Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

FDA Approval Summary: Mogamulizumab-kpkc for and Sézary Syndrome

Yvette L. Kasamon1, Haiyan Chen1, R. Angelo de Claro1, Lei Nie1, Jingjing Ye1, Gideon M.

Blumenthal1,2, Ann T. Farrell1, and Richard Pazdur1,2

1 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and 2Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug

Administration, Silver Spring, MD

Running Title: FDA Approval Summary: Mogamulizumab-kpkc

Corresponding Author: Yvette Kasamon, MD, WO 22 / 2163, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver

Spring, MD 20993. Phone 240-402-3694. Email [email protected]

Note: This is a U.S. Government work. There are no restrictions on its use.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest: The authors report no financial interests or relationships with the commercial sponsors of any products discussed in this report.

Word count: Abstract 191; Text 2607; Tables 3; Figures: 1 main, 1 supplementary; References 23

1

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

ABSTRACT

The FDA approved mogamulizumab-kpkc, a CC receptor type 4 (CCR4)- directed , in August 2018 for treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome after at least one prior systemic therapy. Regular approval was based on a randomized, open-label trial that randomized 372 such patients, with a median of

3 prior systemic therapies, to either mogamulizumab-kpkc or vorinostat. Investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) was statistically significantly longer in the mogamulizumab-kpkc arm, which had an estimated median PFS of 7.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6-10.2) compared to 3.1 months (95% CI, 2.8-4.0) in the vorinostat arm (hazard ratio 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-

0.69). The confirmed overall response rate was 28% and 5%, respectively (p <0.001), based on global composite response criteria. Adverse reactions occurring in at least 20% of mogamulizumab-kpkc recipients included rash, infusion-related reactions, fatigue, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, and upper respiratory tract infection. Serious adverse reactions occurred in

36% of patients, most often from infection. The prescribing information includes warnings for dermatologic toxicity, infusion reactions, infections, autoimmune complications, and complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, including severe and steroid- refractory graft-versus-host disease.

INTRODUCTION

The prognosis with mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS), the main types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), varies widely and is related to clinical stage (1,2). Although patients with early-stage MF have a favorable prognosis, MF and SS are usually incurable and can cause significant morbidity as well as shortened survival. MF primary presents in the skin, 2

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

with potential involvement of lymph nodes, blood, and viscera. The skin lesions may be localized or widespread, manifesting as patches and plaques, tumors, or erythroderma. Large- cell transformation occurs in approximately 10% of cases and is associated with an estimated median overall survival of 2 years (2). Patients with SS, a closely related, rare, and aggressive leukemic variant of MF, have an estimated median overall survival of 3 years (2). In both diseases, pruritus, skin exfoliation, erosion, and superinfection from constant scratching are common, as are opportunistic infections.

Whereas limited-stage disease is treated with skin-directed therapies or immunomodulatory agents, management of refractory early-stage and advanced-stage disease may also require systemic (1,3,4). However, MF and SS tend to be resistant to chemotherapy.

Approximately 30-40% of patients respond to a variety of biologic agents, although deep remissions are rare (Table 1).

In August 2018 the U.S. FDA granted regular approval of mogamulizumab-kpkc (POTELIGEO;

Kyowa Kirin, Inc.) for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory MF or SS after at least one prior systemic therapy. We summarize the FDA clinical review and regulatory insights on this licensing application.

DRUG PRODUCT

Mogamulizumab-kpkc (hereafter, mogamulizumab) is a humanized, IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody that is directed against CC type 4 (CCR4). CCR4 is a G protein- coupled receptor for CC that is implicated in lymphocyte trafficking to the skin and 3

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

sites of skin inflammation (5,6). CCR4 expression by nonmalignant cells is primarily restricted to regulatory T cells and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells (5,7-9). CCR4 is also overexpressed by some T-cell malignancies, including the majority of cases of MF and SS (10-13). In MF, a higher frequency of

CCR4 expression has been reported with advancing stage (14). Binding of mogamulizumab to

CCR4-expressing cells may potentiate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and depletion of the target cells (15). Because its Fc region is defucosylated, mogamulizumab may elicit more potent ADCC than traditional glycosylated antibodies (10).

With a terminal half-life of 17 days, steady state concentrations of mogamulizumab are reached after 8 doses (12 weeks). Clinically significant changes in pharmacokinetics were not observed in patients with renal impairment or mild or moderate hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetic effect of severe hepatic impairment is not defined (16).

In patients with MF or SS, the recommended dose of mogamulizumab is 1 mg/kg infused intravenously over at least 60 minutes on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 of the first 28-day cycle, then on days 1 and 15 of each subsequent cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (16).

Premedication with diphenhydramine and an antipyretic is advised for the first infusion to mitigate infusion-related reactions (16).

CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN

The basis of approval is a multicenter, open-label, randomized phase 3 trial (Study 0761-010;

NCT01728805) in adults with relapsed or refractory, stage IB-IV MF or SS after at least one prior systemic therapy (17). The trial randomized 372 patients with a 1:1 ratio to either mogamulizumab 4

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

at the approved dose-schedule or vorinostat 400 mg once daily. Treatment continued until progressive disease (PD) or unacceptable toxicity, with cross-over permitted from vorinostat to mogamulizumab.

The trial enrolled patients regardless of tumor CCR4 expression status and excluded patients with active histologic transformation, prior allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and active autoimmune disease. Requirements included an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status <2, absolute neutrophil count ≥1500/µL (≥1000/µL with bone marrow involvement), platelet count ≥100,000/µL (≥75,000/µL with bone marrow involvement), adequate renal function, and hepatic transaminases ≤2.5 times the upper limit of normal in the absence of liver involvement.

The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) per investigator, measured from randomization until death or documented progressive disease (PD). The trial was designed to detect a 50% improvement in median PFS from 5.6 months with vorinostat to 8.4 months.

Secondary endpoints included overall objective response rate (ORR) per INV based on the global composite response score (18), efficacy per independent review committee (IRC), and patient- reported outcomes. All reported p-values are two-sided. The response criteria combine measures from each disease compartment (skin, blood, lymph nodes and viscera)(18). Responses required confirmation at two successive disease assessments performed ≥4 weeks apart, which included the modified Severity Weighted Assessment Tool (mSWAT), skin photographs, central flow cytometry, and computed tomography.

5

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

RESULTS

Patient and Treatment Characteristics

Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of the intention-to-treat efficacy population. In the mogamulizumab arm (N = 186), 56% of patients had MF and 44% had SS, with a similar distribution in the vorinostat arm (N = 186). The patients enrolled had a median of 3 prior systemic therapies, with 81% having at least 2 prior systemic therapies and 40% having at least 4. At study baseline,

38% of all patients had stage IB-II disease (11% stage IB), 10% stage III, and 52% stage IV. Two- thirds of patients had blood and/or nodal involvement, whereas visceral involvement was rare.

CCR4 expression status, as determined by skin biopsy immunohistochemistry (IHC), was available in 290 patients (88%), of whom all had CCR4 expression in ≥1% of lymphocytes and 97% had CCR4 expression in ≥10% of lymphocytes. The median CCR4 percentage was 80% (range 1-100).

During randomized treatment, the median duration of exposure was two times longer in the mogamulizumab arm (5.6 months) than the vorinostat arm (2.8 months), with 48% and 22% of patients, respectively, having at least 6 months of exposure (Table 2). After a median of 2.4 months, 73% of the vorinostat arm crossed over to mogamulizumab because of inefficacy (80%) or side effects (20%).

Efficacy

Progression-free survival

Investigator-assessed PFS was statistically significantly longer in the mogamulizumab arm, with an estimated median PFS of 7.6 months compared to 3.1 months in the vorinostat arm (Table 3 and 6

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

Fig. 1). The corresponding hazard ratio (HR) was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.69; p <0.001 based on a stratified log-rank test). The results of a blinded independent review were supportive. The estimated median PFS per IRC was 6.7 months (95% CI: 5.6, 9.4) with mogamulizumab and 3.8 months (95% CI: 3.0, 4.7) with vorinostat (HR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.84).

In these analyses, patients with clinical progression that did not meet formal PD criteria were censored at the time of clinical progression. A sensitivity analysis of investigator-assessed PFS, treating clinical progression as an event, was consistent with the primary analysis (HR 0.61; 95% CI:

0.47, 0.78).

Response rate

Table 3 summarizes response rates overall and by disease compartment. The investigator-assessed

ORR (confirmed complete response [CR] or partial response [PR]), a key secondary efficacy endpoint, was statistically significantly higher in the mogamulizumab arm (28%) than the vorinostat arm (5%; p <0.001). The estimated median duration of response was 13.9 months and 9.0 months, respectively. Most responses to mogamulizumab were partial, with 25% of patients achieving a best overall response of PR and 2% achieving CR. Similarly, by IRC assessment, the ORR was 23%

(95% CI: 17, 30) with mogamulizumab and 4% (95% CI: 2, 8).

A higher ORR with mogamulizumab than vorinostat was observed in both the MF and SS subgroups

(Table 3). The activity of mogamulizumab appeared greater in the blood and skin than in lymph nodes. There were too few patients with visceral involvement to inform activity in that

7

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

compartment (Table 3). Responses to mogamulizumab occurred across a wide range of CCR4 expression levels (Supplementary Fig. 1).

Safety

The U.S. prescribing information for mogamulizumab includes warnings and precautions for dermatologic toxicity (one of the most common toxicities of mogamulizumab), infusion reactions, infections, autoimmune complications, and complications of allogeneic HSCT, including severe and refractory graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

After randomized treatment with mogamulizumab (N = 184), adverse reactions (ARs) reported in at least 20% of patients included rash, infusion-related reaction, fatigue, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, and upper respiratory tract infection. Other common ARs (incidence at least 10%) included skin infection, pyrexia, nausea, edema, thrombocytopenia, headache, constipation, mucositis, anemia, cough, and hypertension. ARs led to treatment discontinuation in 18% of patients, with the leading cause being rash or drug eruption followed by infection. Serious ARs occurred in 36% of patients, most often from infection (16% of all patients), including pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection, sepsis, and skin infection.

Randomized treatment with mogamulizumab carried a safety profile similar to crossover treatment after vorinostat. On pooled analysis of the 319 mogamulizumab recipients in this study, 2.2% had fatal ARs within 90 days of the last mogamulizumab dose. Infusion-related reactions occurred in 35% of patients, in most cases occurring during or shortly after the first infusion, and were severe in 8% of the cases. Drug eruption, with a variable onset 8

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

(median 15 weeks) and appearance, occurred in 25% of patients, with 18% of the cases being severe. Use of systemic immunosuppressants for immune-mediated ARs was reported in 1.9% of patients. Immune-mediated or possibly immune-mediated ARs after mogamulizumab included myositis, myocarditis, polymyositis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, hypothyroidism, and a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

REGULATORY INSIGHTS

In patients with relapsed or refractory MF or SS after systemic therapy, this randomized phase 3 clinical trial established the efficacy of mogamulizumab relative to vorinostat, a widely used salvage regimen. Efficacy was based on investigator-assessed PFS and confirmed ORR using global composite response criteria, with supportive data from a blinded, independent review. Based on these results, mogamulizumab received Breakthrough Therapy Designation for its approved indication.

Study 0761-010 is one of the largest randomized, actively controlled trials reported in CTCL. Table

1 provides an overview of approved systemic therapies for CTCL. With the exception of the mogamulizumab and , these drugs received regular approval on the basis of single-arm studies, with ORR determined primarily or solely in the skin compartment. More recently, the FDA has recommended a randomized clinical trial with a PFS endpoint as the initial registration approach in MF and SS. The more recent approvals have also been tailored to the specific subtypes of CTCL that were represented in the trials, with efficacy determinations by an

IRC as well as by investigators In clinical trials, response assessment in the skin can pose multiple challenges, such as the subjective component of the assessment, inter-reader variability, adequacy 9

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

of response documentation (including photographs), susceptibility to bias, and distinguishing dermatologic toxicity from the underlying disease. In light of these issues and the open-label design of Study 0761-010, the randomized trial design and IRC determinations of efficacy were important in supporting the regular approval of mogamulizumab.

From an efficacy standpoint, the poor performance of vorinostat is notable. Although cross-study comparisons are limited, the confirmed ORR of 5% contrasts sharply with the 30% ORR reported previously in single-arm trials (Table 1)(19,20). Compliance issues seem unlikely to explain the low activity of vorinostat, since the reported mean relative dose intensity of vorinostat was 89%. In addition to differences in patient and disease characteristics, a potential explanation is the use of more stringent response criteria in Study 0761-010, which required assessment of all disease compartments and persistence of response for at least 4 weeks. Inadequate exposure to vorinostat is also possible in some cases, given the generally short exposure to vorinostat prior to crossover to mogamulizumab (median 2.4 months; Table 2). Whereas the median time to response to vorinostat is reportedly 8 weeks (range 4 to 24 weeks) in the skin compartment (19), approximately 40% of patients on the vorinostat arm completed less than 2 months of treatment, raising the question of premature crossover.

A limitation of this study is the amount of early censoring for PFS and duration of response. In the mogamulizumab arm, of the 41% of patients censored for investigator-assessed PFS, 47% were censored less than 6 months after randomization. Because of the relatively short follow- up, the estimate of median PFS may be unstable. The censoring was driven by clinical progression that did not meeting formal PD criteria, which in turn raised concern for 10

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

premature, informative censoring. However, as discussed in the results, sensitivity analyses for

PFS were consistent with the main analysis. Meaningful conclusions could not be drawn about overall survival because of the cross-over design and need for longer-term follow-up.

Assessments of patient-reported outcomes were key secondary or exploratory endpoints in this study. Comprehensive assessments of patient-reported outcomes are needed in trials of CTCL, particularly because of the substantial impact of disease-related symptoms on quality of life.

Although some metrics of quality of life improved in the mogamulizumab arm, the assessments were hampered by missing data, the choice of instrument (types of questionnaires and scales), and the open-label study design. Therefore, the patient-reported outcome data were not sufficient to support a labeling claim for efficacy.

In considering the indication statement for mogamulizumab, the FDA team deliberated whether to restrict the indication to CCR4-expressing cases of MF and SS. Although CCR4 is expressed in almost all cases of adult T-cell leukemia, its expression in MF and SS, while frequent, appears less consistent in the literature (10,11,14). Several published studies have also described less frequent

CCR4 expression in earlier stages of MF (14). Cross-study comparisons of CCR4 expression levels are limited by the variable CCR4 detection methods, by patient heterogeneity, and by sample size.

However, Study 0761-010 provides one of the largest sets of data available on CCR4 expression patterns in MF and SS. In this study, all 290 evaluable patients had detectable CCR4 expression by skin biopsy. Efficacy data in low-CCR4 expressing MF and SS are limited. However, the minimum

CCR4 expression level necessary for the activity of mogamulizumab is not determined, and the trial enrolled patients regardless of CCR4 expression status. FDA therefore granted an indication that is 11

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

not restricted to CCR4-expressing disease. Of note, the protocol-specified threshold for “positive”

CCR4 expression was defined as ≥10% of lymphocytes and was selected to reduce false-positive results. However, this threshold is not based on any predictive correlation associated with a <10% versus ≥10% expression level.

The safety profile of mogamulizumab is acceptable for the approved population, with an overall favorable benefit/risk balance. However, particular vigilance is needed for dermatologic toxicity, infusion-related reactions, serious infections, and immune-mediated complications. The dermatologic toxicity of mogamulizumab necessitates monitoring throughout the treatment course. It has a variable onset, with 25% of cases occurring after 7 months, does not have characteristic pattern, and may be challenging to differentiate from disease progression in the skin.

Immune-mediated complications after mogamulizumab, including but not limited to the allogeneic

HSCT setting, are biologically plausible because mogamulizumab can reduce levels of CCR4- expressing T-regulatory cells (9,11). Because of this theoretical concern, the FDA review team identified the safety signal of autoimmune complications after mogamulizumab. The incidence of such adverse reactions may be underreported. Importantly, the safety of allogeneic HSCT after receipt of mogamulizumab is not defined, nor is the safety of giving mogamulizumab after allogeneic HSCT. There is a consistent signal in the literature that pre-transplantation mogamulizumab may increase risk of post-transplant complications, including severe GVHD, steroid-refractory GVHD, and possibly nonrelapse death (21-23). Among recipients of pre- transplantation mogamulizumab, a shorter interval between the last mogamulizumab dose and 12

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

the transplant has been associated with a higher risk of transplant complications (21,23). Thus, as a postmarketing safety requirement, FDA has requested that the sponsor conduct a study to further characterize the safety of allogeneic HSCT after mogamulizumab.

CONCLUSION

Based on statistically significant improvements in PFS and confirmed ORR compared to vorinostat, the approval of mogamulizumab-kpkc provides an alternative treatment option for patients with relapsed or refractory MF and SS despite at least one prior systemic therapy.

REFERENCES

1. Foss FM, Girardi M. Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am

2017;31(2):297-315

2. Agar NS, Wedgeworth E, Crichton S, Mitchell TJ, Cox M, Ferreira S, et al. Survival outcomes

and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome: validation of the revised

International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and

Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(31):4730-9

3. Horowitz SM, Ansell S, Ai WZ, Barnes J, Barta SK, Clemens MW, et al. NCCN Guidelines:

Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas, Version 2.2019.

https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/primary_cutaneous.pdf. Accessed

22 April 2019.

4. Trautinger F, Eder J, Assaf C, Bagot M, Cozzio A, Dummer R, et al. European Organisation

for Research and Treatment of Cancer consensus recommendations for the treatment of

mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome - Update 2017. Eur J Cancer 2017;77:57-74 13

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

5. Wu XS, Lonsdorf AS, Hwang ST. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: roles for chemokines and

chemokine receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129(5):1115-9

6. Sokolowska-Wojdylo M, Wenzel J, Gaffal E, Lenz J, Speuser P, Erdmann S, et al. Circulating

clonal CLA(+) and CD4(+) T cells in Sezary syndrome express the skin-homing chemokine

receptors CCR4 and CCR10 as well as the lymph node-homing chemokine receptor CCR7. Br

J Dermatol 2005;152(2):258-64

7. Imai T, Nagira M, Takagi S, Kakizaki M, Nishimura M, Wang J, et al. Selective recruitment of

CCR4-bearing Th2 cells toward antigen-presenting cells by the CC chemokines thymus and

activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine. Int Immunol

1999;11(1):81-8

8. Iellem A, Mariani M, Lang R, Recalde H, Panina-Bordignon P, Sinigaglia F, et al. Unique

chemotactic response profile and specific expression of chemokine receptors CCR4 and

CCR8 by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 2001;194(6):847-53

9. Hirahara K, Liu L, Clark RA, Yamanaka K, Fuhlbrigge RC, Kupper TS. The majority of human

peripheral blood CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells bear functional skin-homing

receptors. J Immunol 2006;177(7):4488-94

10. Remer M, Al-Shamkhani A, Glennie M, Johnson P. Mogamulizumab and the treatment of

CCR4-positive T-cell lymphomas. 2014;6(11):1187-206

11. Ni X, Jorgensen JL, Goswami M, Challagundla P, Decker WK, Kim YH, et al. Reduction of

regulatory T cells by Mogamulizumab, a defucosylated anti-CC chemokine receptor 4

antibody, in patients with aggressive/refractory mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome.

Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(2):274-85

14

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

12. Campbell JJ, Clark RA, Watanabe R, Kupper TS. Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides

arise from distinct T-cell subsets: a biologic rationale for their distinct clinical behaviors.

Blood 2010;116(5):767-71

13. Jones D, O'Hara C, Kraus MD, Perez-Atayde AR, Shahsafaei A, Wu L, et al. Expression

pattern of T-cell-associated chemokine receptors and their chemokines correlates with

specific subtypes of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2000;96(2):685-90

14. Sugaya M, Morimura S, Suga H, Kawaguchi M, Miyagaki T, Ohmatsu H, et al. CCR4 is

expressed on infiltrating cells in lesional skin of early mycosis fungoides and atopic

dermatitis. J Dermatol 2015;42(6):613-5

15. Yano H, Ishida T, Inagaki A, Ishii T, Ding J, Kusumoto S, et al. Defucosylated anti CC

chemokine receptor 4 monoclonal antibody combined with immunomodulatory cytokines:

a novel immunotherapy for aggressive/refractory mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome.

Clin Cancer Res 2007;13(21):6494-500

16. Kyowa Kirin, Inc. Poteligeo (mogamulizumab-kpkc) injection, for intravenous use:

Prescribing Information.

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=BasicSearch.process.

Accessed 5 February 2019.

17. Kim YH, Bagot M, Pinter-Brown L, Rook AH, Porcu P, Horwitz SM, et al. Mogamulizumab

versus vorinostat in previously treated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (MAVORIC): an

international, open-label, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol

2018;19(9):1192-204

18. Olsen EA, Whittaker S, Kim YH, Duvic M, Prince HM, Lessin SR, et al. Clinical end points and

response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a consensus statement of the 15

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma

Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for

Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(18):2598-607

19. Olsen EA, Kim YH, Kuzel TM, Pacheco TR, Foss FM, Parker S, et al. Phase IIb multicenter trial

of vorinostat in patients with persistent, progressive, or treatment refractory cutaneous T-

cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25(21):3109-15

20. Duvic M, Talpur R, Ni X, Zhang C, Hazarika P, Kelly C, et al. Phase 2 trial of oral vorinostat

(suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Blood 2007;109(1):31-9

21. Fuji S, Inoue Y, Utsunomiya A, Moriuchi Y, Uchimaru K, Choi I, et al. Pretransplantation anti-

CCR4 antibody mogamulizumab against adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is associated with

significantly increased risks of severe and corticosteroid-refractory graft-versus-host

disease, nonrelapse mortality, and overall mortality. J Clin Oncol 2016;34(28):3426-33

22. Inoue Y, Fuji S, Tanosaki R, Fukuda T. Pretransplant mogamulizumab against ATLL might

increase the risk of acute GVHD and non-relapse mortality. Bone Marrow Transplant

2016;51(5):725-7

23. Sugio T, Kato K, Aoki T, Ohta T, Saito N, Yoshida S, et al. Mogamulizumab treatment prior to

allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation induces severe acute graft-versus-host

disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016;22(9):1608-14

16

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

Table 1. FDA-approved systemic therapies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Drug Class Indication Pivotal Trial Design Efficacy (Year Approved)

Moga vs. vorinostat: Mogamulizumab- CCR4-directed Adults with relapsed or Randomized phase 3 (N = 372): PFS median 7.6 vs. 3.1 mo, kpkc monoclonal refractory MF or SS after moga vs. vorinostat HR 0.64 (95% CI, 0.49-0.84) (2018) antibody ≥1 prior systemic therapy Confirmed ORR 28% vs. 5%

BV vs. control: Adults with primary Brentuximab CD30-directed Randomized phase 3 (N = 131): ORR lasting 4 mo: 56% vs. 12% cutaneous ALCL or CD30- vedotin antibody-drug BV vs. physician choice of CR 16% vs. 2% expressing MF after prior (2017) conjugate methotrexate or bexarotene PFS median 16.7 vs. 3.5 mo, systemic therapy HR 0.27 (95% CI, 0.17-0.43)

Romidepsin CTCL after ≥1 systemic HDAC inhibitor Two single-arm studies (N = 167) ORR 34% to 35% (2009) therapy

Vorinostat Cutaneous manifestations HDAC inhibitor Two single-arm studies (N = 107) ORR 30% (all stages and ≥IIB) (2006) of CTCL after 2 systemic

17

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

therapies

Cutaneous manifestations Two single-arm, historically

Bexarotene of CTCL in patients controlled studies (N = 152) Retinoid ORR 30% to 38% (1999) refractory to ≥1 systemic

therapy One postmarketing study (N = 59)

Alone or in combination

Methotrexate with other anticancer Antimetabolite ― ORR up to 50% as single agent (1959) agents for advanced MF

(CTCL)

Note: Table excludes .

Abbreviations: ALCL, anaplastic large cell lymphoma; BV, brentuximab vedotin; CR, complete response; CTCL, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; HDAC, histone deacetylase; MF, mycosis fungoides; moga, mogamulizumab-kpkc; ORR, overall response rate; PFS, progression-free survival; SS, Sézary syndrome.

18

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

Table 2. Baseline and treatment characteristics of the efficacy population (N = 372)

Mogamulizumab- Vorinostat Parameter kpkc (N = 186) (N = 186)

Baseline Characteristics

Age, years Median (range) 63 (25 – 101) 65 (25 – 89)

≥ 65 87 (47%) 97 (52%)

Diagnosis MF 105 (56%) 99 (53%)

SS 81 (44%) 87 (47%)

Lymphocyte CCR4 expression a ≥ 1% 140 (75%) 150 (81%)

≥ 10% 134 (72%) 146 (78%)

< 10% 6 (3%) 4 (2%)

Unknown 46 (25%) 36 (19%)

Prior systemic regimens Median (range) 3 (1 – 18) 3 (0 – 14)

1 28 (15%) 40 (22%)

2 or 3 80 (21%) 75 (20%)

≥ 4 78 (42%) 70 (38%)

Current stage IB 14 (8%) 27 (15%)

II (A, B) 53 (28%) 45 (24%)

III (A, B) 22 (12%) 16 (9%)

IV (A1, A2, B) 96 (52%) 98 (53%)

Extracutaneous disease sites Blood 122 (66%) 122 (66%)

19

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

Nodes 124 (67%) 122 (66%)

Viscera 3 (2%) 3 (2%)

Exposure to Randomized Treatment

Received study drug 184 (99%) 186 (100%)

Cycles initiated b Median (range) c 6 (1 – 45) 3 (1 – 36)

25th, 75th percentile 3, 12 2, 6

Patients on treatment by month ≥ 3 months 120 (65%) 82 (44%)

≥ 6 months 90 (49%) 41 (22%)

≥ 12 months 43 (23%) 19 (10%)

Relative dose intensity, % Mean 94 89

Crossover to mogamulizumab Yes ─ 136 (73%)

Vorinostat exposure before (0.5, Median (range) ─ 2.4 crossover, months 23.0) a Per immunohistochemistry. Expressed as % of neoplastic cells or, if neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells were not easily distinguishable, as % of total lymphocytes. b Cycle length is 28 days for either arm. c Corresponds to a median treatment duration of 5.6 months (Q1, Q3: 2.3, 11.5) for mogamulizumab and 2.8 months (Q1, Q3: 1.6, 5.6) for vorinostat.

20

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

Table 3. Efficacy of randomized treatment

Outcome per Investigator Mogamulizumab-kpkc Vorinostat

(N = 186) (N = 186)

Progression-Free Survival

Median PFS (95% CI), months a 7.6 (5.6, 10.2) 3.1 (2.8, 4.0)

Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.53 (0.41, 0.69)

Log-rank p-value < .001

Number of events, n 110 131

Progressive disease 104 128

Death 6 3

Overall Response (Confirmed CR + PR) b

ORR (95% CI), % 28 (22, 35) 5 (2, 9)

p-value c < .001

CR 2 (1, 5) 0 (0, 2)

PR 25 (20, 33) 5 (2, 9)

Median DOR (95% CI), months a 13.9 (9.3, 18.9) 9.0 (4.6, NE)

Confirmed Response by Compartment b

Blood n=124 n=125

Response rate (95% CI), % 67 (58, 75) 18 (12, 26)

Skin n=186 n=186

Response rate (95% CI), % 42 (35, 49) 16 (11, 22)

21

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

Lymph nodes n=136 n=133

Response rate (95% CI), % 15 (10, 23) 4 (1, 9)

Viscera n=6 n=4

Response rate (95% CI), % 0 (0, 46) 0 (0, 60)

Overall Response by Histology

Patients with MF n=105 n=99

ORR (95% CI), % 21 (14, 30) 7 (3, 14)

Patients with SS n=81 n=87

ORR (95% CI), % 37 (27, 48) 2 (0, 8)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CR, complete response; DOR, duration of response; NE, not estimable; ORR, overall response rate; PR, partial response a Kaplan-Meier estimate. Estimated median follow up for PFS was 13 months in the mogamulizumab arm, 10.4 months in the vorinostat arm. b Based on Global Composite Response score. Responses in blood and skin must have persisted for at least 4 weeks to be considered confirmed and were evaluated every 4 weeks for the first year.

Responses in lymph nodes, visceral disease, and overall were evaluated every 8 weeks for the first year. c Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test adjusted for disease type, stage, and region

22

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

FIGURE LEGENDS

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier curves of progression-free survival A) per investigator and B) per independent review committee.

23

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

Figure 1:

AB PFS per investigator PFS per independent review committee 100% 100% + Censored + Censored

Treatment Treatment 80% 80% Moga. Moga. Vorinostat Vorinostat 60% 60%

40% 40%

20% 20% Progression-free survival Progression-free survival 0% 0% 0 61218 24 30 36 0 61218 24 30 36 No. at risk Time (months) No. at risk Time (months) Moga. 186 139 99 78 64 48 39 29 20 16 14 8 6 3 2 2 1 1 0 Moga. 186 138 100 77 65 49 39 29 21 16 12 6 5 3 2 1 1 0 Vorinostat 186 120 64 43 28 22 18 9 7 6 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 Vorinostat 186 111 60 36 23 18 12 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on July 31, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited.

FDA Approval Summary: Mogamulizumab-kpkc for Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome

Yvette L. Kasamon, Haiyan Chen, R. Angelo de Claro, et al.

Clin Cancer Res Published OnlineFirst July 31, 2019.

Updated version Access the most recent version of this article at: doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030

Supplementary Access the most recent supplemental material at: Material http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/suppl/2019/07/31/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030.DC1

Author Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been Manuscript edited.

E-mail alerts Sign up to receive free email-alerts related to this article or journal.

Reprints and To order reprints of this article or to subscribe to the journal, contact the AACR Publications Subscriptions Department at [email protected].

Permissions To request permission to re-use all or part of this article, use this link http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2019/07/31/1078-0432.CCR-19-2030. Click on "Request Permissions" which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center's (CCC) Rightslink site.

Downloaded from clincancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2019 American Association for Cancer Research.