Position Paper United Nations Security Council 1962 Introduces: «Catalina Renteria Campos». Institution: «Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt».

I. Summary: Official name: Republic of Government: Presidential Republic President: Jorge Alessandri Capital: Currency: Chilean peso (CLP) Main commercial and economic activities: Chile´s key activity sectors are mining (copper, coal and nitrate), manufactured products (agro-food processing, chemicals, wood) and agriculture (fishing, viticulture and fruit). Area and border countries: Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between and Peru. International organization participation: APEC, BIS, CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OECD (enhanced engagement), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UNSC, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO II. Topic A: Non proliferation of weapons of mass destruction Weapon of mass destruction (WMD), are weapons classified as capable of causing death or destruction on a mass scale, are so indiscriminately that they are considered a safe danger, being in hostile hands. Modern weapons of mass destruction are, in addition to nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, often referred to collectively as NBS weapons. The term “weapons of mass destruction” has been recognized and frequently used since 1937, when it was used to describe massed formations of bomber aircraft. At that time these aircraft were considered a danger to the central civilian locations. As well as used during World War II (1939-1945) especially in the Firebombing of such cities as Hamburg, Germany, and Tokyo, Japan.

a. Important aspects The United States is known to possess three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, chemical Weapons, and biological weapons. It was the first and only nuclear power in the world for several years ahead of the Soviet Union. The United States is the only country that has used nuclear weapons in combat. The United States it also used chemical weapons in World War I, the Vietnam War1 and the Iraq War. It had secretly developed the oldest form of the atomic bomb during the 1940s under the title “Manhattan Project”. The United States pioneered the development of both the nuclear fission bomb and the hydrogen bomb (nuclear fusion). - The Manhattan Project was a World War II research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons, led by the United States with support from the United Kingdom and Canada. (from 1942 to 1946). - In the course of history, weapons of mass destruction have only been deployed twice, these were launched by the United States against Japan in the Second World War in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. - The start date of the nuclear program in the United States was October 21, 1939. After that he was followed by two rehearsals before 1962. The first nuclear weapons in June 1936 and the second a fusion bomb in November 1952. On the other hand, and unlike the United States, the Soviet Union never used weapons of mass destruction against other countries, however, in 1961, this announcement that it would begin to develop such weapons even though the discussion of the creation of atomic bombs has been present in the Soviet Union since the 1930s and the realization of “The Soviet atomic bomb project.” Not to mention the great evolution that this project had since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with the help of the compilation of German nuclear weapons research and the American Manhattan Project itself. - The Soviet atomic bomb project was a classified, researched and developed project that was authorized by Joseph Stanlin in the Soviet Union for the development of weapons during World War II. - Between 1961 and 1962, three WMD testing programmes were carried out: o The Semipalatinski test: this was the first test to be conducted, specifically in September 1961. At least 10 security experiments were conducted. o Kapustin Yar Project: In 1961 operations Grom and Groza were carried out, 7 rocket launches with nuclear sheep. Operation K was carried out during 1961 and 1962. o Tests at New Zembla: At the New Zembla test site, a programme of military experiments with nuclear weapons and tests of powerful thermonuclear bombs was initiated with the aim of complementing all branches of the armed forces, initiated by Nikita Khrushchev.

In 1952, the name of the third country to develop and test nuclear bombs (WMS) was the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom began the nuclear weapons program on April 10, 1940, under the code name Tube Alloys, during World War II. And at the Quebec Conference (On August 1943), he became involved in the American Manhattan Project. Although the United Kingdom considered the development of nuclear weapons to be a joint discovery, in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, America restricted information about this to many countries including the UK. - “Tube Alloys directorate (act. 1941–1945), was the government body responsible for research and development in the field of atomic energy during the Second World War.” (Cathcart, 2006) - The United Kingdom contributed to the Manhattan Project, mostly scientific participants, almost all the work. Also involved was John Cockcroft, a member of the Tizard Mission’s, who briefed America on the British discoveries. - The program began in April 1940 and had two very important tests. o First nuclear weapon test 3 October 1952 o First thermonuclear weapon test 15 May 1957 France is among the top five Nuclear Weapons States. This was the fourth country to develop nuclear weapons independently, which did so under the government of Charles de Gaulle. However, it is not known whether he possesses chemical or biological weapons. The first nuclear test was on February 13, 1960. b. Relevant situation in 1960-1962 After assuming the government of Cuba in 1959, Fidel Castro, on May 17 of that same year, I approved the Law of Reform Agrarian, which banned the Latifundium. The U. S. government, on June 24, agreed to impose sanctions on Cuba, which is out of the U. S. market. And on August 27, funding to upgrade the electronic system was cancelled. On March 17, 1960, one month before the restoration of relations between Moscow and Havana, the Eisenhower Administration took the decision to overthrow the Cuban government. That is why they implemented the measures of cancelling the purchase of Cuba’s sugar quota, suspending the supply of oil, maintaining the embargo on arms sales to the island. In April 1961, there was an operation known as the Bay of Pigs invasion, in which troops of Cuban exiles, supported by the United States, attempted to invade Cuba. The action failed: in less than 65 hours it was crushed by Castro forces, with more than a hundred invading soldiers dead and 1,200 captured.

One of the most important developments in 1961 was the construction of the Berlin Wall, which was a result of the conflicts between the GDR and the GDR. The shattered Soviet economy and flourishing West Berlin led to almost 3 million people leaving East Germany behind and entering capitalism by 1961.

The GDR began to realize the loss of its population (especially of high profile) and, on the night of 12 August 1961, decided to erect a temporary wall and close 69 checkpoints, leaving only 12 open. The next morning, a temporary 155-kilometre fence separating the two sides of Berlin had been put in place. The means of transport were disrupted, and no one was able to cross from one side to the other. c. National overview about the topic A Certainly, the ideological confrontation between the capitalist-American and socialist-Soviet blocs had repercussions in Chile on the application of anti-Marxist policies and on ideological polarization. This conflict had its first effect in Chile during 1947. The alignment of the Communist Party with the successive policies promoted by the Soviet Union led to the growing anti-communism of broad sectors of Chilean society. Faced with the outbreak of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and various Marxist-inspired guerrilla movements in Latin America, the United States developed various policies aimed at slowing the advance of the socialist model in the region. In the early 1960s, the so-called Doctrine of National Security began to be widely disseminated among Latin American armies, including Chile, while the Alliance for Progress attempted to stop Marxist influence through various reforms in the social and economic structure of Latin American countries. Even though Chile was one of the main places where the struggle between these two ideologies took place, during 1961 and 1962, Chile’s position remained without a concise position, as it did not yet remain within a fixed ideology.

In order to reduce the amount of nuclear bombs and nuclear testing worldwide, the Republic of Chile believes that the production and testing of nuclear weapons should be completely halted. Chile recommended the creation of an international treaty, supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), with the aim of: - Stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons in the countries that produce them. - Nuclear disarmament around the world. - And the peaceful use of nuclear technology. This treaty must consider the situations in which each country finds itself, in relation to this aspect, in order to take the right measures. In addition, different aspects should be taken into account such as: - The prohibition of the transfer of nuclear technology, the development of such weapons and the encouragement of their creation. - That the signatory countries respect the IAEA regime.

- The authorization of peaceful exchange for the use of nuclear energy, which must be supported by a commitment of all parties involved. - The commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to reduce or eliminate nuclear stockpiles. - And establish that any member has the right to withdraw from the treaty, if they agree on the need for extraordinary events or threats. Among other very important aspects. By covering these elements, it will be possible to envisage a more peaceful future, avoiding nuclear conflicts.

III. Topic B: The Palestine Question Causas de los conflictos Israel was born when it was already at war, because on May 15, 1948, the armies of Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Transjordan decide to liberate the territory at the request of the leaders Palestinians. This began the first Arab-Israeli war, a war that the Secretary-General of the United Nations the Arab League announced by means of a telegram, dated the same 15th day, to the Secretary-General of the General of the United Nations. It stated that the Arab States recognized the independence and sovereignty of Palestine after the termination of the Mandate, with only the inhabitants of Palestine themselves able to establish an administration over that territory. The Arab countries also invoked other causes, such as the fact that the intervention was being carried out to suppress the rebellion and establish order. In the face of this invasion, the Jews invoked their right to establish the State of Israel and their right to self-defence. This arose the so-called “War of Independence” which would continue well into the year 1949. All efforts made by the United Nations Mediator, Folke Bernaditte, as well as by the Security Council, which adopted several resolutions calling for a ceasefire,1 have come to nothing. In the end, between February and July 1949, the armistice agreements were signed between Israel and the Arab countries, whereby the warring parties undertook not to attack each other and to respect the respective territories as they had been left after the hostilities. The Armistice with Syria of 20 July 1949 was in fact one of the most important and, at the same time, complicated, since Syria controlled territories belonging to the Jewish State according to the Partition Plan. The most problematic aspect of the Agreement was the demilitarization of the areas between the ceasefire line and the international border. In the end, on the proposal

1For example, Resolutions 49 (1948) of 22 May; 50 (1948) of 29 May; 54 (1948) of 15 July; 56 (1948) of 29 August and 61 (1949) of 4 November, among others. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/resolutions-adopted-security-council-1948

of R. Bunche, they agreed to withdraw their armed forces from the demilitarized zone defined by mutual agreement, and to station only defensive forces in the border areas. However, after the Armistice Agreement, there were problems with the implementation of the agreement, as there was some inconsistency with the implementation, as both sides protested by claiming non-compliance with the agreement. a. Causes for the development of the Conflict Thanks to the 1949 Armistice Agreements that followed the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, they created three demilitarized zones on the Israeli- Syrian border. The southernmost, and the largest, extended from the southeast side of the Sea of Galilee eastward to the river Yarmuk, where the borders of Israel, Jordan, and Syria converge. The problem over the exchange of water in the Jordan-Yarmuk system proved to be a major problem between Israel, Syria and Jordan. After a few small disputes over water, after the 1949 agreements. In July 1953, Israel began construction of a water intake for its National Cargo ship on the Jacob Jordan Daughters Bridge in the demilitarized zone north of the Sea of Galilee. Israel's plan to bring water to the Negev Desert began to take an interest in the Jordan River and began to take advantage (from a point on Lake Tibeiades), as its geographical position Figure 1 The Jordan River runs along the border between benefited the project, specifically near the Israel, the West Bank and Jordan (Operations, 2004) Syrian border. Upon learning, Syria clarified that it would take any necessary action to prevent the use of Jordan River water at the border. A short time later Syrian artillery units opened fire on the construction site. Tensions between Israel and Syria have steadily increased since the start of this project and are expected to increase enormously. After the conflict between these two countries, both sides denounced the contrary actions before the United Nations. Syria denunted Israel for violating the Armistice Agreement, attacking in a demilitarized area of Lake Tibeiades, and threatening the nation's peace of mind. Israel justified itself by saying that the acts of aggression resulted only in measures taken for Israel’s security. b. National overview about the topic B Chile's relationship with Israel has been appropriate since 1953, as since that year these two countries have been signing multiple bilateral treaties. On the other hand, there is Chile's

relationship with Syria, which was forged on 9 April 1928, when Chile appointed Fred Haleby Trabulsey as consul in Beirut with constituency in Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia and Persia. But in 1945 such diplomatic relations were established, first at the level of concurrent embassies and then residents in both Santiago de Chile and Damascus. Despite Chile's good relationship with the two countries, in this Chilean conflict it maintains a neutral stance.

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