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SeQUeNCe – Simulator of Quantum Network Communication

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MARTIN SUCHARA Joint work with Rajkumar Kettimuthu, Joaquin Chung, Yuri Alexeev Argonne National Laboratory [email protected]

June 3, 2019 Argonne, IL NETWORKS

§ Distributes secret key securely for use with private-key cryptography, offers “perfect” security guarantee

Beijing-Shanghai SwissQuantum Tokyo QKD Network Battelle QKD Network, QKD Backbone Network Columbus, OH 2 QUANTUM NETWORK APPLICATIONS: DISTRIBUTED COMPUTATION § Connecting small quantum processors § Some distributed problems can be allows solving larger problems: solved with exponential speedup:

Alice Bob |0⟩ S Z quantum |0⟩ T Z channel |0⟩ X Z |0⟩ X Z |0⟩ Z |0⟩ S Z |0⟩ H Z X=Y ? |0⟩ H Z X: 01110101 Y: 01110101

Promise: Hamming distance n/2 or 0

3 QUANTUM NETWORK APPLICATIONS: SENSING § Quantum sensing uses individual quantum sensors particles (, ) as sensors in measurements of forces, classical sensors gravitation, electric fields etc. bits § Heisenberg’s limits the precision; precision is enhanced by shifting the uncertainty Network Entanglement to another variable (known as a Manipulation squeezed state) bits § Networked sensors exploit entanglement Sensor data fusion

4 THE QUANTUM

§ Connected quantum sensors, Quantum internet accurate clock synchronization, Sensor Bank secure delegated Generator computing Repeater § Bandwidth, latency and security requirements vary Repeater § These applications require long- Entanglement Generator distance communication Sensor § Multiple repeaters and Datacenter entanglement generators are Repeater used

5 QUANTUM NETWORKS NETWORKS

Alice Bob |!⟩ H Z Z X |!⟩ Z

QC CC

Entanglement Generator QC |0⟩ H |00⟩+ |11⟩ |0⟩

§ Teleportation of |!⟩ from § Photons must be tracked at the Alice to Bob uses a individual particle level, requiring a (QC) and a classical channel (CC) great level of coordination

7 ENTANGLEMENT SWAPPING

§ Used to obtain long- distance entanglement § Distribution of entangled photons only between nearest neighbors § Photons stored in memories until they are consumed § Optional purification techniques to improve fidelity

8 ENABLING RELIABLE COMMUNICATION

§ Entanglement purification – uses § Entanglement pumping – gradually n weakly entangled pairs to distill improves entanglement quality by using a high-quality entangled pair: additional weakly entangled pairs:

Alice Bob Alice Bob Alice Bob Alice Bob Alice Bob Alice Bob

§ Error correction – encodes the Alice Noisy Quantum Channel Bob |!⟩ |!⟩ |0⟩ Encoder Decode transmitted states into multiple qubits errors |0⟩ and no entanglement is required: |0⟩ |0⟩

9 QUANTUM TELEPORTATION AT THE CHICAGO QUANTUM EXCHANGE

Argonne-Fermilab quantum link Fiber type: OS2 single mode Distance: 29.89 miles

Optical table demonstrating the principles Quantum teleportation allows of quantum teleportation in the transmission of quantum states between Awschalom Lab (University of Chicago two network hosts (Argonne and and Argonne) Fermilab)

10 ARGONNE-FERMILAB QUANTUM NETWORK § Experimental realization of quantum Superconducting teleportation at telecom wavelength using nanowire single detector § Experiment requires: – Communication on dedicated dark fiber near Fabry-Perot cavity wavelength ~1532 nm used to create – Entanglement generation entanglement – Single photon detection – Precise coordination and timing Multimode § Future extensions driven by technology: – Quantum memories will allow building a based on rare- quantum repeater earth doped – Frequency conversion and transduction crystals

11 SIMULATIONS OF QUANTUM NETWORKS MULTI-NODE QUANTUM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

§ Reconfigurable quantum nodes § Memory, photon pair source, BSM unit

§ Coherent quantum materials and photonics § Long memory, classical control of photon

§ Control plane determines role and action of nodes

13 THE CONTROL PLANE

§ Quantum nodes integrate with control plane via FPGA & fast I/O § Layered control plane stack – lowest layer controls hardware, highest layer provides service to applications § Routing – identify route, perform entanglement swapping, communicate Pauli frame § SeQUeNCe will be used to verify the correctness of the control protocol implementation

14 SIMULATOR OF QUANTUM NETWORK COMMUNICATION (SeQUeNCe)

§ Modularized discrete event simulator with a scheduler § Simulates quantum communication at photon-level § Other simulators: 1. A. Dahlberg & S. Wehner, SimulaQron— a simulator for developing quantum internet software 2. B. Bartlett, "A distributed simulation framework for quantum networks and channels” 3. The Network Simulator for using Discrete events, https://netsquid.org/

15 DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION OF TELEPORTATION

§ Discrete event simulator models the operation of a system as a discrete sequence of events in time § Simulation jump in time from one event to next § Events generated upon a request or at the end of a certain activity § Event is associated with a time and a function to invoke

16 SAMPLE QUANTUM NETWORK TOPOLOGY

17 TOPOLOGY REPRESENTATION

End-host snippet: § Only have one neighbor § Properties of quantum and classical channel § Number of quantum memories

Repeater snippet: § It have 2 neighbors § Properties of quantum and classical channels § Number of quantum memories is a multiple of number of quantum links

18 SUMMARY

§ Majority of prior work focuses on point-to-point quantum communication § CQE aiming to experimentally realize a multi-node network architecture § Systematic design that leverages experience from traditional networking § Classical control software to enable rapid experimental progress § Discrete event simulator to verify scalability, performance of the network § Quantum networks rely on early generation hardware components § SeQUeNCe to quantify benefits, understand value of improvements § SeQUeNCe to verify correctness, understand security of network designs

19 THANK YOU!