March/April 2019 Making ‘Grey’ an Asset Nuclear Perspectives

Protecting our Critical Infrastructure

Contents

march/april 2019

POLITICS POLICY 6 Spring 2019 28 Opening and Beyond Pandora’s Box What the outcome of this What changes to Ontario’s spring’s provincial election Bill 66 could mean for the will mean for infrastructure procurement of construction development in Alberta. work across the province. By Candice Laws By Stephen Bauld

DATA MANAGEMENT FINANCE 10 Cyber Threats 30 P3 Resilience Do municipalities have the The ability to respond to tools they need to protect adversity through the construction 12 themselves from cyber attacks cycle is a key indicator of a on their critical infrastructure? P3 project’s resilience. By Glenn Miller By Kevin Li 12 The Case for Cloud 32 Fare Pricing How using cloud-based data Why tolling Toronto’s Gardiner management can help store and Expressway and Don Valley secure data in smart cities. Parkway could help address its By Geordie Anderson transportation challenges. By Lindsay Wigington ASSET MANAGEMENT 14 Changing our Perception TOP100 PROJECTS Understanding how impervious 34 P roject Updates spaces can be turned into Watay expands, Calgary Cancer 28 resilient assets in communities Centre’s big pour across Canada. By Dr. Alexander Mirescu 36 Dinner Celebration Our exclusive coverage of 16 Building Core the 2019 Top100 Projects Competency Key Players and Owners Dinner The Canadian Network of Asset at The Carlu in Toronto. Managers are working to build basic asset management skills in DEPARTMENTS every Canadian municipality. By Iain Cranston 4 Editor’s Note Andrew Macklin on why ENERGY MANAGEMENT cities must look inward 18 A California Alternative before expanding outward. By the end of 2020, every new 5 Front 24 42 home in California will include Valley Line West prepares solar panels. Is that the solution for for procurement. energy diversification in Canada? By Carroll McCormack 22 P anorama Reaching New Heights GOVERNANCE 40 P eople & Events 24 Building the North Appointments, announcements, company news, and event reports. Faced with daunting infrastructure issues caused by the changing 42 Closing Shot climate, the Northwest Territories Robert Hornung discusses continues to adjust its numerous why climate conditions are asset priorities. ideal in the prairies for the By Andrew Macklin expansion of wind power. 18 renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 3 Editor’s Note

BROWNFIELDS BEFORE URBAN SPRAWL March/April 2019 Volume 17 Number 2 By Andrew Macklin GoC SUPPORTS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Managing Editor Andrew Macklin outhern Ontario has a real There is a simple starting point: GROUP PUBLISHER Todd Latham conundrum on its hands. brownfields. S In the wake of proposed The largest cities in the country PUBLISHER Nick Krukowski changes to the Greenbelt legislation, have derelict properties that Director of Elena Langlois ones that would have seen are no longer in use, and are an Business Development ART DIRECTOR and development occur on previously environmental hazard for the rest of Donna Endacott senior DESIGNER environmentally protected lands, the community. These brownfields cities in the region were up-in- represent significant-sized properties ASSOCIATE Editor Simran Chattha

arms protesting the notion and are currently not utilized by anyone in CONTENT AND Todd Westcott telling property developers that the community. MARKETING MANAGER they will not allow this to happen in Imagine what happens if, with a CONTRIBUTORS Geordie Anderson, Stephen Bauld, Iain Cranston, their communities. little bit of financial support to spark Candice Laws, Kevin Li, For the health of the communities development, we use these properties Carroll McCormack, Glenn Miller, Alexander Mirescu, in the region, as well as the province to help create new residential Lindsay Wigington and country as a whole, this was spaces, and commercial spaces for Elena Langlois ADVERTISING a very welcome sight. Say what that matter, with the current urban [email protected] you will for the previous Liberal footprint of our cities? ADVISORS Nick Reid, James Sbrolla government, but the Greenbelt But what’s that you say? It’s already legislation was, about the most happening in many communities? part, a very studious undertaking. Yes, that is true. But to what extent? But there is a growing problem, How many more hectares of these and it isn’t being addressed: if not lands still exist within the city limits? ReNew Canada is published on the lands surrounding our cities, And, more to the point, if you take all six times a year by Actual Media Inc. where do we build for the housing of the brownfield properties in and 147 Spadina Avenue, Unit 208, Toronto, ON M5V 2L7 demands of the short-term future? connected to residential areas, and Phone: 416-444-5842 The easy answer would be to start filled those spaces with mid rise or Subscription/customer services: 416-444-5842, ext 211 forcing ‘missing middle’ and high- high rise residential structures, how rise developments in traditional many years of residential growth

neighbourhoods throughout these does it represent? ReNew Canada subscriptions are communities. But the rise of the These questions have to be available for $39.95/year or $64.95/two years Not In My Backyard or NIMBY answered on a city-by-city basis, but and include the annual Top100 Projects report. movement has politicians in many I would argue there is significant ©2019 Actual Media Inc. All rights reserved. cities running scared, afraid the opportunity to solve, in the short The contents of this publication may not be current four-year term in office could term, issues surrounding the need reproduced by any means in whole or in part, without prior written consent from the publisher. be their last. And for good reason: for residential growth. And I haven’t Printed in Canada there are numerous cases across even added the argument about the "ReNew Canada" and "ReThink. ReBuild. ReNew" the country where successfully- environmental benefits. are Trademarks of Actual Media Inc. mobilized NIMBY movements have So before we start tearing up valuable caused elected officials to fall in the farmland that feed our growing cities, following campaign. let’s face the lens inward to see what So, if we are not going to force solutions lie within. development on traditional communities, what is the plan to ensure hosing demands are being met, Andrew Macklin is the managing Undeliverable mail return to: developers are staying in business, 147 Spadina Avenue, Unit 208 editor of ReNew Canada. and the environment isn’t being Toronto, ON M5V 2L7 sacrificed for the sake of expansion? [email protected] Canadian Publications Mail Product Sales Agreement 40854046 ISSN 1715-6734

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4 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net renewcanada.net ABOUT THE COVER Front

Municipalities are faced with the daunting challenge of securing their critical infrastructure. Edmonton preparing Learn more about how to protect and Valley Line West LRT RFQ

manage data on pages 10 and 12. he City of Edmonton is preparing to launch the procurement process for the design and construction of GoC SUPPORTS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY T the Valley Line West LRT Project (The Project), with the release of an RFQ in early March of 2019. The Project will include civil and structure works, systems, and light rail vehicle supply and will be procured using as a Design-Build-Finance delivery model. Light rail vehicle supplier companies will be designated as non-exclusive suppliers for the purposes of the project procurement process, meaning no one supplier can be exclusive to a proponent team. As such, light rail vehicle suppliers will not be evaluated as part of the RFQ. It is of critical importance that the Valley Line West integrate successfully with the Valley Line Southeast currently under construction. The Valley Line will operate as one line with continuous service between Mill Woods and Lewis Farms. Operations and The Government of Canada has announced support Maintenance of the Valley Line West are not part of the Design-Build- for a new geothermal power facility near Estevan in Finance procurement, and will be procured at a later date. Southeastern Saskatchewan. The energy project, led Project Funding Status by DEEP Earth Energy Production Corporation, is the first of its kind in Canada and taps into a new renewable The total budget (including engineering, land etc.) is $2.6 billion. energy resource. On November 1, 2018, the Government of Alberta committed “DEEP’s project has the potential to transform how the $1.04 billion to the Project. The Federal Government is evaluating province and the country produces energy,” said Prime the Project Business Case under the “Investing in Canada Minister Justin Trudeau. Infrastructure Program” funding program, with confirmation of The Government of Canada will provide $25.6 million funding approval anticipated by Spring 2019. in funding for the five megawatt facility, which will The Valley Line produce enough energy to power approximately 5,000 The Valley Line is the largest single infrastructure project in homes all while taking the equivalent of the yearly the history of Edmonton. It consists of a 27 km urban-style, emissions of 7,400 cars out of the atmosphere. low-floor LRT line that will operate between Mill Woods in Funding for this project is being provided through southeast Edmonton and Lewis Farms in west Edmonton. It will Natural Resources Canada’s Emerging Renewable Power be separate from the City’s existing high floor LRT system. This Program. In 2014, Natural Resources Canada contributed line will feature modern, low-floor, light-rail vehicles running $1 million through its ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative segregated along existing streets and integrating with Edmonton’s for a pre-feasibility study for this project. Natural surrounding neighbourhoods. Resource Canada’s Clean Energy Innovation Program The Valley Line was separated into two stages for project and Innovation Saskatchewan also contributed $350,000 delivery: Valley Line Southeast (between 102 Street downtown and $175,000, respectively, towards test drilling. and Mill Woods Town Centre) and Valley Line West (between The total cost of the project is $51.3 million. 102 Street downtown and Lewis Farms Transit Centre). The local community will channel excess heat from the facility to a 45-acre greenhouse for commercial use. Valley Line West LRT Project Overview • 14 km of double track • Expansion of the Gerry • 14 street-level stops and Wright operations and Next Issue: may/june two elevated stations maintenance facility THE GOVERNANCE ISSUE (Misericordia Hospital • Low-floor urban and West Edmonton Mall) vehicles, including • Two new bridges on step-free boarding Nuclear Missing Growing 102 Avenue over Groat • Guideway/track Perspectives Middle Tall Wood Road and 87 Avenue over Roads/drainage/ Anthony Henday Drive • How Canada Housing’s How policy landscaping stands up in potential impact is changing 1.6 km of elevated • LRT signals the global on existing acceptance of guideway • Traffic signals energy market. infrastructure. tall wood. • Transit centre at • West Edmonton Mall • Communications/ • Park & ride facility security systems Advertising Deadline: March 29, 2019 at Lewis Farms • Train control system To reach our influential readers in print • Vehicle storage facility • Traction power and online, contact [email protected] at Lewis Farms • Overhead catenary systems

renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 5 Politics

Will the end of May usher in a new key tenant at the Alberta legislature? Polls leading up to the spring election suggest it’s possible.

Spring 2019 and Beyond

The what and how of infrastructure in Alberta. By Candice Laws

n spring 2015, Alberta underwent infrastructure development in the province. not heeded being the suggestion to introduce a momentous change as the New Upon closer look, it becomes clear that the tolls to pay for infrastructure. I Democrat Party (NDP) unseated the conversation is not around the question of The resulting level of investment did not decades-old Progress Conservative (PC) “what” but “how”. appear much different. Prior to the election government. The province in on the verge of the NDP, the provincial government spent of its next election, which must occur What: big talk, little change over $5 billion on its capital plan in each year between March 1 and May 31, 2019. One of the first acts of the NDP government since 2007-08, focusing on a series of health Change might again be on the horizon as was to enlist former Bank of Canada projects, highways, schools and other public Jason Kenney’s United Conservative Party Governor David Dodge to develop a report infrastructure. In the final Progressive continues to build momentum. At the close to inform their capital investment plan. The Conservative budget that was introduced— of 2018, a poll conducted by ThinkHQ found the UCP leading with 50 per cent support among decided voters; the NDP Should the next election follow polling trailing with 35 per cent. Battle lines are being drawn ahead of what is likely to be a fierce few months trends, key UCP commitments have of campaigning, and commitment to infrastructure will feature as high priorities implications for infrastructure investment. for both major parties. The NDP have been quick to tout their commitment to infrastructure development including their report was based on Keynesian economic but not passed—in March of 2015, the building of schools, roads, and healthcare logic of investing in infrastructure in weaker Prentice government proposed $29.5 billion facilities—especially the Calgary Cancer economic times when the costs of borrowing for new schools, health facilities, and roads Centre. Yet, these were also priorities of the and labour are lower. The NDP used over five years. At the time Finance Minister previous Conservative government and are this report as their “playbook” and made Fred Horne noted that “borrowing money likely to continue to be priorities if there infrastructure spending a key part of its plan for necessary capital projects makes sense is a change in government. This raises the to stimulate a provincial economy hammered because interest rates are the lowest they question of what has changed in the realm by low oil prices. The only recommendation have been in 50 years.”

6 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net

Politics

How: the devil’s in the details Perhaps the most monumental change which may include a return of public- was the funding deal struck between the private partnerships. Having been critical about the use of public- province and Alberta’s two largest cities. While Kenney has drawn clear lines private partnerships in the run up to the Bill 32, the City Charters Fiscal Framework election, the NDP were quick to change the regarding the carbon tax, he has been conversations around how projects were Act enshrines a commitment to Calgary equally clear that his government will to be delivered. While not banning public- and Edmonton that will see them split base be slow, tempered and thoughtful in private partnerships outright, they reduced funding of $500 million in the first year of approaching the province’s electricity their use dramatically. This included the agreement (2022). This will then rise system, recognizing the delicate dynamics switching to traditional procurement for the or fall incrementally based on provincial involved with long-standing issues such as high-profile Calgary Cancer Centre. They revenues. The bill also enshrines into law the coal generation phase-out transition. also began a shift to public ownership and current rapid transit funding of $3 billion Recognizing the UCP’s largely rural operation of some facilities and services, through to 2027. After that, $400 million support base may also increase the pressure notably continuing care facilities and would be made available annually from on the UCP to secure infrastructure- medical lab services, as well as driving tests. carbon tax revenue split evenly between funding deals for the province’s smaller The NDP government also put in place Edmonton and Calgary for transit. municipalities, akin to the deals in new measures touted as increasing the This will allow cities greater certainty on place for Calgary and Edmonton. The transparency in how large capital projects funding and support longer term capital two associations representing small to are chosen. Alongside their capital plan, they planning. Politically, this suggests an increase medium sized cities, towns, and villages published parameters by which projects were in the importance of the decision-making and counties—the Alberta Urban assessed as well as an “Unfunded Capital process at the municipal level—at least in Municipalities Association and the Rural Projects” list, which outlines the projects in the province’s two major municipalities— Municipalities Association—are currently the pipeline in the longer term. around capital project prioritization. negotiating with the NDP. However, Credit: of Alberta Government

On May 30, 2017, the Notley government announced a $400 Priority Projects million investment for the new southwest Edmonton hospital. to Watch

Here are the priority infrastructure projects that could become hot- button issues during the election campaign: Edmonton’s West LRT expansion

Calgary’s Green Line CTrain expansion What this means time is quickly running out, and given the NDP’s support is largely derived Should the next election follow from urban centers there is not the same Calgary’s BMO polling trends, key UCP commitments political impetus to ensure a deal. have implications for infrastructure Convention Centre Elections always lead to a change in investment. For one, Jason Kenney has priority, but Alberta follows the pattern been very clear about his intention to Calgary’s Arts Centre across the country that infrastructure is scrap the provincial carbon tax. He a priority across political lines. A change Transformation (ACT) may choose to replace it with a levy on in government could see a change in the large emitters, perhaps returning to Project – Phase 1 route travelled, but the destination should a model similar to the Specified Gas remain largely the same. Red Deer’s regional Emitters Regulation put in place by the PCs in 2007. Whether the levy is hospital expansion scrapped entirely or replaced, there will be reduced revenue available to finance Candice Laws is a Southwest infrastructure projects and will likely director with Global Edmonton hospital see the province return to the use of Public Affairs. alternative project financing structures to ensure priority projects can be built,

8 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net

Data Management

The City of Calgary itself is a service provider, and receives around 2,500 attempted cyber attacks per week.

Cyber Threats

Do municipalities have the tools to protect their critical infrastructure? By Glenn Miller

his November will mark the 30th and our critical infrastructure,” in part of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO), who anniversary of the Mississauga train through “funding for the Canadian Centre suggests that: “Cyber security issues at T derailment, which triggered, what for Cyber Security to support leadership this point are still being dealt with on an was at that time, the largest-ever peacetime and collaboration between different levels individual basis in terms of risk analysis, in evacuation in North America. Remarkably, of government and international partners.” part because municipalities lack the capacity no one was killed when more than 200 rail The key message from Minister Ralph to deal with additional issues.” cars containing chemicals and explosives Goodale is, “We are heavily inter-connected Brent Arnold, a partner with Gowlings derailed in the middle of the city, setting fire and networked, a fact that enhances our WLG, whose practice focuses on cyber to buildings and sending poisonous clouds of quality of life, but also creates vulnerabilities. security, agrees. In his experience, most sulphur and chlorine into the sky. From commercial supply chains to the municipalities are still in “reactive mode In today’s hyper-connected world, the critical infrastructure that underpins our when it comes to cyber security. But cities fact that municipal officials and police were economy and our society, the risks in the ready to embrace cyber security are opting able to successfully coordinate the rapid cyber world have multiplied, accelerated, to integrate the practice into their emergency relocation of more than 200,000 residents and grown increasingly malicious.” response planning processes.” fully two years before the emergence of the Cyber Assault—It should keep you up at Although this approach makes practical Internet is impressive to say the least. The night, published by the Senate in October, sense, there are stark differences between event is acknowledged to have had lasting identifies ten critical infrastructure sectors vulnerability assessments that avoid locating impact on the way cities view emergency that need special attention, including energy sensitive land uses in flood plains versus less preparedness, particularly with respect and utilities, water, and transportation. tangible challenges associated with coping to the handling of critical infrastructure, Among other recommendations, the Senate with malware and hacks by perpetrators a term that encompasses everything from report calls on the federal government “to whose location may be undetectable. In an age electrical grids and water systems to enable and fund cyber security skills training where the Internet of Things (IoT) is already telecommunications and rail infrastructure. programs, in collaboration with the provinces, defining our world, everything from cars, to territories and municipalities, to assist refrigerators to domestic thermostats—as well The new frontier businesses with their cyber security needs.” as a community’s many critical infrastructure Since 1989, the field of emergency planning Although both reports benefited from assets—are connected to the Internet, and and response has evolved to become an extensive consultation across multiple therefore vulnerable to cyberattack. essential, highly professionalized component sectors, municipalities did not directly As Minister Ralph Goodale notes, of how cities manage risk, but the recent participate in the hearings. According networked interconnectivity has many release of two major reports from Public to Matt Gemmel, manager of policy and benefits but also introduces vulnerability. Safety Canada and the Senate Standing research with the Federation of Canadian In the decades since the Mississauga Committee on Banking, Trade and commerce Municipalities (FCM), “Municipalities, derailment, for example, improvements in suggests that dealing with cyber threats could not unreasonably, are still focused on the communications technology have had a become the new frontier for emergency broader topic of smart cities are dealing significant impact on reducing the number preparedness planning for municipalities. with long-term challenges like aging of rail-related accidents. Railway dispatchers National Cyber Security Strategy— infrastructure and the overall infrastructure can now monitor the condition of freight Canada’s Vision for Security and Prosperity deficit. The priority for emergency planners train wheels remotely, which reduces the in the Digital Age, issued in June 2018, tends to be focused on responses to climate risk of derailment by detecting faulty wheels affirms the government’s commitment to change.” This sentiment is echoed by Craig before they break, permitting a supervisor “protect the safety and security of Canadians Read, a senior advisor with the Association to bring the train to a halt to allow a

10 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Data Management physical inspection. But this enhanced security firm, points out that industrial began with a desire to better coordinate communication capability also creates control systems (ICS) play a key role in across municipal departments but has since problems for emergency preparedness the smooth operation of energy, water and expanded to include an extensive range of planners because hackers can potentially telecommunications utilities, and merit public, private and institutional stakeholders, override a railway’s intranet, causing a special attention. “Internal malfunctions are as well as direct linkages to provincial and freight train to accelerate into a curve, with far more frequent than targeted cyber-attacks. federal response teams. The latter initiative disastrous consequences. From disgruntled employees to careless or is seen as a high priority and is featured According to Bruce Schneier, author malicious third-party contractors and vendors, prominently in CEMA’s action plan. of Click Here to Kill Everybody—Security insiders are a major source of threats to ICS The holy grail of collaboration however, and Survival in a Hyper-connected World, networks. Insiders have deep knowledge of may well be embedded in comments made researchers have already demonstrated that the network and often unrestricted access by an NGO based at the University of it is possible to hack into an automobile’s to its resources, and therefore, a very easy Waterloo. Responding to the government’s supposedly secure entertainment system to way to cause damage through intentional National Cyber Security Strategy, Quantum manipulate a car’s steering wheel or cause or unintentional misuse.” A frequently Safe Canada (QSC) highlights the National the car to accelerate without warning. In the cited example is the case of a community in Strategy’s focus on “the need to prepare municipal context, engineers now routinely Australia where a former contractor caused for increasingly sophisticated threats to monitor water flow from their desktops and 800,000 liters of raw sewage to spill out into the cyber systems relied on by our critical rely on embedded sensors to identify cracks local parks and rivers. infrastructure and democratic institutions.” in distribution pipes before leaks occur. But Another challenge is that because risk QSC agrees that “cyber security is not only a this means that hackers can also take control analysis begins with a review of historical means of protection, but also an important of any interconnected system, opening sluice data, in sectors like water distribution, source of innovation that will help ensure gates or switching off alarms. energy and transportation where the uptick Canada’s competitiveness.” in cyberattacks on critical infrastructure Bill Munson, a senior staffer with QSC Cyber attacks on the rise globally is a relatively new phenomenon, whose roots are in municipal public works, Although cyber-attacks against critical facility managers tend to underplay the adds that the National Strategy commits the infrastructure such as electrical grids and significance of such attacks. government to “focus on emerging areas water utilities appear to be on the increase of Canadian excellence, such as quantum globally, media reports tend to focus on Collaboration is key computing.” He points out that although security breaches in the private sector, An important lesson for city managers and it will likely be a decade or more before particularly those affecting customer data. municipal policy makers, notes Arnold, is quantum computing becomes a reality, the Nevertheless, industry representatives that cities must plan for—and be prepared to push for intense collaboration between remain philosophical about the challenge of deal with—threats to all critical infrastructure all levels of government, academia and the beefing up security systems. located in their jurisdiction, not just private sector should begin immediately. Introducing firewalls and encryption, infrastructure under their direct control. As noted in QSC’s brief to Pre-Budget the most commonly used industrial cyber This includes pipelines, telecommunications, Consultations in advance of the 2019 security programs, is one such challenge. and hydro infrastructure as well as railways. Budget, “Quantum computing will bring These are complex systems that require The need for an inclusive approach that an almost unimaginable speed-up in the a level of training and technical expertise embraces the needs of all stakeholders and ability of computers to perform calculations. that is expensive to acquire, they say. their respective critical assets is clearly Unfortunately, along with enabling wonderful Such systems also require a high level of outlined in a 2016 report prepared by advances in, for example, mapping the human acceptance and compliance on the part of CEMA (Calgary Emergency Management genome and testing new life-saving drugs, utility staffers, whose default priority still Agency), which identifies “cyberattacks and powerful quantum computers will also allow tends to be avoiding downtime. hyper-connectivity, plus aging, vulnerable today’s ‘unbreakable’ encryption to be hacked Michael Deane, executive director of the infrastructure as two trends expected to impact in minutes.” What this means for critical National Association of Water Companies Calgary’s emergency management preparation infrastructure remains to be seen. in the U.S., writing in the Huffington and planning” in the coming years. If cyber security is indeed the next frontier Post, points out that in an increasingly This is no surprise to Arnold, who for municipal emergency preparedness interconnected environment, managers are identifies Calgary as a leader in the area of planners, concerns like those raised by QSC faced with a dilemma. “While the evolution municipal cybersecurity. The City’s chief could well put issues raised in this article of computer-based management systems has information security officer, Owen Key, who closer to the top of municipal agendas. improved the reliability and quality of water previously worked in the private sector, has At a minimum, municipalities need to be services, (this also) increases the possibility revolutionized Calgary’s approach and staff included in on-going discussions led by the of targeted or accidental cyber events capacity to address the City’s security needs Canadian Centre for Cyber Security and that could lead to disruption in the water since arriving at the City in 2004. “Calgary capacity-building initiatives recommended supply.” He adds, “In the drinking water and faces unique cyber security issues,” he by the Senate Standing Committee on wastewater sectors, a cyberattack could hone explained recently to a national conference Banking, Trade and Commerce. in on four different threat vectors: chemical audience. “Unlike Toronto and Ottawa which contamination, biological contamination, use third-party providers, the City of Calgary physical disruption, and interference with itself is a service provider, and receives around Glenn Miller is a the highly specialized computer systems 2,500 attempted cyber-attacks per week.” senior associate with the controlling essential infrastructure.” The push to upgrade Calgary’s capacity Canadian Urban Institute and a frequent contributor Damiano Bolzoni, founder and CEO of to deal with all kinds of threats to critical to ReNew Canada. SecurityMatters.com, a U.S.-based cyber infrastructure, including cyber-related issues, renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 11 Data Management Credit: MioVision

Data is key in smart cities, including intersections, for enhancing safety and understanding both traffic and pedestrian patterns.

The Case for Cloud

Why security and privacy aren’t blockers for smart cities. By Geordie Anderson

ach day, more and more cities using legacy systems and navigating security local data privacy laws, by controlling where leverage cloud for their applications and privacy concerns. But the cloud offers data is stored, who can access content, and E in order to enhance citizen answers to those pain points. who can control its lifecycle and deletion. engagement. Whether it’s smart signals for A common security best practice is to traffic like the Town of Milton implemented Local data privacy laws encrypt both data in transit and data at to address congestion concerns on two busy Municipalities need to classify their data and rest. When encrypting data, an important intersections or getting public transit users should understand how their Cloud Service consideration is key management, especially real-time data on buses for the Grand River Provider (CSP) handles and stores data, in the cloud where resources are elastic and Transit system in the Region of Waterloo, including the geographical locations where can easily scale up and down. Municipalities municipalities are looking at a myriad data will be stored. As an example, Amazon can leverage many different options for of solutions. While transportation and Web Services (AWS) operates a region in key management in the cloud. CSPs will mobility are often top of mind when we Canada, located in Montreal. Municipalities typically provide some form of a native key think of smart cities, the use cases for public have the flexibility to choose the AWS Region management service, which is usually the safety, public health, and the environment in which to place their data. Customer data simplest method to use, as it is integrated can’t be overlooked. is not replicated to other AWS regions, and with many other resources and services. Implementing some of these solutions can does not move, unless the customer moves This makes it simple to create and control seem daunting when you have to consider it. This allows municipalities to comply with the keys used to encrypt your data, without

12 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Data Management the hassle of actually having to manage the keys. A second method is to leverage a third- Collecting the data is only part of the party key management solution. There are challenge. Interpreting, storing, and securing the data in a usable way is even more many third-party software vendors that important, especially for municipalities. provide key management solutions which can integrate with both on-premises and cloud environments. A third method for municipalities that need to align to more stringent compliance requirements, is to use a cloud-based hardware security module (HSM) service. Several CSPs provide cloud- based HSM services, available on a monthly pay-as-you-go basis, which can align to FIPS 140-2 Level 3 compliance.

Enable central identity management Most municipalities will already have some form of on-premises corporate directory service, such as Microsoft Active Directory. Rather than duplicating a second set of identities in the cloud, municipalities can leverage their existing corporate directory for authentication, in order to access resources in the cloud using single sign-on (SSO). This can be achieved using identity federation protocols such as Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) 2.0. This enables municipality staff to leverage their existing corporate credentials in order to access resources in the cloud, providing a single source of truth for user authentication. As municipalities continue to evolve and provide more online services to residents, it Infrastructure as code a multi-account strategy should be considered for scalability and security. As an example, becomes very important to provide a deeper CSP offerings are typically Application AWS has released a new solution called level of security protection to those public- Programming Interface (API) based services, AWS Landing Zone, which is an automated facing web resources. A web application meaning that infrastructure can be template- template-driven deployment based on firewall (WAF) can go beyond a traditional driven and dynamically provisioned in a best practices for a multi-account strategy. firewall with the ability to filter content programmatic way. Architecture artifacts can It provides a baseline environment that specific to web applications. WAFs typically now be committed to common repositories large organizations like municipalities can leverage for central account management, identity management, access management, Municipalities need to classify their data and governance, data security, network design, and central logging. It is an exciting time for municipalities as should understand how their Cloud Service they migrate to cloud, taking advantage of the many benefits such as agility, elasticity, and cost optimization. Addressing security, Provider (CSP) handles and stores data. risk, and compliance requirements aren’t insurmountable obstacles as once thought. Whether you work directly with a Cloud Service Provider, or use a partner to run your help protect against common web exploits and revision control systems, and then projects, moving applications to the cloud to such as cross-site scripting, SQL injection, deployed using Continuous Integration/ better serve your citizens is a smart move. bad bots, and content scrapers. Several CSPs Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) tools. This offer cloud-based web application firewalls is a key benefit in high-risk environments, as a service, with monthly pay-as-you-go where configurations can now be defined pricing. Other options for WAF deployments and managed entirely in code. Governance in the cloud include running third-party can be achieved by deploying environments Geordie Anderson is a software-based WAF images on cloud-based in an automated and consistent fashion, solutions architect that virtual machines, or even third-party WAF based on approved IT architectures, limiting focuses on security for Amazon Web Services offerings that are Software-as-a-Service error-prone human interaction. in Canada. (SaaS) based. For large organizations like municipalities, renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 13 Asset Management

Cities fear the damage done when the rain starts to pour. With a new approach to grey assets, that fear will wash away.

Changing our Perception

Converting impervious space into resilient assets. By Dr. Alexander Mirescu

hat is the one thing that nearly million inhabitants by 2050. Unless properly is the capacity of an urban system to resist, every municipality, regardless managed and innovatively designed, this absorb, recover and evolve. Resiliently W of size, has in abundance? It is type of growth will bring more risks than designing, adapting, and retrofitting the impervious spaces and urbanized surfaces. advantages, more social pressures than built environment of municipalities that are Indeed, the very creation of concentrated urban economic growth and more stress on critical exposed and vulnerable to hazards can begin centers is predicated on converting the earth’s infrastructure. If we combine rapid und to reverse existing risk drivers—attributes surface into concretized, buildable foundations unplanned urbanization with the negative that increase the likelihood of smaller, but for every aspect of life, from schools to public effects of climate change (longer and more more regular and costly disruptions, as well transportation, from hospitals and commercial intense rain events, flash floods, and sea- as larger atypical events. Parallel to climate centers to sidewalks and streets. No matter level rise), then the future success or failure change and urbanization, other man- where you look, human dwellings in Canada, of Canadian cities becomes dependent on made risk-drivers include governmental large or small, have a high percentage of their ability to design and build in ways that knowledge gaps, ageing infrastructure, concrete and asphalted space. And the trend is make them more adaptive, less vulnerable to ecological degradation, poverty, exclusion growing, rapidly. disruption and, ultimately, more resilient. of key stakeholders, and poor land Ask any urban planner and they will tell Urban resilience is no longer the buzzword use management. you following: the planet is urbanizing at the it once was, but rather is a proven urban However, experts have recently started fastest rates in human history. According design and policy solution to an increasingly to focus on a new risk driver: traditional to the United Nations, by mid-century complex set of risks and ‘stressors,’ as it engineering. Faced with such a complex seven in every ten humans will live in combines essential aspects of urban growth: risk profile, municipalities and the private an urban area with the most pronounced sustainability and climate adaptation, sector can no longer rely on decades-old urban growth to take place in medium-sized planning, construction and development, design practices and a lack of information on urban areas, rather than megacities. Try to community inclusion, and infrastructure. new engineering technologies. Traditional imagine medium-sized municipalities, like While there is minor squabbling about a still engineering approaches are effectively being Markham, Saskatoon, Regina, Burnaby, elusive standardized definition, academics outpaced by climate risk. Recognizing this Gatineau, or Windsor, with 500,000 to one and practitioners largely agree that resilience weakness, small and larger design firms have

14 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Credit: Markham Free Methodist Church eNew Canada 15 eNew R 9 1 April 20 ontarolo Engineering. ontarolo Asset Management Asset Dr. Alexander Mirescu Mirescu Alexander Dr. is the business unit head of urban engineering at P / March In Tavistock, a real estate developer estate developer a real In Tavistock, These cases highlight the capacity of occur and reduce the risk of costly asset loss occur and reduce and technology, switching track, (carriages, stations). capture storm water large-scale integrated protect to effort an In plans. design its into floodmunicipal enhance and waterways local designedHomebuilders Apple management, community with residential their Ponds technologies. Similarly, capture subterranean at designers and construction engineers Management opted for a Welch Cameron system management water storm multi-role Methodist Church. for the Markham Free waters By capturing pluvial, flood and rain the church’s in the design of the structure, municipal additional generates foundation outfalls combine sewage benefits of reducing as the as well quality, water and protecting for the water captured ability to re-harvest infrastructure. site’s green complex more a to adapt to municipalities by set of risks, both man-made and natural, approaches design innovative to pivoting technologies. Cities do not and creative spatial their re-design completely to have show to beginning are they but footprint, with their relationship that re-thinking to one of impervious space does not have and more Instead, more risk generation. urban planners developers, estate real and design and engineering firms, as well turning are councilors, and mayors as risk convert to options cost-effective to field spaces grey driving impervious and into something of municipal benefit. sector and citizens, the private Ultimately, of a more the rewards municipalities reap urban environment. resilient

Markham’s Free Methodist Church, whose spaces were designed for subterranean storm for subterranean designed spaces were whose Methodist Church, Markham’s Free on municipal stress This reduces re-harvesting. and water infrastructure, green capture, water basin repairs. on costly pipe and catch Markham money which saves infrastructure, water In Canada, municipalities and their In Canada, municipalities and their From the municipal perspective, perspective, municipal the From private sector partners have demonstrated demonstrated partners have sector private As a type of the viability of this approach. the region of the right of way, retrofitting flood installed strategically of Waterloo and tree infrastructure mitigating green pit technology alongside segments its system (see image 19-kilometer long light rail spaces with the sidewalk Designing below). and capture of flood performance additional the LRT’s will extend canopy enhanced tree that less service disruptions ensure lifecycle, sector, municipal decision-makers can craft can craft decision-makers municipal sector, and maintenance of policies for the repair bike realms, public streetscape, way, of right lanes, and parks to mandate subterranean the private time, Over capture. storm water and municipal sectors can turn impervious assets. spaces into resilient converting risk-driving impervious spaces risk-driving impervious spaces converting good a for makes assets resilient into the World business model. According Office Bank and the United Nations one dollar for Disaster Risk Reduction, equals approximately in resilience invested and recovery dollars for response, seven Since most municipalities reconstruction. existing repairing for budgets annual have ones, impervious surfaces or building new with investment smart a becomes resilience Moreover, on investment. return proven transfer the knowledge benefitting from successful from and technology exchange implementation in the private project capture. What mayor, councilor or planning What mayor, capture. at resilience flood approve not would board virtually no cost to the municipality? assets makes for a good business model. risk-driving impervious spaces into resilient risk-driving impervious spaces into resilient From the municipal perspective, converting From Because of new design approaches design approaches new of Because design approaches as a municipal benefit. as a municipal benefit. design approaches palette of givebacks to the standard Next new from expect that planning boards projects, or redevelopment developments are estate developers real innovative design partnering with forward-thinking water storm greater integrate to firms infrastructure enhanced green and capture and sidewalk right-of-way into parking areas, advantage competitive a as plazas and spaces of favour the gain and bidders other over approvals. quicker for boards planning The municipality becomes the beneficiary management stormwater of resilient the and reduce that can detain, delay load on an ageing and easily hydrological saving thereby infrastructure, overwhelmed the city millions on costly infrastructure flood and storm water decentralizing by begun to more actively promote and integrate integrate and promote actively more to begun especially in the innovations, resilient new capture storm water of subterranean area The concept of infrastructure. and green event flood a after better” back “building than using antiquated approaches, rather contributed to the disruption, which likely as flood mitigation has been gaining traction accessible. become more technologies have disaster of increased pressures the and estate risk, municipalities and the real and construction sectors development the a unique opportunity to convert have assets. into resilient environment built real perspective, sector private the From that risk recognizing estate developers, chains and affects their long-term value to resilient turning are business continuity, renewcanada.net Waterloo’s ION Light Rail System is lined with flood mitigating green is lined with flood mitigating green System Light Rail ION Waterloo’s use of pedestrian spaces to pits; an innovative and tree infrastructure infrastructure. of critical transport the resilience increase

Credit: Region of Waterloo Asset Management

Building Core Competency

Education and understanding is helping to change the culture on managing assets in communities like Oakville.

Ensuring communities understand, and implement,

the basics of asset management. By Iain Cranston

s if the magnitude of Canada’s In recent years, there has been a major standard has done amazing things for aging infrastructure base across surge in training courses and materials the industry—in aligning people on the A the country, and size of the available on asset management to the debate between ‘big picture’ infrastructure associated financial deficit—last estimated industry, due to a combination of demand asset management versus maintenance to be $125 billion dollars and growing by $2 from the sector, as well as funding from management, and the scope of an billion per year back in 2016 according to various levels of the Canadian government organization’s management system and the Federation of Canadian Municipalities to stimulate this very issue of capacity controls framework for asset management (FCM)—wasn’t a big enough issue to deal with. We also have the added factors of climate change, population change, and For asset management to be truly successful in your a limited public funding model, not to mention living in an era where customers are demanding higher levels of service at a community, you must work across your organization [...] lower cost. But it’s even more than that. We know that infrastructure asset management to connect the valuable components and information. (AM) can help us fully understand the scope of the deficit, help us articulate the optimum balance of service, risk and building. But we need more, and we need activities—it does not provide communities cost for asset owners, and help us plan a a better framework for communities, with the detail of activities or processes sustainable way forward; but organizations training providers, and public regulatory needed to build for asset management in need help in implementing more complete bodies to align with. the context of public sector infrastructure or asset management practices. Industry “Changing the culture of an organization services, nor was that the standard’s intent. and public sector infrastructure owners takes time, but the best way is through across Canada tell us their organizations education and understanding. Ultimately, Developing a face a serious hurdle to dealing with the our goal is for everyone to have a core competency framework above challenges—increasing capacity competency within asset management.” said People do asset management. The staff in and building capabilities to develop and Shawn Boast, manager of asset management your organization is critical to progressing implement formal, organization-wide asset for the Town of Oakville. asset management. The staff needs to work management programs. While the ISO 55000 international together in cross-functional groups, and

16 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Asset Management organizations need to develop any of the our own talk. The Canadian Network connections with the various professions necessary skills, behaviours and knowledge of Asset Managers (CNAM) is bringing in the organization, and identify skills, they might be missing. For some, this can be together several national associations that behaviours, and knowledge communities a big change and a different way of working. are involved in supporting the various should have in place to support delivery For some organizations, this can require staff aspects of community management and of their asset management programs. The training and/or new hires. To support this, industry professions to leverage their framework will be developed over the we are developing an Asset Management collective expertise in developing this Asset course of 2019 and will be widely reviewed Competency Framework for Communities. Management Competency Framework by various professional groups and tested The framework will help formally capture for Communities. One of the partners with many communities across Canada the AM skills, behaviours, and knowledge CNAM is working with on this initiative before being finalized later in the year. you need across your organization, and is the Government Finance Officers enable you to put training plans in place to Association (GFOA). help staff fill the gaps. “This is a great opportunity to help local “Asset management isn’t a capital governments solidify their approach to asset Iain Cranston is director of icInfrastructure and project like building a bridge. It’s a change management. We are excited to be a part of a program manager with in perception and way of working,” said it,” said Shayne Kavanagh, senior manager the Canadian Network of Gordon Duff, treasurer and deputy CAO for of research at the Government Finance Asset Managers. the Town of Minto, Ont. Officers Association (GFOA) For asset management to be truly successful This initiative is delivered through the in your community, you must work Municipal Asset Management Program, across your organization—breaking down which is delivered by the Federation of Join CNAM, FCM, and the other department silos—to connect the valuable Canadian Municipalities, and funded by the national partners May 6-9, 2019 in components and information that can often Government of Canada—without whom this Kelowna, B.C.—Canada’s sixth fastest be tucked away. You need to bring together would be not be a possible, so a big thanks growing city—for the 13th CNAM people and skills across the organization for their continued support. Annual Conference. For more to solve your service and infrastructure The competency framework will information on this initiative, visit problems: engineers, planners, accountants, provide alignment across the industry on cnam.ca/AMCompetencyFramework. and elected officials. So, we are walking the scope of the discipline, highlight the

renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 17 Energy Management Credit: Canadian Biogas Association

Bio-En Power Inc.’s 70,000-tonne/year R&D biogas plant in Elmira, Ontario facility. Credit: City of Windsor

Solar panels on the Windsor International Aquatic & Training Centre. A California Alternative How Canada can build its own strategy for household energy production.

Credit: YVR By Carroll McCormick

tarting in 2020, new homes in California will have to include solar rooftop panels. In Canada (thankfully, many S would say) the Canada Building Code has no such plan. Instead, an enthusiastic marketplace is choosing from a buffet of alternative energy technologies that are evolving to exploit a variety of niches. Each offers a special place in the post-fossil fuel and post- mega-project energy mix, tapping sources like wind, sun, waste heat, and decomposing organic waste. For towns and cities, which lie between the bookends of homeowners, with relatively modest budgets, and provinces, Bright, energy quite capable of unrestrained spending, this variety—like saving LED lighting at the sizing shoes to feet—lets them tap available resources and Vancouver airport. work within their larger, but finite means. Here are some examples of what they are doing:

18 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Energy Management

Solar Often referred to as PV (photo-voltaic) excess to the grid. The electricity produced Construction of the wind farm, in systems, solar panels have some advantages will go into the buildings. It is the wave of Ellershouse, about a 40-minute drive east of over all other technologies. They are the future,” Grando says. Berwick, started in 2015. Ten Enercon E92 easily scalable, from home set-ups, to Research being done by the Berwick machines, at 2.35MW/each, were erected in the 10-kilowatt (kW) array on the roof Electrical Commission, in Berwick, Nova three phases, with the last three coming on of the Kington Airport terminal, to the Scotia, illustrates the possibilities for line around the end of 2017. The project cost 50-Megawatt (MW) Windsor Solar project PV in small towns. The power needs of $51 million - shared among the three utilities in Windsor, Ontario. They are pretty much Berwick, with a population around 2,500, to reflect each one’s electrical consumption. maintenance free and they last a long time. are served by its own hydroelectric dam, “Electricity from Ellershouse is delivered to the four utilities (Riverport is a customer but not an owner) using the Nova Scotia Environmental, energy and waste management Power transmission system under the Open Access Transmission Tariff. We pay to use the system. The wind farm provides policies at the provincial and federal levels are 40 percent of the electricity we sell to our customers,” Regan says. starting to coalesce and offer a supportive platform.

According to the National Energy wind turbines co-owned with two other Board (NEB), by 2015 there was 2,135 towns, and power purchased from the A kilowatt megawatts of installed capacity in provincial grid. Canada, representing 0.5 per cent of Once the hardware drops enough in saved… the country’s electrical generation. That price, the town envisions a solar garden sounds miniscule, but, the NEB notes, in which ratepayers own shares, rather that that amount grew by 2,344 per cent than having their own systems. “We Surely the easiest way to earn a between 2005 and 2015, and the installed hope to divert the cost from rooftops kilowatt is to not burn it in the first per-watt cost is plummeting from $6.18/ to a scale that fits our own utility. [The place. While methods abound, watt in 2004 to $0.85/watt in 2014. power] will be sold to the utility,” says including better insulation The City of Windsor, in Ontario, is big Don Regan, superintendent at Berwick and windows, caulking, and on solar, part of what Sergio Grando, its Electrical Commission. passive solar heating, retrofitting manager of energy initiatives refers to Regan mentions another PV project. with equipment that uses less as the city’s low-hanging fruit strategy. “We have four experimental panels electricity is a potent strategy. Solar is the best of the alternative energy floating in one of our sewage treatment Likely the best-known switch technologies the city has adopted, he says, lagoons. The plant operator tells me currently is to LED lighting. “[...] because of the simplicity of it, and the panels shed snow well, one of the Big-ticket LED fans are North that, by and large, you will always have elements we wished to examine.” American airports They have sunshine. Because there are, generally speaking, no moving parts, it is an efficient been replacing their powerful energy source to use. Solar panels still Wind airfield lighting (and terminal produce 80 per cent of initial output after According to the Canadian Wind Energy lighting too) with millions of 20 years and can last 30 years.” Association (CanWEA), there are 295 LED lights. They are two-to- The city’s biggest PV systems are feed- wind farms in Canada. In 2017 the four times more efficient than in tariff: the electricity they generate installed capacity was 12,239MW, up incandescent fixtures, according go into the provincial grid and Hydro from 137MW in 2000, and met about six to ADB Airfield Solutions. One pays the city for what it produces. percent of Canada’s energy demand. The Vancouver airport tested They include systems on the Windsor Here’s how three little Nova Scotia taxiway lighting back in 2003. International Aquatic & Training Centre towns got together to build a wind farm: The technology has since (350kW), WFCU Centre Community The Berwick Electrical Commission, advanced to where all airfield Pool (500kW) and the Transit Windsor the Antigonish Electrical Utility and lighting, including approach Garage (500kW). the Mahone Bay Electrical Utility were lights, can be LED. Adopter “We get a monthly cheque,” Grando seeking a company to build a wind farm, Canadian airports, to varying says—around $750,000/year for these but they were not having any luck. “We degrees, include St. John’s, three systems alone. “These panels don’t went to the market three times asking for Halifax Stanfield, Iqaluit, Quebec require a lot of maintenance. Since they proposals for wind energy. The third time City, Billy Bishop, Pearson, were commissioned, we’ve done nothing.” we did that, it was suggested we build our Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver, The city has begun installing solar own. The proposal that came back was to and Victoria. panels using what is called net metering. build it for us and have Enercon service “With net metering you can’t sell any it,” Regan says. renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 19 Energy Management

paybacks become more difficult to sell.”) has a number of facilities that are using heat Geothermal While geothermal energy extraction of the from the coal mines. Compared to drilling and waste heat deep-well variety seems to be in its infancy deep for hot water, Brushett says, “The in Canada—one article touts Hinton as drilling costs are much lower.” The prototypical understanding of a the first to attempt it for heating—there is Speaking of free heat, what about the geothermal installation is of wells that tap a variation on the geothermal theme that waste heat we dump in the process of doing hot water deep in the ground, which is nicely illustrates the site-specific nature of something else? Brushett gives a tantalizing pumped up to warm buildings. (Residential some power and heating opportunities; in example with a story about waste heat systems, in which the ground warms liquid this case, flooded coal mines. recovery in the Centre 200 cultural and pumped through tubing buried in yards, which in turn heats houses, are called geo-exchange, according to the Canadian An enthusiastic marketplace is choosing Geothermal Energy Association.) Hinton, Alberta is working on a plan to use from a buffet of alternative energy technologies heat from the bottom of an abandoned gas well to heat municipal buildings. The skinny that are evolving to exploit a variety of niches. on the economics of the plan, according to Epoch Energy Development, which Hinton Nova Scotia has a long history of mining entertainment facility in Sydney. “That commissioned to conduct a pre-Front-End coal. Abandoned mines were left to flood, facility was using $200,000 worth of oil a Engineering Design study, is that the project and the ground heated that water. According year to heat. They did a major upgrade about would heat 12 municipal buildings, and have to David Brushett, energy manager at Halifax five years ago with a two-stage ammonia a 16-year payback. One article notes that the Regional Municipality, Efficiency Nova system, to recover waste heat from ice project cost will be $10.2 million. Scotia, arenas in Glace Bay and Springhill making and eliminate the oil bills.” (Of geothermal and Windsor, Grando are extracting heat from this warm water. While he notes that many arenas are using notes, “We have done some analyses. The cost B-Way, a plastics company in Springhill, waste heat recovery, there remains a huge of some of the sites we were looking at were uses mine water to heat its building. The amount of potential. For example, he says, significant. Five, six, seven-year payback you Cumberland County Municipal Authority is “A lot of older arenas use refrigerant (Freon) can sell to senior administrators, 10-14-year trying to market the flooded coal mines and that needs to be changed out. If you do a

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20 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Energy Management capex [waste recovery equipment] becomes in total, 25 initiated and 200 operational: 84 on-site energy demands. more of an add-on.” digester projects (operating or initiated), 88 There are currently five commercial “There are a lot of opportunities to waste water treatment plant digesters, [and] systems in Canada; e.g., StormFisher use waste heat,” he says. “Waste heat is 53 landfill gas projects producing electricity, Environmental, which owns and operates a generated from many different sources.” heat, or RNG,” Green says. 2.85MW biogas facility in London, Ontario. The greatest concentrations of biogas There are 1,800 potential biogas projects Biogas facilities are in Southern Ontario, the in Canada, according to the Canadian Biogas Vancouver area and Montreal. Association. “Capital intensiveness is a Two hundred participants attended Value They come in a range of sizes: On the barrier to an explosion of this technology, of Biogas West in Vancouver this January. large end are installations like Toronto’s [but] the basic building principles and Billed as Canada’s premier biogas and Dufferin Organics Processing Facility, building blocks are there,” Green says. RNG (renewable natural gas) conference, which, by the end of 2018, was due to “Environmental, energy and waste attendees heard presentations on challenges double its processing capacity of organic management policies at the provincial and and opportunities for biogas/RNG materials from the city’s Green Bin program federal levels are starting to coalesce and production, case studies, met with exhibitors to 50,000 tonnes/year. “It is estimated offer a supportive platform for biogas to and even got to tour the Surrey Biofuel the RNG facility will produce approx. 5.3 grow in Canada. Where municipalities are Facility and Fraser Valley Biogas. million cubic metres of RNG annually, recognizing more in their energy plans to “[There was] a broad representation enough to fuel 90 percent of the city’s solid capture energy, that is where we are seeing from developers, technology providers, waste collection fleet,” Green says. more progressive plants and investments in government and utilities across Canada, A medium-size system, Green says, plants and recirculation of materials.” the United States and internationally. The “[...] [is] any farm-scale system producing tours were sold out and offered an excellent 250-500kW of renewable electricity.” hands-on experience to complement the An example of a micro-scale system is information sharing and networking at the the 20-kW digesters, from Belgium-based Carroll McCormick is a conference,” says Jennifer Green, executive Bioelectric, at Harcolm Farms in Beachville, freelance writer based in Montreal, Quebec. director of the Canadian Biogas Association. Ontario. Anaerobic fermentation of cow The potential for biogas facilities in Canada manure produces gas, which fuels an is large. “There are 225 projects [facilities] engine, and produces electricity to offset

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renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 21 renewcanada.net —Staff anorama P 9 1 April 20 eaching New Heights eaching New R part of the buildings, of two An aerial view Redevelopment, Phase 1C $765-million CAMH 2019. topped off in late January of that were / Canada March eNew 22 R

Credit: PCL Constructors Canada Inc. Send us your best infrastructure image, and you may see it featured here. Email editor Andrew Macklin at [email protected] for details.

renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 23 Governance

As climate change heats up the north, ice roads become less dependent, and the need for new all-season roads increases significantly.

Building the North

Understanding infrastructure priorities, challenges in the Northwest Territories.

By Andrew Macklin

t’s difficult enough to meet the those roads less reliable, and the pollution McLeod’s government has been steadily challenges of maintaining existing from burning diesel fuel only exacerbates working on bits and pieces of the Mackenzie I infrastructure while building new the issue. Valley Highway north, completing the assets to keep up with population growth. Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk portion of the But adding the impacts of climate change Transitioning transportation highway in 2017, and completing 40 of to that mix, prompting the need for more The number one priority had been, for the 42 bridges needed. The next phase, a frequent rehabilitation and more resilience several years, the development of the combined federal-territorial investment in construction, and the daunting task of Mackenzie Valley Highway, connecting of $140 million, will be completed in six managing infrastructure becomes that much several NWT in the western part of the phases moving north from Wrigley to more difficult. territory to the Arctic Coast. The highway Norman Wells, representing 321 kilometres Nowhere is the story told clearer than in would allow residents in Wrigley, Tulita, of two-lane gravel highway. Canada’s north, where the infrastructure Norman Wells, Fort Good Hope, and Inuvik However, the government has also deficit has been amplified by climate impacts. to have direct all-season roadway access at it recognized two other roadway projects that Covering a land mass of close to 1.35 million northernmost point in Tuktoyaktuk. have become priorities: the All Season square kilometres, the Northwest Territories To provide some perspective, Road (TASR) and the Slave Geological (NWT) is comprised of 33 communities and Tuktoyaktuk is approximately 800 Province Corridor Project. The TASR is a under 45,000 people. kilometres due north of Wrigley. However, 97-kilometre all-season road from kilometer Premier Bob McLeod, now in his eighth according to Google Maps, the most 196 of Highway 3 to the community of year in the position, freely admits the efficient current driving route between Whati, northwest of Yellowknife. The Slave Territory has a large deficit, one that it the two communities is 2,964 kilometres, Geological Province Corridor Project is a is working to overcome. NWT has, in a route that would take you south into 413-kiloemtre two-lane gravel infrastructure the case of many communities, relied on British Columbia, northwest along the corridor, one that would help facilitate assets like ice roads for people movement Rockies, cut back up through the middle expanded energy resources, access to mines and diesel-fuelled power generators. But of the Yukon Territory, and then move and mineral deposits, and a connection to the impacts of climate change have made northeast back over to Tuktoyaktuk. the border of NWT and Nunavut.

24 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Governance

With the highway completed between Tuktoyaktuk and Inuvik, seen here, the northernmost portion of the Mackenzie Valley highway expansion is complete.

“As one of our consultants said, we have the most complicated 50,000 megawatts of electricity utilization anywhere.” — NWT Premier Bob McLeod

The TASR has made steady progression in the past few years, with North Star Infrastructure (Kiewit, Hatch, and Thurber Engineering) named as the successful Expanding Hydroelectric proponent for the project on November 13th of last year. Development of the Slave Geological Province Corridor Project has not progressed into the procurement phase As the Northwest Territories has explored options for as of yet, as a funding submission to Transport Canada’s reducing diesel dependence, one of the options has been to National Trade Corridors Fund was turned down. expand its use of hydroelectricity either within the territory However, McLeod is hopeful that funding could be made or by importing from a neighbouring province. available through a Northern-specific call for proposals “We were looking at that as part of the expansion of under the program. Taltson,” said McLeod. “The last time we looked at it, it NWT’s power play was going to cost more to build transmission lines than it was to expand Taltson.” The development of the Slave Geological Province Corridor Project could open up the opportunity for a significant Technological advancements have the territory now power play for NWT, paving the way for the expansion of looking at opportunities for the use of subsea cable, allowing the Taltson Dam. But even that may not solve the Territory’s NWT to run single or bi-directional power from a facility in energy issues. an adjoining province. However, the preference is to instead “As one of our consultants said, we have the most invest in transmission capacity to connect the Taltson complicated 50,000 megawatts of electricity utilization station to the Snare hydro system. anywhere,” said McLeod. “It’s because things keep The territory would also like to proceed with plans for changing. Seventy per cent of our population is on a two-phase expansion of the Taltson Generating Station. hydroelectricity. Yet three years ago, we had a drought The expansion would add another 140,000 kilowatts of and two snare hydro facilities; their reservoirs couldn’t replenish themselves at all.” production, which could be sold to Saskatchewan for use in The unfortunate solution was to fire up diesel generators Uranium City (120 kilometres away) or to Alberta for use to provide power to Yellowknife. The cost: $50 million. in High Level (320 kiloemtres away). That’s just one of the key power struggles that have faced a province. renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 25 Governance

“Inuvik, which we had converted to throughout the territory. According to over 2005 limits. On a per capita basis, we’re natural gas on the understanding that when McLeod, after going out to tender for a the largest users of biomass. We’re first or the Mackenzie Valley natural gas pipeline new supplier, the prices quoted would second per capita in the use of solar panels. was built, we thought we would take natural have caused the fuel to cost communities And we’re starting to use wind energy.” gas from there and use it in the town. The an additional 50-to-70 per cent. With the On the transportation front, the Mackenzie Valley natural gas project got company still up for sale, the territorial completion of the $299-million Inuvik to approved, but it never got built.” government purchased the barging Tuktoyaktuk highway linked Canada’s all- The wells that the town was instead company, and now supplies fuel to its season road network to the Arctic Ocean for using are now watering out, which caused a communities using a Crown corporation. the first time, as was a significant step in the significant reduction in the amount of natural Yet even with the fuel-shipping crisis development of the Mackenzie Highway. gas used. The solution? The town had to be solved, more issues arose in 2018. Quality, On the healthcare front, the development converted to synthetic propane. Now liquid shipping, and water level issues caused delays, of the $751-million Stanton Territorial natural gas (LNG) is being hauled all the way and by the time the fuel could be shipped, Hospital Renewal Project has gone very from Delta, B.C. to the far north community. the government was unable to access three well, and work is beginning on converting However that solution will soon be removed, communities due to poor ice conditions. the old facility to apartments and additional as federal-territorial funding of $40 million Instead, they had to fly the fuel to the remote residential and commercial uses. was committed to the Inuvik Wind Generation communities using planes with 5,000-litre Like other Canadian provinces and Project in November of 2018, the first project fuel bladders, adding a significant cost. territories, the Northwest Territories has to receive funding through the federal a unique set of infrastructure challenges. government’s Arctic Energy Fund. Positive outcomes But as the impacts of climate change The use of diesel for power generation But with all of the energy issue encountered, wreak further havoc on Canada’s north, also continues to be an issue plagues some there have been some success stories that the the need to find new ways to build energy NWT communities, and servicing that government continues to build on. and all-season transportation assets is an immediate priority. demand in recent years has become even “We’ve spent a lot of time converting to more difficult. The barging company run alternative and renewable fuels,” McLeod by the Inuvialuit went bankrupt during its explained. “Within government, I think seven-year contract with the government we’ve met our target of reducing our Andrew Macklin is the to supply diesel fuel to communities greenhouse gas emissions by 30 per cent managing editor of ReNew Canada.

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26 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net

Policy

When Pandora finally opened the box, according to Greek mythology, horrible things like greed and envy flew out. In the case of Bill 66, that could translate to the emergence of dubious suppliers in procurement.

Opening Pandora’s Box

Ensuring that changes to Ontario’s Bill 66 create

a better way to procure construction. By Stephen Bauld

ill 66 continues to get headlines in overall cost of a construction project and add changes to government procurement over the news as well as being a hot topic an unsubstantiated percentage as a premium the last 40 years that are far less intrusive B to discuss during most meetings that for using union contractors to create urgency then this scheme, yet created uncertainty I have attended since the Bill was introduced. to enact Schedule 9. and upheaval to the bidding process. Therefore, I wanted to further investigate As I continue to read about all the concerns Should the government prove in a fact- the pros and cons of this new government presented in several published articles from based argument through consultation with proposal from a purchasing perspective. My other segments of business, I would again the industry that Schedule 9 is a better way to immediate concern is related to the policy ask for greater consultation on many fronts. procure construction at a cheaper cost, I am and procedure changes that need to be Areas that address changes to the Greenbelt, on board. Having said that, it can’t be done put in place to ensure that the contractors that threatens drinking water, eliminating by sacrificing any of the current safeguards understand what is required from them with environmental regulations, which currently presently in place to protect the integrity of respect to the bidding process. safeguard environmental quality and public the construction process. Some of these issues Making Ontario open for business is a health and safety throughout Ontario, I have previous mentioned include: health reasonable request providing the process is amendments to the Planning Act. A dozen and safety, mandatory training, certifications, conducted in a fair, open, and transparent significant and sweeping changes will be qualified bidders, and all the rules and manner, and does not create a race to the altered if Bill 66 is passed. I think it would regulations already baked in to the present bottom. I am still not sure of the genesis be safe to say, a wide range of factors need to bidding process. We need to continue to attract for this change, as I have not seen any fact- be considered in every schedule of this Bill the high standard of qualified contractors based research showing this tremendous before it moves forward. we presently have, both union and non- savings that has been reported related My personal issue with these changes union. As stated in the government’s press to implementing Bill 66, Schedule 9. In is solely related to government policy release of December 6, 2018: “if the proposed my opinion, it is critical to have as much and procedure. I have always stated that amendments are passed, this is expected to industry consultation from contractors and government procurement is about rules and increase competitiveness for broader public- stakeholders, union and non-union, before regulations, and private sector procurement sector construction projects.” What does this bill is passed. is about profits and shareholders. Without competitiveness actually mean in broader One fact that is never mentioned in this the proper policies, procedures, and by-laws terms? Are we talking about value for money discussion is that approximately 75 per cent in place for the change’s related to Schedule and qualified contractors, or are we just of construction projects relate to costs such 9 of this Bill, the integrity of the government opening Pandora’s Box to dubious suppliers? as goods and services, equipment etc. leaving procurement process could be launched I have been around long enough to live somewhere in the general vicinity of 25 per into the abyss. I don’t want to sound too through the low bid mentality, and it is not a cent for labour costs. You can’t just take the dramatic however, I have seen smaller pretty sight, and ultimately costs more time

28 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Policy and money in the long run. A small non-union contractor bidding above the limit of their comfort level is potentially how the problems begin. Having the lowest bid is one thing, having the work force to do the job is another. The scramble to keep the work on time and on budget creates the perfect storm for projects to go sideways. Currently many of the skilled trades are facing a work force shortage. This often results in cutting corners to stay afloat for construction companies lacking experience and resources for larger projects. Take the same situation for a small union contractor. Their advantage is that they FER-PAL. have a built-in HR department, by calling Helping the union hall and having them send over qualified workers with the proper training FER-PAL has been working in the your community and certifications to work on the site. background since 1986 helping to help you. Let’s assume for the sake of argument, provide communities like yours with Learn more about us that large contractors, union and non- and our projects at union, both have the training to do the work clean water using technologies that youtube.com/user/ properly. Larger construction companies are sustainable and eco-friendly. ferpalinfrastructure also have greater overhead and may have trouble competing in a completely open S tay ah ead tendering system. of the curve w L Should the larger construction companies ith FER-PA lose bids to the smaller less experienced firms that are not capable of performing e: [email protected] ferpalinfrastructure.com the work, that’s when the trouble starts. A project being delivered on time and on budget goes out the window. Presently, things like pre-qualification and several other factors mentioned earlier, create the checks and balances in the system that we all currently enjoy. If the intention of Schedule 9 is to increase competitiveness for broader public sector, we need to investigate the possibility of a On the front lines of Canada’s significantly better pathway to create value for money in government procurement. For public sector infrastructure industry. the municipalities, school boards, hospitals, colleges, universities, and public bodies that are directly affected by these changes, I would suggest that this may be the perfect opportunity to conduct a wholesale revamp of government procurement documents. I have the confidence in the government powers to be, that they have the full intention to do the proper due diligences as we lead up to the final reading of this Bill. Now is the time for the entire construction Thousands of Canada’s infrastructure key players and industry to come together as one voice, to policymakers turn to ReNew Canada for exclusive, develop a new system of procurement that benefits everyone. insightful content to help them build resilient public assets.

Never miss an issue of ReNew Canada again. Stephen Bauld is the president and CEO of Purchasing Consultants Visit mysubscription.ca/renew/sub International Inc. to ReNew your subscription today!

renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 29 Finance

The lifecycle resilience can also be negatively affected if the lifecycle spending profile is pushed out as a result of late construction completion. P3 Resilience Understanding the key indicators that determine

a project’s resilience during construction. By Kevin Li

ublic-Private Partnerships (PPPs) it may also face uncertainties interacting Such a replacement scenario would likely have long been an attractive means with unfamiliar government sponsors, lead to a re-pricing of the contract, which P of infrastructure procurement including differences in how government could cause further delays and potentially given their fixed-price nature. A counterparties interpret and apply the squeeze financial metrics materially should cornerstone of the PPP structure, the Project Agreement (PA). Sometimes, further pari passu debt be necessitated. As Project Company (ProjectCo) contains rights and responsibilities are not clearly such, contractor replacement is viewed management and coordination expertise, delineated, and as a result time-consuming by DBRS as a drastic option, only to be although it typically self-performs few and potentially hostile disputes may occur. undertaken after other remedial efforts have tasks and often passes down virtually all Resilient projects have comprehensive been exhausted and it has become apparent of its contractual obligations. In addition, yet somewhat flexible dispute resolution that the existing contractor will not be able the ProjectCo generally carries limited mechanisms that engender communication to complete the project. extra liquidity, and where replacement and cooperation between all parties. Higher replacement costs can be of a major contractor is necessitated, it is Resilient projects would also feature a PA exacerbated by a number of issues, including: important to understand what resources created as a tool to drive desired behaviors 1 Aggressive budgeting and/or inadequate ProjectCo can rely on in order to turn the instead of mechanisms that are punitive to contingencies; project around. During the project term, the party at fault. some difficulties are bound to surface, and Triggered by severe construction delays, 2 Schedule optimism; the ability to respond to adversity is a key the replacement of the construction 3 Significant complexity of remaining works; indicator of a project’s resilience. contractor may be initiated by the public- 4 Construction elements completed out The construction phase of a PPP is sector counterparty. In such a case, of sequence, necessitating a “rip and generally viewed as riskier than the service ProjectCo is required to replace a non- phase. Not only does the private consortium performing contractor within a certain tear” approach; have to deal with various physical unknowns, timeframe to avoid termination of the PA. 5 Limited timeframe for replacement; and

30 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Finance Credit: EllisDon

6 Where construction has progressed to Things can get complicated when a member of the P3 a point where technical compatibility team goes bankrupt during construction. Thankfully for issues or institutional memory make for consortiums involved with the now-bankrupt Carillion, many of the key megaprojects there were involved in had a difficult replacement. reached substantial completion. To mitigate the higher costs, the contractor’s security package can be valuable to the extent that it remains available. The need to replace a construction contractor can also be triggered by non- project-related financial difficulties experienced by the contractor or its parent company guarantor. In such cases, the parent’s guarantee becomes less reliable, although the replacement premium may be modest, provided that the original budget and schedule have been well-thought out and there have been no material delays or overruns. This is reflected in the high debt- mechanisms whereby any unused funds major quality issues. As well, where the to-cash flow available for debt-service ratio are set aside in reserves, rather than being contract is standard and well understood of typically around 10 times post-substantial counted as excess cash flow immediately by the construction market and key completion and the minimum senior debt- available for equity distribution (unless an subcontracts are assignable (allowing work service coverage ratio often being as low independent engineer has confirmed that to continue unabated), it may be easier to as 1.15 times over the life of the project. such relevant works are no longer required to entice a replacement contractor to complete Moreover, many PPPs tend to start with meet handback requirements). For highway the construction. Guarantor replacement operations and maintenance (O&M) and projects, materially higher traffic volumes can potentially be mitigated by an effective lifecycle resiliencies that are relatively low, (particularly for larger multi-axle vehicles) last man standing clause, enabling the because of the competitive bidding process, also have the potential to add or accelerate remaining solvent partner to take over as the heavy reliance on net present value in bid lifecycle requirements and, therefore, erode guarantor, provided that it has the financial evaluation, and the increased government a project’s resilience, although sometimes means to do so. funding during construction. compensation is offered under the PA to maintain a project’s resilience level. O&M and lifecycle reserves can help Triggered by severe construction delays, to manage cash flows but generally are not relied upon in resilience calculations. the replacement of the construction contractor The standard look-back and dynamic look-forward tests and reserving through may be initiated by the public sector counterparty. extensive third-party inspections will be helpful to timely identify any re-tendering needs and provide better protections. While The perfect storm occurs when the For LRT projects and for some social service phase security packages are typically contractor or its parent company guarantor projects that involve performance of much smaller than seen in construction, is bankrupt and the project has also non-typical tasks (such as running and these can also offer a measure of safety. encountered material delays and quality servicing trains) and/or frequent technology In summary, availability-based PPP issues. This can lead to a substantial refreshing requirements, respectively, the projects can be resilient to several unexpected replacement premium, with potentially O&M breakeven ratio is often lower than challenges. Such resilience can be realized little reliable security to foot the bills. Once the lifecycle breakeven ratio. The O&M either through external supports, such as such a perfect storm has formed, ProjectCo resilience can be further challenged by the contractor’s security package, or with would have to rely on contingencies in the unexpected cost overruns, such as energy internal buffers, such as last man standing structure to mitigate negative impacts. For overconsumption, although some pain share clauses, conservative budgeting, suitable example, ample time to replace a contractor or benchmarking mechanisms can offer a breakeven ratios, flexible and protective or longer longstop date under the PA will modicum of relief. clauses under the PA, standard construction engender more resilience. A thorough For civil projects, the lifecycle resilience contracts, and proactive inspecting and payment certification and withholding tends to be lower than O&M resilience and reserving mechanisms. These positive mechanism can also be helpful to enable can be eroded by change orders, although attributes could all potentially keep relevant early identification of problems and this can be mitigated if ProjectCo can prove risks at bay and help the project survive a provide increased protection against such changes would materially alter a perfect storm. re-tendering risks. project’s risk profile. The lifecycle resilience The service phase can be subject to can also be negatively affected if the lifecycle challenges as well. Given the fixed nature spending profile is pushed out as a result of Kevin Li is a senior vice of the revenue stream and highly leveraged late construction completion. Under such president of infrastructure capital structure observed in most circumstances, to the extent that lifecycle finance at DBRS. availability-based PPPs, ProjectCo typically funds are still being received according to the has little room to weather significant cost original schedule, stronger projects feature renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 31 Finance

If tolls are placed on the two busiest thoroughfares to and from downtown Toronto, more drivers could experience traffic similar to what is seen in this image, rather than the typical bumper-to- bumper commute.

FARE PRICING

How tolling Toronto’s key thoroughfares could provide

a real solution for Toronto’s traffic nightmares. By Lindsay Wigington

ike other global metropolises, the backbone of strong, sustainable communities. of the impacted workers are from higher- Greater Toronto and Hamilton One important concern about road pricing income groups in the GTHA. Approximately L Area (GTHA) is experiencing rapid that has been raised by stakeholders is its 69 per cent of all impacted workers have population and economic growth, which potential to add to the financial burden household incomes above $60,000 (i.e. is putting increased demands on roads and of low-income residents. Research on the roughly above Toronto’s median household public transit systems. Indeed, residents of potential impact of road pricing on low- income) and more than half of these (34 per Toronto have the longest commute times income communities is scarce, leaving cent of total) have household incomes above in Canada, with about one in six people policymakers without essential insights $125,000 (roughly double Toronto’s median). spending more than an hour to get to work. needed to design good policy. Approximately 6.8 per cent of all impacted When asked to name the top issues facing This study examined which income groups workers have household incomes below the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), 52 per would be impacted by the City of Toronto’s $40,000 and 10.2 per cent have household cent of respondents to a 2018 poll listed 2016 proposal to apply a flat highway toll incomes between $40,000 and $60,000. transportation, traffic, and transit issues of $2 on the Don Valley Parkway (DVP) and The likelihood of being impacted by the among their top concerns. Gardiner Expressway (Gardiner). We find proposed highway tolls increases as one’s Road pricing is a way of pricing mobility that a majority of GTHA commuters who household income increases. While workers more fairly. It reduces congestion by would be impacted have household incomes with household incomes below $40,000 providing incentives that spread out the above Toronto’s median. However, we also represent 8.8 per cent of the working use of the roads and encourage the use of find that without mitigation measures, population as a whole, they represent alternative modes like transit. This shift the toll would represent a higher financial only 6.8 per cent of impacted workers. helps to reduce air pollution and greenhouse burden on those lower-income households Conversely, while 34.0 per cent of impacted gas (GHG) emissions and raise revenue for that would be impacted. workers have household incomes above public investments in infrastructure, such $125,000, this group makes up only 26.2 as transit. Discussions have emerged in Income characteristics per cent of the population of workers. These Canadian cities and regions—including the of impacted population findings align with experiences and studies City of Toronto and Metro Vancouver— We estimate that approximately 172,000 in other jurisdictions. about how well designed road pricing can workers in the GTHA (approximately 5.9 Despite the prediction that a greater share improve the transportation system for per cent of all workers) are likely to be of the higher income population would be citizens, following successful programs in impacted by a toll on the DVP and Gardiner impacted by the proposed toll on the DVP other jurisdictions. based on their current commute behaviour. and Gardiner, lower-income households Equitable access to transportation is a We find that a much greater proportion spend a significantly higher share of their

32 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Finance

The traffic getting in and out of the downtown core of Toronto would also benefit through tolling the Gardiner and DVP, as less people are inclined to drive into the heart of the city’s employment district.

income on basic necessities like housing and impacted low-income workers respectively. on the DVP and Gardiner. Finally, based transportation. We found that for households These results give direction for where on our results, we also recommend that in the lowest before-tax household income cost mitigation efforts, including transit time-of-day, dynamic, and distance-based quartile, the annual cost of the toll would investment, should be focused. pricing designs be further studied especially amount to approximately 23.2 per cent of because of their potential to make a road- annual transportation expenditure, whereas Cost mitigation options pricing plan more equitable. the cost would amount to only 4.6 per cent We review direct and indirect approaches The Pembina Institute believes that of annual transportation expenditure for to mitigating the financial impact of road mobility pricing, and road pricing households in the highest income quartile pricing on lower-income populations. We specifically, must be part of a multi-pronged (based on Ontario average expenditures). find that while there is precedent in other approach to addressing the GTHA’s current This means that the toll would represent jurisdictions for providing direct discounts transportation challenges and preparing more of a financial burden for lower-income and exemptions to certain target groups for future trends. This study contributes households than for higher-income ones that include vulnerable populations such new knowledge about the income impacts under the scenario where no cost mitigation as people with disabilities, we did not find of a specific City of Toronto road-pricing measures are included. precedents of providing such discounts and proposal, with the intention to contribute to exemptions to low-income users specifically. the ongoing region-wide conversation now Spatial distribution We recommend that it would be and in the future. Based on our modelling, the City of appropriate to provide a discount based Toronto is home to the greatest share on a combination of household income, (116,000 people or approximately household size, and use of the priced 67.8 per cent) of impacted workers roadway. This could be done in place of Lindsay Wiginton is across the region. About 12 per cent of capping the annual amount that any user a managing director impacted workers are from Peel Region, would pay per year (one option that City of of transportation and urban solutions at the 8.3 per cent are from York Region, and Toronto staff were asked to study). Different Pembina Institute. 6.7 per cent are from Durham Region. approaches would require varying levels of The City of Toronto is home to the vast administrative burden, which should be majority of impacted low-income workers: studied further. about 81.7 per cent. We also recommend that the net revenue This article is an excerpt from the Within the City of Toronto itself, the generation from a road-pricing plan Pembina Institute report Fare Pricing: greatest absolute number of impacted be legally tied to investments in public workers, approximately 40,160, is from transit. Based on the spatial distribution of Exploring how road pricing on the DVP downtown. East York and North York are commuters that are likely to be impacted, and Gardiner would impact income home to the greatest numbers of impacted we highlight planned or proposed transit groups in the GTHA. To download a low-income workers, with approximately projects that can be accelerated to provide copy of the full report, visit pembina.org. 28.2 per cent and 25 per cent of Toronto’s viable alternatives to travelling by car renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 33 Top100 Projects Credit: Alberta Infrastructure For additional details on this year’s Top100 report, visit top100projects.ca

Calgary Cancer Centre 2019 Top100 Projects Rank: 42 Value: $1.4 billion

Calgary Cancer Centre making steady progress

Construction of the $1.4-billion cancer have continued to rise at a rate of three to than 3,300 a year—to meet an anticipated 60 research and treatment centre—the largest five per cent a year. The project is expected per cent increase in demand by 2030. government infrastructure project in to add 1,500 jobs for Calgarians over the The Calgary Cancer Centre will be Alberta—remains on time and on budget. next six years. integrated with the Foothills Medical Centre Thirty per cent of the project’s total Development of the radiation therapy and will replace the aging Tom Baker Cancer concrete, or 37,000 cubic metres, has been department will continue later this year Centre. Four cranes and about 300 workers poured as work progresses on the 12-room with the pouring of more than 10,000 cubic are currently on site with construction well radiation therapy department. metres of concrete and the construction of underway on the lower levels, all five parkade With a total concrete volume of 125,000 12 steel and concrete vaults. Each vault will levels and the first clinical areas of the centre. cubic metres, it will be the largest stand- have 1.8-metre-thick walls to protect patients PCL Construction has removed about alone cancer centre in Canada when it begins and families from radiation exposure. This 450,000 square metres of material since the offering improved care for patients in 2023. will nearly double the current Tom Baker project’s groundbreaking in 2017 and will The Tom Baker Centre reached full Cancer Centre’s capacity to treat patients continue with below-grade activities through capacity in 2003. Since then, cancer rates with radiation therapy—currently more 2019. Construction will continue until 2022.

Wataynikaneyap Transmission Project 2019 Top100 Projects Rank: 36 Value: $1.6 billion

Additional communities join Wataynikaneyap project

Wataynikaneyap Power has announced opportunities, improving community partners are pleased to join forces with that Mishkeegogamang and Ojibway Nation infrastructure and growth.” the Wataynikaneyap Power team for this of Saugeen legally joined the First Nations- “We’re pleased to see all 24 First Nations important project,” said Ian Robertson, led power project, bringing the number of join the partnership,” said Barry Perry, chief executive officer at Algonquin. “Our First Nations communities who are equal president and chief executive officer of continuing focus on Northern Ontario owners in the project to 24. project partner Fortis Inc. “With the recent transmission is based on a recognition “I am very pleased to say that connection of Pikangikum, work is well that access to clean and reliable energy Wataynikaneyap’s engagement and underway to advance the project.” sources plays a critical role in the health, discussions have resulted in an even stronger Simultaneous with the two First Nations well-being and economic opportunities partnership of 24 First Nations who have joining the partnership, partner Fortis for the communities served by this project agreed to work together to connect the Inc. has entered into an arrangement and we are pleased to partner on this 17 remote First Nations to the grid,” said with Mishkeegogamang First Nation important project.” Margaret Kenequanash, chief executive and Ojibway Nation of Saugeen’s utility The transmission project is making officer at Wataynikaneyap Power. “This is a partner, Algonquin Power & Utilities significant progress toward the completion significant project milestone that will have a Corp. (Algonquin), for a minority share of regulatory permitting. Construction powerful positive impact to the Indigenous of its ownership. is planned to begin later this year with a People of the homeland in harnessing “Algonquin and our First Nation competitively selected EPC contractor.

34 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Download our reports and more at rccao.com

The “Missing Middle” in New Homes

Sourced from a graphic by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. The right bracket was moved to reflect this report’s definition of low-density housing (comprised of single-detached, semi-detached and duplex homes).

Missing middle experts Matthew Cory, Michelle German and Paul Smetanin exchange ideas at Ryerson University in Toronto.

CURRENT HOUSING TRENDS IN THE GTHA PLACES TO GROW TARGETS

“Current trends” indicate starts Graphics source: Canadian Centre for Economic Analysis Inc. over the past 10 years. In Toronto, this new supply is heavily tilted toward higher- density housing at 88%, with 4% medium and 8% low density. In nearby Mississauga, the split is 59% for higher density, 16% medium and 25% low.

‘Stick a crowbar in the yellowbelt’ in GTHA, says planner

Professional planner Matthew Cory did not hold back when asked stacked townhouses. But it isn’t always easy to build. German says what policy direction would help the future prosperity of the Greater zoning in two-thirds of Toronto’s residential land, for example, is Toronto and Hamilton Area’s housing industry. zoned for detached housing, making it difficult to add gentle density. “I would stick a crowbar in the yellowbelt,” he told a crowd of academics, “An anecdote we’ve heard over and over again is that it’s absolutely industry professionals and students gathered at Ryerson University in the easiest thing in the world to rip down a house that has been Toronto. About 70% of the GTHA is covered in yellowbelt, also known turned into three or four apartments and turn it into a McMansion as low-density residential zoning. but why can’t you sever the lot and make four tiny homes for four Cory, principal of Malone Given Parsons, was one of three report families? It’s just not possible based on the current zoning.” authors speaking about the importance of missing middle housing in If current construction trends continue, Smetanin said the region a seminar presented by Ryerson’s Centre for Urban Research and Land will be short 7,200 dwellings per year of Growth Plan targets with Development. The seminar was entitled “Let’s Talk Housing Research: A an average loss of $1.95 billion in GDP accruing directly from Review of the Latest Reports Focused on the GTHA.” residential construction activity. Cory was joined by Michelle German of Evergreen Foundation, and Paul Only about 15% of GTHA households live in medium-density Smetanin of the Canadian Centre for Economic Analysis and author (missing middle) housing. Smetanin said the region needs a range of RCCAO-commissioned report “The GTHA’s Unbalanced Housing of housing sizes and budgets to help, among other things, residential Stock: Benchmarking Ontario’s New LPAT System.” mobility. “You’ll find there’s a lot of statistical analysis in the report German defined the missing middle as attached housing that “fits that will help you begin to understand the demand, supply and key into the fabric and the feel and the culture” of many neighbourhoods. challenges before us,” Smetanin said. This includes row houses, apartments in buildings under five storeys and See a videocast at ryecast.ryerson.ca/86/Watch/15158.aspx

p: 905 -760 -7777 @_RCCAO e: [email protected] rccao.com Top100 Projects All Photos: Josh Fee

Actual Media editorial director Andrew Macklin (right) conducts a keynote panel discussion on infrastructure needs from the next federal government.

Key Players and Owners Dinner Celebrating the biggest infrastructure projects in Canada

lose to 300 senior infrastructure of Infrastructure and Communities, who president of marketing and communications industry professionals and discussed the continuing investments being Dennis Matthews, a former senior advisor C stakeholders from across Canada made by the federal government to address to Prime Minister Stephen Harper. and around the world joined ReNew Canada infrastructure needs across Canada. The 2019 Top100 Projects report topped at the 2019 Top100 Projects Key Players and This year’s keynote panel debated $212.5 billion, up $13.5 billion from 2018. Owners Dinner at The Carlu in Toronto. the country’s needs for infrastructure A list of the top100 Projects can be found Among the attendees were Ontario’s investment under the next federal mandate, at top100projects.ca. Work is already underway in preparing for Minister of Infrastructure Monte following the election this fall. ReNew the 2020 Top100 Projects report. To submit McNaughton, who provided an update Canada’s managing editor Andrew Macklin your projects, or to ask any questions you on the Ford government’s priorities for was joined by Toronto Region Board of Trade may have about the report, please contact infrastructure spending in the province. president and CEO Jan de Silva, Canadian Andrew Macklin at [email protected]. He was joined by Marco Mendicino, Construction Association president Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister Mary Van Buren, and Enterprise vice top100projects.ca/celebrate

RENEW CANADA WOULD LIKE TO thank OUR PARTNERS AND ALL THE ATTENDEES WHO MADE THE EVENING A SUCCESS!

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Select partners

36 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Top100 Projects All Photos: Josh Fee

Enterprise VP marketing and Canadian Construction Association Toronto Region Board of Trade communications Dennis Matthews. president Mary Van Buren. president and CEO Jan de Silva.

Eric Peissel, national business line executive for transportation for WSP, introduces Ontario Minister of Infrastructure Monte McNaughton.

Attendees enter the theatre to begin the evening’s official program.

Ontario Minister of Infrastructure Monte McNaughton.

Arcadis VP Rene DeVries with SNC-Lavalin senior VP of infrastructure engineering for Central Canada Kristin Hanson.

Marco Mendicino, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Infrastructure and Communities.

EXP Principal buildings for Central Canada, Li Ming, VP buildings for Central Canada Rebecca Huang, director of regional marketing Christina Cruz, and president and COO Mark Dvorak.

renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 37 Top100 Projects All Photos: Josh Fee

Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Infrastructure and Communities Marco Mendicino with Canadian Council for The team from DECAST. Public-Private Partnerships CEO Mark Romoff.

Michael Chiu, VP of business development Greater Toronto Airport Authority director for transportation for WSP alongside of public affairs and stakeholder relations Tom Middlebrook, senior VP of business Ana Rincon-Gomex, environmental assessment Lorrie McKee with Crosslinx Transit Solutions development for Dragados Canada. specialist and project manager at Golder. third party technical advisor Joanna Kervin.

AECOM’s practice lead for communications and community engagement Morrison Hershfield VP of Avril Fisken and senior process engineer/project manager Brian Sahely. business development Loui Pappas.

Hatch’s senior VP of infrastructure Carl Bodimeade, RBC Capital Market’s managing director and global director of infrastructure advisory Julia co-head of infrastructure finance Vickie Turnbull Stefanishina, and global director of climage change Muhammad Ardalani-Farsa, and Torys LLP partner and head of public-private and sustainability services Susan McGeachie. control manager at Comtech. partnerships practice group Mark Bain.

38 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net Top100 Projects All Photos: Josh Fee

Ontario Society of Professional Engineers CEO Englobe’s VP operations Tewfik Atia and WSP Canada CEO Ryan Brain and Infrastructure Sandro Perruzza shares a laugh with a colleague. VP corporate development Marc Trudell. Ontario president of major projects Chris Gauer.

Entuitive senior associate David Fox, Carpenters District DBRS vice chairman Doug Turnbull with Polar Star Council of Ontario president Mike Yorke, and Entuitive Principal Advisory Services president Cliff Inskip. Michael Meschino admire one of the corporate Top100 projects plaques.

Key Players and Owners Dinner Celebrating the biggest infrastructure Plan Group director of business development projects in Canada Deborah Barnes, Canadian Council for Aboriginal Crosslinx Transit Solutions CEO, Metrolinx CEO Business CEO JP Gladu, and Enterprise chair Paul Verster, and Aecon founder and executive of the advisory board David de Launay. chairman John Beck. See you next year! Feb. 18, 2020 Plan your presence at the 2020 Top100 Projects Dinner by contacting Elena Langlois 416-444-5842 ext. 151 [email protected]

Actual Media CEO Todd Latham with Morrison Gannett Fleming vice president Yousef Kimiagar introduces top100projects.ca/ Hershfield COO Catherine Karakatsanis and Ontario DST director of infrastructure client group George Thomas Minister of Infrastructure Monte McNaughton. to Comtech deputy program manager Crystal Cole. celebrate

renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 39 People & Events

APPOINTed Donald Bruce (chair), Roberta Ellis, Mott MacDonald has Kirsten Ragnhild Wilson, Michael Alan appointed Paul Pierre Lavallée, president Bonshor, Gary Wayne Kroeker, Anita Hammond as global leader and Chief Executive Officer Kaur Atwal, and Clyde Hill Scollan. for its new infrastructure of Canada Infrastructure BCIB was established in July 2018, with development and Bank, has announced that its first priority being to support the delivery Paul economics practice. Hammond David Morley is joining of the new Pattullo Bridge and projects Hammond will be David Morley the organization as Head of within the Trans-Canada Four-Laning responsible for leading the consultancy’s Public Affairs and program under the CBA. BCIB will lead the practice community and enhancing its Communications. recruitment, hiring and co-ordination of global visibility. Morley has significant experience working skilled labour for these projects, in addition The new practice merges the expertise in the public sector related to infrastructure to human resources, employee relations, of Mott MacDonald’s economics and and government-business partnerships. identifying training needs, and reporting infrastructure finance global practices. Most recently he was Senior Vice and performance measurement. It focuses on providing support services President, Strategy and Communications at the early stages of infrastructure The Nova Scotia at Infrastructure Ontario, where he led planning—from funding through to Federation of a team responsible for corporate affairs, economic, social and environmental impact Municipalities (NSFM) communications, and external stakeholder assessment. Services provided include: has announced the and community engagement. infrastructure pipeline development and appointment of Juanita “With deep public sector and prioritisation; pre-feasibility and feasibility Juanita Spencer as chief executive infrastructure expertise, David will be a studies; local and regional economic Spencer officer. Spencer was strong addition to our executive team,” development; economic appraisal and previously the executive director of the Lavallée said. “He will provide public affairs cost-benefit analysis; business case Spring Garden Area Business Association. and communications leadership as we development; regulatory and policy advice; She is replacing Betty MacDonald at continue to develop partnerships to build risk management and mitigation; and NSFM, who retired in December. NSFM’s infrastructure finance and PPP advisory. infrastructure that is in the public interest.” Board of Directors voted unanimously in Hammond has considerable experience Prior to working at Infrastructure favour of Spencer’s appointment. in the infrastructure and economics Ontario, Morley advised the governments “Juanita is an accomplished organizer arena. His 25 years’ experience include of Ontario, Manitoba and Canada, and and spokesperson who has a deep the delivery of consultancy and research was a participant in the 2017 Governor understanding of what it takes to lead assignments for clients including the General’s Canadian Leadership Conference. a successful member association. I am International Finance Corporation, The Government of Québec excited to see how she will help NSFM World Bank, European Investment Bank, announced the and our member municipalities with our European Commission, and national appointment of Jacynthe work of delivering better government roles as economic adviser to the Local Côté as chair of Hydro- and building stronger communities,” said Government Association in England. Québec’s Board of Directors NSFM President Waye Mason. Jacynthe Côté Her track record includes deceased WSP Global Inc. has her work as an independent announced Ryan Brain as director on many corporate boards in a variety Terence (Terry) Hardy, the new president and of industries, including aluminum, finance passed away peacefully in chief executive officer of and energy. From 2009 to 2014, she served as his home in Niagara-on- WSP in Canada. president and CEO of Rio Tinto Alcan. the-Lake, Ontario on Ryan Brain Brain has over 20 A native of Normandin in the Lac-Saint- December 13, 2018 after a years of experience in Jean region, Côté holds a Bachelor’s of Terence Hardy brave battle with Idiopathic the professional service industry, mainly science degree in chemistry. Pulmonary Fibrosis. at Deloitte, one of the largest global Hydro-Québec is proud of this A lifelong civil engineer, Hardy was a past professional services firms. Known for appointment of the first woman to chair president of Ainley Group, an engineering his leadership, he has in depth experience Hydro-Québec’s board of directors. and planning company based in southern and understanding of professional Hydro-Québec would also like to thank Ontario. In addition to his contributions as services business models. He is also well Michael Penner and Michelle Cormier an engineer, Hardy was very active as an acquainted in areas such as market and for their contribution to the company’s industry volunteer, serving terms as chair corporate strategy, M&A due diligence, governance and their commitment to a of the Consulting Engineers of Ontario and integration. He has worked with number of important files. (CEO) and as president of Ontario Public various stakeholders and clients across Works Association (OPWA). B.C. Minister of Transportation and the private and public sectors and led In honour of his contributions, OPWA Infrastructure Claire Trevena announced several complex and high-profile projects renamed its Exemplary Service Award to the board of directors of B.C. Infrastructure across various industries, with a focus on the Terry Hardy Exemplary Service Award, Benefits Inc. (BCIB), the Crown corporation consumer business industries. which recognizes significant service to the responsible for executing the Province’s Brain is a certified management association for a minimum of 25 years. Community Benefit Agreement (CBA). consultant and has a Master of Hardy is survived by his loving wife The chair and six members have been Management Sciences from the University Sandra, his two sons Russell and Matthew, appointed for a three-year term: Allan of Waterloo. and three grandchildren.

40 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net People & Events All Photos: ReNew Canada Nik Nanos discusses the changing narrative CCPPP with the rise of populist governments. president and CEO Mark Romoff.

VOTER RAGE & POPULISM: THE THREAT TO BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE TORONTO, ONT. The rise of populist governments and politics politically visible, and an industry that is of views on these issues although there are is changing the way we need to approach the such high priority to politicians,” said Mark some significant differences among men and narrative on building infrastructure in Ontario, Romoff, president and CEO of CCPPP. women, the regions and even age groups that North America, and around the world. CCPPP commissioned Nanos Research bear watching.” Voter Range & Populism: The Threat to conduct a survey to better understand The observations are based on a random to Building Infrastructure, hosted whether infrastructure delivery in Canada telephone survey of 1,000 Canadians, 18 by the Canadian Council of Public- could be susceptible to populist movements. years or older, between September 29 and Private Partnerships (CCPPP), educated “Overall, the survey suggests Canadians October 4, 2018. The margin of error is +/- infrastructure developers and project owners continue to support public-private 3.1 percentage points, 19 times out of 20. on the impacts of this growing political partnerships, but the infrastructure sector movement thanks to a keynote presentation is not immune to voter rage,” said Nanos, from Nik Nanos of Nanos Research. the executive chairman of Nanos Research. To access the full survey, visit “We’re sensitive to today’s reality, and “It’s reassuring to see that despite a pppcouncil.ca/web/pdf/nanos_ astute enough to recognize that we can’t tumultuous last few years in global politics, infrastructure_survey_102018.pdf avoid the impact in our space, because it is so Canadians are largely moderate in their All Photos: ReNew Canada Esri’s Barry Eric Peissel from WSP discusses continued Kelly, also a changes being made to project delivery. member of the OPWA board of directors, discusses innovations that are changing the way the public Outgoing OPWA president Ed Dujlovic works industry introduces incoming president Angela Story. does business.

OPWA 2019 CONFERENCE TORONTO, ONT.

More than 250 people joined the Ontario treated, in order to develop proper policies Tactix co-president Alan Young, suggested Public Works Association in Mississauga for cannabis use. that the level of spending by the current for the 2019 annual conference and Eric Peissel, national business line Liberal government has been strong even awards luncheon. executive for transportation at WSP in though funds have had a tough time flowing This year’s conference, Navigating Canada, discussed how the model for to some communities due to difficult the New Normal: A Nation Managing project delivery is evolving in Ontario. He negotiations and delayed agreements. Change, focused on how policy, innovation, explored why the evolution has occurred Matthews speculated that, should the governance, technology, and politics and discussed how new ideas for project Conservative government come to power are changing the way the public works procurement continue to emerge, pointing at in October, infrastructure spending industry goes about its business in building, the recently announced first-ever Canadian levels should remain strong even as that operating, and maintaining infrastructure use of the Integrated Project Delivery model, government would likely push to find ways across the province. which is being used in the construction of to find savings in order to quickly return to Andrew Pariser, vice president of the Third Crossing Bridge in Kingston. balanced budgets. the Residential Construction Council ReNew Canada’s managing editor of Ontario, explored the impact of new Andrew Macklin led a discussion on the cannabis regulations on the public works federal infrastructure landscape, and how For more information on the industry. He emphasized the need to focus it could change in the countdown to the OPWA’s annual conference, the conversation on impairment, treating 2019 election and beyond. Both panellists, along with a list of 2019 award employee health and safety much in the Enterprise vice president of marketing and winners, visit opwa.ca same way that the influence of alcohol is communications Dennis Matthews and

renewcanada.net March/April 2019 ReNew Canada 41 Closing Shot Credit: Bryan Passifiume

Turbines and Waterton Range west of Pincher Creek.

Power to the Prairies

Alberta and Saskatchewan commit to wind energy. By Robert Hornung

lberta and Saskatchewan have a weighted average price of 3.7 cents per represent more than eight in 10 people. emerged as leading markets for kilowatt hour. In 2018, the average market Alberta and Saskatchewan have made A wind energy investment, in price for electricity in Alberta was five cents commitments to thousands of megawatts addition to their long-standing status as per kilowatt hour—higher than the cost of of new wind energy development by 2030. Canada’s oil and gas heartland. While this this new generation. Analysis of Alberta’s Renewable Energy is an important development, it’s more Additional and highly-competitive Program indicates that by 2030 it could a matter of continuity than a point of contract awards in 2018 totaled 763 deliver a total of 15,000 person years of departure. Harnessing the wind resource megawatts in Alberta and 200 megawatts employment, $3.7 billion in local investment, to mill grain was once common place on in Saskatchewan—collectively representing and tens of millions in property tax and prairie farmsteads, after all, and Alberta is an eight per cent boost to national installed lease payments in rural communities. The also where Canada’s modern wind energy wind capacity—and were awarded at prices Alberta program is also enabling Indigenous industry was first commercialized. very comparable to the 2017 record-low. ownership of wind energy projects. Today, a vibrant wind energy industry is This is consistent with recent U.S. analysis With the recent contract awards, wind providing growing amounts of much-needed (Lazard 12.0) showing a 69 per cent drop in energy projects in Alberta and Saskatchewan renewable electricity at a competitive price wind energy costs since 2009. will account for much of what Canada’s across Canada, and particularly in these two Well-crafted market mechanisms have National Energy Board believes will be more neighbouring provinces. helped secure this price advantage for energy than 600 megawatts of new wind energy Alberta and Saskatchewan have excellent consumers, while providing predictable capacity coming online annually in the years quality wind resources. In fact, the Pan returns to wind energy developers. In ahead, even under a modest business-as- Canadian Wind Integration Study (GE Alberta, this includes indexed-renewable usual scenario. The average annual growth Energy Consulting 2016) has shown both energy credits, which are a made-in-Alberta rate for Canada’s wind energy industry provinces could reliably integrate enough form of a contract-for-difference under over the past decade has been in the 1,000 wind energy to meet up to half of total which wholesale electricity prices are topped megawatt range. electricity requirements, which is well above up for producers when they fall below the current ambitions. contracted price, and refunded by producers Equally important is the ability of wind when they exceed it. energy developers to deliver at a levelized Public support for wind energy is Robert Hornung cost that is now below that of any other also strong. Six in 10 Albertans support is the president of the Canadian Wind option for new electricity generation. The provincial efforts to facilitate wind energy Energy Association. new benchmark was set with contract development, with fewer than two in 10 awards in Alberta in late 2017 that had opposed; while in Saskatchewan supporters

42 ReNew Canada March/April 2019 renewcanada.net