. Various atmosphere. During dry periods, deposited strategies have been applied to improve street- particles are constantly resuspended through a level air quality, including source and emission wind-dependent process. A case study in Belgium control and the inclusion of green infrastructures showed that about three quarters of intercepted such as trees and vegetation barriers. Despite a PM was resuspended and only one quarter was common belief that green vegetation can reduce washed of (8). ambient air pollution, the latter strategy has been intensely debated regarding its value for reducing Another direct mechanism is the infuence of air pollution in the urban canyon environment vegetation on local microclimate. Street trees or (3). hedges may act as solid barriers between emission sources and receptors, and can change Vegetation can afect air quality through both urban ventilation and air pollutant dispersion (9). direct and indirect mechanisms. Gaseous Tree crowns can act as obstacles to the wind for pollutants can be directly removed by absorption the exchange of mass between the in-canopy and through leaf stomata (4), while fltering/ above-canopy space, but turbulence from wind intercepting efect of plants is one of the major direction fuctuations may also be generated direct mechanisms in removing particulate below the tree crown (10). Thus, vegetation can matter (PM) through dry deposition (5). The speed up or slow down the turbulent exchange of capture efciency for PM difers by thickness and mass depending on diferent planting density of plants, PM characteristics, confgurations and meteorological conditions (3). meteorology, and plant properties, such as leaf Consequently, air pollutants are either better or

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more poorly ventilated. TRAP concentrations might partially be attributed to lower local trafc emissions in areas In a street canyon environment, reduced local with higher vegetation. However, a study in ventilation has been found to be the dominant Lancaster, northwest England demonstrated that mechanism of the efect of trees (11). Reduced a carefully-selected tree line can efectively ventilation prevents outside fresh air from reduce indoor PM10 (PM<10 µm) levels by entering and disturbs vertical mixing between comparing the PM10 concentrations before and the air above the roof and within the canyon and after installing a curbside tree line (15), hence leads to pollutant accumulation inside the suggesting the potential efectiveness of canyon. Most of the previous studies show an interception and deposition of PM by street trees adverse efect of street trees on air quality, or with a high PM deposition velocity. Further higher canyon-average pollutant concentration at studies are warranted to investigate the impacts pedestrian height in street canyon with trees (3). of urban vegetation on concentrations of PM The majority of these studies were based on from trafc emissions. computational fuid dynamics modeling and wind tunnel tests, or the combination of In addition to the direct efects, urban vegetation measurement and modeling approach. A much can provide a cooling efect (16), which decreases smaller number of studies examined the energy use and associated pollutant emissions infuence of hedges or shrubs with complete and indirectly improves air quality by coverage from the ground to the top of the decelerating smog formation (17). Vegetation is canopy (3). Hedges can divert air pollutant from also an important source of biogenic volatile reaching footpath area by generating local organic compounds that can engage in complex vortices, and hence generally show a positive photo-chemical reactions with other air efect on air quality, or reduce pollution levels at pollutants like ozone and nitrogen oxides and can the footpath areas in street canyons (3). An participate in the generation of secondary optimum height of hedges for air pollution organic aerosols (18). There is an increasing reduction in street canyons was found to range interest in understanding how urban vegetation from 1 to 2.5 m based on the limited number of can mediate air pollution and other studies. Although the interception efect of environmental stressors at the street, city, and vegetation on PM is not the major mechanism in regional levels and further how urban vegetation street canyons, it plays a non-negligible role in can infuence the health outcomes of urban removing PM from the atmosphere over a large population. region (8).

Further, vegetation has been found to afect TRAP About the Author concentrations in non-street canyon Dr. Wu is an Associate Professor in the Program of microenvironments in urban areas. A U.S. study Public Health at University of California, Irvine. Her observed reduced TRAP levels in urban parks in research focuses on environmental exposure the metropolitan Los Angeles area (12). Another assessment and environmental epidemiology. U.S. study showed slightly lower TRAP Recent and current studies involve human concentrations at street sites with higher tree exposure assessment of air pollutants and built density in New York City in the summer time (13). environment factors, applications of GIS and A study in Barcelona, Spain associated higher spatial modeling in tracking human time-activity greenness with lower indoor and outdoor TRAP patterns, environmental exposures, and diseases, levels in schools (14). Reduction in indoor TRAP and investigation of the influence of air pollution levels was partly mediated by the reduction in and built environment factors on pregnancy and outdoor TRAP levels. This study further other health outcomes. She can be contacted at suggested stronger associations for schools with [email protected]. a higher number of trees around them. The lower

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References (Urban Vegetation and Traffic-Related Air Pollution)

1. Kelly, F.J. and J.C. Fussell, Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk. Environ Geochem Health, 2015. 37(4): p. 631-49.

2. Kumar, P., M. Ketzel, S. Vardoulakis, L. Pirjola and R. Britter, Dynamics and dispersion modelling of nanoparticles from road trafc in the urban atmospheric environment-A review. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2011. 42(9): p. 580-603.

3. Abhijith, K.V., P. Kumar, J. Gallagher, A. McNabola, R. Baldauf, F. Pilla, et al., Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments - A review. Atmospheric Environment, 2017. 162: p. 71-86.

4. Salmond, J.A., M. Tadaki, S. Vardoulakis, K. Arbuthnott, A. Coutts, M. Demuzere, et al., Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment. Environmental Health, 2016. 15.

5. Givoni, B., Impact of Planted Areas on Urban Environmental-Quality - a Review. Atmospheric Environment Part B-Urban Atmosphere, 1991. 25(3): p. 289-299.

6. Mori, J., H.M. Hanslin, G. Burchi and A. Saebo, Particulate matter and element accumulation on coniferous trees at diferent distances from a highway. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2015. 14(1): p. 170-177.

7. Litschke, T. and W. Kuttler, On the reduction of urban particle concentration by vegetation - a review. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2008. 17(3): p. 229-240.

8. Schaubroeck, T., G. Deckmyn, J. Neirynck, J. Staelens, S. Adriaenssens, J. Dewulf, et al., Multilayered Modeling of Particulate Matter Removal by a Growing Forest over Time, From Plant Surface Deposition to Washof via Rainfall (vol 48, pg 10785, 2014). Environmental Science & Technology, 2017. 51(11): p. 6610-6610.

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intlexposurescience.org / 18 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE ISSUE 05

ISES-ISEE 2018 Joint Annual Meeting Addressing Complex Local and Global Issues in Environmental Exposure and Health

The 2018 ISES-ISEE Joint Annual Meeting will Co-Chairs for the ISES-ISEE 2018 bring together scientifc experts and practitioners Joint Annual Meeting from academia, government, industry, and non- governmental organizations dedicated to the • Markey Johnson, Health Canada, Ottawa, protection of health and environment. Exposure ON, Canada science and environmental epidemiology are dynamic felds that: • Angelika Zidek, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Canada • Develop and apply traditional and innovative methods for assessing • Audrey Smargiassi, Université de exposures to environmental stressors and Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada their health efects. • Veronica Vieira, University of California, • Address exposures to a broad array of Irvine, CA, USA environmental stressors as well as factors that contribute to or mitigate exposure. The co-chairs appreciate the contribution of the 120+ TOC members who are helping us organize • Elucidate potential health efects from the meeting! http://isesisee2018.org/general- environmental stressors during the life information/technical-organizing-committee/ cycle including outcomes from in utero development to death. Call for General Abstract Submission • Promote interdisciplinary approaches to solving complex environmental public General abstract submission will be open from health problems. February 15 until April 1, 11:59 PM ET. Abstracts

19 / intlexposurescience.org INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE

submitted will undergo expedited expert review. • Translation of research into policy and We will notify the submitters of the format of other decision making. their meeting presentation (oral or poster) and the day and session time assigned by May 1. The ISES-ISEE 2018 Joint Annual Meeting will leverage this expertise to address complex, For the ISES-ISEE 2018 Joint Meeting we aim to locally and globally signifcant topics in highlight issues that refect the complexities in environmental exposure and epidemiology. We environmental exposure and health research and invite you to submit an abstract if your work policy development. For example, complexity can investigates complexities in exposure and health refer to methodological development, exposure from very big (macro/ecosystem) to very small assessment, or epidemiologic studies of: (micro/molecular) environments. A detailed summary of the specifc conference themes can • Interactions between social and be found at: http://isesisee2018.org/scope-of-the- environmental determinants; meeting/.

• Combined assessments of both exposure Important Dates and health; • January 12 – Symposium proposal • Exposures across multiple media, sources, submissions close and stressors; • January 15 – Online registration opens • Exposures in diferent microenvironments • February 15 – General abstract submissions open • Temporally and spatially varying exposures; • April 1 – General abstract submissions close • Mixtures and cumulative exposures; • June 15 – Final program available online • Gene-environment interactions; • July 1 – Early bird registration deadline • The vast array of clinical and subclinical health impacts; • August 16 – Regular registration deadline

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intlexposurescience.org / 20 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE ISSUE 05

Program Overview Welcome Reception the Shaw Centre where the conference will be held. The rooms selected for the Conference Sunday August 26, 2018 - Shaw Centre Ottawa Dinner and Women's Networking Event feature (meeting venue) foor to ceiling windows with views of the canal and historic buildings. The NAC also has an Join us as we kick of the ISES-ISEE 2018 Joint outdoor terrace for mingling and cocktails before Meeting. The reception will provide a relaxed dinner, weather permitting. opportunity to catch up with colleagues and socialize while enjoying appetizers and drinks. Technology & Sensor Fair All conference participants are invited to attend the Welcome Reception. Wednesday August 29, 2018 - Shaw Centre Ottawa (meeting venue) Women’s Networking Event

The Technology & Sensor Fair is an opportunity Monday August 27, 2018 – National Arts Centre for researchers in the felds of exposure science (NAC) and environmental epidemiology to participate in interactive, hands-on demonstrations of new, We are excited to invite delegates to attend the updated, or emerging technology, tools, and frst ISES-ISEE Joint Women’s Networking Event software. Participants will have an opportunity to and the ffth ISES Women’s Networking Event! interact with the technology, and determine how Enjoy an early evening of mingling and it might be integrated in their current or future networking activities at the National Arts Centre research. Contact us if you are interested in with other women engaged in science and exhibiting your new technology and applications research. This event is a great opportunity for to leading environmental exposure and women in exposure and epidemiological sciences epidemiology experts! to share research ideas, discuss challenges and successes, and expand professional networks. Tickets are $30, and student tickets are $25. What else can you expect during Refreshments will include appetizers and a drink (plus cash bar). Register early as space for this the ISES-ISEE 2018 Joint Meeting? popular event is limited! http://isesisee2018.org/ • Pre-Conference Courses on Sunday registration/ August 26 (both half and full day courses will be ofered) Conference Dinner • Student Poster Competition to showcase Tuesday August 28, 2018 – National Arts Centre student research (NAC) • ISES-ISEE Chapters and Committees Fair We are happy to announce that the Conference on Wednesday August 29 (concurrent Dinner will take place at the National Arts Centre with the Technology & Sensor Fair) (NAC). The NAC collaborates with artists and arts organizations across Canada to help create a • Student/New Researcher Events to national stage for the performing arts, and to provide opportunities for students and catalyze performance, creation and learning new researchers to network and socialize across the country. The newly renovated NAC lies across the canal, less than a 5 minute walk from • Social activities including fun runs, sight- seeing, and more!

21 / intlexposurescience.org Thanks for reading! Past Issues Missed a past issue of the ISES newsletter? Catch up at http://bit.ly/2nvDReO

Membership Opportunities Interested in learning more about membership opportunities with the International Society of Exposure Science? Check out https://intlexposurescience.org for more information.