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An Analysis of the Structural and Decorative Concrete at Jackson Lake Lodge in Grand Teton National Park, WY

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An Analysis of the Structural and Decorative Concrete at Jackson Lake Lodge in Grand Teton National Park, WY University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 2015 Modern in the Mountains: An Analysis of the Structural and Decorative Concrete at Jackson Lake Lodge in Grand Teton National Park, WY Julianne Wiesner-Chianese University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Environmental Design Commons, and the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Wiesner-Chianese, Julianne, "Modern in the Mountains: An Analysis of the Structural and Decorative Concrete at Jackson Lake Lodge in Grand Teton National Park, WY" (2015). Theses (Historic Preservation). 587. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/587 Suggested Citation: Wiesner-Chianese, Julianne (2015). Modern in the Mountains: An Analysis of the Structural and Decorative Concrete at Jackson Lake Lodge in Grand Teton National Park, WY. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/587 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern in the Mountains: An Analysis of the Structural and Decorative Concrete at Jackson Lake Lodge in Grand Teton National Park, WY Abstract This research examines the use of concrete as an expressive structural material in the last work of Gilbert Stanley Underwood at Jackson Lake Lodge, which was completed in 1955, and identifies a strategy for its conservation and overall preservation. As the primary building material at Jackson Lake Lodge, concrete was used not only structurally but also treated decoratively as the exposed surface finish. A discussion of the concrete and its finish includes: structural concrete practices as described in trade journals, building standards, and similar publications contemporary with Jackson Lake Lodge (post-WWII); historic finish treatments for concrete in comparison with “Shadowood”; and acid staining: its use, composition, and application procedure. In addition to extensive archival research, instrumental analysis of concrete samples, with and without finish treatment, was performed using optical microscopy, ESEM/EDS, and XRF. Analysis of the resulting spectra informed a characterization of the historic acid stain, which were compared with spectra for modern acid stains produced by the same company that supplied the stains in 1955. A preliminary condition survey was conducted onsite to verify performance and deterioration of the concrete and acid stain finish. A conservation program is necessary for the continued preservation of the Lodge, in this case, the character-defining aspect of the exterior, namely the “Shadowood” concrete. Based on the research and analysis performed, it is recommended that successive coloring campaigns and restoration work consider the original design intention and allow for the application of appropriate repair materials without compromising the material or its aesthetic. Keywords international style, architectural concrete, board-marked, SEM/EDS, XRF Disciplines Environmental Design | Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Suggested Citation: Wiesner-Chianese, Julianne (2015). Modern in the Mountains: An Analysis of the Structural and Decorative Concrete at Jackson Lake Lodge in Grand Teton National Park, WY. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/587 MODERN IN THE MOUNTAINS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL AND DECORATIVE CONCRETE AT JACKSON LAKE LODGE IN GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK, WY Julianne Wiesner-Chianese A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2015 Advisor Frank G. Matero Professor of Architecture Program Chair Randall F. Mason Associate Professor DEDICATION To my fiancée Paul, my mother Barbara, and my sister Beatrice – I could not have done this without your love and support. Thank you! ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my advisor, Frank Matero, for introducing me to Jackson Lake Lodge and finding a thesis topic that answered both of my requirements (modern and concrete!). Thank you, also, to the large group of wonderful women at the National Park Service and Grand Teton Lodge Company for their guidance, including Betsy Engle, Katherine Wonson, Lori Cornell, Bridgette Guild, and Mary and Holly McKinney. Thanks to Clay James, who patiently answered all of my questions. I’d like to thank Mary Ann Quinn and the staff at the Rockefeller Archive Center in Tarrytown, NY, the staff at the Jackson Hole Historical Society, Virginia Sanchez at Yosemite National Park Archives, and the employees of Epmar Corporation/Quaker Chemical/Kemiko who provided their assistance throughout this project. Finally, I’d like to thank John Hinchman and Nityaa Iyer for all of their support – thank you for keeping me laughing and making sure I wasn’t taking myself too seriously. iii Table of Contents Dedication ................................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................1 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................................................5 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 – Modern in the Making: Gilbert Stanley Underwood and the Development of Jackson Lake Lodge ...................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 General Building Description................................................................................................................ 14 1.2 Site History ................................................................................................................................................... 26 1.3 The Architect ............................................................................................................................................... 31 1.4 Underwood and Concrete ...................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 2 – Molding Modern: Concrete Finishes and Formwork ............................................. 49 2.1 Decorative Concrete Finishes ............................................................................................................... 49 2.1.1 Integral ............................................................................................................................................ 53 2.1.2 Applied ............................................................................................................................................ 61 2.2 Formwork ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 3 – Condition Survey and Analysis .......................................................................................... 87 3.1 Condition Survey ....................................................................................................................................... 88 3.2 Instrumental Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 107 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 127 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 131 Appendix A: Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 134 Appendix B: Kemiko Product Literature ............................................................................................ 135 Appendix C: Supplemental Images ......................................................................................................... 150 Appendix D: Jackson Lake Lodge Building Chronology ............................................................. 161 Index ........................................................................................................................................................................ 183 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Jackson Lake Lodge, east elevation, circa 1956. Credit: Rockefeller Archive Center. 16 Figure 2: Jackson Lake Lodge, west elevation, 2014. Credit: Joe Elliott .............................................. 16 Figure 3: Molded and stained concrete in imitation
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