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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76498-8 - Political Judgement: Essays for John Dunn Edited by Richard Bourke and Raymond Geuss Index More information

Index

Aegina 218 , 220 Arques, Battle of (1590) 237 Aeneid 100 Aspasia 221 Afghanistan 316 , 329 Athens agency building programme 208 Dunn 257 citizenship 208 participants as historians 2 , 4 decline 17–18 prerogative powers and 123–4 , democracy 205 127 peace with Persia (449 BC) requirements 51 207 robots and 51–2 Peloponnesian War 205–28 al-Qaeda 43 Persian Wars 211 , 218 Alamán, Lucas 294 Sicilian War (415 BC) 208 , Alcibiades 208 , 209–11 209–10 Alexander the Great 84 Attica 157 , 207 , 220 , 222 , 226 Algeria 320 attitudes, attribution 59–60 alien perspectives 60–2 audi alteram partem 65 , 69 allegory 68 , 69 Augustine, Saint 322 Althusser, Louis 177 , 178 authority Ambedkar, B. R. 197–8 , 185–6 absolute authority 140–1 Amphipolis 207 divine right 141 ANC 320 Hume 141–2 ancient Greece legitimacy 105–9 legacy 25 Locke 140–5 , 150 Peloponnesian War 17 , 205–28 Montaigne 246–51 Smith’s theory of history 157–9 Smith see also Athens natural authority 148 ancient world rise of legislative power 155–62 civilians and war 322 wealth as authority 150–5 Rome 158 , 159–62 autonomy, Montaigne 251 Smith’s theory of history 155–62 averaging 193–4 see also ancient Greece Azad, Maulana 264 anonymity, democracy 286 , 291 anthropology, Montaigne 230–1 Babeuf, François-Noel 299–300 , 309 , anti-Federalists 290 311 , 314 Archidamus 219 , 222 Bagehot, Walter 298 Argenson, Marquis d’ 288 Barbarousse, Madame 296 Argos 212 Batavian Republic 283 aristocracy, democracy and 282–6 Bebel, August 304 Aristophanes 221 Beitz, Charles 289 , 297 , 303 Aristotle 66 , 79–80 , 81 Belgium 311

344

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76498-8 - Political Judgement: Essays for John Dunn Edited by Richard Bourke and Raymond Geuss Index More information

Index 345

beliefs Chartists 302 judgement and 48–50 Chattopdhyay, Paresh 192 revising 59 Chile 283 , 295 , 296 , 306 Bellos, Andrés 298 China 230 Bentham, Jeremy 105 , 106 Christianity Berlin, Isaiah 275–6 Counter-Reformation 250 Bernstein, Eduard 303 Latin American Catholicism 294 bin Laden, Osama 23 , 315–16 , 321 , laws of war 322 328 , 330 Montaigne 234 biography 236 patriotism and 94 Bismarck, Otto von 207 revolution and 97 Blair, Tony 29–30 , 31 , 38–9 , 129 Smith on 166 Bodin, Jean 232 , 239 Churchill, Winston 328 Boeotia 210 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 2 , 20 , 66 Boissy d’Anglas, François-Antoine Cifuentes, Abdón 292 297 Cimon 17 , 216 Bolívar, Simón 285 , 293–4 city-states 157–8 , 162–5 Bose, Arun 186 civilians Bose, Subhas Chandra 258 distinction principle 322 Bourke, Richard 7 , 73–109 Geneva Protocols 319–20 Bracton, Henry de 117–18 Gentili 323–4 Brahminical learning 191 Grotius 324–7 , 328 Branting, Hjalmar 304 Hague Convention (1899) 318 Brazil 230 , 284 , 311 participation in wars of national Brunt, P. A. 221 liberation 317–21 Bulgaria 306 settler rebellions 320–1 Buonarotti, Filippo Michele 314 Vattel 327–8 Burke, Edmund war on 321–32 French Revolution 90–9 , 102 WWII 328 Kant and 102–4 Clarke, Charles 130 morals and politics 90–105 Clarke, Peter 264 natural right and reform 99–105 class patriotism and cosmopolitanism Indian Marxism 183–6 , 193 90–9 Marxism 178 , 179 progress of justice 107–8 Cleon 25 utilitarianism 106 Cold War 275 Burma 173 Colombia 297 Bush, George H. 63 concepts, defi nition 4–6 Bush, George W. 29 , 42–3 , 45 Condorcet, Marquis de 97 , 295 Congress Party 195 , 196 Callicles 17 consent capitalism 174–5 Locke 134–5 , 139 , 141 Carroll, Lewis 54 nature 13–16 Cassirer, Ernst 90 Smith 140 caste systems 183–4 , 186–90 , 193 , social contract 132 197 Constant, Benjamin 314 , 315 Castracani, Castruccio 164 contextualism 34–46 , 172 Catholicism, Latin America 294 Corcyra (Corfu) 212 , 213–16 , 217 , Charlemont, Lord 96 222–4 Charles I 116 , 118–21 , 122 , 152 Corinth 212 , 213–19 , 222–4

346 Index

corruption Athenian democracy 205 anti-Federalists on 290 bibliography 333 Locke 144–5 , 150 , 153 , 154 , 168 capitalism 174–5 Montaigne’s France 232 , 235 , 245 , centrality of political actors 257 247–9 contextualism 172 Cortés, Donoso 298 contribution to politics 4–5 cosmopolitanism 18 , 90–9 , 327 cunning of unreason 203 Council of Europe, Nice meeting 29 , democracy 174–5 , 283 , 305 , 310 , 32 312 , 313 , 314–15 , 331 Counter-Reformation 250 Greek legacy 25 Cripps, Stafford 264 , 269 , 271 , 272 Hobbism 136 Crusades 163–5 human diversity 172 Culpepper, John 119 international relations 206 custom, Montaigne 247 Kant and 131 , 133–6 , 168–9 Cyrus the Great 20 , 81 , 85 on Locke 113–16 , 126 , 128–9 , Czechoslovakia 306 , 309 134–6 , 140 Marxism and 174 Dana, Samuel 297 on Plato 10 Dange, S. A. 181–2 political consent 13 Darius 84 political judgement 168–9 , 313–15 De Gaulle, Charles 30 , 39 uncertainty 16 , 172 , 176 , 203 demagoguery 25 practice and theory 6 democracy prerogative powers 128–9 anonymity 286 , 291 project 22 aristocracy and 282–6 prudence 79 , 86 Athens 205 reason 47 defi nition 5–6 reform and revolution 11 democratic peace 3 , 23 , 331–2 Smith and 137–9 Dunn on 174–5 , 205 , 283 , 305 , terminology 20 310 , 312 , 313 , 314–15 , 331 trust 115 egoism 314–15 , 316 , 331 Dutta, Bhupendra Nath 185 , 186 equality and 22–3 , 281 , 286–91 , Dworkin, Ronald 105–7 305–10 female suffrage 294–5 Eder, Walter 205 India 194–5 Edict of Nantes 245 judging 310–2 education 250 , 289 , 297 median voter model 305–6 egoism 154 , 314–15 , 316 , 331 Palmer 282 Egypt 207 property and 298–304 Eliot, John 118 responsibility and 23–4 , 315–16 Elis 211 suffrage restrictions 291–8 Elster, Jon 237 Demosthenes 210 Engels, Friedrich 181 Digby, Lord 119 England Digges, Dudley 118 Elizabethan wars 323 , 324 distributive justice 22 Glorious Revolution (1688) 149 , duels 316 151 Duff, Sheila Grant 259 , 275 legal growth 158 Dukakis, Michael 63 Petition of Right (1628) 116–19 Dumont, Louis 187 Enlightenment 15 , 66 , 73–8 , 89 , Dunn, John 90–9 , 177 , 197

Index 347

Epidamnus 212 , 213–16 , 222–4 religious wars 232 , 237–8 , 240–1 , Epley, N. 61 244 , 245 equality Revolution 73 , 90–9 , 102 , 103–4 , aristocracy and 282–6 283 , 284 , 285 , 292 , 299 , 314 democracy and 22–3 , 281 , 286–91 , Revolutionary wars 327 , 332 305–10 WWII German occupation 318 Enlightenment 197 Frum, David 29 French Revolution 314 Indian politics 197–9 Gandhi, Indira 262 , 276 Marx 286–7 , 289 , 311 Gandhi, Mahatma 20 , 198 , 257–8 , Erasmus, Desiderius 12 , 250 273 , 275 Erythrae 207 Garve, Christian 76 estates 185 generalisation 193 ethics, politics and 78–90 , 105–9 Geneva Conference (1977) 319–20 ethnography, Montaigne 230–1 Gentili, Alberico 323–4 Euboea 207 , 210 Gentz, Friedrich von 76 Germany feudalism British conduct of WWII in 328 Indian Marxism 182–3 conduct of WWII 318 , 319 , 330 Marxism 185 , 190 conquest of Western Roman Empire Smith 162 , 165–6 , 167–8 155 , 156 , 162–3 , 165 Feuerbach, Ludwig 177 Franco-Prussian War 318 , 328 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 170 laws of war and 318 , 319 Filmer, Robert 140–1 , 142 , 144 Geuss, Raymond 6 , 22 , 29–46 Finer, Herman 285 globalisation, language of politics 173 Finland 311 Glorious Revolution (1688) 149 , 151 First Communist International 303 Goa 275 Fontana, Biancamaria 18–19 , Gomme, A. W. 214 , 215–16 , 221 229–53 Gore-Booth, Paul 276 Forbes, Duncan 138 Goths 165 fox-hunting 30 grading 41–2 framing 63–4 , 70 Grafton, Duke of 95 France Grotius, Hugo 2 , 324–7 16th-century social inequality Guantánamo Bay 130 , 320 232–3 guerilla warfare 318–20 , 321 1795 Constitution 297 Guizot, François 194 Algerian pied noirs 320 Gulf War (1991) 329 anti-Americanism 29 Gulf War (2003) 38–9 , 42–3 , 129 centralisation 284 Communist Party 291 Habermas, Jürgen 35 , 43 Counter-Reformation 250 Hague Convention (1899) 318 Declaration of the Rights of Man Hague Convention (1907) 324 285 , 291 Hanson, Russell 300 democracy 288 Harrington, James 122 , 123 , 124 , Edict of Nantes 245 158 , 299 female suffrage 296 Hart, H. L. A. 106 Franco-Prussian War 318 , 328 Hawthorn, Geoffrey 17–18 , 203–28 Indo-Chinese empire 319 Hayek, Friedrich von 74 , 90, 86–7 minorities 284 Hedley, Thomas 118 Parti Socialiste Français 304 Hegel, G. W. F. 43 , 109 , 185 , 192

348 Index

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien 97 Congress Party 195 , 196 , 265 Henri III 233 democracy 194–5 Henri IV (Henri de Navarre) 237 , equality politics 197–9 249 , 245 Goa 275 Herodotus 221 Hindu nationalism 174 , 176 Herrera, Bartolomé 297 Marxism and 16 Hindu nationalism 174 , 176 caste 186–90 , 193 , 197 Hirschman, Albert 85–6 , 87 class 183–6 , 193 historicism 88–9 feudalism 182–3 , 190 Hitler, Adolf 328 generalisation 193 Hobbes, Thomas language 190–2 on democracy 124 politicians 258 Dunn and 136 universalism 179–83 Kantian critique 76 , 102 , 132–3 , partition 255 , 263–72 134 political effi cacy 196–9 laws of war 326 , 327 , 328 princely states 176 Locke and 135–6 Swatantra Party 175 Smith and 137 Western political theory 173–7 society without qualities 285 inevitability 88–9 wealth and power 23 , 153 institutional diversity 172–3 Holland, John 119 Iraq War (2003) Hont, Istvan 7 , 14 , 131–71 Blair’s motivation 38–9 Horkheimer, Max 90 US victory 42–3 Horton, Willy 63 use of prerogative powers 129 Huguenots 241 Ireland 319 , 320 humanism 323 Ireton, Henry 300 Hume, David irony 67 Burke and 98 Islam 317 , 322 on Locke 146 Italy morals and politics 83–5 , 87 , 102–3 city-states , 163–5 on passive obedience 141 republican constitutions 289 political authority 14 , 141–2 on selfi shness 154 James I 116 Smith’s borrowing from 138–42 , James II 149 , 151 151 Jaurés, Jean 303 , 304 theory and practice 101 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali death 273 , 274 Iliad 1 meeting with Nehru (August 1946) imagination 7 , 45–6 20–1 , 254–6 imperialism 173 , 319 minorities as hostages 273 India Nehru and 263–7 , 274 1857 revolt 174 political goal 259 averaging 193–4 Johnson, Samuel 66 Brahminical learning 191 Jones, E. E. 60 Calcutta killings (1946) 20 , 255 , 264 judgement caste system 183–4 , 186–90 , 193 , alien perspectives 60–2 197 attribution of attitudes 59–60 , Cold War 275 69–70 collocation 194–6 belief and 48–50 colonial nostalgia 173 belief revision 59 , 68–9 communist movement 176 framing and 63–4 , 70

Index 349

hearing other side 65 , 69 Hegelian terminology 192 human and non-human 50–2 Indian Marxism 190–2 language and 52–4 judgement and 52–4 nature 48–54 mistranslations 16 perceptions, will and 55–8 Montaigne and language of law probabilistic calculation 62–3 , 70 247–9 problems in formation 58–65 political diversity and 172–3 rhetoric recast 70–2 Latin American constitutions 294 rhetorical techniques 67–70 Lenin, Vladimir 192 rhetorical therapy 65–72 Levellers 120–1 , 130 , 299 stickiness 55–65 Lewis, D. M. 208 see also political judgement Li, Hongyi 306 liberalism, diversity and 178 Kagan, Donald 207 Lieber Code 317–18 Kahneman, Daniel 62–3 , 63–4 Locke, John Kant, Immanuel on atheists 135 Burke and 102–4 authority 140–5 , 150 democratic war-making 316 , 331–2 clientage 126 Dunn and 131 , 133–6 , 168–9 consent 134–5 , 139 empiricism v. theory 75–7 constitutional government 14 female suffrage and 295 contractarianism 134–5 , 139 , 141 on Hobbes 76 , 102 , 132–3 , 134 on corruption 144–5 , 150 , 153 , international and cosmopolitan 154 , 168 rights 327 Dunn on 113–16 , 126 , 134–6 laws of war 328 equality 285 morals and politics 78–9 Hobbes and 135–6 on political judgement 131–4 Hume and 146 political legitimacy 105 legislative supremacy 158 Popper and 89 natural authority 150 reason 65 , 177–8 political consent 13–14 rebellion 102–4 prerogative powers 115–16 , 124–30 republicanism 104 property and labour 154 right v. virtue 326 revolution 149 Smith and 169–71 slavery 126 taste and genius 45 Smith and 137–50 theory and practice 131–4 state of nature 142 Karma 270–1 terminology 156 Kaviraj, Sudipta 7 , 16 , 172–99 theological politics 135 , 139 Kelsen, Hans 287 toleration 135 Keysar, B. S. 61 trust 114–15 Khilnani, Sunil 19–21 , 254–77 utility principle 139–40 , 143 Konopnicki, Guy 291 Louis XVI 90–1 , 92 Kosambi, D. D. 185 , 186 Loveman, Brian 294 Kościuszko, Tadeusz 285 Lucca 164 Lukács, Georg 90 la Boétie, Étienne de 246 luxury 161–2 , 163–4 , 165–8 labour, property and 154 Lacedaemonius 216 , 223 Macaulay, Thomas 302 Lamachus 209–10 Macedonia 217 , 223 language McGeer, Victoria 6–7 , 47–72 globalised language of politics 173 Mach, Ernst 77

350 Index

Machiavelli, Niccolò Mises, Ludwig von 86 , 90 on Castracani 164 mockery 68 on conquering republics 158–9 Montaigne, Michel de generalisation 239 autobiography 234 , 244 grandezza 159 autonomy 251 heirs 74 complexity of human nature Hume and 84 235–8 moderation in politics 84 on corruption 232 , 235 , 245 , participant 2 247–9 on property 308 cosmopolitanism 18 Mackintosh, James 301 custom 247 Macleod, C. W. 227 diversity 229–35 Madison, James 283 , 288 , 289 , 301 on education 250 Magna Carta 117 ethnography 230–1 Maier, Charles 303 historiography 231–2 Mallet du Pan, Jacques 103–4 , 300 honesty 250 Manin, Bernard 290 language of law 247–9 Mantinea 211 mayor of Bordeaux 233 , 244 Marie Antoinette, Queen 92 modernity and 253 Marx, Karl on passions 18–19 equality 286–7 , 289 , 311 political alienation 247–51 property and democracy 302–3 political authority 246–51 see also Marxism political judgement 251–3 Marxism political views 238–43 class 178 , 179 , 183–6 religion and 234 critical Marxism 177 religious wars 232 , 237–8 , 240–1 , Dunn and 174 245 feudalism 185 , 190 scepticism 229 , 240 , 252 India 16 Socrates and 18–19 , 248 caste 186–90 , 193 , 197 stoicism 18 , 252 class 183–6 , 193 trust 244–5 , 246 generalisation 193 unreason 238–43 universalism 179–83 withdrawal from public affairs median voter model 305–6 19–20 , 251 Megara 209 , 210 , 212 , 220–2 , 223 Montesquieu, Charles de Melesias 206 Burke and 98 Mendelssohn, Moses 76 democracy 194 Menger, Carl 86 , 90–9 , 108 equality 287 , 309 Messenia 211 equality and democracy 292 metaphors 67 , 68–9 on liberty 296 metonymy 68 morals and politics 82–3 Mexico 299 populism 285 Meyer, Christopher 29–32 , 36–7 , 39 Roman decline 160 Michels, Roberto 290 Smith and 155 Miletus 207 morality and politics 78–90 , 105–9 Mill, John Stuart 12 , 288 , 289 , 297 Morgan, George Cadogan 90–8 Millar, John 147 , 156 Mountbatten, Edwina 262 Miller, Dale 69–70 Mountbatten, Louis 272 Millerand, Alexandre 304 Mueller-Lyer illusion 55 Miltiades 17 Müller, Adam 109 Milton, John 13 , 121 , 122–3 , 124 , Musil, Robert 285 125 Muslim League 174 , 264 , 266 , 267

Index 351

national liberation wars 317–21 Parker, Henry 120 National Socialism 88 participants as historians 2 , 4 nationalism 88 Pasquino, Pasquale 285 , 286 , 288 NATO 29 , 43 Patel, Vallabhbhai 259 , 264 , 273 natural law 231 Patnaik, Utsa 192 Nedham, Marchamont 122 patriotism, cosmopolitanism and Nehru, Jawaharlal 90–9 Berlin on 275–6 Peloponnesian War 17 , 205–28 detachment 258 , 262 Peninsular War 318 Discovery of India 260–3 , perceptions, judgement and 55–8 267–71 Perdiccas 217 , 218 , 223 equality 197–8 , 185 Pericles Jinnah and 263–7 , 274 building programme 208 Karma 270–1 death 228 meeting with Jinnah (1946) 20–1 , demagoguery 17–18 , 25 254–6 leadership 206–7 partition of India 20–1 , 263–72 Peloponnesian War 205–28 political judgement 19–21 , 257–60 political aims 206 post-1947 272–6 political judgement 225–8 restrained use of political power Thucydides on 204–5 274–7 Perle, Richard 29 , 36–7 , 38–9 , 43 self-examination 257–8 , 260–3 Persian Wars 207 , 211 , 218 success 196 , 197 Peru 297 on truth 259 Petition of Right (1628) 116–19 neo-conservatives 29–31 , 37 , 39 Pettit, Philip 6–7 , 47–72 neo-scholasticism 239 Plataea 209 , 213 Netherlands 163 , 283 Plato Neurath, Otto 77 assumptions 4 Nice meeting, Council of Europe 29 , on Athens’ decline 17–18 32 Crito 8 , 19 , 169 Nicholas II, Pope 322 Dunn on 10 Nicias 209–10 morals and politics 11–12 , 80–1 9/11 attacks 24 , 45–6 , 315–16 political judgement 24 nuclear weapons 268–9 Socrates and 8–10 Plutarch 15–16 , 216 , 221 , 232 Oakeshott, Michael 74–5 , 90 Poland O’Higgins, Bernardo 283 1791 Constitution 284 , 293 , 295 Omvedt, Gail 185 1794 anti-Russian insurrection 285 ornatus 71 political judgement Overton, Richard 120–1 , 122 belief and judgement 48–50 context of action 34–46 Paine, Tom 106 Dunn. See Dunn, John Pakistan ethical judgements 33 democratic failure 173 grading model 41–2 partition from India 20–1 , 255 , idealised model 32–5 263–72 Kant 131–4 Palestine 315 , 320 , 321 , 330 meaning 34–5 , 40–1 Palmer, R. R. 282 Montaigne 251–3 Pando, José María 297 nature 6–7 , 32–46 , 256–7 parables 69 Nehru 19–21 , 257–60 Pareto, Vilfredo 311 Pericles 225–8

352 Index

political judgement (cont.) judgement and 47–8 , 55–65 reason and 47–8 rationalist approach 178 uncertainty 203–4 Rehberg, August Wilhelm 76 Weber 24–5 , 256–7 , 258 republicanism 104 , 122 political philosophy 33 responsibility politics 9/11 attacks 24 , 315–16 defi nition of concepts 4–6 political judgement 25 dimensions 46 Restoration 124 , 152 institutionalisation 2–3 revolution morals and 78–90 , 105–9 Enlightenment and 73–8 normative approaches 3–4 Kant 102–4 Pope, Alexander 83 , 103 Locke 149 Popper, Karl 77 , 86–90 nationalism and cosmopolitanism positivism, legal positivism 106 90–9 Potidaea 217 , 219 , 220 , 223 see also France Potsdam Conference (1954) 40 rhetoric power. See authority audi alteram partem 65 , 69 Prentice, Deborah 69–70 judgement and 65–72 prerogative powers recasting 70–2 17th-century context 116–24 techniques 67–70 contemporary use 129–30 Ricardo, David 301 Locke 115–16 , 124–30 risk perception 63 Petition of Right (1628) 116–19 Robespierre, Maximilien de 288 slavery 123–4 , 127 robots 51–2 Price, Richard 90–8 , 102 Rome Priestley, Joseph 95–6 , 97 , 98 luxury 161–2 probabilistic calculation 62–3 , 70 Montesquieu 160 Project for the New American Roman law 158 Century 36 Smith on Roman history 159–62 property Roosevelt, Franklin 275 as authority, Adam Smith Rosanvallon, Pierre 284 , 288 , 291 , 150–5 301 democracy and 298–304 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Lockean theory 154 Babeuf and 300 suffrage restrictions 291–8 Burke and 97 women 295 democratic anonymity 286 proportionality 326 democratic war-making 316 , 331–2 prudence 79 , 82 , 86 laws of war 327–8 , 329–30 Przeworski, Adam 22–3 , 281–312 Smith and 148 Pufendorf, Samuel 326 Putney debates 300 Ste Croix, G. E. M. de 213, 215 , 216 Samos 207 , 214 Quintilian 66 sarcasm 68 Savigny, Friedrich Karl von 90 , 109 Raafl aub, Kurt 224 Schmitt, Carl 287 , 290 Rabaut Saint-Étienne, Jean-Paul 97 , Schmoller, Gustav von 109 98 scholasticism 322 Rawls, John 35 , 43 , 85 , 86 , 133 , 135 , Schumpeter, Joseph 296 171 science reason empiricism v. theory 75–7 Enlightenment 177 politics as science 24–5

Index 353

Selden, John 326 new style of investigation 1 , 2 self-determination, war and 317–21 , paradigm 4 330 Plato and 8–10 Seneca 326 politics and knowledge 78 separation of powers 104 statesmanship 8–10 settler rebellions 320–1 Solon 15–16 , 20 , 80 Shelburne, Earl of 95 South Africa, ANC 320 shepherd societies 152 , 154 , 155–8 , South Korea 311 , 312 160–1 , 162–3 Soviet Union 36 ship money 119 , 120 Spain Short Parliament 119 Cadiz Constitution (1812) 284 , Sicily 208 , 209–10 289 , 294 Sicyon 211 Elizabethan wars 323 , 324 Sidney, Algernon 140 income inequality 311 , 312 Sieyès, Emmanuel 97 , 286 , 282 Peninsular War 318 Skinner, Quentin 7 , 12–13 , 71 , Sparta 113–30 harshness 232 slavery 117–18 , 123–4 , 126 , 127 Peloponnesian War 207–28 Smith, Adam Persian Wars 211 ancient world 155–62 Squire, Lyn 306 borrowing from Hume 138–42 , Staël, Germaine de 249 151 Stahl, Hans-Peter 209 , 212 Dunn and 137–9 Stalin, Joseph 40 economic development 148–50 , Stanhope, Earl 95 159 , 161–2 , 163–4 , 165–8 states, modern states 314 feudalism 162 , 165–6 , 167–8 Stewart, Dugald 147 , 156 four stages of history 149 , 155 , 162 stoicism, Montaigne 18 , 252 grounds of authority 150 students, drinking habits 69–70 Hobbes and 137 suicide bombing 44 Kant and 169–71 Swatantra Party 175 Locke and 137–50 Sweden 282 , 303 , 304 luxury and historical development Switzerland 163 161–2 , 163–4 , 165–8 synecdoche 68 natural authority 148 Syracuse 209–10 patriotism and cosmopolitanism 94 post-Roman Europe 162–9 Tagore, Rabindranath 275 public utility principle 139–40 Taine, Hippolyte 90–9 rise of liberty 155–71 terrorism, justifi cation 321–32 Rousseau and 148 Thatcher, Margaret 310 shepherd societies 152 , 154 , 155–8 , Thebes 213 160–1 , 162–3 Themistocles 17 theory of history 14–16 , 137–50 Theseus 157 urbanisation 157–8 , 162–5 Thrace 218 wealth as authority 150–5 threats, context 37–40 social contract 132 Thucydides Socrates Corcyra/Corinth War (435 BC) assumptions 4 215–16 on Athens’ decline 17 historical reason 81 dialogue 32 participant 2 ethics 80 Peloponnesian War 209 , 211–13 , Montaigne and 18–19 , 248 216–17 , 218–28

354 Index

Thucydides (cont.) Revolution 73 , 320 on Pericles 17–18 , 204–5 unilateralism 43 scepticism 204–5 universalism Sicilian War (415 BC) 209 historical differences and 177–9 Thurii 207 Indian Marxism 179–83 Tocqueville, Alexis de 22 , 90 , 186 , universal rationalism 179 198 , 288 urban centres 157–8 , 162–5 Truman, Harry 40 Uruguay 299 trust utilitarianism 105 Dunn 115 forms 15 Vattel, Emmerich de 327–8 Locke 114–15 Viennese Enlightenment 77 Montaigne 244–5 , 246 Vietnam War 329 nature 12–13 Virgil, Aeneid 100 prerogative powers and 127 Vitoria, Francisco de 322 Tuck, Richard 23–4 , 313–32 Voltaire 97 Turgot, Jacques 97 Tversky, Amos 62–4 Walicki, Andrzej 276 war United Kingdom on civilians 321–32 conduct of WWII 328 democratic peace 331–2 imperialism 173 participation of civilians in national laws of war 329 liberation 317–21 , 330 Peninsular War 318 proportionality 326 US relations 29–32 , 36–7 , 38–9 Ward, Richard 120 , 121 see also England Wavell, Archibald 255 United Nations 43 , 321 wealth United States as authority 150–5 British relations 29–32 , 36–7 , democracy and 298–304 38–9 Weber, Max Civil War 317–18 , 328 passion v. reason 22 constitutionalism 13 on Pericles 25 decentralisation 284 political judgement 256–7 , Declaration of Independence 285 258 democracy and responsibility 24 , on politicians 21 , 256–7 315–16 politics as science 24–5 equality 285 , 289 theodicy 109 female suffrage 295 will and judgement 55–8 Geneva Protocols and 319 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 71 Guantanamo Bay 130 , 320 women hegemony 173 property 295 laws of war 317–18 , 329 suffrage 294–5 morals and politics 107 Wootton, David 299 Nehru and 275 World War II 318 , 319 , 324 , 327 , 328 , neo-conservatives 29–31 , 37 , 39 330 9/11 attacks 24 , 45–6 , 315–16 popular ignorance 46 Xenophon 81 , 85 , 210 Project for the New American Century 36 Zasulich, Vera 181 Rawlsian democracy 133 , 171 Zou, Heng-fu 306