isb48-3_cv_isb48-3_cv 11/13/2014 11:11 AM Page 2

International Society of Barristers

Volume 48 Number 3

CIVILIAN CONTROL OF MILITARY: THE MOST IMPORTANT THING YOU’ NEVER THOUGHT ABOUT Richard H. Kohn, PhD

THE NEW WORLD DISORDER Gen. Anthony Zinni

CURING SPINAL-CORD INJURIES Wise Young, MD

THE YANKEE LAWYER: HOW DAVE NIXON DISARMED PUBLISHING GIANT GOLDEN BOOKS WITH FEW SHORT LETTERS Kristen Senz

Quarterly isb48-3_cv_isb48-3_cv 11/13/2014 11:11 AM Page 3

Annual Meetings

2015: March 8–14, Ritz-Carlton Key Biscayne, Key Biscayne, Florida

2016: April 10–16, Grand Del Mar, San Diego, California

2017: March 19–25, Ritz Carlton, Cancun, Mexico International Society of Barristers Quarterly   Volume 48 2014 Number 3      CONTENTS   ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǣŠ‡‘•– ’‘”–ƒ–Š‹‰‘—ǯ˜‡ ‡˜‡”Š‘—‰Š–„‘—–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ Richard H. Kohn, PhD  Š‡‡™‘”Ž†‹•‘”†‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ Gen. Anthony Zinni  —”‹‰’‹ƒŽǦ‘”† Œ—”‹‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͳ Wise Young, MD

Š‡ƒ‡‡ƒ™›‡”ǣ ‘™ƒ˜‡‹š‘‹•ƒ”‡†—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‹ƒ– ‘Ž†‡‘‘•™‹–Šƒ ‡™Š‘”–‡––‡”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ Kristen Senz

‹ International Society of Barristers Quarterly

Editor  ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ‡•‹†  Associate Editor

‘ƒ‡•ƒ‰ƒ–  Editorial Advisory Board

ƒ‹‡Ž Ǥ‡ŽŽ› ‘Š‡‡†ǡ†‹–‘”‡”‹–—• —–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‹Ž‡•ǡ‡š‘ˆˆ‹ ‹‘  Editorial Office

—‡‹˜‡”•‹–› Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒ™ ‘šͻͲ͵͸Ͳ —”Šƒǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸Ͳ ‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ȋͻͳͻȌ͸ͳ͵Ǧ͹Ͳͺͷ ƒšȋͻͳͻȌ͸ͳ͵Ǧ͹ʹ͵ͳ Ǧƒ‹Žǣ„‡•‹†̷Žƒ™Ǥ†—‡Ǥ‡†—   ‘Ž—‡Ͷͺ ••—‡—„‡”͵ ʹͲͳͶ  Š‡          ȋ ͲͲ͹ͶǦͻ͹ͲȌȋ ͲͲʹͲǦ ͺ͹ͷʹȌ‹•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†“—ƒ”–‡”Ž›„›–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ—‡‹˜‡”•‹–› Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒ™ǡ ‘š ͻͲ͵͸Ͳǡ —”Šƒǡ  ʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸ͲǤ ‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽ• ’‘•–ƒ‰‡ ‹• ’ƒ‹† ‹ —”Šƒ ƒ† ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ—„• ”‹’–‹‘”ƒ–‡ǣ̈́ͳͲ’‡”›‡ƒ”Ǥƒ ‹••—‡•ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡•–Š”‘—‰Š ‘Ž—‡ ͶͶ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥ ‡‹ Ƭ ‘Ǥǡ  Ǥǡ ͳʹͺͷ ƒ‹ –”‡‡–ǡ —ˆˆƒŽ‘ǡ  ͳͶʹͲͻǦ ͳͻͳͳǢ•—„•‡“—‡–„ƒ ‹••—‡•ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘ ‘‡Š”‹•–‡•‡ǡ  ǤǡͳͷͶͲ†ƒ• –”‡‡–ǡ‹ ‘Žǡ͸ͺͷʹͳǤǣŽ‡ƒ•‡•‡†ƒ††”‡•• Šƒ‰‡•–‘”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ƒŽ† Ǥ ‡•‹†ǡ—‡‹˜‡”•‹–› Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒ™ǡ‘šͻͲ͵͸Ͳǡ—”Šƒǡʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸ͲǤ  ̹ʹͲͳͶ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•

‹‹ International Society of Barristers   Board of Governors 2014–2015 ƒ‡•Ǥƒ”–‹—•ǡKansasǡ”‡•‹†‡– —–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‹Ž‡•ǡFloridaǡ ‹”•–‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡– ƒ‹‡ŽǤƒ”ƒ†ƒ–ǡCaliforniaǡ‡ ‘†‹ ‡”‡•‹†‡– —†›Ǥƒ””ƒ••‘ǡLouisianaǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ȃ”‡ƒ•—”‡” ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ‘”‡ŽǡUtahǡ ‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ•–”‡•‹†‡–  ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ‡•‹†ǡNorth Carolinaǡ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ƭ†‹–‘”

2012–2015* ‡–‡” Ǥ”‘†Š‡ƒ† –‡’Š‡Ǥ”— ‡” Š‘ƒ•Ǥ”ƒ‡” Ohio Nebraska Michigan ǤǤȋƒ›Ȍ‡”•‘•  ƒ””› Ǥ Š‡‹†‡” Georgia Washington 2013–2016* ‡””›ǤŽ‡‡–• ƒ‡•Ǥ ”‹ Ž‡–‘ ƒ–ŠŽ‡‡ Ž›‡–‡”•‘ Texas Kansas Minnesota ƒ˜‹†Ǥ‘™‡ŽŽ ”Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‹–Š Colorado California 2014–2017* ƒš‘ƒ˜‹• ‡˜‹”‹•– ƒ–ŠŽ‡‡ƒ‰ Montana Texas Michigan Ǥ‡‡–Š ™ƒ –‡’Š‡ƒ†‡ British Columbia Maine

*‡”•„‡‰‹ƒ†‡†‘–Š‡Žƒ•–†ƒ›‘ˆƒ—ƒŽ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ

‹‹‹ International Society of Barristers  Past Presidents ”ƒ‹‰’ƒ‰‡„‡”‰ǡŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡŠ‹‘ȋͳͻͳͶȂͳͻͻͺȌ  ͳͻ͸͸ —””ƒ›ƒ• ”Ǥǡ‹ƒ‹ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͳͳȌ ͳͻ͸͹ ‡Ž–‘Ǥ›ǡƒ’‹†‹–›ǡ‘—–Šƒ‘–ƒȋͳͻͳ͸Ȃͳͻ͹ͶȌ ͳͻ͸ͺ ” ŠǤ Š‘ Šǡ ‹‰Š‘‹–ǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒȋͳͻͲͻȂͳͻͺͲȌ ͳͻ͸ͻ  ‘Š Ǥ‘ ‡ǡ‘ƒ‘‡ǡ‹”‰‹‹ƒȋͳͻʹͲȂʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ͳͻ͹Ͳ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥ”‹ •‘ǡ‡˜‡”ǡ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ȋͳͻʹͶȂʹͲͲͻȌ ͳͻ͹ͳ Šƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ ˜ƒ••ǡ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͳʹȌ ͳͻ͹ͳ ‘„‡”––Ǥ—‹‰Šƒǡ‘„‹Ž‡ǡŽƒ„ƒƒȋͳͻͳͺȂʹͲͲͳȌ ͳͻ͹ʹ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ ”ƒ–‡•ǡ‹ƒ‹ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒȋͳͻͳ͹ȂͳͻͺͶȌ ͳͻ͹͵ Š‹ŽŽ‹’ Ǥ‡–‡”•ǡƒ Š‡•–‡”ǡ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ͳͻ͹Ͷ ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ‘•–™‹ ǡƒ•’‡”ǡ›‘‹‰ȋͳͻͳͺȂʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ͳͻ͹ͷ ƒ”Ž–‘Ǥ‡‹–‡”ǡ‘”–Žƒ†ǡ”‡‰‘ȋͳͻʹͲȂͳͻͺͲȌ ͳͻ͹͸ ‘—‰Žƒ•Ǥ ‹ŽŽƒǡ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ͳͻ͹͹ Ž‡šǤ‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ‡˜‡”ǡ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ȋͳͻʹͺȂͳͻͻ͸Ȍ ͳͻ͹ͺ Ž‡šǤ‡™–‘ǡ‹”‹‰ŠƒǡŽƒ„ƒƒ ͳͻ͹ͻ –ƒ‹‡‰‡Žǡ„‡”†‡‡ǡ‘—–Šƒ‘–ƒȋͳͻʹͺȂͳͻͻ͸Ȍ ͳͻͺͲ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ Žƒ•ƒ’ǡ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒȋͳͻʹͶȂʹͲͲͲȌ ͳͻͺͳ ƒŽ–‡”Ǥ›ƒ”• ”Ǥǡ‘–‰‘‡”›ǡŽƒ„ƒƒȋͳͻʹͺȂʹͲͳͶȌ ͳͻͺʹ ‘Š Ǥ ”‡‡”ǡ’‡ ‡”ǡ ‘™ƒȋͳͻʹͲȂʹͲͲͶȌ ͳͻͺ͵ Ǥ Ǥ”— ‡”ǡ‹ ‘Žǡ‡„”ƒ•ƒ ͳͻͺͶ ƒ› Ǥ‡ƒ”•‘ǡ‹ƒ‹ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒȋͳͻʹʹȂʹͲͲͶȌ ͳͻͺͷ ‘‡ŽǤ‘›†‡ǡ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒȋͳͻ͵͹ȂͳͻͻͻȌ ͳͻͺ͸ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‰ƒǡ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒȋͳͻʹͷȂʹͲͳʹȌ ͳͻͺ͹ ƒ”Ž‡–‘Ǥ ‘›ǡ‹‘—š ƒŽŽ•ǡ‘—–Šƒ‘–ƒ ͳͻͺͺ ƒ”Ǥ‘„‹•‘ǡ‘•‰‡Ž‡•ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒȋͳͻʹͶȂʹͲͲͳȌ ͳͻͺͻ ‡””›Ǥ‡ Š–Ž‡ǡŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǡ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒȋͳͻʹ͸ȂʹͲͳͲȌ ͳͻͻͲ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥ ƒ‹‡Žǡ‹”‹‰ŠƒǡŽƒ„ƒƒȋͳͻʹ͹ȂʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ͳͻͻͳ ”‡†‡”‹  Ǥƒ›‡”ǡ–Ǥ‘—‹•ǡ‹••‘—”‹ ͳͻͻʹ ‘Ž‡šƒ†‡”ǡ ‘—•–‘ǡ‡šƒ•ȋͳͻ͵ͲȂʹͲͲͺȌ ͳͻͻ͵ Šƒ”Ž‡• ǤŽƒ Šƒ”†ǡƒŽ‡‹‰Šǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ ͳͻͻͶ ‘Ǥ‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ‹ ‘Žǡ‡„”ƒ•ƒ ͳͻͻͷ

‹˜ Past Presidents ƒ˜‹†Ǥ‹š‘ǡƒ Š‡•–‡”ǡ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ ͳͻͻ͸ ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥƒ›ǡƒ•’‡”ǡ›‘‹‰ȋͳͻ͵͵ȂʹͲͳͶȌ ͳͻͻ͹ ‘Š Ǥƒ ‹‘‡ǡŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡŠ‹‘ ͳͻͻͺ ”ƒ Ǥ”‹š‹—•ǡ‹‡ƒ’‘Ž‹•ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒ ͳͻͻͻ ›”‘ Ǥ”‘„‡”‰ǡ‘””‹•–‘™ǡ‡™ ‡”•‡› ʹͲͲͲ ‘‡ ‡‘†ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ ʹͲͲͳ ‡‡ƒ ‹„—”ǡ–Š‡•ǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒȋͳͻ͵͹ȂʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ʹͲͲʹ ƒ‹‡Ž Ǥ‡ŽŽ›ǡƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ʹͲͲ͵ ‘ŠǤ‹„‡”ǡŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǡŠ‹‘ȋͳͻ͵ͺȂʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ʹͲͲͶ †™ƒ”† Ǥƒ–‘‹ Šǡ ‹„„‹‰ǡ‹‡•‘–ƒ ʹͲͲͷ  ‘––Ǥ‘™‡ŽŽǡ‹”‹‰ŠƒǡŽƒ„ƒƒ ʹͲͲ͸ †™ƒ”† Ǥ‡˜‹ǡƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ʹͲͲ͹ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ ”ƒ›ǡ‘—Ž†‡”ǡ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ ʹͲͲͺ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ Ǥƒ”–•‘ ”Ǥǡ”‡‰‘ ʹͲͲͻ ƒ”‹‡––ƒǤ‘„‹•‘ǡ‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒ ʹͲͳͲ Ǥ ”ƒŠƒ ‹ŽŽǡ ‘—•–‘ǡ‡šƒ•ʹͲͳͳ ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ‡ŽŽ›ǡƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ   ʹͲͳʹ ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ‘”‡ŽǡƒŽ–ƒ‡‹–›ǡ–ƒŠ    ʹͲͳ͵ 

˜ International Society of Barristers  Membership Chair ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‹–Š  State & International Membership Chairs —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒƒ†‡™‡ƒŽƒ† ‘ŽŽ›‘™‡•ǯ”‹‡ ƒƒ†ƒ  ƒ•–‡”  Š”‹• ǤƒŽ‹ƒ”‡  ‡–”ƒŽ  ‹ Šƒ”† Ǥ‘Ž•‘  ‡•–‡” Ǥ‡‡–Š ™ƒ —”‘’‡  ‰Žƒ† ƒ—Ž”‡‡ƒ  ”‡Žƒ†  ƒ—Ž”‡‡ƒ  ‘”–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ† ƒ—Ž”‡‡ƒ   ‘–Žƒ† ƒ—Ž”‡‡ƒ Žƒ„ƒƒ   ‘„›Ǥ”‘™ Žƒ•ƒ    ‘„‡”–ǤŽƒ• ‘ ”‹œ‘ƒ   ƒ–”‹  Ǥ ”‘†‡” ”ƒ•ƒ•   ƒ–Š”›Ǥ”›‘” ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ  ‘”–Š‡” –‡™ƒ”–Ǥƒ„ƒ  ƒ‹‡‰‘ ƒ˜‹†Ǥƒ•‡› ”Ǥ  ‘•–‰‡Ž‡• Ǥ‡‹•‡ƒ›Ž‘”  ”ƒ‰‡‘—–› Š”‹•–‘’Š‡”Ǥ‡•‹‡”•‹ ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘   ƒ ‡Ǥ‡ƒ”• ‘‡ –‹ —–   ‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤ‘•‘ˆˆ ‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ‘Ž—„‹ƒ ‘„‡”–Ǥ ‡‡” Ž‘”‹†ƒ      ‘”–Š‡” Ǥ ‘––‘•–ƒ–‹‘  ‘—–Š‡” ‡”ƒ Ǥ—••‘ƒ‘ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ    Ǥƒ›‡”•‘• ƒ™ƒ‹‹    ƒ”Ǥƒ˜‹• †ƒŠ‘    Š‘ƒ•Ǥ ‹‰Š ŽŽ‹‘‹•    ‹‘–Š›Ǥ‘ƒ•‹ †‹ƒƒ    –‡’Š‡Ǥ”–Š—” ‘™ƒ    ƒ˜‹†Ǥ”‘™ ƒ•ƒ•    ƒ‡•Ǥ ”‹ Ž‡–‘ ‡–— ›    †™ƒ”† Ǥ–‘’Š‡” ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ   ƒ””› ‡Ž†ƒ ”Ǥ

˜‹ State & International Membership Chairs ƒ‹‡    –‡’Š‡Ǥƒ†‡ ƒ”›Žƒ†   ‘„‡”–Ǥ ‡‡” ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––• Š”‹•–‘’Š‡”Ǥ—‰‰ƒ ‹ Š‹‰ƒ   Š‘ƒ•Ǥ”ƒ‡” ‹‡•‘–ƒ   ‘„‡”– Ǥ‹‰ ”Ǥ ‹••‹••‹’’‹   ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ—”†› ‹••‘—”‹   ”–Š—”Ǥ–”‘—’ ‘–ƒƒ   Ž‡šƒ†‡”Ž‡™‡––  ‡„”ƒ•ƒ   –‡’Š‡Ǥ”— ‡” ‡˜ƒ†ƒ    Ǥ”— ‡Ž˜‡”•‘ ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ ‘„‡”–Ǥ–‡‹ ‡™ ‡”•‡›   ƒ”›ŽǤƒ•Ž‘™ ‡™‡š‹ ‘   ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤƒ†‹•‘ ‡™‘”  ‹–›   –‡˜‡Ǥ‘—‹ƒ  ’•–ƒ–‡  Ǥ–‡™ƒ”– ‘‡• ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ   ƒ‡•Ǥ‘”•‡––  ‘”–Šƒ‘–ƒ   ƒ˜‹†Ǥƒ”‹‰ Š‹‘    ‡–‡” Ǥ”‘†Š‡ƒ† ŽƒŠ‘ƒ   ƒ””›Ǥ––ƒ™ƒ› ”‡‰‘    ƒ‡–Ǥ ‘ˆˆƒ ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ  ƒ•–‡”  ”‘Ž†‡˜‹  ‡•–‡” ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ ‘Ž‘„ —‡”–‘‹ ‘   ”ƒ ‹• ‘‘Ž×Ǧƒ‰ƒ Š‘†‡ •Žƒ†   ‡”ƒŽ†Ǥ‡ƒ”‹ƒ     ‘ŠǤƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒ   ‘‡ŽǤ‘ŽŽ‹• ”Ǥ ‘—–Šƒ‘–ƒ   Š‘ƒ• Ǥ ”‹–œ ‡‡••‡‡   ‹†‡›Ǥ ‹Ž”‡ƒ–Š ‡šƒ•  ‘—•–‘ ‹‡Ž†•Ž‡šƒ†‡”  ƒŽŽƒ•   ƒ––Š‡™Ǥ–ƒ‡Ž –ƒŠ    ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ—”„‹†‰‡ ‡”‘–   ‡”‘‡ Ǥǯ‡‹ŽŽ ‹”‰‹ •Žƒ†•   ƒ”‹ƒƒ‡•‘ ‘†‰‡ ‹”‰‹‹ƒ   ƒ”›Ǥ ƒ ‘  ƒ•Š‹‰–‘   Š‘ƒ•Ǥ ƒ””‹• ‹• ‘•‹   ‘„‡”–Ǥ ƒ•—Ž•‹ ›‘‹‰   ‡””›Ǥƒ ‡›

˜‹‹ STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION (PS Form 3526)  ͳǤ ‹–Ž‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǣ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•—ƒ”–‡”Ž› ʹǤ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ǤͲͲ͹ͶǦͻ͹Ͳ ͵Ǥ ƒ–‡‘ˆˆ‹Ž‹‰ǣʹ͹‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶ ͶǤ ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‹••—‡•ǣ“—ƒ”–‡”Ž› ͷǤ —„‡”‘ˆ‹••—‡•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ—ƒŽŽ›ǣˆ‘—” ͸Ǥ —ƒŽ•—„• ”‹’–‹‘’”‹ ‡ǣ̈́ͳͲǤͲͲ ͹Ǥ ƒ‹Ž‹‰ƒ††”‡••‘ˆ‘™‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǣʹͳͲ ‹‡ ‡”‹˜‡ǡ—”Šƒǡ ʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸Ͳ ͺǤ ƒ‹Ž‹‰ƒ††”‡••‘ˆŠ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‘”‰‡‡”ƒŽ„—•‹‡••‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡”ǣ  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡʹͳͲ ‹‡ ‡”‹˜‡ǡ—”Šƒǡʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸Ͳ ͻǤ ƒ‡•ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‡•‘ˆ’—„Ž‹•Š‡”ǡ‡†‹–‘”ǡƒ†ƒƒ‰‹‰‡†‹–‘”ǣ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ ‡•‹†ǡʹͳͲ ‹‡ ‡”‹˜‡ǡ—”Šƒǡʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸Ͳ ͳͲǤ ™‡”ǣ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡƒ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡʹͲͳͲ  ‹‡ ‡”‹˜‡ǡ—”Šƒǡʹ͹͹ͲͺǦͲ͵͸Ͳ ͳͳǤ ‘™„‘†Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‘”–‰ƒ‰‡‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•‡ —”‹–›Š‘Ž†‡”•‘™‹‰‘”Š‘Ž†‹‰  ‘‡’‡” ‡–‘”‘”‡‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽƒ‘—–‘ˆ„‘†•ǡ‘”–‰ƒ‰‡•ǡ‘”‘–Š‡”•‡ —”‹–‹‡•ǣ ‘‡ ͳʹǤ Š‡’—”’‘•‡ǡˆ— –‹‘ǡƒ†‘’”‘ˆ‹–•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‡š‡’–  •–ƒ–—•ˆ‘”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹ ‘‡Ǧ–ƒš’—”’‘•‡•Šƒ˜‡‘– Šƒ‰‡††—”‹‰–Š‡’”‡ ‡†‹‰  ͳʹ‘–Š•Ǥ ͳ͵Ǥ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‹–Ž‡ǣ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•—ƒ”–‡”Ž› ͳͶǤ ••—‡†ƒ–‡ˆ‘” ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘†ƒ–ƒ„‡Ž‘™ǣ –‘„‡”ʹͲͳͶ ͳͷǤ š–‡–ƒ†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ǣ  Average no. copies Actual no. copies each issue during of single issue published preceding 12 months nearest to filing date ƒǤ‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ ‘’‹‡•’”‹–‡†ȋ‡– ͻͳͷǤͷ ͻ͵Ͳ ’”‡••”—Ȍ „Ǥ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡’ƒ‹†Ȁ”‡“—‡•–‡†   †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ͳǤ—–•‹†‡ ‘—–›’ƒ‹†Ȁ”‡“—‡•–‡† ͺͺ͸ ͻͲͲ ƒ‹Ž•—„• ”‹’–‹‘• ʹǤ Ǧ ‘—–›’ƒ‹†Ȁ”‡“—‡•–‡†ƒ‹Ž Ͷ Ͷ •—„• ”‹’–‹‘• ͵ǤƒŽ‡•–Š”‘—‰Š†‡ƒŽ‡”•ƒ† ƒ””‹‡”•ǡ Ͳ Ͳ •–”‡‡–˜‡†‘”•ǡ ‘—–‡”•ƒŽ‡• ͶǤ‡“—‡•–‡† ‘’‹‡•†‹•–”‹„—–‡†„› Ͳ Ͳ ‘–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž Žƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡  Ǥ‘–ƒŽ’ƒ‹†‘””‡“—‡•–‡† ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ ͺͻͲ ͻͲͶ †Ǥ ”‡‡‘”‘‹ƒŽƒ–‡‹•–”‹„—–‹‘   ͳǤ—–•‹†‡ ‘—–› Ͳ Ͳ ʹǤ Ǧ ‘—–› Ͳ Ͳ ͵Ǥ‹•–”‹„—–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š„›‘–Š‡” ͳͶ ͳͷ Žƒ••‡•‘ˆƒ‹Ž ͶǤ—–•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ‹Ž Ͳ Ͳ ‡Ǥ‘–ƒŽˆ”‡‡‘”‘‹ƒŽǦ”ƒ–‡ ͳͶ ͳͷ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ˆǤ‘–ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ͻͲͶ ͻͳͻ ‰Ǥ‘’‹‡•‘–†‹•–”‹„—–‡† ͳͳǤͷ ͳͳ ŠǤ‘–ƒŽ ͻͳͷǤͷ ͻ͵Ͳ ‹Ǥ‡” ‡–’ƒ‹†ƒ†Ȁ‘””‡“—‡•–‡† ͻ͹Ǥ͹ͷ ͻ͹Ǥʹ  ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ ȗȗȗ   ͳ͸Ǥ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹••–ƒ–‡‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‹–‡†‹–Š‡‘ŽǤͶͺǡ‘Ǥ͵‹••—‡‘ˆ–Š‹•  ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ͳ͹Ǥ  ‡”–‹ˆ›–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ†‡„›‡ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ”‡ ‘””‡ –ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡Ǥ ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ‡•‹†ǡEditor 

˜‹‹‹ CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE MILITARY: THE MOST IMPORTANT THING YOU’VE NEVER THOUGHT ABOUT*  Richard H. Kohn, PhD**  INTRODUCTION

 ›ˆƒ–Š‡”™ƒ•ƒ‹†‘ˆƒ„ƒ””‹•–‡”Ǧ•–›Ž‡Žƒ™›‡”ǡ‹ƒ•— Šƒ•ƒ •Š”‡™† ŽŽ‹‘‹•Žƒ™›‡”’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ‘‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ǡ•‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •‡•‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– ”‡•’‡ – ˆ‘”ǡ ›‘— ƒ† ™Šƒ– ›‘— †‘ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ˆ‘” –Š‡ •’‘—•‡• ‘ˆ „ƒ””‹•–‡”•Ǥ › ‘–Š‡” ™ƒ• ƒ ’Š›•‹ ‹ƒǡƒ†‘‡‘ˆ›ˆ‘†‡•–‡‘”‹‡•™ƒ•–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒ– –Š‡†‹‡”–ƒ„Ž‡™Š‡•Š‡™ƒ•‘ ‡•—‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ›ˆƒ–Š‡” ™ƒ• Œ—•– •‹Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ –‹‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •—‹–• ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ — Š ‘‡› ‘—Ž† „‡ •“—‡‡œ‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘ –‘”ǯ• ‹•—”ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ›Ǥ  › ‘–Š‡”ǯ• ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹•—”ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ›”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘•‡––Ž‡ˆ‘”̈́ʹͷͲͲ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›™‡”‡ǯ–‰‘‹‰–‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡’”‡ ‡†‡–Ǥ†–Š‡•—‹–ˆƒ‹Ž‡†Ǥ  ›•—„Œ‡ –‹••‘‡–Š‹‰ˆ‡™’‡‘’Ž‡–Š‹ƒ„‘—–—Ž‡••ƒ† —–‹Ž –Š‡”‡ǯ• •‘‡ ”‹•‹•ǣ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ ǯ˜‡ „‡‡ ’‘†‡”‹‰ ‹– ˆ‘” ‘˜‡” ˆ‹ˆ–› ›‡ƒ”•ǡ •–ƒ”–‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ† ‘Ž› ƒ––‡’–‡† ‘—’‹‡”‹ ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•—”›‡‘—‰Š–Šƒ– ˆ‡™—†‡”•–‘‘†‹–ƒ••— Šǡƒ†ƒ›™ƒ›ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘• ‘– Š‡† ‹–‹ƒ†”ƒƒ–‹ ‡‡–‹‰‹ͳ͹ͺ͵‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆŠ‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” ‘”’•Ǥ ǯ˜‡„‡‡ •–—†›‹‰™Š›ǡ‡˜‡”•‹ ‡ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†•— Šƒ–Š‹‰‹ ‘—” Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‹• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡–‡” ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ™‡ ƒŽŽ ‹˜‹ŽȂ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ •‡– ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•

ȗ ‡˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ††”‡•• †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ —ƒŽ ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡƒ‹Ž‡ƒǡƒ—‹ǡ ƒ™ƒ‹‹ǡ͹ƒ” ŠʹͲͳͶǤ ȗȗ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‡”‹–—•‘ˆ ‹•–‘”›ƒ†‡ƒ ‡ǡƒ”ǡƒ†‡ˆ‡•‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Š ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡŠƒ’‡Ž ‹ŽŽǡǢ ‘”‡”Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ‹” ‘” ‡ ‹•–‘”›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‹” ‘” ‡Ǥ

ͳ ʹ     

„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›› ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–•–—†‹‡†„—–‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ  Š‡•—„Œ‡ –ƒ––‡”‹•„”‘ƒ†Ǥ –‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘‡ –‹‘•ƒ† ƒŽŽ –Š‡‹” †‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ˆ”‘ „ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š •—””‘—†‹‰ ‘—‹–‹‡• –‘ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ„‘—–™Š‘•‡”˜‡•‹—‹ˆ‘”ƒ†—†‡”™Šƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡƒŽŽ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –‘ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –‘’ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ†–Š‡‘•–•‡‹‘”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡƒ†‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹„‡–™‡‡ǤŽŽ ‘ˆ–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡ –•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›‹’‡ƒ ‡ƒ†‹™ƒ”‹™ƒ›•‰”‡ƒ–ƒ† •ƒŽŽǡ ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ †‡ ‹•‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• •’”‡ƒ† ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǡ ‹–ǯ• †‡‡’Ž› „—”‹‡† ‹ ›„‡”™ƒ”ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•Šƒ”†Ž›„‡‰—–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰‡ › ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ‘ƒ† ƒ† ‘–”‘Žǡ ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” †‡ˆ‡•‡ƒ†ƒ––ƒ ‹ ›„‡”•’ƒ ‡Ǥ –’‡”˜ƒ†‡•–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –‡””‘”‹•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹–Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•‘˜‡” ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ’”‹˜ƒ ›ƒ† ‰‘˜‡”‡– •—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡Ǧ‘Ž† „ƒŽƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ Ž‹„‡”–›ƒ†•‡ —”‹–›ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‹•Ž‡ –—”‡–™‘›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ˆ‘”ƒ™‘”•Š‘’ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•–•‡‹‘”‡”‹ ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ†‹”ƒŽ•ǡƒ† †‹• —••‹–ƒŠƒŽˆƒ †‘œ‡ –‹‡• ƒ ›‡ƒ” –‘ ‘‡Ǧ•–ƒ” ƒ† –Š”‡‡Ǧ•–ƒ” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆƒ –‘™Š‹ Š‹–”‡•–•‹•–Šƒ–™Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡‘™‘” –Š‹–Š‡›‘™ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡƒ„‘—– ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‹•ǯ– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› –”—‡ǣ — Š ‘ˆ ‹– ‹• ›–ŠǤ ƒ” ™ƒ‹ •—’’‘•‡†Ž› •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz –ǯ• ‘– ™Šƒ– ›‘— †‘ǯ– ‘™ –Šƒ– Š—”–• ›‘—Ǥ –ǯ• ™Šƒ– ›‘— ‘™–Šƒ–Œ—•–ƒ‹ǯ–•‘Ǥdz†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ˆ‡•‡ǡ™Šƒ–™‡‘™–Šƒ– Œ—•–ƒ‹ǯ–•‘ ƒ„‡Ž‡–ŠƒŽǤ

II SIX MYTHS

Myth #1: All Is Well  Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–›–Š‹•–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹•ˆ‹‡‹ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‘•– •‡‹‘” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•–         ͵

•‡‹‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ Š‹• ‹• †‡‘•–”ƒ„Ž› ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– ‡”‹ ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ „—– ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› •‹ ‡ ‘”Ž† ƒ” Ǥ Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‡••›ǡ ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š —–—ƒŽ ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† •—•’‹ ‹‘Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ƒ• ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‡–‹‘ „”ƒŠƒ ‹ ‘Žǯ• ’”‘„Ž‡• ™‹–Š Š‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ• „—– ”ƒ”‡Ž› ‡–‹‘ ‘ˆŽ‹ –• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ„‹‡– •‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‘•– •‡‹‘” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•Ǥ ”Ǥ —•ˆ‡Ž†ǯ• †‹•–ƒ– ƒ† †›•ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ†‹”ƒŽ•Šƒ†ƒ›’”‡ ‡†‡–•ǡƒ• ˆƒ” „ƒ  ƒ• ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ˜› ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ–Š ƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž› ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”‹‡• ƒ† ƒ• ”‡ ‡– ƒ• ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡ˆ‡•‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘Ž†ƒ” ƒ† ƒˆ–‡”Ǥ ”‡•‹†‡–•ˆ”‘ ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ –‘ ƒ”ƒ  „ƒƒ †‹•–”—•–‡† –Š‡‹” ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•ǡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘—‰Š– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘” ”‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Š‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‘•–•Ǥ”Ǥ„ƒƒˆ‹”‡†–™‘‘ˆŠ‹•ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ ‘ƒ†‡”•ƒ†”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘’—–Š‹•‘•–’”‘‹‡–‰‡‡”ƒŽǡƒ˜‹† ‡–”ƒ‡—•ǡ‹–Š‡–‘’‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Œ‘„ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‡’‹•‘†‹ ǡŠƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥͳ  ‘™ǡ ‘‡ ˆŽƒ‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” ‘ ‡ “—‡•–‹‘‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• –‡•‹‘ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǡ ™ƒ• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡ •‹ ‡‘—”•›•–‡Dz™‘”•Ǥdz ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ• ƒ ˆ‹”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ™‡ ƒ ‰‘ ‘ ƒ„‘—– ‘—” „—•‹‡••Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›–Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡’Ž‡–›‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ†‹”ƒŽ•Ǥ‡ˆ‹”‡ –Š‡”ƒ”‡Ž›ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ›‘–Š‡”•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‹” ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ’‘‹–ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹•–”—•– ƒ† †‹• ‘–‹—‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ Šƒ• ‹’‡†‡† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’”‘†— ‡† ’‘‘” †‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ™ƒ”’‡†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡƒ†‘‘ ƒ•‹‘—†‡”‹‡†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǯ• ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡•• ‹ ™ƒ”–‹‡Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• –Š‡ ‘•– „Žƒ–ƒ– ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ™ƒ• ‘—‰Žƒ• ƒ ”–Š—”ǯ• ƒ––‡’– –‘ ™‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘”‡ƒ ƒ” ƒ† —†‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ”—ƒ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǯ• †‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‘– –‘ •‡† ‡”‹ ƒ –”‘‘’• –‘ –Š‡ ƒŽ— ‹˜‡”ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ”–Š—”ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ †‹†ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š Ž‡† –‘ †‹•ƒ•–”‘—• †‡ˆ‡ƒ– ƒ† ƒ ”–Š—”ǯ• ˆ‹”‹‰Ǥ ‘‡ ˆ‘”–› ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘‹– Š‹‡ˆ• ‘ˆ –ƒˆˆ ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ”‡•‹•–‡† –Š‡ ͳͻͻʹ ‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ ”‡’‡ƒŽ –Š‡ „ƒ ‘ ‘’‡ Š‘‘•‡š—ƒŽ

ͳǤ ‘”ƒ•—”˜‡›‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –†—”‹‰‡”‹ ƒ™ƒ”•ǡ•‡‡ ǡ     ǣ    ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ Ͷ     

•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ• ‘’‡ ‘” ‡‰”‡‰‹‘—• ƒ ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ”–Š—”ǯ•ǡ „—– ƒ ”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ǡ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –Šƒ– „Ž‘ ‡† ”‡•‹†‡– Ž‹–‘ ƒ† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› —Š‹‰‡† –Š‡ Ž‹–‘ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ‹–• ‹ ‡’–‹‘Ǥ‘‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹•‘–ˆ‹‡‹–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’Ǥʹ

Myth #2: No Coup, No Problem  •‡ ‘†›–Šˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• Ž‘•‡Ž›—’‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǣ–Šƒ––Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‹• •ƒˆ‡ǡ •‘—†ǡ ƒ† ‹˜‹‘Žƒ–‡ǡ ‘”ǡ ‹ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ‘‘—’ǡ‘”‘„Ž‡Ǥ‡ŽŽǡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ† ‘‘—’ǡ ‘ ”‘„Ž‡ ‹• ‘– –”—‡Ǥ ‡ •‡‡ –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ••—”‡• ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ™Š‡ ‹ ˆƒ – ‹– †‘‡• ‘– •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ intends ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ „—– ‹– †‘‡•ǯ– assure ‹–Ǥ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ǡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ™ƒ• ƒ ‡’–‡† „› ƒŽŽ ‡”‹ ƒ• ƒ– –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ†‹•–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‘—””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ •–”— –—”‡† –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹ ‡˜‡”› ™ƒ› ’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǡ ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘ŽǤ Š‡› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡†ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Šƒ– ‘–Š‹‰ ‘—Ž† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡•–”ƒ‹ ƒ ƒ”› ƒ† –Š‡› ˆ‡ƒ”‡† ƒ •–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ”› ‹ ’‡ƒ ‡–‹‡ ˆ”‘–”›‹‰–‘•‡‹œ‡’‘™‡”‹ˆ‹–•‘†‡•‹”‡†ǡ‘”–”›‹‰–‘ ƒ – ƒ• –Š‡ ‹•–”—‡– ˆ‘” •‘‡‘‡ ‡Ž•‡ –‘ †‘ •‘ ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ •— ‡‡†‹‰ǡ‹–Š‡‹””‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ  ‡•’‹–‡ ‹•‡”–‹‰ ƒŽŽ •‘”–• ‘ˆ †‡˜‹ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ †‘ —‡– –‘ ”‡•–”ƒ‹ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›› ƒŽŽ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› •Šƒ”‡† ƒ† ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ’‘™‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‡†ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡”• †‹˜‹†‡† ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •‘ –Šƒ– ‘‡ „”ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘—Ž† ‘– —•‡ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” „”ƒ Š‡•Ǣ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘—Ž†ǯ–‡˜‡‡š‹•–™‹–Š‘—–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–ƒ‰”‡‡‡–„› ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•ǡ— ŠŽ‡•• ƒ –‘‹–•‘™—Ž‡••‹–‹‰‘”‡†‘”‘˜‡”–Š”‡™–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠƒ–ǯ• –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‹–ǯ• •‡– —’Ǥ ‘™ǡ †‹˜‹†‡† ƒ† •Šƒ”‡† ’‘™‡”•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ ‘™

ʹǤSee   Ǥ  ǡ The Erosion of Civilian Control of the Military in the United States TodayǡͷͷǤǤͻȂͷͻȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ         ͷ

–‘†ƒ›ǡƒ”‡ƒ”‡ ‹’‡ˆ‘”’ƒ”ƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†ƒŽŽ•‘”–•‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡƒ”‡ ‹’‡ˆ‘” ‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† †‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ „—†‰‡– •‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‘•–„Žƒ–ƒ–‡šƒ’Ž‡ ƒ† —•–•ƒ›‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ —•‡ƒ†ƒ„—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹•–”—‰‰Ž‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ† ‘‰”‡••Ǥ  ‹˜‹†‡† ƒ† •Šƒ”‡† ’‘™‡” ’‡”‹–• –Š‡ ‡–ƒ‰‘ –‘ ’Žƒ› –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ƒ†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡„”ƒ Š‡•‘ˆˆƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǡ•‘‡–Š‹‰ ˆ”‡“—‡–•‹ ‡‘”Ž†ƒ” Ǥ•‘‡• Š‘Žƒ”™”‘–‡ƒ››‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ DzŠ‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•ƒ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘–‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡dz‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰ ƒˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ͵‘‰”‡••Šƒ•‡š Ž—•‹˜‡’‘™‡”–‘†‡ ‹†‡—’‘™ƒ”ǡ„—–Šƒ• †‡ Žƒ”‡† ™ƒ” ‹ ‘Ž› ˆ‹˜‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –• –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘—–”› Šƒ• ˆ‘—‰Š– ƒ›‘”‡–‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ–ƒ††‡’Ž‘›‡†ˆ‘” ‡•‹–‘ ‘„ƒ–†‘œ‡• ‘ˆ –‹‡• ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ ƒ”‡Ž› †‘‡• ‘‰”‡•• ™‹‡Ž† –Š‡ ™Š‹’ Šƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’—”•‡‘ƒŒ‘”‹••—‡•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ˆ—†‹‰‘ˆƒ™ƒ”ǤŠ‡ ‹‡–ƒƒ”‹ͳͻ͹͵–Š”‘—‰Šͳͻ͹ͷƒ†•—’’‘”–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘–”ƒ• ‹‹ ƒ”ƒ‰—ƒ‹–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ•ƒ”‡–™‘‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǡ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”„‡‹‰•‘ ”ƒ”‡Ǥ  Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ƒǯ– ‡˜‡ ƒ’’‘‹– ‘” ’”‘‘–‡ ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” ‘” ƒ‡–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆŠ‹• ‘‹–Š‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ–ƒˆˆ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡ ‘•‡–‘ˆ –Š‡‡ƒ–‡Ǥ—–Š‘™‘ˆ–‡‹•–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–†‡‹‡†ǫŠ‡”‡•‹†‡–‹• ‘ƒ†‡” ‹ Š‹‡ˆǡ „—–ǡ –‹‡ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ Š‡ Šƒ• Šƒ† –‘ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡ ™‹–ŠŠ‹•‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹‘”†‡”–‘‰‡–Š‹•™ƒ›ǡƒ•”‡•‹†‡– ‡‘”‰‡ Ǥ —•Š ˆ‡Ž– Š‡ Šƒ† –‘ †‘ –‘ ‰‡– Š‹• Š‹‡ˆ• –‘ ƒ‰”‡‡ –‘ –Š‡ •—”‰‡ ‹ ”ƒ“ ‹ ʹͲͲ͸ǡ Ž‡•– –Š‡› ‘’’‘•‡‹– ‘” —†‡”‹‡ ‹–‹ •‘‡ ™ƒ›ǤͶ”‡•‹†‡–•‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›†—”‹‰–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”‹ ‘”†‡”–‘‰‡–‹––‘ƒ‰”‡‡–‘ƒ”•Ǧ ‘–”‘Ž–”‡ƒ–‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‘˜‹‡–••‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ–‡ ™‘—Ž† ”ƒ–‹ˆ› –Š‘•‡ –”‡ƒ–‹‡•Ǥ ”Ǥ „ƒƒ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡

͵Ǥ   Ǥ ƒ† ǡ War, Presidents, and the Constitutionǡ ͳͺ       ͷͳ͵ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǢ Š”‹•–‘’Š‡” Ǥ ‡‡”‹‰ǡ Congress, the President, and Military Policyǡ         ͳ͵͸ȂͶ͹ȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ ͶǤǡ   ǣ   ʹͲͲ͸ȂʹͲͲͺǡʹͺ͸Ȃ ͺͻ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǢ   Ǥ  ǡ      ͵͹ͷȂ͹ͺ ȋʹͲͳͲȌǢ  Ǥ ǡ The Right to Right: Civil-Military Relations and the Iraq Surge Decisionǡ ͵ͷ ǯ  ȋʹͲͳͳȌͺͻȂͳʹͶǤ ͸     

ˆ‰Šƒ•—”‰‡™‹–ŠŠ‹•‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ ‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡”‡’‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‘ǯ–•ǡ ‘ǯ–‡ŽŽǤ ––‘‘Š‹ƒŽ‘•––™‘›‡ƒ”•‹–‘Š‹•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ‹–•— ‡‡†‡†‘Ž›‹–Š‡†‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Š–ǡ‹ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•‡••‹‘‘ˆƒ Žƒ‡Ǧ†— ‘‰”‡••‹ʹͲͳͲǤ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–™ƒ•‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‘’‡‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰”‘—† ‘„ƒ– –‘ ™‘‡Ǥ  –”—–Šǡ –Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ‹‘ˆ ‘ƒ†–Šƒ–‰”ƒ ‡–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆƒŽŽ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”• ‘—‰Š––‘‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡ƒ’‹–‘Ž„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ƒ‡˜‡Ž‡˜‡Ž™‹–Š–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ  Šƒ– Šƒ• ƒ†‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ™‘” Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ǡ ‹ › Œ—†‰‡–ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘—”ˆƒ –‘”•‹‡”‹ ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǣˆ‹”•–ǡ”‡˜‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ › ‘ˆ Žƒ™ –Šƒ– —†‡”‰‹”†• ‘—” •‘ ‹‡–›Ǣ•‡ ‘†ǡ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘—”‘’‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡† —•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ†‹‰‹Ž‹–ƒ”›—–‹Ž–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”™‹–Š‹–• — Ž‡ƒ”™‡ƒ’‘•ƒ†–Š‡‹”†‡Ž‹˜‡”›„›ƒ‹”ǡ™Š‹ Š‡”ƒ•‡†‘—”‘ ‡ƒ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǣ–Š‹”†ǡ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘ƒ’‘Ž‹ ›‘ˆ‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘—•‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡ •‘Ž†‹‡”•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‹Ž‹–‹ƒ•ƒ†˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•ˆ‘”™ƒ”ǡƒ†Žƒ–‡” ‘• ”‹’–‹‘Ǣƒ†ˆ‘—”–Šǡ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹–•‡Žˆǡ‹–• ™‹ŽŽ‹‰•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ ‘”‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘‘ˆƒ”•‹–Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•Ǥ —– ƒŽŽ ˆ‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ –‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ™‡ƒ‡‡† –‘ ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‘” Ž‡••‡” ‡š–‡– ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– •‡˜‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡›ǯ˜‡ ƒŽŽ ‘‡—†‡”•–”ƒ‹Ǥ  ‘— ƒ”‡ Žƒ™›‡”•Ǥ ‘— ‘™ Š‘™ Žƒ™›‡”• ƒ”‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ – ‰‘‡• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ™ƒ› „ƒ  ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –‘ Šƒ‡•’‡ƒ”‡ ƒ ™‡ƒ‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘”Žƒ™ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ† Œ—†‰‡•ǡ‹‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›Ǣ–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‹‰‘ˆ”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡—’”‡‡‘—”–ǡ ƒ•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†‘•–”‡ ‡–Ž›‹’‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒˆ–‡”•‘‡‘ˆ‹–•†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥƒ™ǡ Žƒ™›‡”•ǡ Œ—†‰‡•ǡ –Š‡ Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ •›•–‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‡”‘†‡† ‹ ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ† ”‡•’‡ –ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›•‹ ‡–Š‡ƒ””‡‘—”–ƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘‹–‹ –Š‡ͳͻͷͲ•Ǥ  Š‡ •‡ ‘† ™‡ƒ‡‡† ’‹ŽŽƒ” ‘ˆ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ •–ƒ†‹‰ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ •‹œ‡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”Ǥ ”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–•†‹‹—–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡†—‡–‘ –Š‡‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒˆ‡–›‘ˆ‘—”‘ ‡ƒ„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•„›–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–         ͹

‘ˆ— Ž‡ƒ”™‡ƒ’‘•ƒ†ƒ‹”’‘™‡” ‹”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‡ƒ’‘• –Šƒ–™‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•‹˜‡–‡†Ǥ  Š‹”† ‘ˆ ƒŽŽǡ ‹–‹œ‡ •‘Ž†‹‡”•Ǥ ‘™ ƒ› ‹ ‘—” •‘ ‹‡–› ”‡ƒŽŽ› —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ •‡”˜‡ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ•ǫ ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —ƒ”†ƒ†–Š‡‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡› ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹–‹œ‡ •‘Ž†‹‡”•ǡ ƒ”‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‡Ž› ’”‘—† ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ ƒ† ™Š‡ ™‡ •—”˜‡›‡† –Š‡‹” ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ƒ––‹–—†‡•ǡ ‘’‹‹‘•ǡƒ†’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ™‡ˆ‘—†–Š‡–‘„‡Šƒ”†Ž›ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥͷ‡Šƒ˜‡‘’‘Ž‹ ›‘ˆ‘„‹ŽǦ ‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‹••‘ ‹‡–›ƒ›‘”‡Ǣ™Š‡™‡–ƒŽƒ„‘—–‘„‹Ž‹œ‹‰–Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ ™‡ ‡ƒ –Š‡ ƒŽŽǦ—’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•‡”˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —ƒ”†Ǥ‡ǯ”‡‘––ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–‘„‹Ž‹œ‹‰‘—”•‘•ƒ††ƒ—‰Š–‡”• ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ–‡Ǧ‘”–™‡–›Ǧ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǧ’‡”•‘‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ  †ˆ‘—”–Š‘ˆƒŽŽǡ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹–•‡Žˆ –‘ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž –Šƒ–ǡ–‘‘ǡŠƒ•™‡ƒ‡‡†Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ‘—”’‘ŽŽ‹‰†ƒ–ƒ •Š‘™•‹–ǤŠ‡‡–‹”‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•—„• ”‹„‡•–‘ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Žǡ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡• ‹ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘ŽǢ„—–Ž‹‡–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ –Š‘•‡‹–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •‘‡–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ƒ†ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘ˆ‘•–‡”‹–ƒ†•—’’‘”–‹–Ǥ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ƒ”‡† •‡”˜‹ ‡• ƒ• ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•–Šƒ–ȄƒŽŽ–Š”‘—‰Š‡”‹ ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ„—–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡ Žƒ•––™‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ȅ†‘—†‡”‹‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘ŽǤ͸  ‘™ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ƒ› ƒ––‡’– –‘ ‘˜‡”–Š”‘™ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹• —–Š‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ‘Ž›ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ’Žƒ—•‹„Ž‡• ‡ƒ”‹‘• Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡” „‡‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†–Šƒ–’‘•‡†–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘˜‡”–Š”‘™ǡƒ†–Š‡›ǯ”‡ ˆƒ”ˆ‡– Š‡†Ǥ͹  ‘—” •›•–‡ǡ ’‘™‡” ƒ† ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ”‡ –‘‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ǡ

ͷǤŽ‡Ǥ ‘Ž•–‹ǡOf Chasms and Convergences: Attitudes and Beliefs of Civilians and Military Elites at the Start of a New Millennium,‹    ǣ   Ȃ       ʹͺǡ͵͵ǡ͵ͷ͵ͺȂ͵ͻǡͶͺȂͶͻǡͷʹȂͷͶǡͷͷǡͷͺǡ ͸Ͳǡ͸ͳǡ͸Ͷǡ͸ͷǡ͸͹ǡ͸ͺȂ͸ͻǡ͹ͳǡ͹ʹȂ͹͵ǡ͹͸Ȃ͹͹ǡ͹ͺȂ͹ͻǡͺͳǡͺ͵ǡͺ͸Ȃͺ͹ǡͺͺǡͺͻǡͻͳȋ‡–‡” Ǥ ‡ƒ˜‡”Ƭ‹ Šƒ”† Ǥ‘Šǡ‡†•ǤȌȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ ͸Ǥ ǡsupra‘–‡ʹǡ ƒ–ʹ͵Ȃ͵͵ǢǤ ǡǣ ǡ ǡ   Ȃ   ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ͹Ǥ   ƒ†  Ǥ   ǡ     ȋͳͻ͸ʹȌǢ   Ǥ ǡ ǡOrigins of the American Coup of 2012ǡʹʹȋͳͻͻʹȌʹȂʹͲǤ ͺ     

†‹˜‹†‡†ǡ •Šƒ”‡†ǡ ƒ† †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒ‘‰•– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ‘––‘•’‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ –‘”–‘ƒ – ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›ƒ†–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ–ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ ˆ›‘—Ž‘‘ ƒ––Š‡™ƒ›‡”‹ ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ”‡•–”— –—”‡†ǡ‘„‘†› ”‡ƒŽŽ› ‘–”‘Ž• ƒ›–Š‹‰ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ—•‡• ‘•–ƒ– –‡•‹‘ǡ •—•’‹ ‹‘ǡ ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‘—–”‹‰Š– ‘ˆŽ‹ – ‹ ƒ› ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ǥ  ‘™ǡ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ –•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ”‡˜‘Ž– Šƒ• ‘– ’”‡˜‡–‡† ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹ƒ ‡ ‘” ”‡‰—Žƒ” ‹•–ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ‡˜ƒ•‹‘ǡ ‘” ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘ „› –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ƒ†ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ„›–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ ”‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰ǡ „‡‡ƒ–Š •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ”ƒ”‡Ž› „‡‡ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ –”—•– –Šƒ– ƒ‡• ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ™‘” ‹ ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ˆƒ•Š‹‘Ǥ ‘‰”‡•• ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘”• †‹•–”—•–‡† ‡‘”‰‡ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ”›–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ƒ”ˆ‘” †‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” ‘”’• –‡‡–‡”‡† ‘ –Š‡ „”‹ ‘ˆ ‘—–”‹‰Š– —–‹›Ǥ Š‡ †”‡™ ƒ •‘ ™ƒ• ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ƒ ”‡‰—Žƒ” ”› ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ƒ” ‘ˆͳͺͳʹǡ Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† –Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ƒ” ƒ† ™‹’‡†‘—–ƒ †‹ƒ–”‹„‡‹ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‰ƒ ”‹•‹•–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘ –Š‡’—” Šƒ•‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰–‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡‡š‹ ƒ ƒ”ǡ ƒ‡• Ǥ ‘Ž •‘ †‹•–”—•–‡† Š‹• Š‹‡ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ‹ˆ‹‡Ž†  ‘––ǡ –Šƒ– ‘Ž ƒ –‡† ƒ• Š‹• ‘™ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ƒ” ƒ† ™ƒ– Š‡†  ‘–– Ž‘•‡Ž›Ǥ ‘” Š‹• ’ƒ”–ǡ  ‘–– Šƒ† „‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡ › –™‹ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͺͶͲ•ǡ –Š‡ ‹ ͳͺͷʹ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ™”‡•–‡† –Š‡ Š‹‰ ’ƒ”–› ‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ Š‹• ‘ƒ†‡” ƒ† Š‹‡ˆǡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘ ƒ –‹˜‡ †—–› ƒ• ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ƒ† †—”‹‰ –™‘ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‘ƒ†‹‰ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡”›Ǥ  —”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ”ǡ –Š‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡• ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ˆ‘—‰Š– ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ‘˜‡”—‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘–‡•–‡†”—ƒǯ•„—†‰‡–Ž‹‹–•ǤŠ‡ƒ†‹”ƒŽ• ”‡˜‘Ž–‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǯ• ƒ ‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—’‡” ƒ””‹‡” United States ‹ ͳͻͶͻǡ ƒ Žƒ•Š –Šƒ– ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •ƒ ‹‰•Ǥ ‹•‡Š‘™‡” ”‡’Žƒ ‡† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ Š‹• Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ Š‡ ”› Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’—†‡”Š‹ƒ––‡’–‡†‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰•Š‘”–‘ˆ‘’‡”‡˜‘Ž––‘         ͻ

—†‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǯ• ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ƒ‹”ǡ ƒ˜ƒŽǡ ƒ† — Ž‡ƒ” ™‡ƒ’‘•Ǥ Š‹•Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”‹‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ‹•‡Š‘™‡” ‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‹”‹‰Š‹• ‹” ‘” ‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ–‘‡’‘‹–ǡŠ‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ•‘‡‘ˆŠ‹• •‡‹‘”‹Ž‹–ƒ”› Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Dz†ƒ ‡ƒ” –”‡ƒ•‘Ǥdzͺ ‡‡†›ǡ –‘‘ǡŠƒ† –‘ ˆ‹”‡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ† ‘’’‘•‡† ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ‡ˆ‡•‡‘„‡”– ƒƒ”ƒ‹Š‹•”‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ ƒ†„—†‰‡–’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ǤŠ‡„ƒ†„Ž‘‘†„‡–™‡‡ ƒƒ”ƒƒ†–Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ–‡†ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‹‡–ƒ ƒ” „—– ‡• ƒŽƒ–‡† †”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› †—”‹‰–Šƒ– ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǡ•’”‡ƒ†‹‰‹–‘–Š‡‹š‘›‡ƒ”•™‹–Šƒ”‡•‹†‡– ™Š‘•‘†‹•–”—•–‡†–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡƒ†–Š‡›Š‹ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ–‘‡’‘‹––Š‡ ‘‹–Š‹‡ˆǯ•Šƒ‹”ƒ‘”†‡”‡†ƒƒ˜››‡‘ƒ–‘”‹ˆŽ‡–Š”‘—‰Š ‡”› ‹••‹‰‡”ǯ•‰ƒ”„ƒ‰‡–‘ˆ‹†‘—–™Šƒ–™ƒ•‰‘‹‰‘Ǥ  ”‘–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǯ•”‡˜‘Ž–‘˜‡”‘’‡Š‘‘•‡š—ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡‹–Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻͻͲ• –Š”‘—‰Š ‘ƒŽ† —•ˆ‡Ž†ǯ• ™ƒ” ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –Šƒ•ˆŽƒ”‡†”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–‘‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘˜‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹ –Š‡ ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ ƒ” ˆ”‘ ‹–• „‡‰‹‹‰ ‹ ʹͲͲͳ –‘ –Š‡ †”ƒ™†‘™ –Šƒ– „‡‰ƒ ‹ ʹͲͳͳǤ Š‡ ‘•– ‘•‹•–‡– ‘ˆŽ‹ – ƒ† —–—ƒŽ ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘˜‡” „—†‰‡–•Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” –‘Ž† ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͻͲ•–Šƒ–Š‹•Œ‘„‹Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‹ƒ‹•‘™ƒ•–‘‰‘—’‘ƒ’‹–‘Ž ‹ŽŽ ƒ† ”‡•–‘”‡ –™‘ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ †‘ŽŽƒ”• –‘ Š‹• •‡”˜‹ ‡ǯ• „—†‰‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ‡ˆ‡•‡Šƒ† —–‘—–Ǥ  –ǯ•„‡‡„‡––‡”‹–Š‡Žƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ„—––Š‹•‹†‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹• ‡†‡‹ ǡ’ƒ”–Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡‘‰”‡••ƒ†–Š‡’”‡••ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•–”›‹‰–‘ Ž—”‡–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹–‘‡š’”‡••‹‰†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š‹–•’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ‘” ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› –‘ Š‘‘•‡ ™‘”†• ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹ –‡•–‹‘›ǤŠ‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›™‹–‡••‡•†‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡•— Š ƒ—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡›ǯ”‡ •‘‡–‹‡• ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ Ž›‹‰ ‘” Š‘Ž†‹‰ „ƒ  –Š‡‹” ”‡ƒŽ ˜‹‡™• ƒ† Œ—†‰‡–Ǣ ƒ† ‹ˆ –Š‡› †‘ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† ˆ‘” —†‡”‹‹‰ –Š‡‹” „‘••‡•ǡ ‡”ƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡Ǥ ‘ –Š‡•‡‹‘” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹ ‘—”•›•–‡‹•†ƒ‡†‡‹–Š‡”™ƒ›ǤŠ‡ —””‡– Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹– Š‹‡ˆ• ‘ˆ –ƒˆˆǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ”–‹ ‡’•‡›ǡ Šƒ• •‘‡–‹‡• „‡‡

ͺǤ Ǥǡ     ǡͳͻͷ͸Ȃͳͻ͸Ͳǡ͹͹ͷǡͶ         ȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ ͳͲ     

ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒ ‡‘ ”ƒ– ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ™Š‡ •—’’‘”–‹‰ –Š‡ Š‹–‡ ‘—•‡ƒ†Œ—•–”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ‹‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶǡŠƒ•„‡‡™‹†‡Ž›„ƒ•Š‡† ˆ‘” ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‰ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡‡–• ȋ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ †‹† ‘– †‘Ȍ‘ —•‹‰ ‰”‘—† –”‘‘’• –‘ ‘„ƒ– –Š‡ •Žƒ‹  –ƒ–‡ ‹ ”ƒ“ ƒ† ›”‹ƒǤ ‘— ƒ› ”‡‡„‡” ‡‡”ƒŽ ‡–”ƒ‡—• –‡•–‹ˆ›‹‰ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘—•‡ ƒ†‡ƒ–‡‹‡’–‡„‡”‘ˆʹͲͲ͹ƒˆ–‡”Š‡–‘‘‘˜‡”‹–Š‡—”‰‡ǡƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡Ǥ‘”‰ ƒ —•‡† Š‹ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ‡‡”ƒŽ Dz‡–”ƒ›•ǤdzŠ‡ ‡‘ ”ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‘ Š‹• ƒ•‡ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› –‘•‡‡‹ˆ –Š‡”‡™ƒ•†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–„‡–™‡‡Š‹ƒ†–Š‡—•Š†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –™ƒ• •‘„ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ†‹†‘– Ž‡ƒ”Š‹•–‡•–‹‘›™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹–‡ ‘—•‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Šƒ– ‹–•‡Žˆ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ —†‡”‹‡† Š‹• ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥͻ ƒ›‘—‹ƒ‰‹‡–Šƒ–ǫŠ‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ”‹ ”ƒ“ ƒǯ– ‡˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”Š‹•–‡•–‹‘›™‹–ŠŠ‹•„‘••ǫ –™ƒ•ƒƒƒœ‹‰‹†‘ˆ • ‡‡ǡƒ†‹–Šƒ•„‡‡”‡’‡ƒ–‡†‹‹‘”™ƒ›•ˆ‘”ƒ››‡ƒ”•Ǥ  ‘™ǡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ”‡–—”‡† –Š‹• †‹•–”—•–Ǥ  ‡ ‘—‰Žƒ• ƒ ”–Š—”ǡ –Š‡ ”› Š‹‡ˆ ƒ– –Š‡ †‡’–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ”‡ ‘—–‡†‹Š‹•‡‘‹”•–Šƒ–Š‡„‡ ƒ‡•‘ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‡† ‹ƒ‡‡–‹‰ƒ––Š‡Š‹–‡ ‘—•‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ƒ” ȋ„‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– Šƒ† ƒ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ‡ˆ‡•‡Ȍǡ –Šƒ– Š‡ǡ ƒ ”–Š—”ǡ Dzȏ•Ȑ’‘‡ ”‡ Ž‡••Ž› ƒ† •ƒ‹† •‘‡–Š‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ ––Šƒ–™Š‡™‡Ž‘•––Š‡‡š–™ƒ”ƒ†ƒ‡”‹ ƒ„‘›Ž›‹‰‹–Š‡ —†™‹–Šƒ‡‡›„ƒ›‘‡––Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹•„‡ŽŽ›ƒ†ƒ‡‡›ˆ‘‘–‘ Š‹•†›‹‰–Š”‘ƒ–•’ƒ–‘—–Š‹•Žƒ•– —”•‡ǡ ™ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ‡‘––‘„‡ ƒ ”–Š—” „—– ‘‘•‡˜‡Ž–ǤdzͳͲ ‘‘•‡˜‡Ž–ǡ Dzȏ‰Ȑ”‡™ Ž‹˜‹†ǡdz ƒ ”–Š—” ”‡‡„‡”‡†Ǥ DzǮ‘— —•– ‘– –ƒŽ –Šƒ– ™ƒ› –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡǯdz ȏ‘‘•‡˜‡Ž–Ȑ”‘ƒ”‡†Ǥdzͳͳƒ ”–Š—””‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›–Š‡–”—–Š ‘ˆ –Šƒ–ǡ •ƒ‹† Š‡ ™ƒ• •‘””›ǡ ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† Š‹• ”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘‘•‡˜‡Ž–‹Š‹• ƒ˜ƒŽ‹‡”™ƒ›„”—•Š‡†‘ˆˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”‘ˆ”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ƒ ”–Š—”Ž‡ˆ–™‹–Š–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆƒ”ƒ†˜‘‹–‡†‘–Š‡Š‹–‡

ͻǤ ǡ supra ‘–‡ Ͷǡ ͵ͺͷȂͺͺǢ   Ǥ  ǡ   ǣ          ǡʹͲͲ͸ȂʹͲͲͺǡʹͶ͵ȂͷͳȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ ͳͲǤ  ǡ  ͳͲͳȋͳͻ͸ͶȌǤ ͳͳǤIdǤ         ͳͳ

‘—•‡ •–‡’•Ǥ ƒ ”–Š—” ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡† –Šƒ– ‘‘•‡˜‡Ž– ‡˜‡” ƒ‰ƒ‹ ‘•—Ž–‡† Š‹ ‘ ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‘ˆ •—„•–ƒ ‡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ƒ ”–Š—” ”‡ƒ‹‡† Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ –ƒˆˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”› ƒ† „‡ ƒ‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘—” ƒŒ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‡” ‘ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ‘”Ž†ƒ” Ǥ  ‡•‹‘ƒ††‹•–”—•– ‘–‹—‡†‘™–‘–‘†ƒ›Ǥ –Š‡Žƒ•––™‘ †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ ƒ •—”’”‹•‹‰ —„‡” ‘ˆ ˆ‘—”Ǧ•–ƒ” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‘”™‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘”‡–‹”‡‡ƒ”Ž› –Š”‡‡Š‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ–ƒˆˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹” ‘” ‡ǡƒ‘ƒ†‹‰ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”›”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‘ –”‹‡ ‘ƒ†ǡ ƒ —’”‡‡ ŽŽ‹‡† ‘ƒ†‡” ‹ —”‘’‡ ȋȌǡ ƒ ‘ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ƒ†ǡ ƒ ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ‹” ‘” ‡ ‘ƒ†‡”ǡ ƒ† –™‘ ‘ƒ†‡”• ‹ ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒǤ —•– Žƒ•– •’”‹‰ ƒ‡ –Š‡ Ž—•› ”‡–‹”‡‡– ƒ ˆ‡™ ‘–Š• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‡†ƒ”› ƒ”‹‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ‡• ƒ––‹•Ǥ  ͳͻͻͷǡ ‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘‹––‡†•—‹ ‹†‡™Š‹Ž‡‘ƒ –‹˜‡†—–›‹–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ –Š‡ ‡‘”‰‡Ǥ —•Š†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŠƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹–Š‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ–ƒˆˆ™ƒ•‘– ”‡‡™‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•‡ ‘†–™‘Ǧ›‡ƒ”–‡”Ǥ   ƒ•‡† ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ ™Š‘ ™”‘–‡ ƒ „‘‘ ‘ –Š‡ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡ˆ‡•‡ǡƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹ͳͻͶ͹ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ›‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Šƒ†‡˜‡” ‡„ƒ”‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ –”—•–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ ‡ •ƒ‹† ‘Ǥͳʹ ‡‘ ƒ‡––ƒǡ ”Ǥ „ƒƒǯ• ˆ‹”•–   †‹”‡ –‘” ƒ† •‡ ‘† ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ ‡ˆ‡•‡ǡ –‘Ž† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š‹–‡ ‘—•‡ ‹ ʹͲͲͻǡ Dz‘ ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ”‡•‹†‡– ƒ‰‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†˜‹ ‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆŠ‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘” ‹–Ǥdzƒ‡––ƒǯ•ƒ––‹–—†‡™ƒ•ǡDz‘Œ—•–†‘‹–Ǥ‘™Šƒ––Š‡›•ƒ›Ǥdzͳ͵  ˜‡•‘ǡ‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ǯ•„‡‡‡‘—‰Š†‹˜‹•‹˜‡‡••–‘ƒ‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ “—‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ǡ •‘‡–‹‡• –‘ –Š‡ †‡–”‹‡– ‘ˆ •‘—† ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰Ǥ ”Ǥ ƒ–‡• ”‡ ƒŽŽ•‹Š‹•‡‘‹”–Šƒ–ƒ–‘‡’‘‹– ‡‡”ƒŽ‡–”ƒ‡—••ƒ‹†Dz™‹–Š ŠƒŽˆƒ Š— Ž‡ǡǮ‘—‘™  ‘—Ž†ƒ‡›‘—”Ž‹ˆ‡‹•‡”ƒ„Ž‡ǤǯdzͳͶ ƒ–‡•

ͳʹǤŠ‹•‡š Šƒ‰‡™‹–ŠŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ–‡˜‡•‘ǡƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ    ǣ   Ȃ       ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ƒ†  ǣ          ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ–‘‘’Žƒ ‡ƒ–‡•–‘‹–ƒ––Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡• ‡’ƒ”–‡–‡‹‘”‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹ —‡ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ ͳ͵Ǥ‘‘†™ƒ”†ǡsupra‘–‡Ͷǡƒ–ʹͶ͹Ǥ ͳͶǤǤ ǡǣ  ͸ͺȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ ͳʹ     

™ƒ• •–”—  „› –Š‡ Š‡‡‹‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ”ǡ „—– ƒ› ‘„•‡”˜‡” ‘ˆ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†ƒ‰”‡‡–Šƒ–™Šƒ–‡–”ƒ‡—••ƒ‹†™ƒ•–”—‡ǡ Š‡ ˜‡”› ˆƒ – –Šƒ– Š‡ ™‘—Ž† •ƒ› ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– –Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ ”‡•‹†‡– „ƒƒ Šƒ† –‘Ž† ƒ–‡•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹†•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ Dz ǯ –‹”‡† ‘ˆ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥdzͳͷ ‘”‡” ‘‰”‡••ƒ ‹ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǡ –Š‡ •‘ ƒ† ‰”ƒ†•‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”› ‰‡‡”ƒŽ• ƒ† Š‹•‡Žˆ ƒ †‡ ‘”ƒ–‡† ‘„ƒ– ˜‡–‡”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡–ƒ ™ƒ”ǡ•—‡†‹–—’‹––Š‹•™ƒ›ǣDzŠ‘•‡‘ˆ—•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† „‘–Š •‹†‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ •‡‡ ƒ ™‹†‡ ‰—Žˆ ‘ˆ ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ†‹•Ž‹‡ǡƒ††‹•–”—•–ǤǤǤǤdzͳ͸

Myth #3: A Bright Line  –Š‹”†›–Š‹•–Šƒ–ƒ Ž‡ƒ”„”‹‰Š–Ž‹‡‡š‹•–•„‡–™‡‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•†‡ ‹†‡’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†ƒ‡„‹‰ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ‘ „—†‰‡–•ǡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ǡ •–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†˜‹•‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡š‡ —–‡•Ǥ‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„Ž‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒˆˆƒ‹”•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹––Š‹•™ƒ›ǣDzŠ‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǯ•˜‹‡™‹•ǡ–‡ŽŽ—• ™Š‡”‡›‘—™ƒ––‘‰‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡†”‹˜‹‰–‘—•Ǥdzͳ͹Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‹• –Šƒ– –Š‹• Šƒ• ‡˜‡” „‡‡ ‡”‹ ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‹– ‹•ǯ– –‘†ƒ›Ǥˆ–‡ǡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•†‘ǯ–‘™™Šƒ––Š‡‹”‰‘ƒŽ•”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡› †‘ǡ–Š‡›™ƒ––‘‘™ƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡’”‹ ‡‹„Ž‘‘†ƒ† –”‡ƒ•—”‡„‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ†•‘–Šƒ––Š‡› ƒ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘•–Ȃ„‡‡ˆ‹–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”–Š‡›™ƒ–ƒ••—”ƒ ‡•‘ˆ•— ‡••Ǥ ˆ–Š‡›†‘ǯ–‰‡–‘‡‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡” ȋ‘”„‘–ŠȌǡ‘”‹ˆ–Š‡›”‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒ•™‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†˜‹•‡”•–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ —†—Ž› Š‡†‰‡†ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ƒ›ǡ ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ˜‡ǡ Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡƒ†—’”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž›ǤŠƒ–†‘›‘—

ͳͷǤIdǤƒ–͵ͺʹǤ ͳ͸ǤForewordǡ   Ȃ   ǣ     ǡƒ–šȋ—œƒ‡Ǥ‹‡Ž•‡Ƭ‘Ǥ‹†‡”ǡ‡†•ǤȌȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ „‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹‡•ƒ– Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰‘˜–”ƒ Ǥ—•Ȁ ‘‰”‡••Ȁ‡„‡”•ȀŒƒ‡•̴ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽȀͶͲͲʹͷͶƒ†Š––’ǣȀȀ ‡Ǥ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ™‹‹Ȁ ‹̴ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ̴ȋ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ̴’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒȌ ͳ͹Ǥ ƒ‡•‹–ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡNational Journalǡ‡ƒ”•ƒ––Š‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ‹”•–‹˜‹•‹‘—•‡—ǡƒ–‹‰›ǡŠ‡ƒ–‘ǡ ŽŽǤȋ –Ǥʹ͹ȂʹͻǡͳͻͻͻȌǤ  ƒ––‡†‡†–Š‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ†™ƒ••–”— „›–Š‡‹•‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‡–Ǥ         ͳ͵

–Š‹ –Šƒ– †‘‡• –‘ ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘ƒ†‡” ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” •— ‡••ǡ Šƒ˜‹‰Š‹•–‘”›Ž‘‘‹‰‘˜‡”Š‹••Š‘—Ž†‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘” –Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ†‘—”‰”ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡ǫ   Š‹• ”ƒ“ ”‡’‘”–ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‡‘”‰‡ ƒ•‡›ǡ ™Š‘ –‘‘ ‘˜‡” ‹ ʹͲͲͶǡ ”‡‡„‡”‡† ‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  †‹”‡ –‹˜‡• ˆ”‘ Š‹• ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ „‘••‡• ™Š‡Š‡–‘‘ ‘ƒ†Ǥ ‡Šƒ†–‘”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠ‹•‘™‹••‹‘‹ ”ƒ“ ˆ”‘ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ •’‡‡ Š‡•ǡ ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” †‘ —‡–•ǡ ƒ† ˆ”‘ ‡‡–‹‰•™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡†‹†‘–”‡ ƒŽŽƒˆ‘—”Ǧ’ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ •‘‡ –‡ ‰‘ƒŽ• –Šƒ– Š‹• •—’‡”‹‘” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǡ –Š‡  ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ƒ† ‘ƒ†‡”ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘Š„‹œƒ‹†ǡŠƒ†‰‹˜‡Š‹ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•„‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ•‡› ƒ† „‹œƒ‹† ™‡”‡ •‘ Ž‘•‡ –Š‡› –ƒŽ‡† ‡˜‡”› †ƒ› ƒ† –Š‡‹” Ž‘•‡ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‡–„ƒ ›‡ƒ”• –Šƒ–Š‡™‘—Ž† ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ”‡‡„‡” •— Š ƒ †‘ —‡–Ǥͳͺ —– Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ™ƒ• ‘– ——•—ƒŽǤ Dz‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  Ž‡˜‡Ž Šƒ† –ƒ—‰Š–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”—’›‘—‰‘ǡ–Š‡Ž‡••‰—‹†ƒ ‡›‘—”‡ ‡‹˜‡Ǥdzͳͻ  ‘‹‰ „ƒ  ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ –Š‡ „‡•– ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹•Œ— –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ† ‹–• ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘˜‡”•‡‡”™ƒ• ‹ ‘Žǯ• •–ƒ”–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž ƒ” ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‰ ‹ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘––ǯ•ƒ ‘†ƒ’ŽƒǤŠ‡‡š–›‡ƒ”ǡŠ‡ Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ” ˆ”‘ Œ—•– ”‡•–‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‘ ƒ† †‡ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘—–Š‡” ƒ”‹‡• –‘ ”—•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ › ƒ† ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‹‰ •Žƒ˜‡”›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ ‘– ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ”› ‘’’‘•‡† –Š‡Ǥ ‹ ‘Ž ™ƒ• •‘‡–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ –‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’Š ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ ‘”†‡”‹‰–”‘‘’•ƒ”‘—†Š‹•‡Žˆƒ†–‡ŽŽ‹‰Š‹• ‘ƒ†‡”•™Šƒ––‘ †‘Ǥ˜‡ƒˆ–‡”Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ‡‡”ƒŽ ”ƒ–ƒ•Š‹• Š‹‡ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” –Š‡ƒ–‡”ǡ ‹ ‘Ž Šƒ† Š‹• ‘™ ƒ‰‡–– ƒ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ •’› ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ –– –”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰™‹–Š ”ƒ–ƒ†”‡’‘”–‹‰‘™Šƒ– ”ƒ–™ƒ•†‘‹‰ ƒ† –Š‹‹‰Ǥ ”ƒ– ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ”–‡•– ‰‡‡”ƒŽ• ‹ ‡”‹ ƒ

ͳͺǤ   Ǥ  ǡ     ǣ   IRAQI   ʹͲͲͶǦ  ʹͲͲ͹ǡ ͸Ȃͳͺ ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ  ”‡ƒ† ƒ †”ƒˆ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‘‹” ƒ– ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ•‡›̵• ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‹• —••‡† –Š‡ ƒ—• ”‹’– ‹ ’‡”•‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘˜‡” –™‘ Š‘—”•Ǥ ͳͻǤIdǤƒ–͸Ǥ ͳͶ     

Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ ‡ ™‡Ž ‘‡† –Šƒ– ’‡”•‘ ƒ† ™ƒ• –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– ƒ† ˆ”ƒ ™‹–ŠŠ‹ǤʹͲ   ‡–—”› ƒ† ƒ ŠƒŽˆ Žƒ–‡”ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ –ƒŽ‡›  Š”›•–ƒŽ ”‡‡„‡”‡† ‡‡–‹‰ ‘Ž› ‘ ‡ ™‹–Š ”‡•‹†‡– „ƒƒ „‡ˆ‘”‡ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ˆ‘”ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒǡƒ†‹–Šƒ–‡‡–‹‰not†‹• —••‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ‡‡”ƒŽ  Š”›•–ƒŽǯ• ƒ••‡••‡– ™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ‡†ǡ ”‡•‹†‡– „ƒƒ Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ƒ† –Š‡ –‹‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ”Ǥʹͳ  ‘™ǡ›‘—•ƒ›–‘›‘—”•‡ŽˆǡŠ‹•‹•”‹†‹ —Ž‘—•Ǥ ‘™ ƒ›‘—”— ƒ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ž‹‡–Š‹•ǫ‘—•–‘’ƒ†–Š‹ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ––Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ — Ž‡ƒ” ™‡ƒ’‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ” †‹† ‹ —††Ž‹‰ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒȂ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„›ˆ—”–Š‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–‘ˆ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ƒ˜‡ƒ›‘ˆ›‘—‡˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡‘˜‹‡Dr. Strangeloveǫ‘›‘— ”‡‡„‡”–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ— —”‰‹†•‘ǫŠ‡‹’‘•‹–‹‘„› ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ• ‘ˆ ‹–”—•‹˜‡ ”—Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† †”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š— Ž‡ƒ”™‡ƒ’‘•Ǥ ǯŽŽ‰‹˜‡›‘—ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ™Š›Ǥ  ƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡‘”‡ƒƒ”ǡ‹ͳͻͷͲǡˆ‘—”‹” ‘” ‡Œ‡–••‡–‘—––‘ „‘„ ƒ ƒ‹”ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” ‘”–Š ‘”‡ƒǤ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ †‡•‡ Ž‘—† ‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡–™‘–Šƒ–†‹†̵–ƒ„‘”–ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡†„›†‡ƒ†”‡ ‘‹‰Ǥ ’‘ˆ‹†‹‰ƒ„”‡ƒ‹–Š‡ Ž‘—†•™Š‡”‡–Š‡›‡š’‡ –‡†–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡–ȋ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡”‹‰Š––‹‹‰Ȍǡ–Š‡›†”‘’’‡††‘™ƒ†ƒ––ƒ ‡†–Š‡ ƒ‹”ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ ‘˜‹‡– ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ †‘œ‡• ‘ˆ‹Ž‡• ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– „‘”†‡”Ǥʹʹ ‘— ™‘†‡” ™Š› ’”‡•‹†‡–• Šƒ˜‡ ‹’‘•‡† •–”‹ – ”—Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ– –Š‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ •‘ — Š ‹˜‹ŽȂ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǫŠ‡›™ƒ––‘•› Š”‘‹œ‡’‘Ž‹ ›™‹–Š•–”ƒ–‡‰› ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰›™‹–Š‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•‡˜‡™‹–Š–ƒ –‹ •ǤŠ‡ –”—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––‡”‹•–Šƒ– ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž‡’‘™‡”•–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•

ʹͲǤ Ǥ ǡǣ ǡǡ    ͶʹȂͶͷȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ ʹͳǤ   ǡ        ǣ    ʹͺͺȂͺͻ ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ‘” ƒ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒ‹–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆʹͲͲͻǡ•‡‡ ǡǯͳͶͶȂ͵ͷʹȋʹͲͳͲȌǡƒ† ǡsupra ‘–‡ͳͶǡƒ–͵ͷʹȂͺͷǤ ʹʹǤ   Ǥ Ǥ  Ǥǣ  ȋ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ǤǯŽ‘‘†ǡ‡†ǤȌʹʹ͸Ȃ͵ͳȋͳͻͻͻȌȋ†‹ƒ”›‡–”‹‡•ˆ‘” –ǤͳͲȂͳ͵ǡͳͻͷͲȌǢ  ǡ     ͳͻͷͲȂͳͻͷ͵ǡͳͶʹǡǤȗȋͳͻ͸ͳȌǤ         ͳͷ

–‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡• –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡Ǥ † ‹ˆ •‡‹‘”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ”‡•ƒ”–ƒ„‘—–‹–ǡ–Š‡›Š‡Ž’–Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•ƒ•— Šƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‰‡– ™‘”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘”†‡”•ǡ „—– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‘•–”ƒ‹–‘ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•ǡƒ†‹–‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ   –Š‡ Žƒ•– –Š‹”–› ›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› Šƒ• ”‹•‡ –‘ „‡ –Š‡ ‘•– –”—•–‡†ƒ†”‡•’‡ –‡†‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹‡”‹ ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ǤŠ‡’”‡•–‹‰‡ ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•ǤŠ‡›‘™‹–ǤŠ‡›ǯ”‡Œ‡ƒŽ‘—•‘ˆ‹–ǤŠ‡›ǯ”‡ƒˆ”ƒ‹†‘ˆ‹–Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ ™Š‡ ”Ǥ Ž‹–‘ –”‹‡† –‘ ‹’‘•‡ ‘’‡ Š‘‘•‡š—ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‡† •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ Š‡ ™‡ƒ‡‡† Š‹•‡Žˆ ‡‘”‘—•Ž›ǤŠ‘—‰ŠŠ‡‹–‡”˜‡‡†‘˜‡”•‡ƒ•™‹–Š‘”‡ˆ‘” ‡‘”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ –Šƒ ƒ› ‘ˆ Š‹• ’”‡†‡ ‡••‘”•ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒŽ‘•– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒˆ–‡” ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŠ‹•‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†˜‹•‘”•Ǥ‡Š‡ƒ”†ƒ––Š‡–‹‡–Šƒ–ƒ •ƒ”†‘‹ Œ‘‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ’‘ ”›’ŠƒŽǡ ‹” —Žƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‡–ƒ‰‘‹–Š‡ ‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•–‘–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡDzŠ‡ƒ•™‡”‹•ͷͲͲǡͲͲͲ–”‘‘’•‹ –‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘™ ™Šƒ–ǯ• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǫdz ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ• ƒ†‹––‡†–Šƒ–Ž‹–‘ˆ‡ƒ”‡†–Š‘•‡‹—‹ˆ‘”Ǥʹ͵  ‘™ –Š‹• „”‹‰• —’ ƒ ‘”‘ŽŽƒ”› ›–Š –‘ –Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –Šƒ––Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•Š‘—Ž†’—•Š „ƒ ‹•— Šƒˆƒ•Š‹‘ǡ‡˜‡•’‡ƒ‹‰‘—–’—„Ž‹ Ž›ǡ‡˜‡–‘–Š‡’‘‹– ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ‘” ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Dz”‡•‹‰‹‰dz ‹ˆ –Š‡› ‘’’‘•‡ ‘”†‡”• –Šƒ– ’”‘‹•‡ †‹•ƒ•–‡”ǡ ‘” ƒ”‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ› —–‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‘” ƒ”‡ ‹‘”ƒŽ ƒ† —‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹ ƒ •‡‹‘” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǯ• ˜‹‡™Ǥ ‘— Š‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ‘•–ƒ–Ž›ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ‘‰•‡‹‘”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•‡˜‡‹ ’”‹–‹‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Œ‘—”ƒŽ•Ǥ‡ŽŽǡwhose ‡–Š‹ •ǡwhose‘”ƒŽ•ǫƒ›‘— ‹ƒ‰‹‡ƒ•‡‹‘”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡””‡•‹‰‹‰ǡƒ†‰‘‹‰’—„Ž‹ ǡƒ†•ƒ›‹‰™Š› Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ ”‡•‹‰‡†ǫ ‡™ •‡‹‘” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• –Š‹ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹” —Ǧ •–ƒ ‡• –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ƒ”‹•‡Ǥ Š‡› ‡š’‡ – –Šƒ– –Š‡›ǯŽŽ ‘™ ƒ† ”‡ƒ – ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›™‡”‡•— Šƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–‘‘ —”Ǥ

ʹ͵Ǥ  ǡ supra ‘–‡ ʹǡ ƒ– ͳͺȂͳͻǡ ͵ʹȂ͵͵Ǥ ‘” ƒ —•‡ˆ—Ž †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹–‘ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ •‡‡   ǡ        ǣ  ǡ ǡ  ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ  ͳ͸     

  ƒ•‡† ‡‡”ƒŽ —”–‹• ‡ƒ›ǡ ™‹–Š ™Š‘  Šƒ† ƒ ™‘”‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™Š‡  ™ƒ• Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ ‹” ‘” ‡ ‹•–‘”›ǡ ‹ˆ Š‡ǯ† ‡˜‡” ‘•‹†‡”‡† Dz”‡•‹‰‹‰Ǥdz ‡ Šƒ† ‡‘”‘—• ‘ˆŽ‹ – ™‹–Š Š‹• ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ •—’‡”‹‘”•Ǥ ‡ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹” ‘” ‡ ™ƒ• –‘Ž† ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ›‡ƒ”• ”‹‰Š–ƒˆ–‡”‘”Ž†ƒ” „›–Š‡ ‘ƒ†‹‰‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ”› ‹” ‘” ‡•ǡ ™‘”†• –‘ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ Dzƒ– Š ‘—– ™Šƒ– ›‘— –‡ŽŽ ‡‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ›„‡ ƒ—•‡‹ˆ›‘—–‡ŽŽŠ‹–‘†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰ǡŠ‡ǯŽŽ†‘‹–Ǥdz ‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ǯ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹”†—–›–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡—†‡”–Š‡‹” ƒ”‡ƒ† ‘ƒ†ǡ ‡ƒ›”‡•’‘†‡† ™‹–Š™‘”†•–‘–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ ̶‘Ǥ ‡™–Š‡›ǯ†Œ—•– ‰‡–•‘‡–‘ƒ†›‹–Š‡”‡Ǥ ™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–‘•–ƒ›ƒ†ˆ‹‰Š–Ǥdz ‘™ǯ•–Šƒ–ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘ŽǫDz ™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–‘•–ƒ›ƒ†ˆ‹‰Š–ǤdzʹͶ  ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡ƒ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”‘ƒ–Šƒ†–Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‹’Ž‹‡† ‹ –Šƒ– ‘ƒ–ŠǤ Š‡”‡ǯ• ‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ ”‡† ‘” ‡• ƒ† ˆ‘” ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘Ǥ Š‡ ˜‡”› –Š”‡ƒ– Š‹ŽŽ• ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ – †‡•–”‘›• ƒ› –”—•–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡‹•ǯ–ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ž‘–‘ˆ–”—•–ƒ›™ƒ›Ǥ‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ˆ›‘—”ƒ‹•‡‹––‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ ’—–• ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǯ• Œ—†‰‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ’‘Ž‹ › ‘” †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Šƒ– ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘” Š‡” ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ „‘••ǤŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹•–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡ƒ†–Š‡‡š‡ —–‡ƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ ‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹•ǯ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Šƒ–Ǥ  ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –Š‹‰• ƒ”‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ  ”‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ‹–ǡ— ŠŽ‡••–Š‡–Š”‡ƒ–‘ˆ‹–ǡ‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ ƒ—•‡ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ‘™ ‹–Ǣ –Š—• ƒ ˆŽƒ‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”—†‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ’’‘‹–‡––‘ƒ•‡•‹–‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ– –Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–Ž‡˜‡Ž‹••‘‡–‹‡•ƒ•‡††‹”‡ –Ž›‘”‹†‹”‡ –Ž›–‘†‹• —•• —†‡”™Šƒ– ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Š‡‘”•Š‡‹‰Š–”‡•‹‰ǡ‘”–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡‹”

ʹͶǤ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ͳͻͺͲ•ǡ ™Š‡  ™ƒ• Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ ‹” ‘” ‡ ‹•–‘”› ˆ‘”–Š‡ ǡ  ’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽŽ›‡–™‹–Š ‡‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ›ƒ–Š‹•”‡“—‡•–™Š‡Š‡˜‹•‹–‡†ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ƒ• –Š‡ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‹‰ „‘ƒ”† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘‡–ƒ„‘—–‡ƒ›„› ‡‡”ƒŽƒ”Ž’ƒƒ–œ™ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡„›”‡–‹”‡† ‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ ‘„ƒ”–ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡‹–Š‡‡‡–‹‰‹ͳͻͶ͸ƒ•ƒ ‘Ž‘‡Žƒ†‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ‹” –ƒˆˆǤƒ”–ƒ† ‡–”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›†—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ•™Š‡Š‡™ƒ•‹–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ƒ”‡ƒǤ         ͳ͹

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽDzƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‰‘––‡–‘–Š‡ ’‘‹– ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‡–› ›‡ƒ”• ™Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ƒ”‡ ˜‡––‹‰ •‡‹‘” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ’’‘‹–‡–•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ „‡ Ž‘›ƒŽ ‘” ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡› ‹‰Š– ”‡•‹‰ ƒ† ‰‘ ’—„Ž‹  ™‹–Š †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•–Š‡›‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡™‹–Šƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘‘”’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ  ƒ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ–Ž‘™‡””ƒ• Šƒˆ‡ƒ––Š‡•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ •‡‹‘” Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ  ‘ ƒ•‹‘ǡ ‘‡ Š‡ƒ”• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• Žƒ‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ‘ƒ–Š‹•–‘–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ‘––Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ†–Šƒ–ǯ•‹ –Š‡ ‘ƒ–Š –Šƒ– ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• –ƒ‡ ȋ™Š‹ Š ‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ƒ–Š –Šƒ– ‡Ž‹•–‡† ’‡‘’Ž‡ –ƒ‡ȌǤ Šƒ– ™ƒ• –Š‡ –‹”‡† ‘Ž† ‡š —•‡ ‘ˆ ‘—‰Žƒ• ƒ ”–Š—”ƒˆ–‡”Š‡™ƒ•ˆ‹”‡†Ǥƒ›‘—•™‡ƒ”‘”ƒˆˆ‹”Dz–‘•—’’‘”– ƒ††‡ˆ‡†–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘dzƒ†Dz„‡ƒ”–”—‡ǡˆƒ‹–Šƒ†ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡dz–‘ ‹–ǡ ƒ†ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ ”‡ˆ—•‡ ‘” ‡˜ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘’ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•‹–Š‡ Šƒ‹‘ˆ ‘ƒ†‘”–Š‡Žƒ™•’ƒ••‡†„›‘‰”‡•• ƒ† •‹‰‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǫ ‘— ƒǯ– Šƒ˜‡ ‹– „‘–Š ™ƒ›•Ǥ  ‘™ ™‡ǯ”‡‡”‹ ƒ•Ǥ‡™ƒ––‘Šƒ˜‡‘—” ƒ‡ƒ†‡ƒ–‹–ǡ–‘‘Ǥ‡™ƒ– ‹– „‘–Š ™ƒ›•Ǥ ‡ †‘ǯ–™ƒ– –‘ „‡ ’‹‡† †‘™Ǥ —– „‡‹‰ ’‹‡† †‘™‹•‹Š‡”‡–‹–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ  — Š –Š‹‹‰ ‡”‘†‡• ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Žǡ —†‡”‹‡• ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡƒ† ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘‡‘”‘—•†›•ˆ— –‹‘‹–Š‡ ‹˜‹ŽȂ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ‡––Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‡†—”‡•ˆ‘”•‘‡‹—‹ˆ‘”Ǥ ‘–Š‡—‰Ž›–”—–Š‹•–Šƒ––Š‡‘Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒƒ† ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‹•™Šƒ––Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ• Š‘‘•‡–‘ƒ ‡’–‘”ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›–‘ ‘–”‘ŽǤŠƒ–ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ„‡”‡˜‘‡†ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡ǡ‹ˆ ‹–ǯ• ‘– ™”‹––‡‹–‘ Žƒ™Ǥ†ǡ ‹ ƒ› ‡˜‡–ǡ‹–ǯ• Šƒ‰‡† ‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡ ƒ†‹–ǯ•Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ ͳͺ     

Myth #4: Political or Apolitical?  ˆ‘—”–Š›–Š ‘‡•‹–™‘˜‡”•‹‘•ǣˆ‹”•–ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹• ‘’ƒ”–‹•ƒƒ†ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǢ•‡ ‘†ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‡†Ǥ ‘–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –”—‡ǡ ƒ† „‘–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ – †‡’‡†•‘Š‘™‘‡†‡ˆ‹‡•politicalǤ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”••–”‹˜‡–‘ƒ –ƒ• –Š‡ ‡—–”ƒŽ •‡”˜ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ  –Š‡‹” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ †—–‹‡• ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒŽ‘•– ‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž› –Š‡› •— ‡‡†ǡ „—– –Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†’‘™‡”ǤŠ‡›’”ƒ –‹ ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ƒ”‡‡”•ǡ–Š‡‹”„”ƒ Š‡•‹–Š‡‹”•‡”˜‹ ‡ǡƒ’”‡ˆ‡””‡†™‡ƒ’‘••›•–‡ǡ ‘”ƒ”‡†•‡”˜‹ ‡‹–•‡Žˆ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•‘–Š‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹  „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǤŠ‡•‡„Ž—”‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹†ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•‹‹Ž‹–ƒ”› –Š‹‹‰Ǥ  ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– –Š”‡‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ Šƒ•‰”‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” ‘”’•‹•‘–‘Ž›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ„—–Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹•ƒǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–ǯ• –Š‡ †‹•–‹ –‹‘  ™ƒ– ›‘— –‘ –Š‹ ƒ„‘—–ǣ partisan’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•ƒ„”‘ƒ†–‡”Ǥ‘— ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ • ‹ –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–› ‘ˆ ƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ „—– ‹–ǯ• ‘– ’ƒ”–‹•ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ˆ‹–ǯ•’ƒ”–‹•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‹‹–› ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ ƒ”–› ƒ”‹•‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡‹Š‡”‡– ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǤŠ‡Ž‹˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ˆƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǡ ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ—–‹‘—• •‡’–‹ ‹• ƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹•‘‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹••—‡•‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ„—–ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǤ ‘†‘—„–‹‡–ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œƒ–‹‘ǣ–Š‡ƒ„ƒ†‘‡–‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› „› –Š‡ ‡‘ ”ƒ–•ǡ –Š‡ ‡„”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦ†‡ˆ‡•‡ •’‡†‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ• ƒ ‘•–‹–—‡ › „› –Š‡ ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”•‘—” ‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ”‘•‡ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”› ™Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡† •‡”˜‹ ‡• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹••‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” •‹œƒ„Ž‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘• ˆ”‘ ‘‰”‡••ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ™‡ƒ’‘• •›•–‡• ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”‡ƒ ƒ” ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”Ǥ‡”‹ ƒ•ƒ”‡‘–•‘ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦ•‡ —”‹–›’‘Ž‹–‹ •ˆ”‘         ͳͻ

’ƒ”–‹•ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Šƒ• ‹ ”‡ ‡– †‡ ƒ†‡• „‡ ‘‡ “—‹–‡ „Ž—””‡† ƒ›™ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ ”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ •–‹–—–‡ ˆ‘” ‡ —”‹–› –—†‹‡• •—”˜‡›‡† ‹˜‹Ž ƒ† ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‡Ž‹–‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ’—„Ž‹  ‘ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ™‡ ƒ•‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ™‘—Ž† •‡‡ –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ””›‹‰ ‘—– ‘”†‡”• ‹– ‘’’‘•‡†Ǥʹͷ™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Œ—†‰‡†–Šƒ–•— Š™‘—Ž†‘ —”ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ •‹œƒ„Ž‡ ‹‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡••ƒ‹†–Šƒ–‹–™‘—Ž†„‡Ž‹‡Ž›Ǥ  ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ‹• –Š‡‰”‘™‹‰•ƒŽ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•—„Œ‡ –•‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǤŠ—‰‡ •–‡’ ‘ —””‡† ™Š‡ ƒ ”–Š—” ™ƒ• ˆ‹”‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‹– Š‹‡ˆ• –‡•–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹• ˜‹‡™• ƒ† ‹ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”—ƒ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǯ• ’‘Ž‹ › ‘ˆ Ž‹‹–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”‡ƒ ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– ‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡‡šƒ’Ž‡™ƒ•™Š‡ƒ””ƒ†Ž‡›ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‹– Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ ƒ••‡”–‡† –Šƒ– ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”‡ƒ ƒ” –‘ ƒ––ƒ  Š‹ƒ™‘—Ž†Dz‹–Š‡‘’‹‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹–Š‹‡ˆ•ǤǤǤ‹˜‘Ž˜‡—•‹–Š‡ ™”‘‰ ™ƒ”ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ ™”‘‰ ’Žƒ ‡ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ ™”‘‰ –‹‡ǡ ƒ† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ™”‘‰ ‡‡›Ǥdzʹ͸ Š‘•‡ Š‡ƒ”‹‰• ™‡”‡ ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‹‰ ‡˜‡–ǡ ƒ† Šƒ‹”‡ Šƒ˜‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ˆ‘—† ‹– †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œƒ–‹‘‡˜‡”•‹ ‡Ǥ  ‡‰‹‹‰‹ͳͻͻʹǡƒ††‹‰‹‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž›–‘–Š‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• „‘–Š ƒ •›’–‘ ƒ† ƒ ƒ—•‡ǡ Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ •‘‡ ”‡–‹”‡† ˆ‘—”Ǧ•–ƒ” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ‹ ‡†‘”•‹‰ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ —„‡” Šƒ• ‰”‘™ „‡›‘† –Š‡ –‘’ ”ƒ –‘ Š—†”‡†• ‘ˆ ”‡–‹”‡† ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ†‹”ƒŽ•Ǥ –ǯ•‘™‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘”„‘–Š’ƒ”–‹‡•–‘–”‘–‘—– •‡‹‘” ”‡–‹”‡† ˆŽƒ‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ˆ‘” •—’’‘”– ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ „—”‹•Š –Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǯ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦ•‡ —”‹–› ”‡†‡–‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‡”‡–‹”‡†Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ–ƒˆˆ‘ˆ

ʹͷǤ ‘”ƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’—”’‘•‡ƒ†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒˆ‘ —• ‘ –Š‡ Dz ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡ —””‹‰ ’”‘„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡”‹ ƒ ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ‡”•ȏǣȐ–Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡ –Š‡ †‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡† ˆ‘” ‡• ™‹–Š ‡”‹ ƒ̵• †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‹†‡ƒŽ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡdz•‡‡”‘Œ‡ –‘–Š‡ ƒ’‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ–‹••Ǥ•ƒˆ‘”†Ǥ†—‡Ǥ‡†—Ȁ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠȀ ”Ȁ ‹˜‹Ž’—”’‘•‡Ǥ’Š’Ǥ ʹ͸Ǥ Military Situation in the Far Eastǣ ‡ƒ”‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Ǥ‘Ǥ‘”‡† ‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥƒ† ‘”‡‹‰‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡͺʹ†‘‰Ǥ͹͵ʹȋͳͻͷͳȌȋ–‡•–‹‘›‘ˆ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ”›ƒ”Ǥ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡŠƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹–Š‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ–ƒˆˆȌǤ ʹͲ     

–Š‡ ‹” ‘” ‡ –”ƒ˜‡Ž‡† –Š‡ ‘—–”› ‹–”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ƒ‡†ƒ”ƒ „ƒƒǤ‡ ‡–Š‹•–‘”›‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š”‡’‘”–• ‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•‘ƒ –‹˜‡†—–›ǡ–ƒ‹‰’‘•‹–‹‘•‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ› ‹ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ‘‰•– –Š‡‹” ’‡‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ Ž‘‰ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ ™”‹–‹‰ ‡‘‹”• ‘” ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǡ ‘” •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—–ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ”‡–‹”‡‡–„—––Šƒ–Šƒ•”ƒ”‡Ž›„‡‡‘’‡Ž›’ƒ”–‹•ƒǤ‡–‹— Š‘ˆ –Š‡’—„Ž‹ ǯ•‹†•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•ǯ–Š‹‹‰ǡ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ ƒ ‹–‡”‡•– ‰”‘—’ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• • ”—’—Ž‘—•Ž› ‘’ƒ”–‹•ƒǤ  –”—–Šǡƒ›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‡†–‘ƒ†‡‰”‡‡Ǣ –Š‡›Šƒ˜‡Ž‘•–•‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–›–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‡ƒ†ˆƒ•–Ž›ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ   ˆƒ –ǡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– ˆ‹ˆ–› ›‡ƒ”• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‰— –‘ ˜‘–‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ˜‘–‡”Ǧƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ –‘ Š‡Ž’ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˜‘–‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡›ǯ”‡ •‘ ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ Š‘‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ ˜‘–‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” ‹ ‡˜‡”› —‹–Ǣ Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ •ƒ›•ǡ DzŽŽ ”‹‰Š–ǡ ˜‘–‹‰ Š‡”‡Ǥ ‡”‡ǯ• Š‘™–‘˜‘–‡ǡdzƒ†•‘ˆ‘”–Šǡ„—––Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” ƒǯ––—”ƒ”‘—†ƒ†•ƒ›ǡ Dz  †‘ǯ– ˜‘–‡Ǥ ǯ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ’‡”•‘Ǥdz ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ˜‘–‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ •‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ Š‡›ǯ˜‡ †‡˜‘–‡† –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡• ‘” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡•–‘ •‡”˜‹‰Ǥ  ‘™ǡ ‡‘”‰‡Ǥƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ†‹†ǯ–˜‘–‡Ǥ‘Ž†‹‡”•‹Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‘—‰Š–‹–™ƒ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‹‰Ǣƒ›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹–™‘—Ž†—†‡”‹‡–Š‡‹” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ †‘ –Š‡‹” †—–› ȋƒ† „‡•‹†‡•ǡ ƒ„•‡–‡‡ ˜‘–‹‰ ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ• ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ• ‘˜‡‹‡– –Š‡ȌǤ Š‡  ‡–‹‘ –Š‹• –‘ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ—†‹‡ ‡•ǡƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽ™ƒ›•’‘’•—’ƒ†•ƒ›•ǡDz‘—ǯ”‡–‡ŽŽ‹‰ —•™‡†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘˜‘–‡ǡdz‘”̶‘—ǯ”‡–‡ŽŽ‹‰—•‘––‘˜‘–‡Ǥdz  ƒŽ™ƒ›•”‡’Ž›ǡDz‘ǡ›‘—Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‹‰Š–Ǥ ˆ›‘—™ƒ––‘˜‘–‡ǡ‰‘ƒŠ‡ƒ†Ǥ ‘— Œ—•– •Š‘—Ž†ǯ– †‹• —•• ‹– ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡•ǡ ’‡‡”•ǡ ‘” •—’‡”‹‘”•Ǥ ˜‡”› –‹‡ ›‘— ‰‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ˜‘–‹‰ „‘‘–Šǡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ –Šƒ– ›‘— ƒ”‡ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡‘”‰‡ Ǥ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǤ •›‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ •‹ ‡ Š‡ǯ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–”‡˜‡”‡†‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‹‡”‹ ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ™Š››‘— †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š ‡‘”‰‡ Ǥ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǡ ƒ† ™Š› ›‘—ǯ”‡ ”‹‰Š– ƒ† Š‡ǯ• ™”‘‰ǤdzŠƒ–ƒŽ™ƒ›•Ž‡ƒ˜‡•–Š‡ƒ––‡”—”‡•‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ         ʹͳ

 Š‡ †ƒ‰‡” ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ ‘•‡ –ƒ”‹ƒǡ ‘’ƒ”–‹•ƒǡ ƒ† ‘‹†‡ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ ™‹ŽŽ Ž‡••‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‹† Ž‡••‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ™‹ŽŽ ‡ƒ•‡ „‡‹‰ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‘ƒ‘—–‘ˆ –‡•–‹‘›„›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•–Šƒ––Š‡›†‘–Š‡‹”†—–›”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ’ƒ”–›‘” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ˜‹‡™•™‹ŽŽ†‹‹‹•Š–Š‡‹’”‡••‹‘Ǥ’ƒ”–‹•ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›™‹ŽŽ „‡‡˜‡Ž‡••–”—•–‡†„›”‡•‹†‡–•ƒ†‘‰”‡••‡•ǡˆ—”–Š‡”Šƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ†‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‹˜ƒ › •‘ ‹†‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽ‡–”ƒ‡—•ƒ‘— ‡†–Šƒ–Š‡ •–‘’’‡† ˜‘–‹‰ ™Š‡ Š‡ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ –™‘Ǧ•–ƒ” ‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‡–”ƒ‡—•Šƒ•ƒŠ‹‘Ž‹–‹ •ȋ–Šƒ–ǯ•™Šƒ––Š‡› ƒŽŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡ ƒ– ”‹ ‡–‘ȌǤ ‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†• ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ ™”‘–‡ ƒ„‘—– ‹– ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͺͲ• ˆ‘” Š‹• Š †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ Š‡ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ –™‘Ǧ•–ƒ”ƒ†•ƒ‹†Š‡ǯ†•–‘’’‡†˜‘–‹‰ǡ ™‘†‡”‡†™Š›–Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ”ƒ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† •‘‡ †‹˜‹†‹‰ Ž‹‡ ˆ‘” Š‹ –‘ •–‘’ ˜‘–‹‰Ǥ

Myth #5: A Covenant   ˆ‹ˆ–Š ›–Š ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‘˜‡ƒ– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ†–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ•‘‡‹†‘ˆ ‘–”ƒ –ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒ ‘‘ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› –‘†ƒ›ǡ ƒ† ‹– ‹‰Š– ‡˜‡ „‡ ƒ ‘‘ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ‘‰•––Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ— Š™ƒ•ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡†‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– Œ‘‹– ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡” ‰—‹†‡ ’—– ‘—– „› –Š‡ ‡™ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ‡ˆ‡•‡ ‹ ͳͻͷͲǣDz–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘‡•ƒ’ƒ”–›–‘–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ –ȏ™‹–Š‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ‹Š‡”‡–‹–Š‡‹” ‘‹••‹‘Ȑǡƒ†™‹ŽŽˆƒ‹–Šˆ—ŽŽ›‡‡’‹–•„‘†™‹–Š –Š‡ƒǤŠ‹Ž‡Š‡ ‘–‹—‡•–‘•‡”˜‡Š‘‘”ƒ„Ž›ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ Ž‘–Š‡ Š‹ ™‹–Š ‹–• †‹‰‹–›Ǥdz Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• Dzƒ ˆ‡Ž‹ ‹–‘—••–ƒ–—•‹‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›ǤǤǤǤŠ‘—Ž†Š‡„‡ ‘‡‹ŽŽǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ”‡ˆ‘”Š‹ǤŠ‘—Ž†Š‡„‡†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ•–ƒ†ƒ•Š‹•‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ Š‘—Ž† Š‡ •‡‡ –‘ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ Š‹•‡Žˆ –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹‰Š‡” •–—†‹‡•ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘’‡–Š‡™ƒ›Ǥdzʹ͹

ʹ͹Ǥ   ǡͳȂʹȋͳͻͷͲȌǤ ʹʹ     

 —–ǡŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹•Šƒ•„‡‡‘Ž›’ƒ”–Ž›–”—‡Ǣ–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘˜‡ƒ– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† ‘—” ‹–‹œ‡ ˆ‘” ‡• ™Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ™ƒ”ǡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ” ˆ‘” †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ’‡•‹‘• ƒ† „‘—•‡• ˆ‘” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ •‡”˜‡†Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•–•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ‹–•‹†‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›™‡”‡ –Š‘•‡„‘—•‡•ƒ†’‡•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•™Š‘Šƒ† •‡”˜‡†‘”†‹‡†‹–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”ȋ„—–ˆ‘”‘Ž›‘‡•‹†‡ȌǤʹͺ  Š‡‡„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘‹•‡™ƒ•–Š‡ͳͻͶͶ „‹ŽŽǡ™Š‹ Š†‹†•‘ — Š –‘ Š‡Ž’ ˜‡–‡”ƒ• ™‹–Š Ž‘ƒ• ˆ‘” Š‘‡• ƒ† „—•‹‡••‡• ƒ† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –Š‡Žƒ•––™‡–››‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‘•‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•Šƒ˜‡‡• ƒŽƒ–‡†ǡ‘ †‘—„–„‡ ƒ—•‡‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•™‹– Š–‘ƒƒŽŽǦ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”ˆ‘” ‡‹–Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ‡”‰‹‰‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹†‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘ ”‡ ”—‹– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹–‘ —‹ˆ‘” ˆ‘” †‹•–ƒ– ƒ† ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ™ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡š’ƒ†‡†ǣ–Š‡„‘—•ˆ‘” ‡Ž‹•–‡–ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‰”ƒ–•ǡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ† ‘”‡Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›Š‘™•‘Ž†‹‡”•™‡”‡Ž—”‡†‹–‘—‹ˆ‘”‹’‡ƒ ‡–‹‡Ǥ—–ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡̶ ‘–”ƒ –ǡ̶ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆ—†‡†ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ǡ‹•‘––Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘”Ǥ  ”‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ‡”‹ ƒ•Šƒ˜‡†‹•–”—•–‡† ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡• †‹•’ƒ”ƒ‰‡† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ •‘Ž†‹‡”•ǡ ‘– ‹–‹œ‡• ‹ —‹ˆ‘”Ǥ‹–‹œ‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ•‘„‹Ž‹œ‡† ˆ‘” ™ƒ”–‹‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› †‘ ‘‡ –Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡”‹ ƒ• ‘ˆ–‡ †‘ǣ Š‡› ˜‘–‡Ǥ –ǯ•‘Ž›•‹ ‡–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͻͺͲ•–Šƒ––Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡–Š‡ ‘•– ”‡•’‡ –‡†ǡ –”—•–‡† ƒ† ƒ†‹”‡† ’—„Ž‹  ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† –Šƒ– •‘Ž†‹‡”• ȋ  —•‡ Dz•‘Ž†‹‡”•dz ‰‡‡”‹ ƒŽŽ›Ȍ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •Š‘™‡”‡† ™‹–Š ’—„Ž‹ ”‡•’‡ –ǡ„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡƒ†‡˜‡ƒ†—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥʹͻ‡ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ–ǡ’”‘‹•‡• –‘ ‹–‹œ‡ ƒ”‹‡• •‘‡–‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‰‘‡ —ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡†ǣ ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ‹ –Š‡

ʹͺ. See   Ǥ ǡ             ȋͳͻͳͺȌǢ   ǡ        ǣ                ȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ ʹͻǤ ‘”ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘™ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ•‡‡–Š‡ʹͲͳ͵‡†‹–‹‘‘ˆ     ǡ     ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† „› –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ‡–‡”ƒ•ˆˆƒ‹”•ǡƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ˜ƒǤ‰‘˜Ȁ‘’ƒȀ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȁ„‡‡ˆ‹–•̴„‘‘Ȁ ʹͲͳ͵̴ ‡†‡”ƒŽ̴‡‡ˆ‹–•̴ˆ‘”̴‡–‡”ƒ•̴‰Ž‹•ŠǤ’†ˆǡ ƒ† ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ›‡ƒ”Ž›Ǥ Š‡‡†‹–‹‘ ‹–‡†‹•ͳ͵ʹ’ƒ‰‡•Ž‘‰Ǥ         ʹ͵

‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ”› ƒ‡ ™‹–Š‹ ƒ Šƒ‹” ‘ˆ ”‡˜‘Ž–‹‰ ‹ ‡™„—”‰Š ‹ ͳ͹ͺ͵ ‘˜‡” —’ƒ‹† „‘—•‡• ƒ† ’‡•‹‘• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ”Ǣ‘”Ž†ƒ” ˜‡–‡”ƒ•ǡ–Š‡‘—•”›ǡƒ” Š‡† ‘ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ‘˜‡” ’”‘‹•‡† ’ƒ›‡–• ‹ ͳͻ͵ʹǡ ƒ’‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘•–‹ƒ Žƒ–•‹ƒ•Š‹‰–‘—–‹Ž†‹•’‡”•‡†™‹–Šˆ‘” ‡„›–Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ”ƒ”›Ǥ  Š‡ ‡–‡”ƒ• †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ƒ„‹‡– †‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘Ž› ‹ ͳͻͺͺǤ Š‡  Šƒ• ‘ˆ–‡ „‡‡ —†‡”ˆ—†‡†ǡ ‘˜‡”™‘”‡†ǡ —†‡”•–ƒˆˆ‡†ǡ ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ƒ† –‘ „‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ •Ž—‰‰‹•ŠǤ Š‘ ƒ ˆ‘”‰‡– –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‘—” ‹–‹œ‡ •‘Ž†‹‡”• ‹ ‹‡–ƒ ƒ† ‘—” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ •‘Ž†‹‡”• ™‡”‡ †‹•’ƒ”ƒ‰‡†ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ ”‡˜‹Ž‡†ǡ ‘” –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡  ”‡•‹•–‡† ƒ ‡’–‹‰ †‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” †‹•‡ƒ•‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‰‡– ”ƒ‰‡ǡ‘”ǡ‘” —Žˆƒ”•›†”‘‡ǫ ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ‘˜‡ƒ–ǡ‹–ǯ•ƒ — ‡”–ƒ‹‘‡‰”‘—†‡†‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹‡ ›Ǥ‹–Š˜‡–‡”ƒ•†›‹‰ ƒ–‘˜‡”ͳͲͲͲƒ†ƒ›ǡ‘—”™ƒ”•Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆƒ†‹‰‹–‘–Š‡’ƒ•–ǡƒ†‘™ ƒ ’ƒ”ƒŽ›œ‹‰ „—†‰‡– •“—‡‡œ‡ǡ –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ •‘Ž†‹‡”• ƒ› ™‡ŽŽ ”‡˜‡”––‘•‘‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘”‘ˆ‡‰Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹ ‘•‹•–‡ ›Ǥ

Myth #6: Americans Understand Civilian Control of the Military   •‹š–Š ›–Š ‹• –Šƒ– ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‹• —†‡”•–‘‘†„›„‘–Š•‹†‡•‹–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ǡƒ†„›–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ˆ–Šƒ–™‡”‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ †‘‘––Š‹™‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡•–Šƒ–™‡ǯ˜‡Šƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘•‹†‡•ǡ ‘”–Š‡‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•ƒ† ‘ˆ—•‹‘‹–Š‡’”‡••ǡ‘•–”‡ ‡–Ž› ‹‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶ‘˜‡”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹– Š‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ–ƒˆˆƒ„‘—–Š‹•ƒ†˜‹ ‡–‘–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–ǤŠ‡”‡‹•’Ž‡–› ‘ˆ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ǣ ‹ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ ǯ• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ ™ƒ”–‹‡ǡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› Ž‡ƒ†‡”• •Š‘—Ž†„‡—Ž‡ƒ•Š‡†–‘ƒ‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ†‡˜‡’‘Ž‹ ›Ǣ‹–Š‡ †‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ ƒ’’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǡ ƒ† ˆ—„Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š”‡‡ „”ƒ Š‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ™Š‡ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǣ ƒ†‹–Š‡ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆƒ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ†ƒ–ƒŽŽ ʹͶ     

”ƒ• ‹ –Š‹‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ͵Ͳ‘•–†‹•–‹Ǧ ‰—‹•Š‡†”‡–‹”‡†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”™‹–Š™Š‘ ™‘”‡†‘–Šƒ–‰ƒ’•–—†›ǡƒ† ˆ‘”™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡‡‘”‘—•”‡•’‡ –ƒ†ƒ†‹”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ ‡•ƒ‹†–‘‡ǡ Dz‹ ǡ †‘ǯ–—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š››‘—–Š‹ ™‡‹ –Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘‹––‡†–‘ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘ŽǤdz •ƒ‹†–‘Š‹ǡDzƒŽ–ǡ —†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ– ‡˜‡”›„‘†›‹–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•‹ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘ŽǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡‹• –Šƒ– Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡”• ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡•‡‡‘––‘—†‡”•–ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Žǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ›‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡•ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘ƒ‡‹–™‘”ƒ† ‘’‡”ƒ–‡•‘‘–ŠŽ›ƒ† ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›Ǥdz͵ͳ‹ ‡–Šƒ– ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‘‡ ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–ǡ„—–™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ– –—”‘˜‡” ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ”‡ —”Ǥ  III CONCLUSION

 ˆ ‘–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡ǡ –Š‹• „”‹‡ˆ ”‡˜‹‡™ •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ––Š‡–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ –ǯ• †‡’‡†‡– ‘ –Š‡ ‘–‡š–ǡ –Š‡ ‹••—‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘”‡Ǥ͵ʹŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡ ‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•ǡ–‘„‡•—”‡ǣ†‹ˆˆ‡”‹‰’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ •—•’‹ ‹‘‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•ǡˆ”‡“—‡–†‹•–”—•–ǡ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǡƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–™‡–Š‹ǡƒ†‡š’‡ –ǡ‹• ‘”ƒŽǤ Š‡ ’‘‹– ‹• –Šƒ– ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‹• ‘– ƒ ˆƒ – „—– ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ†‡’‡†‡–‘–Š‡‹••—‡•ǡ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ‘–‡š–Ǥ – ‹•ǯ– ƒ ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ‘–”‘Ž ‘” ƒ ‘—’Ǥ ‡ ‘™ ™Š‘ ™”‹–‡• –Š‡ Žƒ™•Ǥ‡ ‘™ ™Š‘ •‹‰• –Š‡ Žƒ™•Ǥ‡ ‘™ ™Š‘ ‹••—‡•–Š‡‘”†‡”•Ǥ –ǯ•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ†–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‹••—‡ǤŠƒ–™‡ƒ”‡–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–‹•‘–

͵ͲǤ‡‡–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ‹–‡†‹‘–‡ͷǡsupraǤ ͵ͳǤŠ‹•‡š Šƒ‰‡ǡ™‹–Š”‡–‹”‡†ƒ”›Ž‹‡—–‡ƒ–‰‡‡”ƒŽƒŽ–‡”Ž‡”ǡ–‘‘’Žƒ ‡‹ ͳͻͻͻǤ ͵ʹǤ ‘™‡–Š‹•‹•‹‰Š––‘Žˆ”‡† ‘Ž†„‡”‰ǡ–Š‡Ž‘‰–‹‡Š‹‡ˆ ‹•–‘”‹ƒˆ‘”–Š‡ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ‡ˆ‡•‡ǡ™Š‘”‡Žƒ›‡†–Š‹•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͺͲ•Ǥ         ʹͷ

‘–”‘Žǡ„—–™Š‘ ƒŽŽ•–Š‡–—‡ǤŠ‘ˆ”ƒ‡•–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡•ǫŠ‡‹••—‡‹• ™Šƒ–‡ƒ Š•‹†‡‹ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ǡ‹™Š‹ Š„‘–Šƒ”‡†‡’‡†‡–‘–Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǡ ƒƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ–ƒ›‰‹˜‡–‹‡‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‹‰Œ—†‰‡–•Ǥ  ––Š‡‡†ǡ™‡‰‡–†‘™–‘™Šƒ–‘™ ǯ‰‘‹‰–‘ ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹‹ “—‡•–‹‘Ǥ ǯŽŽ ”‡’Š”ƒ•‡ ‹– ˆ‘” › ‘™ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ƒ ‘””‡ –‡Ǣ ǯ†‹˜‹–‡–Šƒ–‹ˆ ǯ™”‘‰Ǥ ˆ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ ‘– ™‡ŽŽ —†‡”•–‘‘†ǡ ‡˜‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‹• ƒ ‡’–‡† „›ƒŽŽ ‘ ‡”‡†ǡƒ†‹ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ƒ„‘—–Š‘™™‡ŽŽ‹–™‘”•ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–‘ „‡ †‘‡ǫ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‹‹ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ‡†— ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ‘™ǡŠ‘™ƒ”‡›‘—‰‘‹‰–‘†‘–Šƒ–ǫ‡ƒ”•‘ˆ’‘†‡”‹‰ –Š‹•Ž‡ƒ†•‡–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–‹–ǯ•–Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘ˆƒˆ‘‘Žǯ•‡””ƒ†ǤŠ‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘‡• ƒ† ‰‘‡•Ǥ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡ Š‘•‡‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †‡’ƒ”–‡–• ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ ‡ǯ˜‡ ‘™ Šƒ† ƒŽ‘•– •‹š–‡‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‡•‹†‡ ›™‹–ŠŽ‹–‘ƒ†„ƒƒƒ†ǡ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹š‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ‡ˆ‡•‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†„›–Š‡ǡ–Š”‡‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ•ǡ •‡”˜‹‰ ȋ‹ˆ Š—  ƒ‰‡Ž Žƒ•–• —–‹Ž ʹͲͳ͹Ȍ •‘‡ –‡‘ˆ –Š‘•‡›‡ƒ”•ǤŠƒ–†‘‡•–Šƒ–•ƒ›ƒ„‘—––Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ǫ  Š‹• ‡‘‹”•ǡ ‘„‡”– ƒ–‡• ƒ‡• Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ”Ǥ „ƒƒ –”‹‡† –‘ ‡‡’ Š‹ –Š‡”‡ ƒŽ‘•– –‘ –Š‡ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ Šƒ† —ˆˆ‹‰ Š‹ –‘ –Š‡ ‡–ƒ‰‘Ǥ͵͵  Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‹• –Š‡ ‘•–ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹˜‹ŽȂ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•–‡™ƒ”†‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•†‡ˆ‡•‡ ‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ‘—ǡƒ•Žƒ™›‡”•ǡ ‘–”‘Žƒ††‡–‡”‹‡›‘—””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š›‘—” Ž‹‡–Ǥ‘—” Ž‹‡–‹•›‘—”„‘••ǡƒ† ƒˆ‹”‡›‘—Ǥ‘— ƒ ”‡ˆ—•‡–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡‘””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ Ž‹‡–ǡ•‘‡–Š‹‰–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ‘– †‘ǡ„—––Š‡›ǡŽ‹‡ƒŽŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ•Šƒ’‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡‹” Ž‹‡–•ǣ †‘ǡƒ•ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡”Ǣ•‘†‘‡•–Š‡ Ž‡”‰›ǡ†‘ –‘”•ǡ†‡–‹•–•ǡƒ† Žƒ™›‡”•ǤŠƒ–•ƒ‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‹•Ž‡ˆ–—’–‘–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›„—– ‹ ƒ Ž‡•• ‡“—ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”‡ •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ ”‘Ž‡ –Šƒ ‘–Š‡” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘•Ǥ † –Š‡‹”„‘••‡•ƒ”‡™Š‘‡˜‡”–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡ Š‘‘•‡•Ǥ

͵͵Ǥ ǡsupra‘–‡ͳͶ, ƒ–Ͷ͵ͲȂ͵ͳǡͶͺͺȂͺͻǤ ʹ͸     

‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”‘‡˜‡”›Š‹‰Š—’ •ƒ‹†–‘‡‘ ‡ǡ™Š‡ƒ‡™ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‡ ‹ǡ Dz‘— ‘™ǡ ‹–ǯ• Ž‹‡ ™ƒ‹‰ —’ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰ƒ†Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ ”‘••–Š‡„‡†ǡƒ†›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡™•’‘—•‡Ǥ‘— †‘ǯ–‘™™Š‘•Š‡‹•Ǥ‘—†‘ǯ–‘™™Šƒ–•Š‡–Š‹•‘”‹•‰‘‹‰–‘ †‘Ǥdz ‡ Ž‘‘‡† ƒ– ‡ ƒ† Š‡ •ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ ƒŽŽ ‘ –Š‹• •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” †‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‘–ƒ‡‹–Ǥdz •ƒ‹†ǡDzŠƒ–†‘›‘—‡ƒǡ›‘—Ǯ†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‘ –ƒ‡‹–ǯǫdz ‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ŽŽǡ  ƒ”‡•‹‰Ǥdz ”‡’Ž‹‡†ǡDz‘— ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ƒ‘– ”‡•‹‰Ǥ ‘— ƒǯ– ”‡•‹‰Ǣ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Šƒ–Ǥdz Dz‡ŽŽǡ‘ ‘‰Ž‡ƒ”‡•‹‰‡†ǡdzŠ‡‹•‹•–‡†Ǥ •ƒ‹†ǡDz ‡†‹†‘–Ǥ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† Š‹ ƒˆ–‡” Š‡ Ž‡ˆ–Ǥ ǯŽŽ •‡† ›‘— –Š‡ ‰ƒŽŽ‡› ’”‘‘ˆ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ –Šƒ– •Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–Š‡†‹†‘–”‡•‹‰Ǥdz͵Ͷ  Šƒ– •ƒ‹†ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‹‹ ‹• ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž› ”‹‰Š– –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•‹†‡‘ˆ ‹˜‹ŽǦ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ•–”—Ž›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥ  ‡‡„‡” ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘Ž† ƒ’Š‘”‹• ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘ ƒ” ™ƒ‹ǡ Dz˜‡”›„‘†›–ƒŽ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”ǡ„—–‘„‘†›‹•†‘‹‰ƒ›–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ‹–Ǥdz ‡˜‡”•‡ –Šƒ– ˆ‘” –Š‹• –‘’‹ Ǥ ‘„‘†› –ƒŽ• ƒ„‘—– ‹˜‹ŽȂ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–ƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›‘‡‹•†‘‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–‹–Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”›ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ›‘— ‹ –Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ †‘ǯ–‡„”ƒ ‡–Š‹••—„Œ‡ –ǡ†‘ǯ––Š‹ƒ„‘—–‹–ǡ †‘ǯ– ƒ”‡ ƒ„‘—– ‹– —–‹Ž ‹–ǯ• –‘‘ Žƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ ”‹•‹• ‘” ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ – –Š”‡ƒ–‡•‘—”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘”–Š‡–”—•––Šƒ–ǯ•‹†‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡ –‘†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ™Š‘–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‘”„‡ˆ‘”‡•‘‡–Š‹‰Šƒ’’‡•–‘’”‘†— ‡ †‹•ƒ•–‡”ǫ  – ‹• –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› –Šƒ– ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ǡ „—– ‹–ǯ• ƒŽ•‘ —’ –‘ —•ƒ• ‡”‹ ƒ• –‘ ’—– ‹–‘ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ• ™Š‘ –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› •‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ ˆ –Š‡› †‘ǯ– ‘™ ƒ›–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ ƒ• „”ƒŠƒ‹ ‘Ž†‹†‘–ǡ–Š‡–Š‡›—•–•–—†›‹–ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹–ǡ–”› ‘–Š‡‹”•‹†‡–‘„—‹Ž†–”—•–ǤŠ‡›•Š‘—Ž†‘–ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘”Š‹†‡„‡Š‹†–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ‘”—•‡‹–ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•ǡƒ• ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ

͵ͶǤ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒˆ‘—”Ǧ•–ƒ”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡȋ ƒǤʹͲͲͳȌǤSeeThe Early Retirement of Gen Ronald R. Fogleman, Chief of Staff, United States Air Force ȋ‹ Šƒ”† Ǥ‘Šǡ‡†ǤȌǡ ͳͷ Ǥ͸Ȃʹ͵ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ         ʹ͹

Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ–‡†‘ǡƒ†‘ˆ–‡Šƒ˜‡†‘‡Ǥ͵ͷ –‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡‡†—’–‘—• ‹–‹œ‡•–‘ƒ‡‘—”‰‘˜‡”‡–™‘”Ǥ –ǯ•our‰‘˜‡”‡–ǤŽƒ†› ƒ ‘•–‡† ‡Œƒ‹ ”ƒŽ‹ ƒ• Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡–‹‘‹ͳ͹ͺ͹Ǥ̶‡ŽŽǡ‘ –‘”ǡ™Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡™‡‰‘–ǡƒ”‡’—„Ž‹ ‘”ƒ ‘ƒ” Š›ǫ̶ ”ƒŽ‹”‡’Ž‹‡†ǣ̶”‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ‹ˆ›‘— ƒ‡‡’‹–Ǥdz͵͸

͵ͷǤSee‹ Šƒ”† Ǥ‘ŠǡBuilding Trust: Civil-Military Behaviors for Effective National Securityǡ‹   Ȃ   ǡsupra‘–‡ͳ͸ǡƒ–ʹͺͶȂͺ͹Ǥ ͵͸Ǥ   Ǥ ǡUsing the Military at Home: Yesterday, Today, and TomorrowǡͶ  Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤͳͻʹȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ʹͺ     

          ȗȗȗ   THE NEW WORLD DISORDER*  Gen. Anthony Zinni**  I AWORLD AT THE THRESHOLD OF CHANGE    ͳͻͺͻǡ  ™ƒ• ƒ „”ƒ†Ǧ‡™ ’”‘‘–‡† „”‹‰ƒ†‹‡” ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ‘‡ •–ƒ”ǡƒ† ™ƒ•–‘Ž†”‹‰Š–ƒˆ–‡” ™ƒ•’”‘‘–‡†–Šƒ– ™ƒ•‰‘‹‰ –‘ —”‘’‡Ǥ‘™ǡˆ‘”ƒƒ”‹‡ǡ‰‘‹‰–‘—”‘’‡‹•——•—ƒŽǢ—•—ƒŽŽ›–Šƒ–ǯ• –Š‡”›‘”–Š‡‹” ‘” ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›‘—–Š‡”‡‹–Š‡ ƒ ‹ˆ‹ •‘‡™Š‡”‡‘•‘‡‹•Žƒ†Ǥ† ™ƒ•–‘‰‘–‘–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ ‘ƒ†–‘„‡–Š‡†‡’—–›†‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•–Š‡”‡Ǥ  ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ‹ ͳͻͺͻǡ ‡˜‡”›„‘†› –‘Ž† ‡ǡ DzŠ‹• ‹• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– ƒ••‹‰‡–ǢƒŽ‘–‘ˆ• Š‹–œ‡Žƒ†‰‘‘†„‡‡”ǡ‘–Š‹‰ǯ• Šƒ‰‡†Ǣ–Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ” ‹† ‘ˆ Œ—•– Š—‰• ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ† ‡˜‡”›„‘†› —†‡”•–ƒ†• –Š‡ ”—Ž‡•Ǥdz š ‡’– –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ˆ ›‘— ”‡‡„‡” ͳͻͺͻǡ –Šƒ–ǯ• ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡”Ž‹ ƒŽŽ •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ ‘‡ †‘™Ǥ ‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ™‡ ™‡– ‘˜‡” •‹š ‘ˆ —• ‘‡Ǧ •–ƒ” ‰‡‡”ƒŽ• ƒ† ƒ†‹”ƒŽ• –‘‰‡–‘—”„”‹‡ˆ‹‰•‹‡”Ž‹Ǥ––Šƒ– –‹‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ”› Šƒ† ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ ‡”Ž‹ ”‹‰ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‡ ™‡ ƒ””‹˜‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‘ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”Ž‹ ”‹‰ƒ†‡ Ž‘‘‡†ƒ–—•ƒ†•ƒ‹†ǡDz Šƒ˜‡‘„”‹‡ˆ‹‰•ˆ‘”›‘—Ǥ †‘ǯ–‘™™Šƒ– –‘ –‡ŽŽ ›‘—Ǥ ‘”„ƒ Š‡˜ Œ—•– –Š”‡™ ‹ –Š‡ –‘™‡Ž ƒ† ‘„‘†› ‘™• ™Šƒ–ǯ• Šƒ’’‡‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒŽŽ –Š‡ „”‹‡ˆ‹‰• ™‡ǯ˜‡ Šƒ† –Šƒ– ™‡ǯ˜‡ „‡‡ ‰‹˜‡ ˆ‘” †‡ ƒ†‡• ”‡ƒŽŽ› ƒ”‡ǯ– ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ Š‡ ™‘”Ž† Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡†Ǥdz‘Š‡•ƒ‹†ǡDzŒ‘››‘—”ˆ‡™†ƒ›•Š‡”‡‹‡•–‡”Ž‹ƒ†

ȗ ††”‡•• †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ —ƒŽ ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–› ‘ˆ ƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡƒ‹Ž‡ƒǡƒ—‹ǡ ƒ™ƒ‹‹ǡ͸ƒ” ŠʹͲͳͶǤ ȗȗ ‡‡”ƒŽ ȋ”‡–‹”‡†Ȍǡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒ”‹‡ ‘”’•ǡ ˆ‘”‡” ˜‘› –‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•–Ǣ ƒ—–Š‘”ǡ ‘•– ”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ ™‹–Š ‘› ‘Ž–œǡ ‘ˆ Before the First Shots Are Fired: How America Can Win or Lose off the BattlefieldȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ

ʹͻ ͵Ͳ     

‰‘‘–‘™Šƒ–‡˜‡”›‘—ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘‰‘‘–‘ǡ„—–›‘—ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘ˆ‹† ‘—–™‡ǯ”‡ƒ‹‰‹–—’ƒ•™‡‰‘ƒŽ‘‰Ǥdz  Š‡™‡Ž‡ˆ–Š‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ™‡™‡”‡ǯ–•—”‡™Šƒ––‘†‘Ǥ‡Šƒ† „‡‡ ƒ••‹‰‡† ƒ ”› •‡ ‘† Ž‹‡—–‡ƒ– ƒ• ‘—” ‡• ‘”–Ǥ Š‹• ’‘‘” Ž‹‡—–‡ƒ–Šƒ†•‹š‰‡‡”ƒŽ•Š‡Šƒ†–‘‡• ‘”–ƒ”‘—†ǡƒ†Š‡•ƒ‹†–‘ —•ǡDz ‘™™‘—Ž†›‘—‰—›•Ž‹‡–‘‰‘–‘ƒ•–‡”Ž‹ǫdz‘™‡•ƒ‹†ǡDzƒ ™‡†‘–Šƒ–ǫƒ™‡‰‘–‘ƒ•–‡”Ž‹ǫ‡ǯ”‡ƒŽŽ‹—‹ˆ‘”Ǥdz ‡•ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‘„‘†›‘™•Ǥ‘‘‡‘™•™Šƒ––Š‡”—Ž‡•ƒ”‡Š‡”‡Ǥdz†Š‡•ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‡ ƒƒŽŽ–ƒ‡›˜ƒǤdz‘™‡Œ—’‡†‹Ǥ  ‡ Šƒ† ƒ ‘Ž•™ƒ‰‡ ˜ƒǢ ‹– Ž‘‘‡† Ž‹‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘—– ‘ˆ ‘‘†•–‘ Ǥ ‡ Œ—’‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒ ƒ† ™‡ †”‘˜‡ –Š”‘—‰Š Š‡ ’‘‹–Šƒ”Ž‹‡Ǥ‘™ǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›Ž‹ˆ‡—’–‘–Šƒ–’‘‹–ǡŠ‡ ’‘‹– Šƒ”Ž‹‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ† Ž‹„‡”–›ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘—–’‘•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡˜‹Ž‘—‹•–™‘”Ž†Ǥ‘„‘†›™ƒ•–Š‡”‡Ǥ –™ƒ• ‡’–›Ǥ ‡ †”‘˜‡ –Š”‘—‰Š Š‡ ’‘‹– Šƒ”Ž‹‡ ‹–‘ ƒ•– ‡”Ž‹ ƒ† †”‘˜‡†‘™–Š‡ƒ‹†”ƒ‰Ǥ –„‡ ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ”–‘—•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‹•–”‡‡– ‹ƒ•–‡”Ž‹™ƒ•ƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǣ‹–™ƒ•ˆƒ‡ǤŠ‡™‡†”‘˜‡‘ˆˆ‹–‘–Š‡ „ƒ •–”‡‡–•ǡ™‡„‡‰ƒ–‘•‡‡–Š‡„—ŽŽ‡–Š‘Ž‡•ˆ”‘‘”Ž†ƒ” •–‹ŽŽ ‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ‡•ƒ™’‡‘’Ž‡†”‹˜‹‰ƒ”‘—†‘ͳͻͷͲ•Ǧ˜‹–ƒ‰‡ „‹ › Ž‡•ƒ†‹ƒ•– ‡”ƒ”ƒ„ƒ– ƒ”•„‡Ž Š‹‰‡šŠƒ—•–Ǥ‡Šƒ† Œ—•– ‘‡ ˆ”‘ ‡•– ‡”Ž‹ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‡”‡ †”‹˜‹‰ —†‹•ǡ ‡” ‡†‡•ǡ •ǡ ƒ† ‡–‡”‡† ƒ ™‘”Ž† –Šƒ– ™ƒ• Ž‹‡ ƒ –‹‡ ™ƒ”’ „ƒ ‹–‘–Š‡ǯͷͲ•Ǥ  ‡ †”‘˜‡ ƒ”‘—† ˆ‘” ƒ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ‡ ƒ ”‘•• ƒ —••‹ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‰ƒ””‹•‘Ǥ Š‡ Ž‹‡—–‡ƒ– •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‡–ǯ• ‰‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‰ƒ””‹•‘Ǥdz ‡•ƒ‹†ǡDzƒ™‡†‘–Šƒ–ǫdz†Š‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz‡ŽŽǡ‘‘‡‘™•Ǥdz‘™‡ †”‘˜‡–Š”‘—‰ŠǤ Ž‘‘‡†ƒ––Š‡’‘‘”—••‹ƒ•‡–”›–Š‡”‡ǢŠ‡†‹†ǯ– ‘™™Š‡–Š‡”–‘•Š‘‘–‘”•ƒŽ—–‡ƒ•™‡™‡––Š”‘—‰ŠǤ•™‡†”‘˜‡ ƒ”‘—†ǡ–Š‡—••‹ƒ–”‘‘’•Ž‘‘‡†Ž‹‡–Š‡›™‡”‡‹ƒ•–—’‘”ǤŠ‡› Ž‘‘‡†Ž‹‡œ‘„‹‡•™ƒŽ‹‰ƒ”‘—†Ǥ  Š‡ ™‡ ƒ‡ „ƒ  –Š”‘—‰Š Š‡ ’‘‹– Šƒ”Ž‹‡ǡ –Š‡ Ž‹‡—–‡ƒ–•–‘’’‡†ƒ†•ƒ‹†ǡDz‡–ǯ•‰‡–ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽŽǤdz ‡Šƒ†ƒ •Ž‡†‰‡Šƒ‡”—†‡”‡ƒ–Š–Š‡•‡ƒ–Ǥ‘‘™›‘—Šƒ†•‹š‰‡‡”ƒŽ•—’    ͵ͳ

–Š‡”‡ •™‡ƒ”™‡™‡”‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘‡•„ƒ‰‹‰‘–Š‡ƒŽŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–—•Ž‹‡™‡ǯ”‡ ”ƒœ›ǡ–ƒ‹‰ Š‹’•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽŽƒ••‘—˜‡‹”•‘ˆ –Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”ǤŠ‡™‡Ž‡ˆ––Š‡”‡ƒ††”‘˜‡†‘™ˆ‘”‘—”„”‹‡ˆ‹‰• ‹–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ ‘ƒ†ǡ‹–•–”— ‡–Šƒ–•‘‡–Š‹‰Šƒ† Šƒ‰‡† –Š‡”‡ǡ‹ƒ„‹‰™ƒ›ƒ†–Šƒ–™‡†‹†ǯ–ˆ—ŽŽ›—†‡”•–ƒ†‹–Ǥ  ‘™ǡ ‹ˆ ›‘— ”‡‡„‡”ǡ ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡ǡ ”‡•‹†‡– ǤǤ —•Šǡ ‘”„ƒ Š‡˜ǡ ƒ† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”Ž† Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™‡”‡ –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—–ƒDz‡™‘”Ž†”†‡”ǡdzƒ†ƒ’‡ƒ ‡†‹˜‹†‡†ǣ™‡ ƒ‘™ —– „ƒ ‘—”‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•’‡†‹‰ǤŠ‡™‘”Ž†‹•‰‘‹‰–‘„‡•‘‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–Šƒ– –Š‡‘‘•†ƒ› Ž‘ Šƒ•‘˜‡†„ƒ ǡ–Šƒ–™‡ǯ”‡‘–‰‘‹‰–‘ƒ‡ƒ ‹†‡”‘—–‘ˆ‘—”’Žƒ‡–ǡƒ†‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ǯ•‰‘‹‰–‘„‡‘ƒ›Ǥ  ‡ŽŽǡ ǯ˜‡ ‰‘– –‘ –‡ŽŽ ›‘—ǡ › ›‡ƒ”• –Š‡”‡ ‹ –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‘ƒ†ǡ –Š‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘ƒ† ƒ† ‡˜‡” •‹ ‡ –Š‡ǡ ™‡”‡ ƒ›–Š‹‰„—–‘”†‡”Ž›ǤŠ‡™‘”Ž†•‡‡‡†–‘ ‘‡ƒ’ƒ”–ƒ† Šƒ‰‡Ǥ †™Šƒ–Šƒ••–”— ‡ˆ”‘–Šƒ––‹‡™ƒ•Š‘™— Š–Š‡™‘”Ž†Šƒ† Šƒ‰‡† „—– Š‘™ Ž‹––Ž‡ ™‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ‹– Š‘™ Ž‹––Ž‡ ™‡ ƒ• ‡”‹ ƒ• ƒ† –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ ›‘— ™Š‘ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ˆ”‡‡Ǧ™‘”Ž† ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡• Š‘™Ž‹––Ž‡™‡—†‡”•–‘‘†‹–ƒŽŽƒ†Š‘™Ž‹––Ž‡ ™‡†‹†ƒ„‘—–‹–Ǥ  Šƒ– ›‘— •‡‡ Šƒ’’‡‹‰ ‘™ ‹ ”ƒ‹‡ ‹• ƒ ‰‘‘† ‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ ˜‡” •‹ ‡ –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ǡ ™Š‡ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ƒ‡ †‘™ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† Šƒ• ‘˜‡† ‹ •— Š ƒ †›ƒ‹ ǡ Šƒ‰‡† ™ƒ› ˆ‘” ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ ƒ† ™‡ •‡‡ –‘ „‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ† ”‡ƒ –‹‰ ƒ† ‘– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Š‘™–‘‰‡–‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ‹–Ǥ  ‘™ǡ ‡”›‹••‹‰‡”™”‘–‡ƒ–”‡‡†‘—••‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‡••ƒ›•‘ †‹’Ž‘ƒ ›› –Šƒ– ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘‘ǯ• –‹–Ž‡ǡ Diplomacyy ‹ ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡•ƒ‹†–Šƒ––Š‡‘†‡”™‘”Ž†Šƒ•”‡‘”†‡”‡†‹–•‡Žˆˆ‹˜‡–‹‡• •‹ ‡–Š‡‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡•–’ŠƒŽ‹ƒǤŠ”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡Šƒ˜‡‘ —””‡†‹–Š‡ Žƒ•– ‡–—”›ǣ ‘ ‡ ƒˆ–‡”‘”Ž† ƒ” ǡ ‘ ‡ ƒˆ–‡”‘”Ž† ƒ” ǡ ƒ† ‘ ‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”Ǥ  ˆ–‡”‘”Ž†ƒ” ǡ ”‡•‹†‡–‘‘†”‘™‹Ž•‘ˆ‡Ž––Šƒ–‹ˆ™‡ †‹†ǯ– Šƒ‰‡ –Š‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ ‹ˆ ™‡ †‹†ǯ– ”‡ƒŽŽ› –”› –‘ ‰‡– ‘–”‘Žǡ™‡™‡”‡‰‘‹‰–‘‡†—’”‡’‡ƒ–‹‰™Šƒ–™‡Šƒ†Œ—•–‰‘‡ ͵ʹ     

–Š”‘—‰Š ‹ ‘”Ž† ƒ” Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‰—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘•ǢŠ‡Šƒ†Š‹• ‘—”–‡‡‘‹–•ǢŠ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Š‡‡”ƒ‘ˆ‡’‹”‡• ƒ†‘ƒ” Š‹‡•ƒ† ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹••Š‘—Ž†„‡‘˜‡”Ǥ‡‘—‰Š––‘Šƒ˜‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹™Š‹ Š™‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡” –‘™ƒ”† ’‡ƒ ‡ǡ –‘™ƒ”† ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ ‹••—‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘”‡Ǧ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ–‹‘•‡‡†‡†–‘Š‡Ž’„”‹‰—’–Š‘•‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†™Š‘ ™‡”‡Ž‡••ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ǥ”‡•‹†‡–‹Ž•‘™ƒ•˜‡”›— Šƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–Ǥ—– –Š‡’‘‹–™ƒ•–Šƒ–Š‡—†‡”•–‘‘†–Šƒ––Š‹•‘”Ž†ƒ”Šƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ ‘‡– ‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ† –Šƒ– Š‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ™‘”Ž† Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Šƒ† „‡––‡”‰”ƒ„‹–Ǥ  ‹Ž•‘•’‡–‘–Š•ƒ†‘–Š•‹—”‘’‡™‘”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‡ƒ ‡ ‘”†•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒŽŽ‹‡•ƒ†ǡ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ™‹–Š‘—”†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡† ‡‡‹‡•Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• ‰‘‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹–‡ ‘—•‡ Ž‘‰‡” –Šƒ ƒ› ’”‡ ‡†‹‰ ”‡•‹†‡– Šƒ† ‡˜‡” „‡‡Ǥ Š‡ Š‡ ƒ‡ „ƒ  –‘ –Š‹• ‘—–”›ƒ†–”‹‡†–‘•‡ŽŽ–Š‡•‡‹†‡ƒ•–‘‘—”‘‰”‡••ǡŠ‡™ƒ•”‡•‹•–‡†Ǥ ‡”›ƒ„‘–‘†‰‡ǡ–Š‡•‡‹‘”‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘’’‘•‹‰’ƒ”–›ǡ”‡ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–ǢŠ‡™ƒ–‡†–‘”‡–—”–‘‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘‹•Ǥ‹Ž•‘†‹‡†ƒ „”‘‡ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‹•‹†‡ƒ•‡˜‡””‡ƒŽŽ›–‘‘Š‘Ž†ǢŠ‡ˆ‡Ž–™‡™‡”‡ ‰‘‹‰–‘”‡’‡ƒ–™Šƒ––Š‡™‘”Ž†Šƒ†Œ—•–‰‘‡–Š”‘—‰ŠǤ—–™‡ –Š‡ ‘”‡Ǧˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† †‹†ǯ– Š‡Ž’ –Š‹• ”‡‘”†‡”‹‰ –ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡Ǥ†ǡ‹ˆ›‘—‘™›‘—”Š‹•–‘”›ǡ‘”Ž†ƒ” ™ƒ•„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› „‘”‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‘”’‡ƒ ‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•‘ˆ‘”Ž†ƒ” Ǥ  ›˜‹‡™ǡ–Š‡‘•–”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡–‹‡‹‘—”Š‹•–‘”›™ƒ•–Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ ‘”Ž† ƒ” ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘™ ™‡ Šƒ† ƒ ”‡’‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– Šƒ† Šƒ’’‡‡† ƒ– –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–—”›Ǥ ƒ””› ”—ƒ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  –Š‹‡” ‘ˆ ‘—” –‹‡•ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ‘ˆ –ƒ–‡Ǥ ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽƒ†”—ƒǡ ƒ† ‡ Ž‹‡ ‡‘”‰‡ ‡ƒǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ƒ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ–ƒ•–‹ ǡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹  –Š‹‡”ǡ ƒ‡–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘–Šƒ–‘‘†”‘™‹Ž•‘Šƒ†ǣ™‡ ‡‡†‡†–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‹•™‘”Ž†‹•‰‘‹‰–‘”‡‘”†‡”ǡ™‡Šƒ† „‡––‡” ‰‡– ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ ™ƒ› ‹–ǯ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ‘”†‡” ‹–•‡Žˆǡ ‘” †‹•‘”†‡”‹–•‡ŽˆǤ    ͵͵

 ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ –Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ—”ˆ‘”‡ˆƒ–Š‡”•Šƒ†™ƒ”‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Šƒ–ǣ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ ƒ† ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ™‘—Ž†ǯ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ‘˜‡” ‹ –Š‡‹” ‰”ƒ˜‡•Ǥ ‡ •‹‰‡†—’–‘ƒ‘”Ž†ƒƒ†—†‡”–‘‘–Š‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽŽƒǡ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹‡ ‹ Š‹•–‘”› –Š‡ ˜‹ –‘”• –Š‡ ™‹‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ” ’ƒ‹†ˆ‘””‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡™Š‘™‡”‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†Ǥ•—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ ˜‹ –‘”• „Ž‡† –Š‡ Ž‘•‡”• ƒ† –‘‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡Ǥ ‘ –Šƒ– ’‡”‹‘† ™ƒ• ƒ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘‡– ‹ ‘—” Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ †  ™‘—Ž† ƒ”‰—‡ ‹– –‘‘—•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”™‹–Š‘—–‡˜‡”„‡ ‘‹‰Š‘–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ –Š‡™ƒ›™‡†‹†‹–Ǥ  ‘™ǡ„ƒ –‘–Šƒ–’‘‹–‹ͳͻͺͻǡ™Š‡ ™ƒ•‹—”‘’‡ǡ™‡Šƒ† ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ™Š‘™ƒ•‹ Šƒ”‰‡Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒ—’”‡‡ŽŽ‹‡†‘ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ  ‹ —”‘’‡ǡ ‘ƒ†‡” ‹ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• —”‘’‡ƒ ‘ƒ†Ǥ ‹•ƒ‡™ƒ• ƒ  ƒŽ˜‹ǡƒ†Š‡™ƒ•–‡ŽŽ‹‰—• –Šƒ––Š‡™ƒ›™‡Šƒ†„‡––‡”Šƒ†Ž‡–Š‹•™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘™‹‡”• ƒ†‘Ž‘•‡”•Ǣ™‡‡‡†‡†–‘ ‘‡ ––‘–Š‡ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ”‡’—„Ž‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ǡ ƒ† ™‹–Š –Š‡ —••‹ƒ• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ† ™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ‡ ‡‡†‡† –‘ „‡ — Š ‘”‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹”‡•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‹•™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡Šƒ†–‘‰‡–‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‹•Ǥ  ƒ‡•ƒ‡”ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•‘—” ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ –ƒ–‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ǡˆ‡Ž– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ™ƒ›Ǥ ‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ ‡ˆˆ‘”– ˆ‘” ƒ •‡ ‘† ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ Žƒǡ ™‘”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‘˜‹‡–‹‘Ǥ –‡˜‡”–‘‘‘ˆˆǢ–Š‡”‡™ƒ• ‡˜‡”— Š‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ  „‡ ƒ‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•Ǥ ™ƒ••‡–‘˜‡”‘–™‘‹••‹‘•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•– ™ƒ• –‘ Š‡Ž’ •—’’‘”– ‘—” –”ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ —••‹ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ƒ•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ”‡’—„Ž‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡– ‹‘ ‹ –Š‹‰• ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ‹‰ –Š‡‹” —””‡ › ‘˜‡”–‹„Ž‡ǡ ™‘”‹‰ ‘ –Š‡‹” ‡ ‘‘‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ‡‡–‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ—†‹–‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ Š‹•™ƒ•ƒŽŽ ”‡‡–‘ƒ‹ˆƒ–”›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǡ„—––Šƒ–ǯ•™Šƒ–›Œ‘„™ƒ•Ǥ  Š‡ •‡ ‘† –Š‹‰  Šƒ† –‘ †‘ ™ƒ• ™‘” ™‹–Š –Š‡ —••‹ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ‡™ƒ–‡†–‘ ‘‡ ––‘–Š‡–‘„‡•—”‡–Š‡›†‹†ǯ–”‡˜‡”– –‘–Š‡”—Ž‹‰•–›Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‡–‹‘Ǥ •’‡–ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‹‡‹‘• ‘™ ™‹–Š –Š‡•‡‹‘” Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —••‹ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥ  ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ† ƒ ͵Ͷ     

—••‹ƒƒ‹†‡ǤŠ‡›‰ƒ˜‡‡ƒ ƒ†‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ‘”’•ǢŠ‹• ƒ‡ ™ƒ• Žƒ†‹‹”ǡ ƒ† Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡† –‘ •’‡ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š „› ™ƒ– Š‹‰ ”‘Ž† Š™ƒ”œ‡‡‰‰‡”‘˜‹‡•Ǥ‘‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰™ƒ•ǡDz‘•™‡ƒ–ǡƒǤ ƒ•–ƒŽƒ˜‹•–ƒǤdz† ǯ•—”‡ –Šƒ–™Š‡Š‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†›–ƒŽ•ƒ† –Š‡ ‡†Ž‡•• –‘ƒ•–• ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ‹ —••‹ƒǡ  •‘—†‡† Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‡”‹ƒ–‘”Ǥ —– –Š‘•‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ ™‘” ‹ •› Š ™‹–Š –Š‡ —••‹ƒ• ‡˜‡””‡ƒŽŽ› ƒ””‹‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠǤ  Š‹ ƒ„‘—– ™Šƒ–ǯ• Šƒ’’‡‡† ™‹–Š ”ƒ‹‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘‡–ǣ ‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡—••‹ƒ•ǡ™Š‘ǯ˜‡Œ—•–”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”™Š‘Ž‡•›•–‡ ‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡‹”™Š‘Ž‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡŠƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡†Ǥ ‘™ǡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ƒ ‘‡– ™Š‡ ›‘— ‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ —••‹ƒ•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ’‘™‡”ˆ—Žǡ–Šƒ––Š‡› ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›”‡•—”‰‡‹•‘‡ ™ƒ›Ǥ—–‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ”‡ƒ Š‹‰‘—––‘–Š‡ǡ™‡•‘‡™Šƒ–„”ƒ•ŠŽ›–‘‘ ƒŽŽ–Š‘•‡‡ƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡ƒ ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ††—’‡†–Š‡‹–‘Ǥ  ™‡– ˆ”‘ •‹š–‡‡ ‘—–”‹‡• –‘ –™‡–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š– ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ŽŽ —••‹ƒǯ•ˆ‘”‡”ƒŽŽ‹‡•‘™”—•Š‡†–‘„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ™‡•–‡”—”‘’‡ǤŠ‡› Œ‘‹‡†ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ǡ„—––Š‡›†‹†ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ‘™ƒ•‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ ‘”‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘” ‡‡›› ‹– Œ—•– „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ™ƒ› –‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡” —’ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ƒ ‘—–”‹‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ƒ†–‘‘”‡‘”Ž‡••Ž‡ƒ˜‡—••‹ƒŠƒ‰‹‰‘—––‘†”›Ǥ  ‘— †‘ǯ– –Š‹ –Šƒ– ƒ†‡ —••‹ƒ „‹––‡”ǫ ‘ ›‘— –Š‹ —–‹ –Š‹• ‡šǦ  ‘Ž‘‡Ž ™Š‘ ‘™ ”—• —••‹ƒ †‘‡•ǯ– ”‡‡„‡” –Šƒ–ǫ ‘ ›‘— –Š‹ ™‡ ƒ• ‡”‹ ƒ• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Šƒ– ™‡ •‹‰‡†—’–‘†‡ˆ‡†–™‡–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š– ‘—–”‹‡•ǫ†‘™™‡ǯ”‡–ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—–™ƒ–‹‰–‘„”‹‰”ƒ‹‡‹–‘ƒ† ‡‘”‰‹ƒ‹–‘ǫ ǯ •—”‡‹ˆ‘•– ‡”‹ ƒ• ‡™ ™‡ Šƒ† ˜‹–ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡•–• ‹ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ –Š‡›ǯ†„‡”‡ƒ†›–‘†‡ˆ‡†‡ƒ Š–”‡‡–”‡‡–ƒ†‘–”‡ƒŽŽ›—†‡”•–ƒ† ™Š‡”‡–Š‡Š‡ŽŽ‡šǦ‘˜‹‡– ‡‘”‰‹ƒ‹•‘ƒƒ’Ǥ   ™‘—Ž† ‘ˆˆ‡” –‘ ›‘— –Šƒ– ™‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‡† ‹ –Š‹• –Š‹”† ”‡‘”†‡”‹‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ ‡ǯ”‡ ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ǣ ™‹–Š ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ›‘— •‡‡ ‰‘‹‰‘‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ™‡•‡‡–‘„‡†—„ˆ‘—†‡†ƒ•–‘™Šƒ––‘†‘Ǥ –ǯ•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒŽƒ ‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–ǯ•‰‘‹‰‘Ǥ    ͵ͷ

II WHAT IS SHAPING TODAY’ WORLD  Globalization  Šƒ– ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘†‘‹•‰‹˜‡›‘—›Š—„Ž‡‘’‹‹‘ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ –Š‹‰• –Šƒ– •Šƒ’‡ –Š‹• ™‘”Ž† –‘†ƒ›Ǥ ǯ˜‡ ‰‘– ƒ„‘—– •‡˜‡–‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ǣ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘‡ ‹• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡ †‘ǯ– —†‡”•–ƒ†Ǥ Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘– Œ—•– ƒ„‘—– ‡ ‘‘‹ •Ǣ ‹–ǯ• ‘– Œ—•– ƒ„‘—– ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǯ „‡‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† †‘‹‰ „—•‹‡•• ‘ ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡ǤŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰™‡ǯ”‡†‘‹‰‘™‹•‘ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ „ƒ•‹•Ǥ ™ƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ƒ–ƒŽ–‘ˆ‘‘††‹•–”‹„—–‘”•‹–Š‡‹†™‡•–ǡ‹ ‘™ƒǡ ƒ†  ™ƒ• –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ƒ‡ —’ –‘ ‡ ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†• ƒ† Š‡ •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‘— ‘™ǡ  ‹Š‡”‹–‡†› ‘’ƒ›ˆ”‘›ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǣ ǯ˜‡‘™‡†‹–ˆ‘”–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥdz ‡•ƒ‹†ǡDzŠ‡ ‹Š‡”‹–‡†–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‹ Š›ˆƒ–Š‡” ‹Š‡”‹–‡† ‹– ˆ”‘ › ‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ › ™Š‘Ž‡ ™‘”Ž† ™ƒ• ‹ –Š”‡‡ •–ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡ ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǣ›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‡–™‘”ǡ› •—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡƒ†› —•–‘‡”•Ǥdz ‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz‘†ƒ› ǯ‰Ž‘„ƒŽǤdz ‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz  †‹•–”‹„—–‡ ˆ‘‘† ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ •—’’Ž‹‡”• ™Š‘ ‰‹˜‡ ‡ ‡š‘–‹ ˆ‘‘†•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ ˆ›‘—‰‘–‘›™‡„•‹–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ‹•”—‘—–‘ˆƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡ǡ †‹ƒǡ–Š‡›ǯ”‡–Š‡‘‡• ™Š‘–‡ŽŽ‡Š‘™–‘ †‹•–”‹„—–‡ǡ Š‘™ –‘ •‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘‘†ǡ ƒ† ™Š‡”‡  ƒ ‰‘ ˆ‘” › •—’’Ž‹‡”•Ǥdz†Š‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz †‘ǯ–‡˜‡‘™™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡†ǡŠ‘™–Š‹• ƒŽŽ ƒ‡ƒ„‘—–Ǣ‹–™ƒ•ƒŽ‘•–ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ –Š‡ ‘’ƒ›ǯ•‰”‘™–ŠǤdz ‡ •ƒ‹†ǡDz—–‘™ ™‘””›ƒ„‘—–†”‘—‰Š–•‹ ‡”–ƒ‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž† ™Š‡”‡ ‰‡–›ˆ‘‘†•—’’Ž‹‡•Ǥ ™‘””›ƒ„‘—–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ—”‡•–™Š‡”‡  Šƒ˜‡ —•–‘‡”•Ǥdz† •ƒ‹†ǡDz‘—ǯ”‡ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‰”‘™‹‰ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥdz  ™‘—Ž†–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡Dz‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘dz–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰ †‘ǯ––Š‹‘—” Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ —†‡”•–ƒ†• –Š‡ ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡ › ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‡ Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡‡–™‘”‡†ƒ†‰Ž—‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–™‡ ƒǯ–‰‘ „ƒ –‘–Šƒ–‘‘†”‘™‹Ž•‘‡”ƒƒ†‹•‘Žƒ–‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‰‡–ƒ‹  ‘—– ‘ˆ Ž‹•–‡‹‰ –‘ •‘‡ ‘ˆ ‘—” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǯ –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– ‡‡”‰› ͵͸     

‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ ƒ• ‹ˆ ™‡ǯ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ „Ž‘  ‘—– –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒ ”‘•• –™‘ ‹‰Š–› ‘ ‡ƒ• ƒ† ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘™ ‹•‘Žƒ–‡ ‘—”Ǧ •‡Ž˜‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”ƒŽŽ•‘”–•‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ   ‰‡– ƒ ‹  ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡–ǯ• –‡ŽŽ‹‰ —•ǡ Dz‡ǯ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ’‹˜‘– –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‹ˆ‹ dz ƒ• ‹ˆ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ‘—–•Ǥ ‘ǯ– ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –”‘‘’• „—”‹‡† ‹ ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒǡ ƒ† ‘™ ƒ”‡ǯ– ›‘— ™‘””‹‡† ƒ„‘—– ›”‹ƒǡƒ†”ƒ‹‡ǫ –ǯ•‘–Ž‹‡›‘— ƒŒ—•–’‹ ƒ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž† ƒ†•ƒ› ǯ‰‘‹‰–‘„Ž‘ ‘—––Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǣ–Š‹•‹•™Š‡”‡ ǯ ‰‘‹‰–‘‹˜‡•–Ǥ‡ƒ”‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡƒ†™‡ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡”‡•– ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†„›ƒ‡–™‘”™‡‡‡†–‘’”‘–‡ –ƒ†‡•—”‡–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ ƒ ‡••Ǥ   Šƒ–‡–™‘”Šƒ•’ƒ”–•‘”†‘ƒ‹•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹••’ƒ ‡Ǣ ™‡ ƒ”‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ› †‡’‡†‡– ‘ •’ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘— ƒ‘– ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ǡ ›‘— ƒ‘–ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡ǡ›‘— ƒ‘–†‘ƒ›ǡƒ›–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ ‘—” Ž‹˜‡• –Šƒ– ™‡ †‘ǯ– –Š‹ ƒ„‘—– ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒ‘– ‡š‹•– ™‹–Š‘—– •’ƒ ‡Ǥ’ƒ ‡Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥƒ‹–„‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹œ‡†ǫ ƒ‹–„‡†ƒƒ‰‡†‹•‘‡™ƒ›ǫ ‘™†‘™‡™‘”‘—–ƒ•ƒ™‘”Ž†ƒ† ƒ’Žƒ‡–Š‘™™‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‹•ǫ  ‡ ‘† –‘ •’ƒ ‡ ‹• ›„‡”•’ƒ ‡Ǥ ‹ Šƒ‡Ž ƒ›†‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” †‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ —”‹–›‰‡ ›ǡ•ƒ‹†ǡDz›„‡”•’ƒ ‡ ‹•Ž‹‡‘‰ƒ†‹•Š—Ǥdz •’‡––Š”‡‡–‘—”•‘ˆ†—–›‹‘ƒŽ‹ƒǡƒ† ‘™ ‘‰ƒ†‹•Š—Ǥ –ǯ•ƒˆ”‡‡Ǧˆ‘”ǦƒŽŽǣ‘„‘†›‘™•™Š‡–Š‡”™‡•Š‘—Ž†–”› –‘ ‘–”‘Ž‹–ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”™‡‡‡†–‘†‡ˆ‡†‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•‹‹–Ǥ›„‡”•’ƒ ‡ ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” •— Š ƒ — ‘–”‘ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‡‡Ǧˆ‘”ǦƒŽŽǣ ǯ˜‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‡•‡ Šƒ  › ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ ‘—– –”›‹‰ –‘ ‰‡– ‹–‘ –Š‡ „—•‹‡••‡• ǯ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ǥ ›„‡”•’ƒ ‡ ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡”‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Šƒ–‡–™‘”Ǥ  ‡ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡ •‡ƒ Žƒ‡• –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† –Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹ Š ‘•– ‘ˆ ‘—” –”ƒ†‡ ƒ† ƒ ‡•• –‘ ‘–Š‡” ”‡‰‹‘• ‰‘Ǥ Š‡ Š‡ ’‘‹–• ƒ† Š‘‡ ’‘‹–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Šƒ– –”ƒˆˆ‹  ƒ”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǣ –Š‡›ǯ”‡‘–Œ—•–‹–Š‡ƒ ‹ˆ‹ Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹””‘—–‡•™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ† ‡”–ƒ‹Žƒ†’‘‹–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–‘—•Ǥ‘™Š‡›‘—Ž‘‘‡†ƒ– –Š‹• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œ‡† ™‘”Ž† ƒ† ›‘— Ž‘‘ ƒ– –Š‡ †‡’‡†‡ ‹‡• ™‡    ͵͹

Šƒ˜‡ ƒ”‡–•ǡ•—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ•‡ —”‹–›”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǧ •Š‹’• ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡–™‘” –Šƒ– ‰Ž—‡• ‹– ƒŽŽ –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ‡ ‡‡† –‘ ˆ‹‰—”‡‘—–Š‘™–‘‡•—”‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‹•‡–™‘”ǡ–‘’”‘–‡ –‹–ǡƒ†–‘ ˆ‹†ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ›–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–ǤŠ‡ƒ•™‡”‹•‘––”›‹‰–‘•Š—– †‘™–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†”‡–—”‹‰–‘–Š‡ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘‡•‘”–‘ˆ„‘”†‡”Ǥ‘”†‡”•ƒ”‡‹’‘••‹„Ž‡‹ –Š‘•‡†‘ƒ‹•Ǥ

The Redistribution of Power  Š‡ •‡ ‘† –Š‹‰ –Šƒ–ǯ• Šƒ’’‡‹‰ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‹• –Šƒ– ’‘™‡”‹•„‡‹‰”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†Ǥ‡‡„‡”ǡ‹–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”ǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ Œ—•– –™‘ ’‘™‡” „ƒ•‡•ǣ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–ƒ† –Š‡ ™‡•–Ǥ – ™ƒ• –Š‡ ǡ ƒ† ƒ›„‡’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›‡†Š‹ƒǡ˜‡”•—•–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡™‡•–‡” —”‘’‡ƒ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ Š‘•‡ ™‡”‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ’‘™‡” „ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‘—‰Š „ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ’‘™‡”• ™‡”‡ —••‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘™ –Šƒ– ’‘™‡” Šƒ• „‡‡ †‹ˆˆ—•‡†Ǥ ‡ –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡   ”ƒœ‹Žǡ —••‹ƒǡ †‹ƒǡƒ†Š‹ƒǤ”ƒœ‹ŽŠƒ•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǢ‹– ƒ ”‹•‡—’ƒ†„‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’‘™‡”ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǥ‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ”‡•—”‰‡– —••‹ƒǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ‘™ •‡‡ ˆŽ‡š‹‰ ‹–• —• Ž‡Ǥ † ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ „—”‰‡‘‹‰ †‹ƒ ƒ† Š‹ƒǤ † ‘™ ‡ ‘‘‹•–• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ƒ”‡ –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ƒ •‡ ‘† –‹‡” –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›”‹•‡—’ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ǣ‡š‹ ‘ǡ †‘‡•‹ƒǡ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡƒ† —”‡›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘—–”‹‡• ƒŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǣ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ǯ– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ˆ—ŽŽǦˆŽ‡†‰‡† ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ’‘™‡”•Ǥ —– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ •‘‡ ”‡•’‡ –•‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ†‹‘–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ• –Š‡›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ”‹•‹‰—’–‘„‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǡ‹ˆ‘–‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’‘™‡”•Ǥ  ‡ ‘™ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘™‡” ‹• †‹•–”‹„—–‡†Ǣ‹–ǯ•‘– ‘†‡•‡†‹–‘–™‘ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘™†‘›‘—ƒƒ‰‡ –Š‹• ‹ ƒ ™‘”Ž† –Šƒ– ™‡ǯ”‡ —•‡† –‘ „‡‹‰ „‹’‘Žƒ”ǫ ‘™ ‹–ǯ• ƒ —Ž–‹’‘Žƒ” ™‘”Ž†ǡ ƒ† ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ǯ– ˆ‹‰—”‡† –Šƒ– ‘—–Ǥ Š‡”‡ †‘ ™‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ‰”‘™–Šǫ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ™‡ǯ˜‡ ‡‰Ž‡ –‡† ‘—” ‘™ Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‘—” Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ† ™‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘’ƒ›ƒ’”‹ ‡ˆ‘”–Šƒ–‡‰Ž‡ –ǤŠ‡”‡†‘›‘—‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ͵ͺ     

‹– –‘ ”‹•‡ –‘ ‹–• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǫ Š‡”‡ †‘ ›‘— ‹˜‡•– ‹ ‹–ǫ ‘™ †‘ ›‘— ”‡ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘” •‡ —”‹–› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǧ •Š‹’•ǫ‡Šƒ˜‡ǯ–ˆ‹‰—”‡†‹–‘—–ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ‡™™‘”Ž†Ǥ

Muslims  Š‡ –Š‹”† –Š‹‰ –Šƒ–ǯ• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‹• –Š‡ –”ƒ•Ǧ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ͳǤ͵ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡›ǯ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†—•Ž‹•Ǥ •’‡– –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• ‹ –Š‹• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ ƒ† ǯŽŽ –‡ŽŽ›‘—ǡ –Š‡›ǯ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ƒ†Œ—•–‡– –‘ ‘†‡”‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘†‡” ™‘”Ž† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡ǡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡‹”„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡› ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ”‡‡Ž‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ’‡”‹‘†ǡ ™Š‡ǡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‡†‘ˆ ‘”Ž†ƒ” ǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ’‘™‡”• –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ Š ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• —–—’–Š‡‹” ‘Ž‘‹œ‡†’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ‘—–”‹‡• –Šƒ–™‡”‡‡˜‡”‹–‡†‡†–‘„‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ•Ž‹ ‡†‡–Š‹ ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‰”‘—’•‹ŠƒŽˆǤŠ‘•‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡‘™–”›‹‰–‘ˆ‹†‘—–™Š‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡ǡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ”‡–Š‡›”ƒ„•ǡƒ”‡–Š‡›‡”•‹ƒ•ǫ†–‘™Šƒ–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• •‡ –†‘–Š‡›„‡Ž‘‰ǫ”‡–Š‡›—‹•ǡƒ”‡–Š‡›Š‹ƒǫ  ‘—ǯ”‡ ‘™ •‡‡‹‰ –—”‘‹Ž ‰‘‹‰ ‘ –Šƒ– •–”‡– Š‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹Ž‹’’‹‡•ƒŽŽ–Š‡™ƒ›–‘‘”‘ ‘ƒ†‘”–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡ–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡” ’”‘˜‹ ‡• ‘ˆ —••‹ƒǡ –‘ ‡–”ƒŽ ˆ”‹ ƒ ͳǤ͵ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡‡”‰‡ƒ††”ƒ™ˆ”‘‘†‡”‹–› ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ‡‡†ǡ –Š‡‹” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ „‡ ‘‡ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡†ǡ –‘ ƒ†Œ—•– –‘ –Š‡ –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹”•– ‡–—”›ǡ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ —• ƒŽŽ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ •‘‡ ™ƒ› ‘” ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ˆ›‘—–Š‹™‡ ƒ„Ž‘ ‹–‘—–ǡ™ƒ– Š™Šƒ–ǯ•‰‘‹‰‘‹ ›”‹ƒǤŠƒ–ǯ•Šƒ’’‡‡†‹‹„›ƒǫŠƒ–Šƒ•‰‘‡‘‹ ”ƒǫŠ‡•‡ –Š‹‰•™‹ŽŽƒˆˆ‡ –—•‹ƒ›™ƒ›•Ǥƒ –—ƒ”‹‡• ƒ„‡•‡–—’‹–Š‡•‡ ’Žƒ ‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ˆ‘”„ƒ†‰—›•–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡‘—–‘ˆǤŠ‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǡ–Š‡‹”‡‡”‰›”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• Š‘‡’‘‹–•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡•‡ƒŽƒ‡• ƒŽŽƒˆˆ‡ –—•‘ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•Ǥ† ƒ•— Šƒ•™‡–”›–‘‹‰‘”‡–Š‡‹†‡–‹–› ”‹•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† –Š‡‹”’‡‘’Ž‡•ǡ™‡ ƒǯ–Ǥ –ǯ•‰‘‹‰–‘ ‘‡„ƒ ƒ†Šƒ—–—•Ǥ    ͵ͻ

Fragile Economies  ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡‡ ‘‘‹‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡‡„‡”ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ ™Š‡–Š‡ ”‡‡•Šƒ†’”‘„Ž‡•ǫ†›‘—™ƒ– Š‡†‘—”•–‘ ƒ”‡– ‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•–ƒǤŠ›ǫ‡ ƒ—•‡›‘— ƒǯ–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒ›‘”‡Ǣ ™‡ǯ”‡ ‹–‡”Ž‘ ‡†Ǥ • •‘‘ ƒ• ”ƒ‹‡•–ƒ”–‡† –‘ „—„„Ž‡ —’ǡ ™‡ ™ƒ– Š‡† ƒ ͳ͹͵Ǧ’‘‹– †”‘’‹ –Š‡ ‘™Ǥ ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡‡ ‘‘‹‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ‡ ‘‘‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–Š‡ ‡†‰‡ ‹‘”–—‰ƒŽǡ –ƒŽ›ǡ’ƒ‹ ™‹ŽŽ ƒˆˆ‡ – —• ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒ†‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘™†‘™‡™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡ǫ ‘™†‘™‡ ‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡›•—”˜‹˜‡ǫŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ›’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ– ƒ‘–„‡ •—•–ƒ‹‡†ǡ Ž‹‡ ƒ ƒ‰‹‰ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– Šƒ• –‘ „‡ •—’’‘”–‡† „›ƒ •Š”‹‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹‹–•›‘—–Šƒ––Š‡„‘––‘‡†Ǥ

Energy  Š‡ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡‡”‰› ”‡•‘—” ‡• ‹• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –‘†ƒ›Ǥ ‡ –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—–‡‡”‰›‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǤŠƒ–‹•ǯ–‰‘‹‰–‘ƒ––‡”— Š‹ˆ ƒ’ƒ ‹••‡˜‡–›’‡” ‡–”‡Ž‹ƒ–‘‹††Ž‡ƒ•–‘‹Žƒ†–Šƒ–‘‹Ž‹•‘™‘– ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ †ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ •‡ —”‹–› •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹ƒ‹•”‡Ž‹ƒ–‘‹††Ž‡ƒ•–‘‹ŽǤ –Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ™‡ƒ”‡Ž‡•• ”‡Ž‹ƒ–‘‹††Ž‡ƒ•–‡”‘‹Žǡƒ†™‡ǯ”‡ƒ†‰‡––‹‰Ž‡••”‡Ž‹ƒ–‡˜‡”› †ƒ›Ǥ —– ™Š‘ †‘ ›‘— –Š‹ ’”‘–‡ –• –Š‡ ‘‹Ž ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǫ Š‡”‡ǯ• ‘– ‘‡Š‹‡•‡•‘Ž†‹‡”‘”‘‡Š‹‡•‡•Š‹’†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡ ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ‹– ‘ˆ ‘”—œǡ ˆ”‘ ƒ—†‹ ”ƒ„‹ƒǡ —™ƒ‹–ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†”ƒ„‹”ƒ–‡•Ǥ‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ’”‘–‡ ––Š‡ –”ƒ‹–‘ˆ ‘”—œǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ Š‘‡’‘‹–•‹ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ•‡ƒ Žƒ‡ǡƒ†™‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›”‡“—‹”‡‹–Ž‡••‹–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ• Š‡‡‘ˆ–Š‹‰• –Šƒƒ›„‘†›‡Ž•‡ǤŠ›ǫ‡ ƒ—•‡™‡‘™‹ˆ‘—”ƒŽŽ‹‡•ƒ†–Š‘•‡ ’Žƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡‘—”ƒ”‡–•ƒ”‡†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Šƒ–‡‡”‰›ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ ‘‡„ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ ‹” Ž‡–‘ƒˆˆ‡ –—•‹•‘‡™ƒ›Ǥ ͶͲ     

Information Technology  Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ ”‹•‡‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ– ƒ •’‡‡† ™‡ ƒ‘–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡Ǥ‘—ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‹•Ǥƒ– Š›‘—”‰”ƒ†‹†•ƒ†›‘—” ‹†•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‰Ž—‡† –‘ †‡˜‹ ‡• –Šƒ– ‘‡ – –Š‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡–Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡ǡ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› –Š‡‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’ƒ”–Ǥ –ǯ• –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡› ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‹–ǯ• –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡› ‘—‹ ƒ–‡Ǥ Ž† ˆƒ”–• Ž‹‡ ‡ǡ ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‹‹‰”ƒ–• –‘ –Š‹• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ› ‘’ƒ›‰‹˜‡•‡ƒŽŽ•‘”–•‘ˆ‹ƒ†•ƒ†‹Š‘‡•ƒ† ƒŽŽ–Š‹••–—ˆˆˆ ‡˜‡”—•‡‹–Ǥ ‡‡’‹––—”‡†‘ˆˆǤŠ‡›‡‡’‰‡––‹‰‘ ›„ƒ ƒ„‘—–‹–Ǥ   ™‡– –‘ –Š‡ ‰ƒ–‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‹”’‘”– ƒ– —ŽŽ‡• –‘ ‘‡ Š‡”‡Ǥ ǯ ™ƒ– Š‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ •‘”–• ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹  †‡˜‹ ‡•Ǥ  †‹†ǯ– ‡˜‡ ‘™™Šƒ–ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–Š‹‰•™‡”‡Ǥ‡‰‘–‘–Š‡’Žƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡ ˆŽ‹‰Š– ƒ––‡†ƒ– ‡š’Žƒ‹• ™Šƒ– ›‘—ǯ˜‡ ‰‘– –‘ –—” ‘ˆˆǡ –Š‡ –Š‡› ‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ–•‘‡ƒŽ–‹–—†‡™Šƒ–›‘— ƒ–—”‘ǡ–Š‡–Š‡› ‘‡„ƒ  ƒ† –‡ŽŽ ›‘— ƒ‰ƒ‹ ™Šƒ– ›‘—ǯ˜‡ ‰‘– –‘ –—” ‘ˆˆǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ™Š‡ ›‘— Žƒ† ™Šƒ– ›‘— ƒ –—” ‘Ǥ  •‡‡ ‡˜‡”›„‘†› „”‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—– –Š‡‹” ’Š‘‡•ƒ†–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡˜‡”›„‘†›–Š‡›Žƒ†‡†Š‡”‡‹ƒ—‹Ǥ‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘™ –Šƒ– –Šƒ– ’Žƒ‡ Žƒ†‡† ‹ ƒ—‹ –Šƒ ‡™ ‡ƒ”Ž ƒ”„‘” ™ƒ• ƒ––ƒ ‡†Ǥ   „—•‹‡••ǡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ™Šƒ– ™‡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ Žƒ „‡””› ”ƒ›‡”Ǥ ȋŠƒ–ǯ•™Š‡Žƒ „‡””›™ƒ•„‹‰Ǣ‹–ǯ•‘™’ƒ••±ǡ ˆ‘—†‘—–ǤȌ—–ƒ „‘••  ™‘”‡† ˆ‘” ‘ ‡ •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‘›ǡ ‰‘‘† ‡‡–‹‰Ǥ ˜‡”›„‘†› ™ƒ• ”‡ƒŽŽ›‹–‘‹–ǡ  ‘—Ž†•‡‡–Š‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‰Ǥdz •ƒ‹†ǡDzŠ‡›™‡”‡ǯ– ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‰Ǣ–Š‡›™‡”‡†‘™–Š‡”‡‹–Š‡Žƒ „‡””›”ƒ›‡” ›‘— ‘™ǡ”‹‰Š–—†‡”–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥdz ǯ•—”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Š‡”‡ƒ”‡†‘‹‰ –Š‹• ”‹‰Š– ‘™ǡ ‘– Ž‹•–‡‹‰ –‘ ‡ǡ „—– –Š‡›ǯ”‡ ‹ –Š‡”‡ǡ Š‡ ‹‰ —•‡Ž‡••‡••ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡‹–‡”‡–Ǥƒ– Š–Š‡‹†•ǣ –Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡› ‘—‹ ƒ–‡Ǥ –‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǫ ‡‡–‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ˆƒ ‡–‘ˆƒ ‡ǫ‘Ǥ‡†‘‹–‘™‹‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ  †™Š‡”‡†‘™‡‰‡–‘—”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǫ ˆ›‘—ǯ”‡ƒ•‘Ž†ƒ• ƒǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒŽ–‡” ”‘‹–‡ǡ ‘Š ƒ‡”‘ ™ƒ›œ‡Ǥ – ™ƒ• —–Ž‡›Ȃ    Ͷͳ

”‹Ž‡›Ǥ  ‡™ –Š‘•‡ ‰—›•Ǣ  ‘—Ž† –”—•– –Š‡Ǥ ‘™ •‘‡ ‹†‹‘– „Ž‘‰‰‡” ‹• –‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ–  †‘ǯ– ‘™ ‹• –”—‡ ‘” ‘–Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯ•–ƒ‹‰‘˜‡”Ǥ„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‰‘‘†–Š‹‰• ‘‡ ™‹–Š ‹–– –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ǡ –‘ ‘‡ –ǡ –‘ •–ƒ› ‹ –‘— ŠǤ‡ ƒƒŽŽ•‡‡–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ–Šƒ–ǡ„—–‹–„”‹‰•™‹–Š‹–‘–Š‡” ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡƒ†‹–ǯ•‰”‘™‹‰Ǥ  Ž‘‰™‹–Š•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǡ–Š‡–Š‹”†Žƒ”‰‡•– ‘—–”›‹–Š‡™‘”Ž† ‹• ƒ ‡„‘‘Ǥ ‘— ‘™ –Š‹ ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ ™‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ˆ •‘‡„‘†› ™ƒŽ‡† —’ –‘ ‡ ƒ† •ƒ‹†ǡ DzŠ‘ ƒ”‡ ›‘—ǫdz  ‹‰Š– •ƒ›ǡ Dz ǯ ƒ ‡”‹ ƒǤdz ‘™ǡ •‘‡„‘†› ‹‰Š– •ƒ›ǡ Dz ǯ ‘ ƒ ‡„‘‘Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ƒ ‡„‘‘ ƒ ‘—–Ǥdz † –Šƒ–ǯ• –Š‡‹” ™‘”Ž†ǡ –Šƒ–ǯ• –Š‡‹” ‘‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘ ‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒŠƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ•Ž‡••–‘ †‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™ƒ›• ™‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ƒ„‘—– ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•‹•‡‹–Š‡”‰‘‘†‘”„ƒ†Ǣ‹–ǯ•Œ—•––”—‡ǡƒ†™‡ǯ†„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ† ‹–Ǥ  Œ—•–ˆ‹‹•Š‡†™”‹–‹‰ƒ„‘‘ƒ„‘—–ƒŽŽ–Š‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–‰‘‘off –Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†–Šƒ– ƒ†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”›‘—ǯŽŽ™‹‘”Ž‘•‡on–Š‡ „ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǣ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• ƒ‡ǡ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ’”‡•‹†‡–• ƒ‡ǡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘”‘–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǤŠ‡•‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒŽŽ‹†•‘ˆ†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ Š‘•‡–‘‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡ –Šƒ–‰‘‡•‘„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ›‘—‰•‘Ž†‹‡”ǡƒ”‹‡ǡ•ƒ‹Ž‘”ǡ‘”ƒ‹”ƒ•–‡’• ˆ‘‘–‘–‘ƒ„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽƒˆˆ‡ –™Š‡–Š‡”™‡™‹‘”Ž‘•‡Ǥ‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ––ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆˆ–Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‹•–Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ‡ ‘™–ƒŽ‹–‡”•‘ˆƒƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ‘—‰‘––‘‰‡–‘—––Š‡”‡ƒ†ƒ‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” ™Šƒ– ›‘—ǯ”‡ ƒ„‘—– –‘ †‘Ǥ – ‹•ǯ– Œ—•–  ™‹–Š Š‹• ‹”‡•‹†‡ Šƒ–•ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ „‡ •‘‡ ‰—› ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •‹†‡ ™Š‘ǯ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ‘‡ ‘ –‘ –Šƒ– •ƒ‡ ‡†‹ƒ ƒ† ’‘•‡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ˜‹‡™Ǥ Š‘ ™‹• –Š‡ „ƒ––Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ „‡ ‘‡• ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ†–Š‡‡†‹ƒ‘™ –Š‡‡–Š‘†•„›™Š‹ Š™‡ ‰‡– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡ –‹Ž–‡†ǡ ‹‰Š– ‘– „‡ ƒ —”ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ™‡ǯ”‡ —ƒ„Ž‡–‘ Š‡ –Š‡–”—–Š‘ˆ–Šƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–‹–••‘—” ‡Ǥ  ƒ˜‹‰ „‡‡ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –‹‡•ǡ  ‘™ ‹†• ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ Š‘ ‡•—”‡• –Š‡ ƒ —”ƒ › ‘ˆ ‹‹’‡†‹ƒǫ —– Ͷʹ     

–Š‹•‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”™‘”Ž†–Šƒ–ǯ•‘™–ƒ‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ–Šƒ•”‡•Šƒ’‡†ƒ† Šƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡Žƒ•––™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ††‡ˆ‹‡•—•‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡Ǥ

Weapons of Mass Destruction  ‡ǯ”‡ƒŽ•‘•‡‡‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰ Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ƒ–‹‡–Šƒ–™ƒ•˜‡”› Š‘’‡ˆ—Ž –‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ–ǯ• Ž‡•• Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽǤ ƒ  ‹ ͳͻͺͻǡ ™Š‡ ™‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‡•–‹ŽŽŠƒ†ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡— Ž‡ƒ”™‡ƒ’‘•ƒ†‘–Š‡”™‡ƒ’‘•‘ˆ ƒ••†‡•–”— –‹‘ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ’‘•ǡ™‡–Š‘—‰Š–™‡™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –‘ †‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡Ǥ ‡ ƒƒ‰‡† –‘ ‰‡– ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•–Šƒ–Ž‘‘‡†Ž‹‡™‡™‡”‡”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡•‡•–‘ ’‹Ž‡•ǤŠ‡ —••‹ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• Šƒ† ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ ‡‡„‡”‘—”‰‘‘†”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‘ƒŽ†‡ƒ‰ƒǡ™Š‘•ƒ‹†ǡDzƒ‡•—”‡ ™‡ –”—•–ǡ „—– ˜‡”‹ˆ›ǫdzͳ ‘—–”‹‡• Ž‹‡ ƒœƒŠ•–ƒ ‰ƒ˜‡ —’ –Š‡‹” ™‡ƒ’‘•Ǣ ‘—–”‹‡•Ž‹‡‹„›ƒ‰ƒ˜‡—’–Š‡‹” Š‡‹ ƒŽ™‡ƒ’‘•ƒ† — Ž‡ƒ”’Žƒ•Ǥ  —– –Šƒ–ǯ• ”‡˜‡”•‹‰ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‘™Ǥ ‘™ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹ƒ• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ™ƒ––‘ƒ “—‹”‡— Ž‡ƒ”™‡ƒ’‘•Ǥ†‹–ǯ•‘––Šƒ–Šƒ”†–‘„‡‰‹–‘ ‰‡– –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –Š‡ ˆ‹••‹Ž‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ›‘— ‡‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ǡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡™‡ƒ’‘‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‘™–Š‹•”‹•‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”™‡ƒ’‘•‘ˆƒ••†‡•–”— –‹‘–Šƒ– ƒ„‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ›™Š‡”‡‹ –Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒ›„‡‡˜‡‹ƒ•—‹– ƒ•‡ –Š‹•‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”†›ƒ‹ ‹–Š‹• ™‘”Ž†™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ ‘’‡™‹–ŠǤ

Urbanization and Demographics  ‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡ Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ ‘—” •’‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ• ”‘••‡†ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ‘”‡Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•Ž‹˜‡‹ ‹–‹‡•–‘†ƒ›–Šƒ ‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ ‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡•‹ ‡™‡•–‘‘†—’”‹‰Š–•‘‡™Š‡”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‹• ‘ˆ ‡›ƒǤ ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘™ ƒ —”„ƒ‹œ‡† •’‡ ‹‡•ǣ •‹š–›

ͳǤ‹‹’‡†‹ƒŠƒ•‹––Šƒ–Dz—œƒ‡ƒ••‹‡ǡƒ™”‹–‡”‘—••‹ƒǡǤǤǤȏ–ƒ—‰Š–Ȑ‘ƒŽ† ‡ƒ‰ƒ –Š‡ —••‹ƒ ’”‘˜‡”„ǡ Dzdoveryai no proveryaidz ȋ–”—•–ǡ „—– ˜‡”‹ˆ›ȌȏǡȐ ƒ†˜‹•‹‰ Š‹ǡǤǤǤDzŠ‡—••‹ƒ•Ž‹‡–‘–ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡”„•Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡‹ ‡‘ˆ›‘—–‘‘™ƒˆ‡™Ǥ ‘—ƒ”‡ƒƒ –‘” ›‘— ƒŽ‡ƒ”–Š‡˜‡”›“—‹ Ž›ǤdzŠ––’ǣȀȀ‡Ǥ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ™‹‹Ȁ —œƒ‡̴ƒ••‹‡ȋ ‹–‹‰ ǡ ǡ    ǣ      ǡ͸͹ȋʹͲͲͻȌȌǤ    Ͷ͵

’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ž‹˜‡•‹ ‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‘•‡ ‹–‹‡• ƒ‘– •—•–ƒ‹ –Š‘•‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‘•‡ ‹–‹‡• ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ‘—Ž†ǯ– ƒ‡ ƒ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘—– –Š‡”‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š‹–‡”Žƒ†• ƒ›‘”‡ǤŠ‡› ƒ‡‹–‘–Š‡ ‹–‹‡•Ǣ–Š‡›ǯ˜‡‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‡†–Š‡ ‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‹‡• ‹• ˜‡”› ‘Ž†Ǣ ‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ Š‘–„‡†• ‘ˆ ’”‘–‡•–•Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡ ”‹‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹†•‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡• ˆŽ‘—”‹•ŠǤ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‹•‰‘‹‰–‘‰‡–™‘”•‡ƒ†™‘”•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‡› ƒ† ˆ—†‹‰ ‹•ǯ– –Š‡”‡ –‘ ‹˜‡•– ‹ ‹–Ǥ  Š‹ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒƒ†ƒǡ–Š‡ ‘—–”‹‡•–Šƒ– ™‡ǯ”‡ —•‡† –‘ •‡‡‹‰Ǥ —” ‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ›„‡ ͳͲͲ ›‡ƒ”• ‘Ž†Ǥ ˆ ™‡ǯ”‡ ™‘””›‹‰ƒ„‘—–our ‹–‹‡•ǯ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•ǡ–Š‹ƒ„‘—– ‹–‹‡•ƒ”‘—† –Š‡™‘”Ž†–Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†ǤŠ‡‹”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•ƒ”‡ ‘™ ‘– ‘Ž› †‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‰ǡ „—– –Š‡›ǯ˜‡ ‰‘– –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ•• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘˜‹‰‹ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‹–‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘–Š‹ƒ„‘—– ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡™‘”Ž††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›™Š‡›‘—–Š‹ƒ„‘—–‘—”„‡‹‰ƒ —”„ƒ‹œ‡†•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ  Š‡ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ • ƒ”‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ǡ –‘‘Ǥ  –Š‡ Žƒ•– •‹š–› ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ™‡ǯ˜‡†‘—„Ž‡†‘—”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘–Š‹•‡ƒ”–ŠǤ›ʹͲ͵Ͳǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ Š ‹‡„‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤ‡ǯ”‡ƒ–•‹š„‹ŽŽ‹‘‘”•‘”‹‰Š–‘™Ǥ‹‡ „‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘™Ž‘‰ ƒ–Š‹• ‘–‹—‡ǫŠ‡†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ •ƒ”‡‘ˆ ‘—”•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡‰‹‘–‘”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ™‘”Ž†ǡ Ž‹‡ —”‘’‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •Š”‹‹‰ ’‘’—ŽƒǦ –‹‘ ˆ‡™‡” ›‘—‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ „—– ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •–‹ŽŽ ƒ”‘—†Ǥ  –Š‡•‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ƒ —’•‹†‡Ǧ†‘™ –”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ǡ ƒ •ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’‘ˆ›‘—‰’‡‘’Ž‡‘–„‡‹‰ƒ„Ž‡–‘•—’’‘”–ƒŽƒ”‰‡‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ‡Ž†‡”•Ǥ   ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ‘† ™Šƒ–ǯ• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡›‘—–Š„—Ž‰‡ –Šƒ–›‘—–Š„—Ž‰‡‹•’ƒ••‹‰–Š”‘—‰ŠǤŠ‡”‡ ƒ”‡ǯ–‡‘—‰ŠŒ‘„•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǣ–Š‡›ǯ”‡˜‡”›— Š†‹•‡ˆ”ƒ Š‹•‡†ƒ† †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†ǤŠ‡› ƒ—•‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”’”‘„Ž‡•›‘—•‡‡‘–Š‡ •–”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ™ƒ– ƒ „‡––‡” Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ –Š‡› ™ƒ–ƒ „‡––‡” ‡ ‘‘›ǡ –Š‡› ™ƒ– ‘”‡ •ƒ› ‹ –Š‡‹” ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ  •–‹ŽŽ ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†›‘—Šƒ˜‡–Š‡–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹••—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ͶͶ     

 Š‡‰‘‘†‡™•ˆ‘”‡”‹ ƒ‹•–Šƒ–™‡ǯ”‡•–‹ŽŽƒ–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡ǡ”‹‰Š–•‹†‡—’Ǥ —– †‘ ›‘— ‘™ ™Š›ǫ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ™Šƒ–ǯ• •—•–ƒ‹‹‰–Šƒ––”‹ƒ‰Ž‡Ǥ ƒ†‹–‘–„‡‡ˆ‘”‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡ǯ†Ž‘‘ Ž‹‡—”‘’‡ǡƒ†™‡™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡†‹ƒ‘†Ǥ‘‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ ‡ƒ Š †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  —‹“—‡‡•• ”‡ƒ–‡• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ —– –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ‘—”Š—ƒ•’‡ ‹‡•‹••‘‡–Š‹‰™‡ǯ†„‡––‡”–Š‹ ƒ„‘—–ƒ•™‡‰‘ƒŽ‘‰Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ’”‘„Ž‡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ”‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† †‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ‰‡––‹‰ —’ ƒ† ‘˜‹‰ –‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ǡ ‡‹–Š‡”Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ› ‘”‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽŽ›Ǥ † ‘™ ›‘—Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‘„˜‹‘—• ’”‘„Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡ ‘‘‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ‘– •—•–ƒ‹ –Š‡•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‹‰‹ǤŠ‡› Šƒ‰‡‹†‡–‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ —Ž–—”‡ Žƒ•Š‡•ƒ”‘—† –Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡•‡‡‹–‹—”‘’‡ǡƒ†™‡•‡‡‹–‹—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡› Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘•–‹ ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹‹‰”ƒ–•‘‹•Žƒ†•ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–ǯ• ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ† ‘–”‘˜‡”•›Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•ǡ ™‡ ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› Šƒ˜‡ ‘—” ‘™ ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ ‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ —†‘ —‡–‡†‹‹‰”ƒ–•™Š‘ ‘‡‹Ǥ ‘™™‡ƒƒ‰‡‹–ǡ‡•—”‡ ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‹• •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡ ‘—” ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒǯ– ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‘—–Ǥ

The Environment  ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•– ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–‹•Šƒ’’‡‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ •–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‹‰‘”‘–ǫ ‘™‹•‹––Šƒ–™‡ ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‡–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǫ ‡ƒǡ™Š‡•‘‡„‘†›–‡ŽŽ•‡–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǯ•‘– Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ† Ž‘‘ƒ–ƒƒ’ƒ† ™ƒ– Š–Š‡” –‹   ‡ƒ„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡•‡ƒǡ ™ƒ– ŠƒŽŽ–Šƒ–™Š‹–‡ •–—ˆˆ ‹ ”‡‡Žƒ† „‡ ‘‹‰ ‰”‡‡ǡ ‹–ǯ• Šƒ”† ˆ‘” ‡ –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǯ•‘– Šƒ‰‹‰Ǥ   ™ƒ• ‘ ƒ •–—†› ™‹–Š ‡Ž‡˜‡ ”‡–‹”‡† ˆ‘—”Ǧ•–ƒ” ‰‡‡”ƒŽ• ƒ† ƒ†‹”ƒŽ•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ•‡†—•–‘Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡• ‹‡ ‡ǡ‘–ƒ‡ƒ› Œ—†‰‡–• ƒ„‘—– ‹–ǡ „—– –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ ‡—–”ƒŽǡ ‡–‡” ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ • ‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‡ ™‡”‡ –‘ Ž‘‘ ƒ– ™Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ƒ—•‡ ™Šƒ– ™‡ǯ”‡    Ͷͷ

•‡‡‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ† Ž‘••ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ’‹† ‡Ž–‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ǡ ƒ† Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ƒˆˆ‡ – †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ •‡ —”‹–› ’”‘„Ž‡•ǤŠ‡›‘—Ž‘‘ƒ––Šƒ–ǡ›‘—„‡‰‹–‘‰‡–• ƒ”‡†Ǥ  ˆ–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•”‹•‡ƒ†Žƒ†‹•Ž‘•–ǡ‡–‹”‡ ‘—–”‹‡• ƒ‰‘ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ‘—–”‹‡•–Šƒ–”‡Ž›‘‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”Ǣ‹ˆ–Š‘•‡‰Žƒ ‹‡”•‡Ž–ǡ –Š‘•‡ ‘—–”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ †‘ –Š‡‹” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‰‘ǫ Ž”‡ƒ†› ™‡Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ ‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ‡‡ǡƒƒǯƒǡƒ† ƒǡ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‘”†ƒǡ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”—‹‰ ‘—– ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡‹” ƒ“—‹ˆ‡”•ƒ”‡†”›‹‰—’Ǥ  ƒœƒǡ–Š‡‘•–’‘’—Žƒ–‡†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ ™ƒ–‡”‹•–—”‹‰•ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ ‡‹–‰‘‡•ƒ†‹–„‡ ‘‡••ƒŽ‹‡ǡ›‘— ƒǯ– ”‡ ‘˜‡”‹–Ǥ  ‡ ™ƒ– Š –Š‡ ”ƒ‹ ˆ‘”‡•– „‡‹‰ †‡•–”‘›‡† –Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡ –•–Š‡ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡ †‡•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–• ‹• ‘‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ”—•Š‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡– ™‡ ƒ”‡ —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™™‡ ƒƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‹•†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡•–”— –‹‘‹ •‘‡ ™ƒ›Ǥ ‘ ™‡ „› –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ˆŽ—‘”‘ ƒ”„‘• ƒ†† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ǫŠ‡”‡isƒƒ–—”ƒŽ › Ž‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰ƒ† ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ‘— ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ ‘”‡•ƒ’Ž‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡” –‹ ‹ ‡ƒ†›‘— ƒ–‡ŽŽ–Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡›‡ƒ”‰‘‹‰„ƒ ͶͲͲǡͲͲͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‡ƒ”‡‘™‹ƒ–”‘—‰Š ‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ‘™— Šƒ”‡™‡ƒ††‹‰–‘–Šƒ–ƒ†™Šƒ–†‘ ™‡†‘ƒ„‘—–‹–ǫ  ˆ–Š‡” –‹  ‡ƒ„‡ ‘‡•ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡•‡ƒƒ†‡˜‡”›„‘†› ƒ† Š‹• „”‘–Š‡” ”—•Š‡• —’ –Š‡”‡ –‘ ’—ŽŽ ‘—– –Š‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡• –Š‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ† ‘‹Žƒ† ‰ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡ǡ Š‘™ †‘ ™‡ ‘–”‘Ž ™Šƒ– Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡ƒˆ”‡‡Ǧˆ‘”ǦƒŽŽǫ ‹˜‡ ‘—–”‹‡•„‘”†‡”–Š‡” –‹  ‡ƒǢ–Š‡ ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠƒ–‹†•‘ˆƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ƒ† ’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•†‘™‡‡‡†ǫ ‘™†‘™‡†‡ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ‘’‡•‡ƒǡ‘’‡–‘ƒŽŽ ˜‡••‡Ž•ǫ”‡™‡‰‘‹‰–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ˜›ˆŽ‡‡–—’–Š‡”‡Ž‹‡–Šƒ– ™‡Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–ƒ†™‡•– ‘ƒ•–•ƒ†‹–Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒƒ† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǫ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ǯ– ‡˜‡ ƒ††”‡••‡†›‡–Ǥ Ͷ͸     

Nonstate Entities  ‘–Š‡”’”‘„Ž‡™‡ǯ”‡•‡‡‹‰‹•–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ‘•–ƒ–‡‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ǯ”‡—•‡†–‘„‡‹‰‹ƒ™‘”Ž†™Š‡”‡–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•™‘”•™‹–Š –Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘‘” ”ƒ ‡Ǣ™‡‹†‡–‹ˆ›™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǡƒ†™‡ ‹–‡”ƒ ––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹••‘˜‡”‡‹‰‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ—––Šƒ–ǯ•‰‘‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ǤŠ‡ ŽǦƒ‡†ƒ‹•‘–ƒ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰‡–‹–›Ǣ‹–†‘‡•ǯ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǢ‹–†‘‡•ǯ– Šƒ˜‡„‘”†‡”•Ǣ‹–†‘‡•ǯ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ—‹ˆ‘”‡†ƒ”›–Šƒ–•‹‰•—’–‘–Š‡ ‡‡˜ƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘•‘ˆ™ƒ”ǤŠ‡†”—‰ ƒ”–‡Ž••‘—–Š ‘ˆ‘—”‘™„‘”†‡”ƒ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǢ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘ ƒ’‹–‘ŽǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ ‘ƒ”›Ǣ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘„‘”†‡”•Ǥ  ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘•–ƒ–‡ ‡–‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ „ƒ†ǡ •‘‡ ƒ”‡ ‰‘‘†ǡ Ž‹‡ ‘‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡–Š‡” ‰‘‘† ‘” „ƒ†ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‹• ”—Ǥ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–ƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– —•‡† –‘ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ‘ –Šƒ– Ž‡˜‡Žǡ „—– –Š‡•‡ ‘•–ƒ–‡ ‡–‹–‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘”‡ ƒ† ‰”‘™‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†–Šƒ‡˜‡‘•– ‘—–”‹‡•†‘Ǥ

Arable Land  Š‡ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ˆ‘‘† ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” ‹• ‰”‘™‹‰Ǥ ‡ †‘ǯ– •‡•‡ –Šƒ–†‡ƒ†‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ǯ–ˆ‡Ž–‹–Ǥ—––Š‡ ”ƒ„ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„—›‹‰Žƒ†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•–‘‡•—”‡ ƒ ‡••–‘ˆ‘‘†Ǥƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ† ˆ‘‘† ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ •ǡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–– –Š‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ ‘™— Šƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ Žƒ†™‹ŽŽ™‡Šƒ˜‡ǫŠ‡”‡ǯ•–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ †‡•‡”–•‘—–‘ˆ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹˜‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ‰‡ ‘”‡ ƒ„‘—– ‘—” ‡˜‹”‘‡– –Šƒ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣ‡’‡”ƒ–‡œ‘‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡–”‘’‹ ƒŽǢ‹– ‘—Ž†ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •’”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ †‹•‡ƒ•‡Ǣ ‹– ‘—Ž† ƒˆˆ‡ – ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰™‡†‘Ǥ  Ž‘–‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ”‡‘™„‡‰‹‹‰–‘’”‡†‹ –’”‘„Ž‡•™‹–Š ˆ‘‘†•—’’Ž‹‡•ǡƒ† ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ ‘™†‘™‡ ƒƒ‰‡ –Š‡•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ǫ –ǯ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ „‡ ƒ „‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘    Ͷ͹

•‡ —”‹–› ƒ† –‘ •—”˜‹˜ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† –‘ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ ‡‡„‡”ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹ˆƒ•‘ ‹‡–›•‘‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ˆƒ‹Ž•‹ –Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’•Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ–Š‘•‡’”‘„Ž‡•†‘ǯ–•–ƒ› ‹ –Š‘•‡ †‹•–”‡••‡† ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ƒ• –Š‡› —•‡† –‘Ǥ ‘‡„‘†› ‰‡–• ‘ ƒ ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡™‹–Šƒ„‘Žƒ˜‹”—•ƒ†ƒ””‹˜‡•‹ƒƒŒ‘” ‹–›Ǥ‘—ǯ˜‡–Š‡ ‰‘– ƒ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǣ –Š‡•‡ –Š‹‰• ƒ‘– ”‡ƒ‹ ‹•‘Žƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘•™Š‡”‡–Š‡›„‡‰ƒǤ

Education  ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹‡–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—–ƒ•‡ —”‹–› ‘’‡–‹–‹‘‘”ƒ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘’‡–‹–‹‘‘—” ‘—–”›Šƒ•™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‹‡•‘ˆŠ‹ƒƒ† †‹ƒǤ †‘ǯ– –Š‹–Š‘•‡ ‘—–”‹‡••‡‡‹––Šƒ–™ƒ›ǤŠ‡›•‡‡–Š‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ƒ•ƒ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ†‰—‡••™Šƒ–ǫ‡ǯ”‡Ž‘•‹‰Ǥ‘‘ƒ––Š‡ —„‡”•‘ˆŠ‘‘”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‡‰”‡‡•‹–Š‘•‡ ‘—–”‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ”‹•‡Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡†‹– ‘—–ǣ –Š‡ ™ƒ› ›‘— ‰‡––Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†ƒ†„‡ ‘‡‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‹•›‘—„‡ ‘‡‘”‡‡†— ƒ–‡†Ǥ  ‘‘ ƒ– ‘—” •‡ ‘†ƒ”›Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•Ǣ Ž‘‘ƒ–‘—”• Š‘‘Ž•Ǥƒ™‡†‘ƒ›–Š‹‰‹–Š‹•™‘”Ž†‹ˆ™‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ’‡” ‡– ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠǦ• Š‘‘Ž †”‘’‘—–•ǫ Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹• ‘˜‡”Ǥ ˜‡”› ƒ––‡’– –‘ Šƒ‰‡ ‘—” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡ †‘‡•ǯ– •‡‡ –‘ ™‘”ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘—” •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹ Ǧ• Š‘‘Ž ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘‡–Š‹‰™‡Šƒ˜‡‰‘‹‰ˆ‘”—•‘™ ƒ†‹–™‘ǯ–Žƒ•– Ž‘‰ ‹•‘—”—‹˜‡”•‹–›•›•–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡„‡•–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǣ ‡˜‡”›„‘†› ™ƒ–• –‘ „‡ ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹–Ǥ —– –Š‡•‡ ”‹•‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡• ƒ”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™•›•–‡•ǡŽ‘‘‹‰ˆ‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š—•ǡƒ† •‡†‹‰–Š‡‹”•–—†‡–•Š‡”‡–‘„‡‡†— ƒ–‡†Ǥ  ƒ—†‹”ƒ„‹ƒŠƒ•ͳͲͲǡͲͲͲ• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’•‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘”ƒƒ•–‡”•Ǧ‘”ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹ƒǡ †‹ƒǡƒ†‘–Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘—”‡†— ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡ƒ†•‡‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‹‹–Ǥ Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ ‘’› ‹– ƒ† ”‡’‡ƒ– ‹–Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ Šƒ”† •‹ŽŽ• • ‹‡ ‡ǡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ • –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‡‡†‡†–‘ƒ‡–Š‹•™‘”Ž†™‘”Ǥ Ͷͺ     

International Organizations  —”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡•ƒ”‡‘—–†ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ‘”Ž†ƒ” ǡ•‡”˜‡†—•™‡ŽŽ –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘Ž†ƒ”Ǥ—––Š‡›†‘ǯ–”‡ˆŽ‡ ––Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ•‹–‹•–‘†ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹˜‡ ’‡”ƒ‡– ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ —”‹–› ‘— ‹Ž –Šƒ– †‡ ‹†‡ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘• ”‡ˆŽ‡ – –Š‡ ’‘™‡”„ƒ•‡‹ͳͻͶͷǡ‘––Š‡’‘™‡”„ƒ•‡‹ʹͲͳͶǤ  ‡•ƒ™†”‹ˆ–ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‹–Šƒ†–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǣ‹–™ƒ•Ž‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ‹••‹‘Ǥ –™‡––‘ˆ‰Šƒ‹•–ƒƒ•–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ —”‹–› ••‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘” ‡ǡ  Ǥ › •‘ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– •–ƒ†•ˆ‘”Dz ƒ™‡”‹ ƒ• ‹‰Š–‹‰dz„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›„‘†› ‡Ž•‡™Š‘•Š‘™‡†—’†‹†ǯ–”‡ƒŽŽ› ‘‡–‘ˆ‹‰Š–Ǥ†‹–ǯ•‘–”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ  ‘ Š‘™ ƒ”‡ ™‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ Šƒ†Ž‡ –Š‡ ›”‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‘‡ —’™Š‡”‡ ™‡ ƒǯ– „‡ƒ”ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‘•–•ǫ † ™‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ƒ”‡ ‘– ‰‘‹‰ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‹ˆ ›‘— Ž‘‘‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‘•–”‡ ‡–†‡ˆ‡•‡„—†‰‡–Ǥ†–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽŠ‡‰‡‘•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ”ƒ•ƒ†‘”–Š‘”‡ƒ•ǡƒ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡’”‘„Ž‡• ˆ‘”—•‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡ–‘‘Ǥ

CONCLUSION

 Š‡•‡ƒ”‡Œ—•–ƒˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ– –Š‹•Šƒ’‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•ǡŠƒ–†‘™‡†‘ƒ„‘—–‹–ǫ ‘™†‘‡•–Š‡ ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†‘—” Ž‘•‡•–ƒŽŽ‹‡• ƒŽŽ‹‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘ǡ ƒƒ†ƒƒ†‘–Š‡”• Š‘™†‘™‡–ƒ‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹”‡•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‹•ǫ  Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š‹‰‹•ǡ›‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘•‹–„ƒ ƒ†•ƒ›ǡŠƒ–‹•‘—” ’—”’‘•‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǫŠ‡”‡†‘‘—”‹–‡”‡•–•Ž‹‡ǫŠƒ–†‘™‡‡‡† –‘’”‘–‡ –ǫ ‘™— Š†‘™‡—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„‘—––Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ–Š‹‰• ǯ˜‡ Œ—•–‰‘‡–Š”‘—‰Šǡƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡”•ǡ–Šƒ–‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǫ  ‡ƒ”‡‘Ž‘‰‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ –Š‹‡”•ǤŠ‡ ‡‘”‰‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ•ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‘”‰‡‡ƒ•†‘ǯ–‡š‹•–ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ˜‡”›„‘†›ˆŽ‹‡•„›–Š‡•‡ƒ– ‘ˆ Š‹• ’ƒ–•Ǥ ‡ –Š”‘™ ‘—” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ– ‡˜‡”› ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ    Ͷͻ

‘˜‡”‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹œ‡† ˆ‘”‡‹‰Ǧ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘‡–Š‹‰ „—”’• ‹ ”ƒ‹‡ǡ ›‘—–—”‘ǡƒ†•‘‡„‘†›ǯ•–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡is‘ˆ”‹‰‰‹‰‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‘’–‹‘ǡ„—––Šƒ–ǯ•ƒŽŽ›‘—ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘Š‡ƒ” ‘ŽˆŽ‹–œ‡”–ƒŽƒ„‘—–Ǥ†–Š‡›ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘„”‹‰‹•‘‡–‹”‡†ǡ‘Ž† ‰‡‡”ƒŽ™Š‘Ž‘‘•‹†‘ˆŽ‹‡‡–‘–”›–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—–•‘‡•–—’‹† ™ƒ›™‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘ˆŽ›ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•‘”•‡†•Š‹’•–Šƒ–™‡‘™™‡ǯ”‡ ‘–‰‘‹‰–‘†‘Ǥ  Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ǫ —” †‹’Ž‘ƒ ›ǡ ‘—” ‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘™‡”ǡ ‘—” Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘—” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ˆ‘” ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’• ‘ ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž –Š‡•‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• •‡‡ –‘ ‡• ƒ’‡ —•Ǥ † –Šƒ–ǯ• ‰‘––‘ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‘”—•Š‡”‡‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡˆ‘—”–Š‹‰•ƒ”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ‡‹•‘—”‡ ‘‘›ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡ǯ†„‡––‡”‰‡–•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ƒ† ˆ‹šǤŠƒ–‹•–‹‡†–‘‘—”‡†— ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘†–Š‹‰Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‡† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ ƒ •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘› ›‘— ‡‡† ‹ –Š‡ –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹”•– ‡–—”› ƒ† –ƒ‡ ‘ –Šƒ– ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡ –Š‹”† ‹• –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǣ ™‡ǯ† „‡––‡” ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ ™Šƒ– ƒ Šƒ’’‡ ƒ† —†‡”•–ƒ† Š‘™ –‘ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ † –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š ‹• ‡‡”‰› ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡Ǥ‡‡‡†–‘‰‡–•‡”‹‘—•ƒ„‘—–‰‡––‹‰‘ˆˆˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•ǡˆ‹†‹‰ ‡™ ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ›• –‘ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‘ ‡‡”‰› –Šƒ–ǯ• ‘”‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  Š‡ ˆ‘—” • ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡›Ǥ –ǯ• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘›Ǣ ‹–ǯ• ƒ„‘—– ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǣ‹–ǯ•ƒ„‘—–‡‡”‰›Ǣ‹–ǯ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ› ™‡–”‡ƒ–‘—”’Žƒ‡–Ǥ ˆ™‡†‘ǯ–ƒ•–‡”–Š‘•‡ˆ‘—”ǡ™‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘„‡ ‹ „‹‰ –”‘—„Ž‡ ‘‹‰ †‘™ –Š‡ ”‘ƒ†Ǥ †  †‘ǯ– –Š‹ ™‡ǯ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ –Šƒ–ǡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‹• ƒ– –Š‹• ‹†‘ˆ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ  ‘™‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•Š‡”‡‹•‰‘‹‰–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—– ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ǥʹ  ƒǯ– ™ƒ‹– –‘ Š‡ƒ” ‹–Ǥ ˆ ›‘— ™ƒ– ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›› ™Š‹ Š  ˆ—ŽŽ› •—„• ”‹„‡ –‘ǡ  –Š‹ ‹– ‹•

ʹǤ See‹ Šƒ”†‘ŠǡCivilian Control of the Military: The Most Important Thing You’ve Never Thought Aboutǡsupra’ǤͳǤ ͷͲ     

ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›ƒ‡›—†‡”’‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›™‡‰‘˜‡” •‘‡„‘†› Šƒ†„‡––‡”–‡ƒ Š–Š‘•‡ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•Š‘™–‘—•‡‹–Ǥ –ǯ•Ž‹‡‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡ ƒ” ‡›• –‘ ›‘—” •‹š–‡‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž† •‘Ǣ ›‘— †‘ǯ– ‰‹˜‡ Š‹ –Š‡ ‡›• ™‹–Š‘—–ˆ‹”•––‡ƒ Š‹‰Š‹Š‘™–‘†”‹˜‡Ǥ  ‡‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡‡›•–‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹Ž‹–ƒ”›–‘ƒ„— Š‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ•™Š‘ ƒǯ–ˆ‹‰—”‡‘—–Š‘™–‘—•‡‹–ǡƒ†–Š‹•Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ˆ‹ˆ–› ›‡ƒ”• ‘” •‘Ǥ ‡ —•‡† –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† Š‘™ –‘ —•‡ ˆ‘”‡‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›ǡŠ‘™–‘—•‡‘—”‡ ‘‘‹ •–”‡‰–Šǡƒ†Š‘™–‘—•‡‘—” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•–”‡‰–ŠǤ ƒ”†’‘™‡”ǡ•‘ˆ–’‘™‡”Ȅ„”‹‰–Š‡•‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹–‘ •ƒ”–’‘™‡”Ǥ‡–ƒŽƒ‰‘‘†‰ƒ‡ǡ„—–™‡ƒ”‡ǯ––Š‡”‡›‡–Ǥ  CURING SPINAL-CORD INJURIES *  Wise Young, MDȗȗ

I INTRODUCTION

 ••’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”› —”ƒ„Ž‡ǫ‡ŽŽǡƒ• ǯ˜‡‘ˆ–‡•ƒ‹†ǡ–Š‡”‡ǯ•‘ —”‡ˆ‘”•–—’‹†‹–›‘”„ƒ†Ž— ǡƒ†•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›‹•‘ˆ–‡„‘–ŠǤ ˆ Dz —”‹‰dz•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡•‡ƒ•eliminating•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›ǡ  †‘ǯ––Š‹™‡ǯŽŽ‰‡––Š‡”‡‹›Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ ‹ˆ–Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ•–‘Dz —”‡dz‡ƒ•™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡”ƒ’‹‡•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ ”‡•–‘”‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘ –‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”›ǡ  „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– •— Š –Š‡”ƒ’‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡ ™‹–Š‹ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•Š‘”––‹‡Ǥ  •’‡†ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ‹Œ—”› ‘—‹–›Ǥ  ”—–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–™‡„•‹–‡ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡•Ǥ† ǯ˜‡ –”‹‡† –‘ ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡ Dz —”‡dz •‘ –Šƒ– ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ ǯ˜‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz‘‘ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒ–Š‡”ƒ’›–Šƒ– ƒƒ‡ ›‘— ™‡ŽŽ ‡‘—‰Š –Šƒ– ƒ –Š‹”† ’ƒ”–› ™‘—Ž†ǯ– ‘™ –Šƒ– ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”›ǡ ™‘—Ž†ǯ– ›‘— ‘•‹†‡” –Šƒ– ƒ —”‡ǫdz ˆ ™‡ ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡–Šƒ––Šƒ–‹•ƒ —”‡ǡ–Š‡ –Š‹™‡ ƒƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •‘‘Ǥ

ȗ ††”‡•• †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ —ƒŽ ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ ƒ””‹•–‡”•ǡ—–ƒ‹–ƒǡ‡š‹ ‘ǡͳͳƒ” ŠʹͲͳ͵Ǥ ȗȗ‹”‡ –‘”ǡǤǤ‡ ‡–‡”ˆ‘”‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡—”‘• ‹‡ ‡ǡ‡Ž•‘ƒ„•ǡ—–‰‡”• ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‹• ƒ–ƒ™ƒ›ǡ‡™ ‡”•‡›Ǥ

ͷͳ ͷʹ     

II CLINICAL TRIALS IN CHINA  ƒ‰ ƒ ™ƒ• ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡•‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‰›ƒ•–‹  –‡ƒ‹ͳͻͻ͹ǤŠ‡™ƒ•‹–Š‡ ‘‘†™‹ŽŽ ƒ‡•ǡƒ†‹ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡˜ƒ—Ž– •Š‡Žƒ†‡†‘–Š‡–‘’‘ˆŠ‡”Š‡ƒ†ǤŠ‡„”‘‡Š‡”‡ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š ƒ† ˆ‹ˆ–Š ‡”˜‹ ƒŽ ˜‡”–‡„”ƒ‡ Ͷ ƒ† ͷ ƒ† „‡ ƒ‡ ’ƒ”ƒŽ›œ‡†Ǥ

 Š‡ ƒ ‡š– –‘ Š‡” ‹• Š‡” ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǣ Š‡ ˆŽ‡™ Š‡”‡ ˆ”‘ Š‹ƒ ”‹‰Š– ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ˜‡„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡™‡––‘•‡‡Š‡”ƒ–‘—–‹ƒ‹ ‘•’‹–ƒŽǡ™Š‡”‡ •Š‡ ™ƒ• ‰‡––‹‰ Š‡” ”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‡ •–‘’’‡† „› ƒ– › Žƒ„ ƒ– —–‰‡”• ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ƒ•‡† –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ˆƒ–Š‡”• ƒ•ǣ Dz‹ŽŽ –Š‡”‡ „‡ –Š‡”ƒ’‹‡• ˆ‘” › †ƒ—‰Š–‡”ǫdz  –‘Ž† Š‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ǯ–›‡–ƒ›–Š‡”ƒ’‹‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†”‡•–‘”‡ˆ— –‹‘–‘Š‡”ǡ„—––Šƒ–    Ǧ    ͷ͵

™‡™‡”‡™‘”‹‰˜‡”›Šƒ”†‘‹–ƒ†–Šƒ– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ–ǡ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡Ǥ  ›‡ƒ”Žƒ–‡”ǡƒƒ™ƒ•‰‘‹‰„ƒ –‘Š‹ƒǡƒ†™‡Š‡Ž†ƒ •ƒŽŽ †‹‡” ’ƒ”–› ˆ‘” Š‡” ƒ† •‘‡ ˆ”‹‡†• ‹ Š‹ƒ–‘™Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡†‹‡”•Š‡™ƒ•™‡‡’‹‰ǡƒ† ƒ•‡†Š‡”™Š›ǤŠ‡•ƒ‹†ǡDzŠ‡  ‰‘„ƒ –‘Š‹ƒǡŠ‘™™‹ŽŽ–Š‡”ƒ’‹‡•†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘‡–‘Š‹ƒǫdz •ƒ‹†–‘Š‡”ǡDzŠ‡‘Ž›™ƒ›‹•–‘Šƒ˜‡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽ• ‹ Š‹ƒǤdz  ’”‘‹•‡† Š‡” –Š‡ –Šƒ–  ™‘—Ž† †‘ › ˜‡”› „‡•– –‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽ•–Š‡”‡•‘–Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ’‹‡•™‘—Ž†‰‡––‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆŠ‹ƒǤ  ™‡––‘ƒ‹Žƒ†Š‹ƒ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰›‡ƒ”ǡͳͻͻͻǡˆ‘”–Š‡˜‡”› ˆ‹”•––‹‡‹›Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”• ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†™Šƒ–‹• ‘™ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡Š‹ƒ’‹ƒŽ‘”† Œ—”›‡–™‘”Ǥ „”‘—‰Š–ƒ„— Š ‘ˆ ˆ”‹‡†• ƒ† –Š‡ –‘’ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ‹Œ—”› • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† Ž‹‹ ‹ƒ• ˆ”‘Š‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•–‘˜‹•‹–Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”™‡˜‹•‹–‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡ –‘’•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ‹Œ—”› ‡–‡”•‹Š‹ƒƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†–Š‡–‘™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˜‡”› ˆ‹”•– –‹‡Ǥ ‡ Š‡Ž† ™‘”•Š‘’•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‘”‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡” Ž‘•‡Ž› –‘ –‡ƒ Š –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• Š‘™ –‘ ”— Ž‹‹ ƒŽ –”‹ƒŽ•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ ›–Š‡™ƒ›ǡ†‘ –‘”•‹Š‹ƒƒ”‡‘–—Ž‹‡Žƒ™›‡”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡› †‘ǯ– Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ † –Š‡› †‹†ǯ– Ž‹‡ ™‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘ ‡˜‡”›„‘†› •ƒ‹† –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ ™ƒ› ™‡ ‘—Ž† ‡˜‡” ‰‡– –Š‡•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ™‘” ƒŽŽ –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ —–ǡ ƒƒœ‹‰Ž›ǡ ‘™ –‡ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡” ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‹ Š‹ƒ –Š‡ „‡•– ƒ† ‘•– –‹‰Š–Ž› ‹– •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ‹Œ—”› ‡–™‘” ‡˜‡”ǡ ”—‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ ‹Œ—”› Ž‹‹ ƒŽ –”‹ƒŽ ‹ ˆƒ –ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Ž‹‹ ƒŽǦ–”‹ƒŽ ‡–™‘” ‘ˆ ƒ› ‹† ‹Š‹ƒǤ  ƒ”Ž› ‘ǡ  ‡– ‡‰ —ˆƒ‰ǡ –Š‡ •‘ ‘ˆ ‡‰ ‹ƒ‘’‹‰Ǥ ‡‰ ‹ƒ‘’‹‰ǡ ƒ• ›‘— ‘™ „”‘—‰Š– ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹• –‘ Š‹ƒǤ —ˆƒ‰ ™ƒ• ƒ’–—”‡†„›–Š‡‡† —ƒ”†•‹ͳͻ͹͵ƒ†™ƒ•–Š”‘™‘—–‘ˆƒ–Š‹”†Ǧ •–‘”› ™‹†‘™ǡ „”‡ƒ‹‰ Š‹• „ƒ Ǥ ‡ ™‡– ‘ ƒŠ‡ƒ† ™‹–Š Š‹• ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ•Š‡Ž’ǡ •—’’‘•‡ ƒ†ˆ‘”‡†™Šƒ–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹•ƒ„Ž‡† ‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡ Š‹‡•‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‰‹˜‡• —ˆƒ‰ǯ• ͷͶ     

‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ͳͲǡͲͲͲ”‡‹„‹’‡”‡„‡”‘ˆŠ‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡ –Š‘—•ƒ† ”‡‹„‹‹•ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳͷͲͲǤDz‘–„ƒ†‘‡›ǡdz –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ—–‹Ž ˆ‘—†‘—––Šƒ–Š‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Šƒ•Ͷͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘‡„‡”•Ǥ –™ƒ•Š‹• ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ˆ—†‡†–Š‡‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘‹–›–Šƒ–•—””‘—†‡†–Š‡ ‹ Š—ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ƒ”‡ƒǤŠƒ–‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‹Œ—”‡†ʹͻͲǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡‹ ‘‡†ƒ›ǡƒ†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡŠƒ†•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡•ǤŠ‡ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‡–—’ƒ–‡– ‹–›–‘–ƒ‡ ƒ”‡‘ˆʹͻͲǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ–ƒ–‹‡Ǥ † –Š‡› „”‘—‰Š– †‘ –‘”• ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” Š‹ƒ –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ǯ– •‡‡ ƒ› ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ”‡’‘”–‹‰ –Š‹• ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Ž ‹–Š‡ ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ„—–‹–™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡†‹ ƒŽ ‹••‹‘• ‡˜‡”ǣ ʹͻͲǡͲͲͲ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ ‘‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ– ‘‡ –‹‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ† „”‘‡„‘‡•‘”„”‘‡„ƒ •–Šƒ–Šƒ†–‘„‡ˆ‹š‡†Ǥ  Š‹ƒ‹•ƒ›„‡ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ǡ–™‡–› ›‡ƒ”•„‡Š‹†–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ •‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡†‹ ‹‡Ǥ Š‡  ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘–ƒˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›‡†‹ ƒŽ Š‘‘Žǡ–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒ”›™Š‘Šƒ†‡† ‡›†‹’Ž‘ƒ•ƒ‹†ǡDz ‘‘—–ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ‡†‹ ‹‡Ǥdz —– –‘†ƒ›ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ™‡†‘ǯ–’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ‡†‹ ‹‡Ǥ‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ –Š‡science ‘ˆ‡†‹ ‹‡ǡƒ†‹–ǯ•‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡†‹ ‹‡Ǥ Š‹ƒǡ –Š‘—‰Šǡ –Š‡ ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›ǡ „‡‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –™‡–› ›‡ƒ”• „‡Š‹†ǡ ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡†‘ –‘”ǯ•‡š’‡”– ‘’‹‹‘ ™Š‹ Š‹•ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡƒ”–ǡ‘– ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ™Šƒ–™‡•Š‘—Ž†‰‘‘‹–‡”•‘ˆŠ‘™–‘–”‡ƒ–’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ  ‘ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‰‡– –Š‹• Ž‹‹ ƒŽǦ–”‹ƒŽ ‡–™‘” ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ ™‡ Šƒ†–‘ ‘˜‹ ‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‘ –‘”•‹Š‹ƒ™Š‘–ƒ‡ ƒ”‡‘ˆ•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ ‹Œ—”› ’ƒ–‹‡–• –‘ ƒ ‡’– ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡†‹ ‹‡Ǥ – ™ƒ• “—‹–‡ƒ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Œ‘—”‡›ˆ‘”—•–‘†‘–Šƒ–Ǥ  Š‡–”‹ƒŽ•™‡ǯ”‡”—‹‰‹Š‹ƒƒ”‡ˆ—†‡† ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ˆ”‘ †‘ƒ–‹‘•”ƒ‹•‡†‹ ‘‰‘‰Ǥ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ™Š‡ •–ƒ”–‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ –”‹ƒŽ•ǡ  ‡– ƒ ™‘ƒ ƒ‡† —œƒ‡ ‘‘ǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ• ƒ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‹Œ—”‡†•‘ǤŠ‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘’ƒ›‡–‘ —”‡Š‡”•‘Ǥ •ƒ‹†ǡDz  ƒǯ–ǡ„—– Ž‡–ǯ•†‘ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽ•–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Šƒ–ǯ•™Š‡”‡™‡™‹ŽŽ‰‡––Š‡ —”‡ ˆ‘” ‘–Š‡”•Ǥdz † •Š‡ ƒ‰”‡‡†Ǥ ‡” ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘‰ ‘‰ ’‹ƒŽ Œ—”› —†ǡ”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡‘‡›–Šƒ–’ƒ›•ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ•‹Š‹ƒǤ    Ǧ    ͷͷ

 ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ™‡ ‰‡– •‘‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ Š‡Ž’ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ –‘‘ǡ‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ––Š‡›Ž‘™‡”–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆ†‘‹‰–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ †‘‹‰ –Š”‡‡ –‘ •‹š ‘–Š• ‘ˆ ”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •–‡Ǧ ‡ŽŽ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–•ǡ ‹• ƒ„‘—– ̈́ʹͲǡͲͲͲ ‹ Š‹ƒǤ  †‹ƒǡ ™‡ ƒ †‘ ‹– ˆ‘” ̈́ͳͲǡͲͲͲǤ—–‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ ‘•–—•ƒ„‘—–̈́ͳͲͲǡͲͲͲ’‡” ’ƒ–‹‡–Ǥ  Š‡ Š‹ƒ ’‹ƒŽ ‘”† Œ—”› ‡–™‘” –Šƒ– ™‡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†Šƒ•–™‡–›Ǧˆ‘—” ‡–‡”•‹–Š‹”–‡‡ ‹–‹‡•Ǥͳȋ ‰‘–‘Š‹ƒ ‘ ‡ƒ‘–Šƒ†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‘‹‰•‘•‹ ‡ʹͲͲ͵Ǥ ‰‘–ƒƒ™ƒ”†ƒ ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ ˆ”‘ ‹–‡† ‹”Ž‹‡•  ‰—‡•• ‹– ™ƒ• ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ‹”Ž‹‡• ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡Ǥ Š‡› •ƒ‹†  Šƒ† –”ƒ˜‡Ž‡† ƒ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‹Ž‡•Ǥ † ‘™ ǯ ˜‡”› Ž‘•‡ –‘ › •‡ ‘† ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ –ǯ• ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ –”ƒ˜‡ŽǤȌ‡ –”ƒ‹‡† ’‡”•‘‡Ž ‹ –Š‘•‡ –™‡–›Ǧˆ‘—” ‡–‡”• „‡–™‡‡ ʹͲͲͷ ƒ† ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ ‡ –‡•–‡† ‘—” ‡–‡”• „› †‘‹‰ ƒ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –”‹ƒŽǣ ™‡ ”‡ ”—‹–‡†ͷͲͲ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ†‡šƒ‹‡†–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ  ʹͲͲ͸ ™‡ „‡ ƒ‡ ”‡ƒ†› ˆ‘” –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– –”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡ –Š‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡˜‹‡™‡† –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘‹•‹‰ –Š‡”ƒ’‹‡•–Šƒ–™‡ ‘—Ž†–ƒ‡–‘–”‹ƒŽ‹Š‹ƒǤ

II STUDIES OF PROMISING THERAPIES

A. Factors Favoring Recovery: Walking   ʹͲͲ͸ǡ ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ •–—†› „› ”— ‡ ‘„‹ ƒ–  ™ƒ• ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰—’‘ƒ ‡”ƒ”‡’‘”––Šƒ– Šƒ† ‘‡ ‘—–‹–Š‡‹†ǦͳͻͻͲ•–Šƒ–•ƒ‹†‹ˆ›‘—–ƒ‡’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Š•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”‹‡•ƒ†’—––Š‡‘–”‡ƒ†‹ŽŽ•ƒ†™ƒŽ–Š‡–Š”‡‡ǡˆ‘—”Š‘—”• ƒ †ƒ›ǡ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ‹ ˆƒ –ǡ •‡˜‡–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ǡ Š‡ Žƒ‹‡† ƒ”‡‰ƒ‹™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ Š‹••–—†›› ƒ†”— ‡‘„‹ǯ• Žƒ‹• ™‡”‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒŽ–Š ȋ Ȍ ˆ—†‡† ƒ

ͳǤ ‘”†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ǡ•‡‡–Š‡‡–™‘”ǯ•™‡„•‹–‡ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ Š‹ƒ• ‹‡–Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‹†‡šǤ’Š’ǫ ‘’–‹‘α ‘̴ ‘–‡–Ƭ–ƒ•α˜‹‡™Ƭ‹†αʹ͵Ƭ –‡‹†αͷ͵Ǥ ͷ͸     

—Ž–‹ ‡–‡” •–—†› Š‡ƒ†‡† „› ”Ǥ ‘„‹ –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ™‡‹‰Š–Ǧ•—’’‘”–‡†ǡ –”‡ƒ†‹ŽŽ ™ƒŽ‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”›ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ Dz‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡dz –Š‘•‡ ™‹–Š •ƒ ”ƒŽ •’ƒ”‹‰ –Šƒ– ›‘— ƒ †‡–‡ – ™‹–Š ›‘—” ˆ‹‰‡”Ǥʹ Š‡‹” ”‡•—Ž–• ™‡”‡ •—”’”‹•‹‰ǡ ‡˜‡ –‘ –Š‡Ǥ – †‹†ǯ– ƒ––‡” ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡› —•‡† ‘˜‡”Ǧ‰”‘—† ™ƒŽ‹‰ ‘” ƒ –”‡ƒ†‹ŽŽǡ „—– ‹‡–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡† —Ǧ ƒ••‹•–‡†™ƒŽ‹‰„›‘‡›‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡”‹Œ—”›Ǥ   ™ƒ• ‹ ‡—”‘•—”‰‡”› ƒ– ‡ŽŽ‡˜—‡ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ ‹ ‡™ ‘” ˆ‘” ƒ››‡ƒ”•ǡƒ†™‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•–‘Ž†–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–•–Šƒ––Š‡›™‘—Ž†‡˜‡” ™ƒŽƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‹”‹Œ—”‹‡•™‡”‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡‘”‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡ǤŠ‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡ ™‡”‡ –Šƒ– ƒ„‘—– ˆ‹ˆ–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ ‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡’ƒ–‹‡–•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘™ƒŽǤŠ‡”‡ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘”ƒ‹•‡† „› ”Ǥ ‘„‹ǯ•   •–—†› ™ƒ•ǡ ‘™ †‹† –Š‡› ‰‡– ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‹‡–› ’‡” ‡–„‡‹‰ƒ„Ž‡–‘™ƒŽǫ  ‡ŽŽǡƒ•‹––—”•‘—–ǡ–Š‹•ƒ›„‡ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒnocebo‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ ˜‡”›„‘†›‘™•™Šƒ–ƒ’Žƒ ‡„‘‹•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•Dz ™‹ŽŽ’Ž‡ƒ•‡dz‹ƒ–‹Ǥ Nocebo‡ƒ•Dz ™‹ŽŽŠƒ”ǤdzNocebo‹•ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ ––Šƒ–™Š‡ƒ’‡”•‘ ‹ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘‡• ‹ ƒ† •ƒ›•ǡ Dz‘— ™‹ŽŽ ‡˜‡” ™ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡdz ˆ‹ˆ–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ †‘ǯ– ™ƒŽǤ Š‡› †‘ǯ– ‡˜‡ –”›Ǥ‘— •‡‡ ƒŽŽ •‘”–• ‘ˆ ‡™•’ƒ’‡”• •ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ– •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› ‹• –Š‹• ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹ ‡˜‡–ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š‘„‘†›”‡ ‘˜‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹•‘––”—‡Ǥ ˆ ‹†‡‡†‹‡–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡• ™ƒŽƒ†•‹š–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡•ƒ”‡‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡ǡ–Šƒ– ‡ƒ• a majority ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ ”‡ ‘˜‡” ™ƒŽ‹‰ „› ‘‡ ›‡ƒ” ƒˆ–‡”

ʹǤ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ –‡•– –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ ’‡”•‘ Šƒ• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‘” ‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› •ƒ ”ƒŽ •’ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ƒ ”ƒŽ •’ƒ”‹‰ ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ •‘‡ •‡•ƒ–‹‘ ‘” •‘‡ ‘–‘” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡•– •‡‰‡– ‘ˆ ›‘—” •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† –Š‡ •ƒ ”ƒŽ•‡‰‡–Ǥ ‘Š‹–—‘ǡ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡‘•–Ǧ•‡‹‘””‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘†‘ –‘”‹–Š‡ ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ™Š‘‹•‘™ƒ–Š‘ƒ• ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘‡†‹ ƒŽ Š‘‘Žǡ˜‡”›‹†Ž›Š‡Ž’‡† –”ƒ‹ƒ›‘ˆ‘—”†‘ –‘”•Ǥ ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡””‡‡„‡”‡†„›Š‹‡•‡†‘ –‘”•ǣŠ‡ •–‘‘†‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆͳͷͲ†‘ –‘”•ƒ†Š‡Š‡Ž†Š‹•ˆ‘”‡ˆ‹‰‡”—’ǡŠ‹•‹†‡šˆ‹‰‡”ǡƒ†Š‡ •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‹–Š‘—– –Š‹• ›‘— ƒ‘– –‡ŽŽ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ†ƒ ‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡’ƒ–‹‡–ǡƒ†›‘—‘™™Š‡”‡–Š‹•Šƒ•–‘‰‘ǤdzŠ‡›†‘–Š‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ‹Š‹ƒǤ    Ǧ    ͷ͹

‹Œ—”›Ǥ—–’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ‘’Ž‡–‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”› ƒ„‘—– ˆ‘”–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‡‡† ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ”‡ ‘˜‡” ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ  ‘ǡ™Š›†‘’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ‘’Ž‡–‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡• ‘–”‡ ‘˜‡”ǫ‡ŽŽǡˆ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ‹–ǯ•‘–„‡ ƒ—•‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡–‡ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ‘‡ –‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‹” „”ƒ‹• ƒ† –Š‡‹”Ž‘™‡”•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡Ž‡••–Šƒ–‡’‡” ‡–Ǥ—–ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ˆ”‘ „‘–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• Š—ƒ •–—†‹‡• •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ›‘— ‡‡† ‘Ž› ƒ„‘—– –‡ ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ ›‘—” •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† –‘ ™ƒŽǡ –‘ ”‡ ‘˜‡” —ƒ••‹•–‡† ™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ ‘ ‹ˆ ›‘— ƒ”‡ „‡Ž‘™ –‡ ’‡” ‡–ǡ ›‘— †‘ǯ–™ƒŽǡ„—–‹ˆ›‘—Šƒ˜‡–‡’‡” ‡–‘”Š‹‰Š‡”ǡ–Šƒ–ǯ••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ˆ‘” ™ƒŽ‹‰ǤŠ‹•”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‰ƒ˜‡‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆŠ‘’‡ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹ˆ•‘‡„‘†› Šƒ•‘Ž›‡‹‰Š–’‡” ‡–‘ˆŠ‹••’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ƒ†‹•‘–™ƒŽ‹‰ǡ™‡‘Ž› Šƒ˜‡–‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡–™‘‘”–Š”‡‡’‡” ‡––‘‰‡––Šƒ–—„‡”‘˜‡”–Š‡ –‡’‡” ‡––‘‰‡–Š‹•™ƒŽ‹‰„ƒ Ǥ –‡ƒ•–Šƒ–™‡†‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–‘ ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‹‘”†‡”–‘‰‡–•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘ „ƒ Ǥ  › –Š‡ ™ƒ›ǡ ‡˜‡”›„‘†› –Š‹• –Šƒ– ™ƒŽ‹‰ ‹• ƒ ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –Š‹‰–‘†‘ǡ–Šƒ–™ƒŽ‹‰‹•–‘—‰Šǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹–ǯ•ƒƒŒ‘”‰‘ƒŽǤ‡ŽŽǡ› ˆ‹”•– • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  Ž‡••‘ ‹ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› ‘ —””‡† ™Š‡  ™ƒ• ‡Ž‡˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• ‘Ž†Ǥ  Ž‹˜‡† ‹ ‘‰ ‘‰ ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡ǡ ƒ† ™‡ Šƒ†ƒ ‘‘Ǥ›ˆƒ‹Ž›Šƒ†ƒ„‹‰Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ǡƒ†–Š‹• ‘‘—•‡†–‘‡–‡”–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹†•„›•Š‘™‹‰—•Š‘™Š‡‹ŽŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•™‡™‡”‡‰‘‹‰–‘ ‡ƒ–ˆ‘”†‹‡”Ǥ ‡—•‡†–‘„”‹‰ Š‹ ‡•Š‘‡ǡƒ†Š‡̵† Š‘’–Š‡‹” Š‡ƒ†•‘ˆˆǡ’—––Š‡‘–Š‡‹”ˆ‡‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡ Š‹ ‡•™‘—Ž†”—”‘—† ƒ†”‘—†ƒ†”‘—†—–‹Ž–Š‡›„Ž‡†–‘†‡ƒ–ŠǤ‘ ‡™‡˜‡–Š‡ǡ ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ•Šƒ†‘™‘ˆƒ†‘—„–ǡ–Šƒ–›‘—†‘ǯ–‡‡†›‘—”„”ƒ‹‹‘”†‡” –‘™ƒŽǤ   ˆƒ –ǡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ• ˆ‘” ™ƒŽ‹‰ ”‡•‹†‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘” ȋ Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ʹ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† Ž—„ƒ” •‡‰‡– ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ Š‡ ›‘— ™ƒŽǡ ›‘—” „”ƒ‹ ‹•ǯ– •ƒ›‹‰ǡ Dz‘˜‡ ›‘—” Ž‡ˆ– ‰ƒ•–”‘ ‡‹—•Ǥ ‘˜‡ ›‘—” ”‹‰Š– ƒ–‡”‹‘” –‹„‹ƒŽ‹•ǡdz‡– ǤŽŽ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ˆ‘”™ƒŽ‹‰‹•–Š‡”‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ›‘— ͷͺ     

•‡†ƒŽ‹––Ž‡•‹‰ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ǡƒ†›‘—•–ƒ”–™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ‘—•‡†‘”‡ •‹‰ƒŽ•ǡ›‘—•–ƒ”–”—‹‰Ǥ‘—•‡†‡˜‡‘”‡•‹‰ƒŽ•ǡƒ†›‘—•–ƒ”– ‰ƒŽŽ‘’‹‰Ǥ˜‡”›‘‡‘ˆ›‘—™Š‘Šƒ• Š‹Ž†”‡Šƒ••‡‡‹†•Š‘’ǡ•‹’ǡ Œ—’ǡƒ†”—Ǥ‘ ‘‘–‹‘‹•’”‘‰”ƒ‡†‹–‘‘—”•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†•Ǥ‘— ‡‡† ‘Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‡š ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ƒ† ™ƒŽ‹‰‘ —”•Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡƒ›‘ˆ›‘—™Š‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”ƒ‹•‡†‘ Š‘”•‡ˆƒ”•‘™–Šƒ–ƒŠ‘”•‡ ƒ‰‡–—’‘‹–•ˆ‡‡–™‹–Š‹ƒ ‘—’Ž‡ ‘ˆŠ‘—”•ƒˆ–‡”„‹”–Šƒ†‹–ǯ•–‘––‡”‹‰ƒ”‘—†ǡ„—––Š‡ǡ›‰‘•Šǡ‹–ǯ• •–ƒ”–‹‰–‘™ƒŽǤ‘ƒŽŽ–Š‹••–—ˆˆ‹•‘–‡˜‡‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†„› –Š‡„”ƒ‹Ǥ –‘ —”•˜‡”›‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ™‹–Š‹‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ‘‹ˆ™‡ ƒ‰‡– •‘‡ƒš‘•–‘‰”‘™†‘™–Š‡”‡ǡ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘™ƒŽǤ  ‡—”‘• ‹ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ‘–‘” ‡—”‘• ‘–”‘Ž –Š‡ —• Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ ›‘— †ƒƒ‰‡ ‘–‘” ‡—”‘•ǡ —• Ž‡• —†‡”‰‘ ƒ–”‘’Š›Ǥ ˆ›‘—†‘ǯ–”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡‡—”‘•ǡ–Š‡—• Ž‡•‡˜‡””‡ ‘˜‡”Ǥ ‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡‡—”‘•‹•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡•–Šƒ–‘ —” ‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ƒ†‹–Š‡—’’‡”•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Š”‹•–‘’Š‡”‡‡˜‡™ƒ•‹Œ—”‡†‹–Š‡ ‡”˜‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹‡ǡƒ–͵ǡ ƒ† Š‹• ‹Œ—”› ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› †ƒƒ‰‡† Š‹• ’Š”‡‹  — Ž‡—•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† Š‹• „”‡ƒ–Š‹‰ǡ •‘ ‹– ™ƒ• ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” Š‹ –‘ ”‡ ‘˜‡” Š‹• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ „”‡ƒ–Š‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ‘–‘” ‡—”‘• –Šƒ– ”ƒ Š‹• †‹ƒ’Š”ƒ‰ ™‡”‡ –Š‡ ‰‘‡Ǥ ‘ ™‡ ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ”‡’Žƒ ‡ ‡—”‘ƒŽ Ž‘••Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” ‘ ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ‹• ’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ ‡”˜‡ ‹Œ—”‹‡•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ†Ž‘™‡”•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ –Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ƒƒŽ „‡Ž‘™–Š‡•‡ ‘†Ž—„ƒ” •‡‰‡–ȋʹȌǡ–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ƒƒŽ‹••‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š•’‹ƒŽ”‘‘–•–Šƒ–‹–ǯ• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡cauda equina ‹ƒ–‹ǡŠ‘”•‡ǯ• –ƒ‹ŽǤ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ’Žƒ ‡ ‹• ‹ ›‘—” „”ƒ Š‹ƒŽ ’Ž‡š—•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘–ƒ‹• –Š‡ ‡”˜‡ ”‘‘–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† Š‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘—– ‹–‘ ›‘—” •Š‘—Ž†‡”Ǥ ”ƒ Š‹ƒŽ’Ž‡š—•‹Œ—”‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ™ˆ—ŽǤŠ‡ƒ”—†‡”‰‘‡•ƒ–”‘’Š›Ǥ‘„ ‘Ž‡ ‘—Ž† ‘– —•‡ Š‹• ”‹‰Š– ƒ” „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡ Šƒ† „”ƒ Š‹ƒŽǦ’Ž‡š—• ‹Œ—”›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›™Š‡Š‡™ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž†‹‡”‹‘”Ž† ƒ” Ǥ ‡”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›„—– ‘—Ž†‘–—•‡ Š‹•ƒ”Ǥ    Ǧ    ͷͻ

 Š‡ǡ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡”‡ǯ• ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒŽŽ‡† Ž‡ƒ”‡† ‘—•‡Ǥ ˆ ›‘— ’—– ›‘—” Ž‡‰ ‹ ƒ ƒ•– ˆ‘” •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š•ǡ –Š‡ —• Ž‡ —†‡”‰‘‡• ƒ–”‘’Š›Ǥ ‘—” Ž‡‰ ‹• •‹‹‡” ‘ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡† •‹†‡ –Šƒ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •‹†‡Ǥ‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ–”‘’Š›ˆ‘”–Š‡—• Ž‡•„—–™‡—•—ƒŽŽ›†‘ǯ––Š‹ –Šƒ–ƒ–”‘’Š›ƒŽ•‘‘ —”•‹–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡”˜‘—••›•–‡ǤŠ‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‡”˜‘—••›•–‡ ƒ‘–ƒˆˆ‘”†–‘•—’’‘”–‡—”‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–ƒ –‹˜‡Ǥ ‘ǡ Œ—•– ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ —• Ž‡ǡ ‡—”‘• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒ –‹˜‡ —†‡”‰‘ ƒ–”‘’Š›Ǥ†–Šƒ–ǯ•–Š‡„ƒ†‡™•Ǥ ˆ›‘—†‘ǯ–—•‡‹–ǡ›‘—Ž‘•‡‹–Ǥ—– –Š‡‰‘‘†‡™•‹•–Šƒ–‹ˆ›‘— ƒ”‡„—‹Ž†‡—”ƒŽ ‹” —‹–•„›‹–‡•‹˜‡ ”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ  Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡†Ǧ‘—•‡ –Š‡‘”› Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› –‘ –”‡ƒ–Š‡‹’Ž‡‰‹ƒ‹•–”‘‡Ǥƒ›•‘‡„‘†›Šƒ•Šƒ†ƒ•–”‘‡ƒ†ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ Š‡”„‘†›‹•’ƒ”ƒŽ›œ‡†Ǥ ˆ•Š‡†‘‡•ǯ–—•‡–Šƒ–ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆŠ‡”„‘†›ǡ–Šƒ– •‹†‡™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹’ƒ”ƒŽ›œ‡†Ǥ—–”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡› –ƒ‡–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒ†ˆ‘” ‡Š‡”–‘—•‡–Šƒ–•‹†‡‘ˆŠ‡”„‘†›ǡ•Š‡™‹ŽŽ ”‡ ‘˜‡” ˆ— –‹‘ ‡˜‡ ƒˆ–‡” –‡ ‘” ‘”‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡ƒ”‡† ‘Ǧ—•‡ ƒ„‡”‡˜‡”•‡†Ǥ   ›‘’‹‹‘ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‡„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› ƒ”‡ ‹•—”‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•ƒ†”‡•–‘”‡ˆ— –‹‘ǡ•‘‡–‹‡›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”‹Œ—”›Ǥ

B. Factors Favoring Recovery: Decompression  Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–‡’• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ƒˆ–‡” •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›ǤŠ‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹• –‘‹‹‹œ‡ †ƒƒ‰‡ „› †‡ ‘’”‡••‹‰–Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ„˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡƒ›–Š‹‰’”‡••‹‰‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‹•„ƒ†Ǥ ‡ ‘†ǡƒ†‹‹•–‡”‹‰ƒŠ‹‰ŠǦ†‘•‡•–‡”‘‹†ǡ‡–Š›Ž’”‡†‹•‘Ž‘‡ǡ ƒ •ƒ˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘ ‹ˆ ‰‹˜‡ ™‹–Š‹ ‡‹‰Š– Š‘—”• ‘ˆ ƒ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”›Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ ›‘— ‡‡† –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ —• Ž‡ ƒ† „‘‡ —–‹Ž ‹– ƒ „‡ —•‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ ˆ›‘—†‘–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡–Š‹‰•ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Šincomplete•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‹Œ—”›ǡ‹‡–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ™ƒŽƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ  ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Šcomplete•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›ǡ›‘—ƒ›Šƒ˜‡–‘ ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒš‘•„›„”‹†‰‹‰–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡ǡƒ’’Ž›‹‰‰”‘™–Šˆƒ –‘”•ǡ ƒ† „Ž‘ ‹‰ –Š‡ •‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ƒš‘Ǧ‰”‘™–Š ‹Š‹„‹–‘”•Ǥ ’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ͸Ͳ     

‡—”‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†ƒƒ‰‡†‡‡†–‘„‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ™‡ ƒ‘™”‡’Žƒ ‡‡—”‘•™‹–Š„›‹–”‘†— ‹‰‡—”ƒŽ•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ Š‡ǡ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž› –‘ ”‡•–‘”‡ ˆ— –‹‘ǡ ƒ†›‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Šƒ–ˆ— –‹‘™‹–Š ‘–‹—‡†—•‡Ǥ  ‘— ™‹ŽŽ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ˆ‹† †‘ –‘”• •ƒ›‹‰ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ™ƒ• Dz•‡˜‡”‡†Ǥdz ‘ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”† Dz•‡˜‡”‡†dz ‡ƒ• –‘ –”ƒ•‡ –ǡ –‘ —– ‹– •–”ƒ‹‰Š– –Š”‘—‰Šǡ ”‹‰Š–ǫ Š‡ ›‘— •‡˜‡” •‘‡–Š‹‰ ›‘— •Š‘—Ž† •‡‡ –™‘ —– ‡†•Ǥ ‘” ƒ› ›‡ƒ”•ǡ • ‹‡–‹•–• ™Š‘ •–—†‹‡† •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› †‹† ‹– „› –ƒ‹‰ ƒ ’ƒ‹” ‘ˆ • ‹••‘”• ‘” ƒ ‹ˆ‡ ƒ† —––‹‰ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ—––Š‹•‹•‘––Š‡™ƒ›‘•–Š—ƒ•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡• ‘ —”Ǥ ‘•– Š—ƒ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”‹‡• ‘ —” „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ „Ž—– ‘–—•‹‘ ‘” ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ „‘‡ ˆ”ƒ –—”‡ǣ–Š‡„‘‡Š‹–•–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ  Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ‹• ƒŽŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† •–”‡– Šƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  ˆƒ –ǡ ›‘— ƒ ‹†‡––Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†„›ˆ‹ˆ–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆ‹–•†‹ƒ‡–‡”ƒ†‹–™‘ǯ–„‡ †ƒƒ‰‡† ‹ˆ ›‘— †‘ ‹– •Ž‘™Ž›Ǥ ‘— ƒ •–”‡– Š ‹– –‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› –™‹ ‡‹–• Ž‡‰–Šƒ†‹–™‘ǯ–„‡†ƒƒ‰‡†‹ˆ›‘—†‘‹–•Ž‘™Ž›Ǥ—–‹ˆ›‘—†‘‹– ˆƒ•–– ƒ– •’‡‡†• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –Šƒ ͲǤͷ ‡–‡”• ’‡” •‡ ‘† –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ• ‹•‹†‡–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†™‹ŽŽ„”‡ƒǡƒ†–Šƒ– ƒ—•‡•–Š‡‹Œ—”›ǤŠ‹•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ ‘–—•‹‘‹Œ—”›Ǥ  Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ƒ–‘Ž‡”ƒ–‡•Ž‘™ ‘’”‡••‹‘ǤŠ‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ‹• ‘˜‡”‡† „› ƒ –‘—‰Š ‡„”ƒ‡ ƒŽŽ‡† dura materǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ• Dz–‘—‰Š‘–Š‡”Ǥdz‘™Š‡›‘—’”‡••‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡ‹– ƒ‰‘‘Ž› ‘‡‘ˆ–™‘™ƒ›•‹•‹†‡–Š‡–—„‡Ǥ –ǯ•Ž‹‡’”‡••‹‰ƒ–‘‘–Š’ƒ•–‡–—„‡ǣ –‘‘–Š’ƒ•–‡ ƒ ‰‘ ‘Ž› ˆ‘”™ƒ”†• ƒ† „ƒ ™ƒ”†•Ǥ – ƒǯ– ‰‘ ƒ›™Š‡”‡‡Ž•‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡š ‡‡†•ͲǤͷ ‡–‡”•’‡”•‡ ‘†ǡ ‡ŽŽ•™‹ŽŽ„”‡ƒǡƒ†–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ†‹‡Ǥ  ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• –Š‡ –‹••—‡ ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ  ”‡ƒ•‡† –‹••—‡ ’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ•–‘’„Ž‘‘†ˆŽ‘™Ǥ‘••‘ˆ„Ž‘‘†ˆŽ‘™ˆ‘”–™‡–›‹—–‡• ‘” Ž‘‰‡” ‹ŽŽ ‡—”‘• ƒ† –‹••—‡Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† ‘–—•‹‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›’”‘Ž‘‰‡† ‘’”‡••‹‘Šƒ˜‡•‡˜‡”‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡•Ǥ Š‹•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•™Š›ƒ›‘ˆ—•‹–Š‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ‹Œ—”› ˆ‹‡Ž†„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‡ ‘’”‡••‡†ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•    Ǧ    ͸ͳ

’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ‘–—•‹‘ƒ† ‘’”‡••‹‘ ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ‹ ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‹Œ—”›‹’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‡˜‡”‡†•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†•ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡Ǥ  Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒ‡š ‡’–‹‘–‘–Š‡”ƒ”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜‡”‡†•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†•Ǥ  ™ƒ”ǡ ‹ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ‹ ’Žƒ ‡• ™Š‡”‡ ‰— ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡‹• ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–ǡ ‘‡ •‘‡–‹‡• •‡‡• ƒ •›†”‘‡ ƒŽŽ‡† Dz„—ŽŽ‡–Ǧ‹Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ ƒƒŽǤdz ‡–Š‡›‡–‡”–Š‡„‘†›ǡ„—ŽŽ‡–••‡‡–‘ —”˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ† Š‹––Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ ”ƒœ‹Žǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘”‡Šƒ†‰—•–Šƒ ‡˜‡‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ†‘ –‘”•ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‘ƒ—Ž‘•‡‡ ƒ•ƒ›ƒ•ˆ‹ˆ–› ƒ•‡•‘ˆ„—ŽŽ‡–Ǧ‹Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ ƒƒŽ‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”Ǥ •— Š ƒ•‡• –Š‡„—ŽŽ‡–ƒ›†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†™Š‡”‡‹–‡–‡”•–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ƒƒŽǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡ –Š‡‘Ž› ƒ•‡•–Šƒ– ‘™‘ˆ‘ˆ–”—‡–”ƒ•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǤŠ‡˜ƒ•–ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‹‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡’‡” ‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡•‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• †‘‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ–”ƒ•‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ‘–—•‹‘ƒ† ‘’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ  ‘ǡ™Šƒ–†‘‡•ƒ ‘–—•‡†•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ž‘‘Ž‹‡ǫ‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†• ‘ˆ ”ƒ–•Ǥ ‡ ”‡‘˜‡† –Š‡ „‘‡ ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ƒŽƒ’‹‡ –‘›Ǥ‡ –Š‡ †”‘’’‡† ƒ ͳͲǦ‰”ƒ ™‡‹‰Š–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆͳʹǤͷ ‘–‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ ‹‡–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ”ƒ–• ™‹ŽŽ ™ƒŽ ƒˆ–‡” •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ™‡‡•Ǥ Š‡ ™‡ –‘‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ͳͲǦ‰”ƒ ™‡‹‰Š– ƒ† †”‘’’‡† ‹– ‘–‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ˆ”‘ –™‹ ‡ –Š‡ Š‡‹‰Š–– ʹͷ  ‹‡–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‘•‡”ƒ–•‡˜‡””‡ ‘˜‡”™ƒŽ‹‰ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ– ƒƒ‰ƒ‹™ƒŽǡ‹•ƒ‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›Ǣ–Š‡ •‡ ‘†‹•ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›Ǥ  ƒ––‹‡‹•ˆ‘—”–‹‡•ˆƒ•–‡”–ŠƒŠ—ƒ–‹‡Ǥ‡”ƒ–™‡‡‹• ‡“—ƒŽ–‘ˆ‘—”Š—ƒ™‡‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ Š”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›‹Œ—”‡†•’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ͸ʹ     

ƒ– ˆ‘—”–‡‡ ™‡‡• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”›ǡ ƒ† ›‘— ƒ •‡‡ ƒŽ‘•–ƒŠ‘—”‰Žƒ•••Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ

Š‡ Ž‘‘•‡ ƒ–”‹š ‘ˆ –‹••—‡ ‹• ƒ •–ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ›•–• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ• ƒŽŽ‡† •›”‹‰‘›‡Ž‹  ›•–•Ǥ ‘— ƒ •‡‡ ƒš‘• ‰”‘™‹‰‹–‘–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡ǡ„—–™‡†‘ǯ–™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡‰”‘™‹‰ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡Ǥ  Š‹•’‹ –—”‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‡•Ž‹‡–‘–Š‡‘ˆ–‡Ǧ Žƒ‹‡†Dz‰Ž‹ƒŽ• ƒ”dz ‹•‹†‡–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ Ž‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‘ —”•™Š‡›‘— —––Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǣ •‹ ‡ŽŽ•ȋˆ‹„”‘„Žƒ•–•Ȍˆ”‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ‹˜ƒ†‡–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡƒ†‰Ž‹ƒ™‹ŽŽ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†•‹†‡‹‘”†‡”–‘™ƒŽŽ ‹– ‘ˆˆǤ Š‡ ‰Ž‹ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ ‘” ƒ•–”‘ ›–‡•ǡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‡”˜‘—• •›•–‡ ˆ”‘ ‘—–•‹†‡ –‹••—‡Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ƒ•–”‘ ›–‡• ƒ† ˆ‹„”‘„Žƒ•–• ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒˆ‹„”‘—•• ƒ”Ǥ Ž‹ƒŽ• ƒ”•‘ —”™‹–Š•‡˜‡”‡† ‘”†•ǡ„—––Š‡› †‘ǯ–‘ —”™Š‡›‘—Šƒ˜‡ ‘–—•‹‘‹Œ—”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ    Ǧ    ͸͵

C. Transplanting Cells into Spinal Cords  ‘” ‡ƒ”Ž› –™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ • ‹‡–‹•–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ ‡ŽŽ• ‹–‘ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ  ‡ƒ”Ž› •–—†‹‡•ǡ • ‹‡–‹•–• –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡† ˆ‡–ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ• ‹ –Š‡ Š‘’‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ˆ‘”‰”‘™–Šƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡† ‡ŽŽ• ™‘—Ž† ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‰”‘™–Š ˆƒ –‘”• –‘ •–‹—Žƒ–‡ ƒš‘ƒŽ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ  ‹‡–‹•–•Šƒ˜‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›‹†‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ‹–‘ƒ‹ƒŽ‘” Š—ƒ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡† ‡ŽŽ• ƒ „‡ ƒ–‡Ǧ ‰‘”‹œ‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ „”‘ƒ† Žƒ••‡•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Žƒ•• ‹ Ž—†‡• ƒ—–‘Ž‘‰‘—• ‡ŽŽ•ǡ ‘” ‡ŽŽ• –ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡– ƒ† –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–ǯ•‘™„‘‡ƒ””‘™ ‘” ˆƒ– –‹••—‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ—–‘Ž‘‰‘—•Ǧ ‡ŽŽ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ •‡ ‘† –›’‡ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‘‰‡‹  ‡ŽŽ•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ•— Šƒ• ˆ”‘ƒƒ„‘”–‡†ˆ‡–—•ǡ”‡Žƒ–‡†‘”—”‡Žƒ–‡††‘‘”•ǤŽ‡••–Š‡†‘‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ ‹’‹‡– ƒ”‡ Ǧƒ– Š‡†ǡ ƒŽŽ‘‰‡‡‹  –”ƒ•’Žƒ–• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ›‹—‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡Œ‡ –‡†Ǥ ǡ‘”Š—ƒŽ‡— ‘ ›–‡ƒ–‹‰‡•ǡ ‹• ™Šƒ– ‹• —•‡† –‘ ˆ‹† ‹—‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ ‘”‰ƒ• ˆ‘” –”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ ƒ– Š‹•‰‘‘†ǡ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ ‡‰”ƒˆ–Ǥ  ˜‡”•‡ƒ•ǡ •‘‡ †‘ –‘”• ƒ”‡ –ƒ‹‰ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ• ˆ”‘ ƒ„‘”–‡† ˆ‡–—•‡•ƒ† –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‹–‘ ‹Œ—”‡† •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†•ǡƒ••—‹‰ –Šƒ––Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‘”–Š‡„”ƒ‹‹•‹—‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› Dz’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡†dz•‘ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ•™‘—Ž†‘–„‡”‡Œ‡ –‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ– –Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†™‹ŽŽ”‡Œ‡ –ƒŽŽ‘‰‡‡‹  ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ –Œ—•––ƒ‡•Ž‘‰‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ –‘ ‘ —”ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ• ‹–‘ ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘†›Ǥ ‘ǡ — Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘” „‡‹‰ †‘‡ ™‹–Š ˆ‡–ƒŽǦ ‡ŽŽ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡„”›‘‹  •–‡Ǧ ‡ŽŽ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–•ǡ ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ•‘–›‡–„‡‡–‡•–‡†‘”’”‘˜‡‹Š—ƒ•Ǥ   ʹͲͲ͸ ™‡ „‡‰ƒ –‘ •‡ƒ” Š •›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘”  ȋ ‘‘† ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰”ƒ –‹ ‡Ȍ•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‹—‡Ǧ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ ‡ŽŽ•ǤDz ‘‘† ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡dz‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‡ŽŽ•–‘„‡ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†‹•†‘ —‡–‡†Ǥ‘— ƒ‘–‰‡–ƒ–Š‡”ƒ’›ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„› ͸Ͷ     

–Š‡ ‘‘† ƒ† ”—‰ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ƒ› ‘–Š‡” ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ƒ‰‡ › —Ž‡•• ‹– ‹• ’”‘†— ‡† —†‡”  ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ˆ‹† ‡ŽŽ•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡’‘”–‡†„›—Ž–‹’Ž‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸ǡ–Š‡‘Ž› ‡ŽŽ•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ ƒ† Ǧƒ– Šƒ„Ž‡™‡”‡ —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ Ǧƒ– Š‡† —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ‹• ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ‘”†Ǧ„Ž‘‘† „ƒ• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒ† Šƒ• „‡‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›–™‡–››‡ƒ”•–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡„‘‡ƒ””‘™Ǥ „‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ƒ „‡ •–‘”‡† ƒ† ’”‘ ‡••‡† ‹ ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ Ǧ ‡”–‹ˆ‹‡† Žƒ„‹‡ƒ Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽ ‡–‡”Ǥ— Š Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‘•–‘˜‡”ƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•ŠǤ  „‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” –‹••—‡•ǣ  ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ• ƒ† –‹••—‡• —•—ƒŽŽ› ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ– Š‡† ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡ ‹’‹‡– ‘” ‡Ž•‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ”‡Œ‡ –‡†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Š‡ƒ”–• ƒ† ‹†‡›• —•– ƒ– Š ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž›ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ͸ ‘—– ‘ˆ ͸  ȋ Ǧǡ Ǧǡ ƒ† Ǧǡ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ Š ’ƒ”‡–Ȍǡ –‘ ‡‰”ƒˆ–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ• ™‹ŽŽ ‡‰”ƒˆ– ͺͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹‡ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡  ƒ– Š‡• ‘Ž› Ͷǣ͸Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹– ‹• — Š ‡ƒ•‹‡” –‘ ˆ‹† ƒŽŽ‘‰‡‡‹  ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ˆ‘” –”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ „‘‡ ƒ””‘™ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ  ƒ› ƒ‹ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ„Ž‘‘† ‘‘— Ž‡ƒ” ‡ŽŽ• ‹’”‘˜‡ ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ƒˆ–‡” •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”›Ǥ Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ„‘—– •–—†‹‡• ‘ˆ —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡”ƒ’‹‡• Ž‹‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†”‡’ƒ‹”„‡‰ƒ‹ʹͲͲ͵Ǥ›ʹͲͳͲǡƒ†‘œ‡‘–Š‡”’ƒ’‡”• Šƒ† „‡‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ”‘„—•– ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ ‡ •–—†› ƒ••‡••‡† ”ƒ–• ™‹–Š ‹Œ—”‡† •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†• ™‹–Š —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ „Ž‘‘† ‘‘— Ž‡ƒ” ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ͵ •‹‰ –Š‡  ™ƒŽ‹‰ • ƒŽ‡ ȋͲȂ ʹͳȌ ™Š‡”‡Ͳ‹•ƒ”ƒ––Šƒ– ƒ‘–™ƒŽǡͳͲ‹•ƒ”ƒ––Šƒ–‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘–ƒ‡ ™‡‹‰Š–Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰ •–‡’•ǡ ƒ† ʹͳ ‹• ƒ ”ƒ– –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ™ƒŽ ‘”Ǧ

͵Ǥ‡ƒ–ƒƒ‡•Šƒ•ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽǤǡAxonal Remyelination by Cord Blood Stem Cells after Spinal Cord InjuryʹͶ Ǥ͵ͻͳȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ     Ǧ    ͸ͷ

ƒŽŽ›› —–”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ• ȋ–Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž•Ȍ †‹† ‘– ”‡ ‘˜‡” ™ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘˜‡ ͳͲǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ”ƒ–• –”‡ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹’”‘˜‡†–Š‡‹”™ƒŽ‹‰–‘ͳͷ‘”Š‹‰Š‡”Ǥ ƒ•–—†›†‘‡ ™‹–Š†‘‰•ǡ™‹–ŠƒͲȂͳͲ™ƒŽ‹‰• ƒŽ‡ ™Š‡”‡–‡‹•ƒ†‘‰–Šƒ– ƒ ™ƒŽ‘”ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž‰”‘—’•Šƒ†™ƒŽ‹‰• ‘”‡•‘ˆʹ‘”Ž‘™‡” ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡†‰”‘—’•Šƒ†™ƒŽ‹‰• ‘”‡•‘ˆ͸‘”Š‹‰Š‡”Ǥ   ʹͲͲ͸ǡ ™‡ –‘‘ ‘‘— Ž‡ƒ” ‡ŽŽ• ˆ”‘ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ƒ† ‹Œ‡ –‡†–Š‡‹–‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‘ˆ”ƒ–•ǡŒ—•––‘•‡‡™Šƒ––Š‡›†‘Ǥ ™‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‡ŽŽ•‹’”‡••‡†—•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‡ŽŽ• †‹†ǯ– ‹‰”ƒ–‡ ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡› •–ƒ› ’—–ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ’Žƒ ‡†ǡŽ‹‡‰‘‘†Ž‹––Ž‡‹†•Ǥ ƒŽ™ƒ›•ˆ‡Ž–— ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ ‡„”›‘‹ ‘”ˆ‡–ƒŽ•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›–‡†–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡ƒŽŽ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ ‡ ™‡‡ Žƒ–‡”ǡ ›‘— ƒ› ˆ‹† –Š‡ ‹ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹ •–‡Ǥ  †‘ǯ–‘™™Šƒ––Š‡›ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘†‘‹–Š‡„”ƒ‹•–‡ǤŠ‡‹ ‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—–—„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†„Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ•‹•–Šƒ–›‘—–”ƒ•’Žƒ––Š‡ƒ†‘‡ ™‡‡Žƒ–‡”–Š‡›ǯ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡Ǥ‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡›†‹†‘–‡˜‘‡ ƒ› ‹† ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹‘•‹• ‘” ‹ˆŽƒƒ–‘”› ”‡•’‘•‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ –ǯ•ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ƒ ‡’–•–Š‡•‡ ‡ŽŽ•ƒ•‹–•‘™Ǥ†–Š‹• ‹•ƒŽ•‘ǡ‹›‘’‹‹‘ǡƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†–Š‹‰Ǥ

D. Boosting Growth with Lithium  ”‘—†ʹͲͲͶǡ—–‹ƒ—ǯ•Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ƒ– ‘‰‘‰‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–Ž‹–Š‹—•–‹—Žƒ–‡•”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†–”ƒ –•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡”—„”‘•’‹ƒŽ–”ƒ –Ǥ‹–Š‹—ǡƒ•ƒ›‘ˆ›‘—‘™ǡ‹• –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –Š‡”ƒ’› ˆ‘” ƒ‹  †‡’”‡••‹‘Ǥ Š‹”–› ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† –ƒ‡ Ž‹–Š‹— –Š‡‹” ‡–‹”‡ Ž‹˜‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‹  †‡’”‡••‹‘Ǥ –•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡•–Š‡‹”‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ƒ†”‡†— ‡•–Š‡Š‹‰Š• ƒ† Ž‘™• ‘ˆ ƒ‹  †‡’”‡••‹‘Ǥ – –Šƒ– –‹‡ǡ  ‡™ ‘–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Ž‹–Š‹—Ǥ  Ž‘‘‡† ‹– —’ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ– Ž‹–Š‹— ‹Š‹„‹–• ƒ ‡œ›‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ‰Ž› ‘‰‡ •›–Š‡–ƒ•‡ ‹ƒ•‡Ǧ͵ „‡–ƒǤ Š‹• —„‹“—‹–‘—• ‡œ›‡ ‘–”‘Ž• –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –™‘ ƒŒ‘” — Ž‡ƒ” ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ   ƒ† –Ȁ„‡–ƒǦ ƒ–‡‹ǡ ™Š‹ Š •‹—Žƒ–‡ ‡ŽŽ ‰”‘™–Š ƒ† ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ʹͲͲͺ •–—†› „› • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‡šƒ• ‘—–Š™‡•–‡” ͸͸     

‡†‹ ƒŽ ‡–‡” ‘ˆ‹”‡† –Šƒ– Ž‹–Š‹— •–‹—Žƒ–‡• ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ „—– ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒŽ•‘ –Šƒ– ‘–Š‡” †”—‰• –Šƒ– „Ž‘  ͵ „‡–ƒ ™‹ŽŽ •–‹—Žƒ–‡ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǤͶ  ‹–Š‹— ‹• —•‡† „› ͵Ͳ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ –• •ƒˆ‡–›’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‹•™‡ŽŽ‘™Ǥ –•–‹—Žƒ–‡•”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ –Š‡„‡•–‰”‘—’ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ‘”–›’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ –”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ƒ†™ƒ•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ”‡ ‘˜‡”›Ǥ‹–Š‹—ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡•ƒ† ‹Š‹„‹–• ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡œ›‡• ’Š‘•’Š‘‹ƒ•‡•ǡ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–ƒ•‡•Ǥ ŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡”‰‡ –‘ ‹Š‹„‹– ‰Ž› ‘‰‡ •›–Šƒ•‡ ‹ƒ•‡Ǧ͵ „‡–ƒǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‹Š‹„‹–• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ — Ž‡ƒ” ˆƒ –‘”• –Šƒ– ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡ ‡ŽŽ ‰”‘™–Š ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹Š‹„‹–‹‰ Ǧ͵„ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡• –Š‡•‡ — Ž‡ƒ” ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– “—‡•–‹‘• ™ƒ• ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ‹•–Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‡ Šƒ‹• „› ™Š‹ Š Ž‹–Š‹— Š‡Ž’• ƒ‹  †‡’”‡••‹‘Ǥ ƒ› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‹•‹••‘Ǥ  Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ”‡ƒŽŽ› ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ’‘’’‡† ‘—– ™Š‡ ™‡ ”‡˜‹‡™‡† –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™ƒ• –Šƒ– Ž‹–Š‹— •–”‘‰Ž› •–‹—Žƒ–‡• •–‡ ‡ŽŽ• –‘ ‰”‘™ǡ ƒ† ‹– ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› •–‹—Žƒ–‡• ‡—”ƒŽ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ –Š‡ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ•‹›‘—”„”ƒ‹Ǥ ʹͲͲʹǡƒ‰”‘—’ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹––•„—”‰Š ”‡’‘”–‡† –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ –ƒ‡ Ž‹–Š‹— ˆ‘” ƒ‹  †‡’”‡••‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ„‘—–ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡’‡” ‡–‘”‡‰”ƒ›ƒ––‡”‹–Š‡‹”„”ƒ‹•–Šƒ‘”ƒŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǤͷFifteen percent more gray matterǤ ”ƒ›ƒ––‡”‹•–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹ ™Š‡”‡ ‡—”‘ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ „‘†‹‡• ƒ”‡Ǥ Š‹• ”‡’‘”– ™ƒ• ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ ™Š‡ ‹– ™ƒ• ˆ‹”•– ”‡’‘”–‡†ǡ „—– ‡‹‰Š–›Ǧ•‡˜‡ •–—†‹‡• Žƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘ˆ‹”‡† „› ƒ›ǡ ƒ› ‰”‘—’•ǣ Ž‹–Š‹—•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ‰”ƒ›ƒ––‡”‹–Š‡„”ƒ‹Ǥ Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹—‘ —”•‘˜‡”ƒ•‹šǦ–‘–™‡Ž˜‡Ǧ™‡‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ‘— –ƒ‡Ž‹–Š‹—ˆ‘”Œ—•–•‹š™‡‡•ƒ†–Š‡‰”ƒ›ƒ––‡”˜‘Ž—‡‹›‘—” „”ƒ‹‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ†‹ˆ›‘—•–‘’–ƒ‹‰‹–ǡ™ƒ‹–ƒ›‡ƒ”Ǣ–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ ‰”ƒ›ƒ––‡”˜‘Ž—‡›‘—”„”ƒ‹‹••–‹ŽŽ–Š‡”‡Ǥ –ǯ•‘–Ž‹‡–‡’‘”ƒ”›

ͶǤ ‘Š‹ŽŽ‡–ƒŽǤǡInactivation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Promotes Axonal Growth and Recovery in the CNSǤʹͺ Ǥ ǤͺͻͳͶȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ ͷǤǤǤƒ••‹ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡIncreased Gray Matter Volume in Lithium-Treated Bipolar Disorder PatientsǤ͵ʹͻ Ǥ ʹͶ͵ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ    Ǧ    ͸͹

•™‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹Ǥ ȋŠ‡  –‘Ž† –Šƒ– –‘ ‹Ž›ǡ › ™‹ˆ‡ǡ •Š‡ •ƒ‹†ǡ DzŠ› †‘ǯ– ›‘— „”‹‰ •‘‡ Ž‹–Š‹— Š‘‡ǫdzȌ – ‹• ™‡ŽŽ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘™ǣŽ‹–Š‹—•–‹—Žƒ–‡•–Š‡‡—”ƒŽ•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•‹›‘—”„”ƒ‹–‘ƒ‡ ‘”‡‡—”‘•Ǥ  ›–Š‡™ƒ›ǡŽ‹–Š‹—‹• ‹›‘—” ‡ŽŽ ’Š‘‡• Ž‹–Š‹—„ƒ––‡”‹‡•ǡ –Šƒ–ǯ•–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‹–Š‹— ‹–ǯ•–Š‡–Š‹”†‡Ž‡‡–‹–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽ–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘Ž› –™‘ ‡Ž‡‡–• •ƒŽŽ‡” –Šƒ Ž‹–Š‹— Š‡Ž‹— ƒ† Š›†”‘‰‡Ǥ –ǯ• –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ •ƒŽŽ †”—‰ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› –Š‡ Š‡ƒ’‡•–Ǥ†‹Š‹ƒ‹– ‘•–•ƒ„‘—–ˆ‹˜‡ ‡–•ƒ’‹ŽŽǤ‘™‡•ƒ‹†ǡDzŠǡ ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘–”›Ž‹–Š‹—‹•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›Ǥdz  ‘ ™‡ ™‡– ‘ ƒŠ‡ƒ† ƒ† •–—†‹‡† Ž‹–Š‹— ‹ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”‹‡• ƒ† •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– Ž‹–Š‹— •–‹—Žƒ–‡• ‡—”‘‰‡‡•‹• ‹ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹ ƒ† •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹ ‹ ˜‹–”‘ ‹ –Š‡ –‹••—‡Ǧ —Ž–—”‡ †‹•Š ƒ† ‹– †‘‡• •‘ „› ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‰ –Ȁ„‡–ƒǦ ƒ–‡‹ǡ ƒ† ‹– „Ž‘ • ͵ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ƒ•–”‘‰Ž‹‘‰‡‡•‹•Ǥ͸  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ Ž‹–Š‹— •–‹—Žƒ–‡•‘‡•‹‰ƒŽ‹‰’”‘–‡‹ƒ†•—’’”‡••‡•ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ –Š‡’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡—”‘•‘˜‡”‰Ž‹ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ  —–‹ƒ —ǡ ƒ– ‘‰ ‘‰ ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ’—– ‰”‡‡ ˆŽ—‘”‡• ‡– ’”‘–‡‹ ‹–‘ ‡—”ƒŽ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ• ƒ† ‹Œ‡ –‡† –Š‡ ‹–‘ ‹Œ—”‡† ”ƒ– •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†•Ǥ ‡–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡”ƒ–•™‹–Š•—„ —–ƒ‡‘—•‹Œ‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹—Ǥˆ–‡”–™‘™‡‡•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹–Š‹—Ǧ–”‡ƒ–‡†”ƒ–•Šƒ†‘”‡‡—”ƒŽ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ǤŠ‡Ž‹–Š‹—™ƒ••–‹—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ•–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‹Œ‡ –‡† ‹–‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†–‘ƒ‡‘”‡ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ‡ƒ•‡†ǡDz‘‡•–Š‹•™‘” ˆ‘”—„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†„Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ•ǡ–‘‘ǫdzŠ‡ƒ•™‡”‹•›‡•Ǥ  ‡–‘‘•‘‡—„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†„Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ•ƒ†–”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘” •‡˜‡†ƒ›•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ•‹–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡•Šƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ”Ž› ˆ‘—”ˆ‘Ž†Ǥ ‹–Š‹— •–‹—Žƒ–‡† –Š‡ —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ• –‘ ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‡ƒ”‡†Ž›Ǥ

͸Ǥ See Ǥ Š— ‡– ƒŽǤǡ Lithium Suppresses Astrogliogenesis by Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by Inhibiting STAT3 Pathway Independently of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 BetaǤ‘ȋ‡’–ǤͻǡʹͲͳͳȌǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’Ž‘•‘‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ȁ‹ˆ‘Ψ ͵†‘‹Ψʹ ͳͲǤͳ͵͹ͳΨʹ Œ‘—”ƒŽǤ’‘‡ǤͲͲʹ͵͵ͶͳǤ ͸ͺ     

 ‘ –Š‡ ™‡ •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‡ŽŽǡ Ž‡–ǯ• ‹Œ‡ – –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ• †‹”‡ –Ž› ‹–‘ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ƒ†•‡‡™Šƒ––Š‡›†‘ǤdzŠ‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡  ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‘„‹‡•‡”–ǣ‹–ǯ•ƒ†‡ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ǯ–ƒ› ‡ŽŽ•ƒ––Š‡‹Œ—”› •‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒš‘•–‘‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–ŠǤ‘ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹Œ‡ –‹‰–Š‡—„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†„Ž‘‘†‘‘— Ž‡ƒ” ‡ŽŽ•‹–‘–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡ǡ™‡ ‹Œ‡ – –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ• ‹–‘ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–Šƒš‘•Ǥ   ‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†‘‘— Ž‡ƒ” ‡ŽŽ•‹–‘”ƒ–•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†•ƒˆ–‡” ‘–—•‹‘‹Œ—”›Ǥ‡•–—†‹‡†–™‘‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒ–•ǡ‹Œ‡ –‹‰‘‡ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ƒ‹ƒŽ• •—„ —–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ™‹–Š Ž‹–Š‹— ‡˜‡”› †ƒ› ƒ† ‹Œ‡ –‹‰•ƒŽ‹‡‹–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’Ǥ –Š‡Ž‹–Š‹—Ǧ‹Œ‡ –‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‘—‰Šǡ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ• ‘˜‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ƒ† ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† —’ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡•’ƒ ‡Ǥ  ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡†  ‘ˆ ‡—”‘–”‘’Š‹• ‰”‘™–Š ˆƒ –‘”• ‘™–‘•‹—Žƒ–‡”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–Ž‹–Š‹—•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‡—”‘–”‘’Š‹Ǧ͵ ȋǦ͵Ȍǡ ‰Ž‹ƒŽǦ†‡”‹˜‡† ‡—”‘–”‘’Š‹  ˆƒ –‘” ȋ  Ȍǡƒ†‡”˜‡‰”‘™–Šˆƒ –‘”ȋ Ȍ‹–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ  ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡ™‡†‹†ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽ‘–™‡–›Š—ƒ •—„Œ‡ –• –‘ •Š‘™ –Š‡ •ƒˆ‡–› ‘ˆ Ž‹–Š‹— „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘„‘†› Šƒ† •›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‰‹˜‡ Ž‹–Š‹— –‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”‹‡• „‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ‹–Š‹—–—”‡†‘—––‘„‡•ƒˆ‡ƒ†™‡ŽŽ–‘Ž‡”ƒ–‡†„›’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ ‡ –Š‡ –‘‘ ˆ‘”–› •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ† ”ƒ†‘‹œ‡† –Š‡ –‘ Ž‹–Š‹— ‘” ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ–™‡–›‹‡ƒ ŠǤ‡™‡”‡Š‘’‹‰–‘•‡‡‹ˆǡ™‹–ŠŽ‹–Š‹—ǡ–Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–•™‘—Ž†”‡ ‘˜‡”•‘‡ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ‡ŽŽǡ™‡†‹†ǯ–•‡‡–Šƒ–– ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–‘–™‹–Š‹•‹š‘–Š•Ǥ  —–™Šƒ–™‡†‹†•‡‡™ƒ•”‡ƒŽŽ›•—”’”‹•‹‰Ǥ„‘—–ˆ‹ˆ–›’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡••—ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘–‡””‹„Ž‡’ƒ‹Ǥ –ǯ•–Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ’ƒ‹ –Šƒ– ‘ —”• ™Š‡ ›‘— ƒ’—–ƒ–‡ ƒ Ž‡‰ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ’—–ƒ–‡†ǡƒ„•‡–ǡŽ‡‰Š—”–•„‡ ƒ—•‡›‘—”•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†–Š‹•–Š‡Ž‡‰ ‹••–‹ŽŽ–Š‡”‡ǡƒ†‹–Š—”–•„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–ǯ••‡†‹‰•‹‰ƒŽ•–‘–Š‡„”ƒ‹–Šƒ– ƒ”‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›™”‘‰Ǥ›™ƒ›ǡ–‘‘—”‡‘”‘—••—”’”‹•‡ǡŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™Š‘ Šƒ† •‡˜‡”‡ ‡—”‘’ƒ–Š‹  ’ƒ‹ ƒˆ–‡” •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› ”‡’‘”–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ’ƒ‹ ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› Ž‘™‡”Ǥ  ˆƒ –ǡ –™‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡    Ǧ    ͸ͻ

’ƒ–‹‡–•”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”’ƒ‹™‡–ƒ™ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡•‹ ‡ –Š‡›™‡”‡‹Œ—”‡†Ǥ†–Š‹•‘ —””‡†ǡ‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡•‡’ƒ–‹‡–•ǡ ƒ„‘—––™‡Ž˜‡›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹”•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”‹‡•Ǥ  ‡ǯ”‡ —””‡–Ž›†‘‹‰™Šƒ–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒŠƒ•‡ –”‹ƒŽ–‘ ‘ˆ‹” –Š‡•‡ Ž‹–Š‹— ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ƒ —Ž–‹ ‡–‡” •–—†› ‹ Š‹ƒǤ ˆ –Š‹• –”‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ‹”• ‘—” ”‡•—Ž–• •‘ ˆƒ”ǡ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –Š‡”ƒ’› ˆ‘” ‡—”‘’ƒ–Š‹  ’ƒ‹ ˆ‘” •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”›Ǥ ‡ǯ”‡ ˜‡”› ‡š ‹–‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‹•Ǥ

III PHASE II TRIALS:HONG KONG &KUNMING   ‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ •ƒˆ‡–› ƒ† ˆ‡ƒ•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ„Ž‘‘† ‘‘— Ž‡ƒ” ‡ŽŽ• ‹–‘ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡ ™‡ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†–Š‡‹–‘‡‹‰Š–•—„Œ‡ –•‹ ‘‰‘‰Ǥ‡†‹†–Š‡•ƒ‡ –Š‹‰™‹–Š–™‡–›•—„Œ‡ –•‹ƒƒ”›Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹—‹‰Ǥ‘„‘†› Šƒ†‡˜‡”–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†—„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†„Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ•‹–‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”† †‹”‡ –Ž›„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ†™‡†‹†‘–‘™™Šƒ––Š‡„‡•–†‘•‡™ƒ•Ǥ‘™‡ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡† ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ• ‹ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘—”Ǧǡ ‡‹‰Š–Ǧǡ ƒ† •‹š–‡‡Ǧ‹ ”‘Ž‹–‡” ‹Œ‡ –‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ™‡ ‘„‹‡†–Š‡‹Œ‡ –‹‘•™‹–Š‡–Š›Ž’”‡†‹•‘Ž‘‡ƒ†™‹–ŠŽ‹–Š‹—Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘‰‘‰–”‹ƒŽǡ™Š‹ Š™‡ǯ†Œ—•– ‘’Ž‡–‡†ǡ‹™Š‹ Š™‡ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†‡‹‰Š–’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Šˆ‘—”‘”‡‹‰Š–‹ ”‘Ž‹–‡”•ǡ™‡•ƒ™‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡—”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ —– ™‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Šƒ‡™‡–Š‘† ƒŽŽ‡††‹ˆˆ—•‹‘Ǧ–‡•‘”‹ƒ‰‹‰ǡ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹ Ǧ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‹ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™Š‡ ›‘— ‰‡– ƒ‰‡–‹ Ǧ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ •‹‰ƒŽ•ǡ ›‘— ƒ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ƒ‰‡–‹  ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• Š›†”‘‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ –‹••—‡ǡ •‘ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–Š‡‘•–Š›†”‘‰‡ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–•‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰ƒŽ• ›‘—•‡‡‹ƒ‰‡–‹ ‹ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ‘‘™›‘— ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡Š‘™–Š‡™ƒ–‡” †‹ˆˆ—•‡•Ǥ  ‘”‹‡–‡† ˆ‹„‡” „—†Ž‡•ǡ ™ƒ–‡” †‹ˆˆ—•‡• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽƒš‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”„—†Ž‡•ƒ†Ž‡••–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ „—†Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽƒ‹•‘–”‘’›Ǥ‘— ƒƒ –—ƒŽŽ›—•‡  ƒ‰‡–‹ Ǧ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ †‹ˆˆ—•‹‘Ǧ–‡•‘” ‹ƒ‰‹‰ –‘ ƒ’ –Š‡ ͹Ͳ     

™Š‹–‡ ƒ––‡”ǡ ‘” ˆ‹„‡” „—†Ž‡•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ    ‹• ƒ ‡™ˆƒ‰Ž‡†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ„—–‹–ǯ•”‡ƒŽŽ›„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽǤ  ‡ †‹†    ‘ ˆ‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‰ ‘‰ •—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ  ‡˜‡”› ’ƒ–‹‡– ™‡ Ž‘‘‡† ƒ– ™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡–‡ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”›ǡ ™‡ •ƒ™ ‘ ˆ‹„‡”•‰”‘™‹‰ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡Ǥ—–‘‡’ƒ–‹‡–– ƒͶͷǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž† ƒŽ‡ Šƒ†Šƒ†ƒ–Š‘”ƒ ‹ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›ǡƒ–ͶǡƒŽ‹––Ž‡‘”‡–Šƒ ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡‘—”•–—†›Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡–”‡ƒ–‡–ǡŠ‡Šƒ†ƒ„‹‰‰ƒ’ƒ† ƒ–”‘’Š‹ ™Š‹–‡ƒ––‡”Ǥ–•‹š‘–Š•ǡ™‡•–‹ŽŽ•ƒ™‘–Š‹‰ ”‘••‹‰ –Š‡ ‹Œ—”› •‹–‡Ǥ —– –Š‡ǡ ƒ– –™‡Ž˜‡ ‘–Š•ǡ ™‡ •ƒ™ ˆ‹„‡”• ”‘••‹‰ –Š‡ ‹Œ—”› •‹–‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘– •—”‡ǡ „—– ™‡ –Š‹ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ™ƒ• ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡Š—ƒ•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡Ǥ  Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ ™Šƒ–™‡†‹†‹ ‘‰‘‰ƒ† ™Šƒ– ™‡†‹†™‹–Š–Š‡–™‡–›’ƒ–‹‡–•‹—‹‰™ƒ•–Šƒ–™‡™ƒŽ‡†–Š‡ —‹‰’ƒ–‹‡–•‹–Š‡‘•–‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž‘ ‘‘–‘”–”ƒ‹‹‰™‡ ‘—Ž† †‘ǣ™‡™ƒŽ‡†–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–••‹šŠ‘—”•ƒ†ƒ›ǡ•‹š†ƒ›•ƒ™‡‡ǤŠ‹•‹• Ž‹‡‰‡––‹‰–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–•–‘†‘–™‘ƒ”ƒ–Š‘•’‡”†ƒ›ǤŠ‡›ǯ†‰‡–—’ ƒ– •‡˜‡ ‘ǯ Ž‘ Ǥ Š‡›ǯ† †‘ ƒŽ‹•–Š‡‹ •Ǥ Š‡›ǯ† ‡ƒ– „”‡ƒˆƒ•–Ǥ† ˆ”‘ ‹‡ ‘ǯ Ž‘  —–‹Ž ‘‘ǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡›ǯ† ‡ƒ– Ž— ŠǡŠƒ˜‡ƒ‘‡ǦŠ‘—”ƒ’ǡ–Š‡™ƒŽƒ‘–Š‡”–Š”‡‡Š‘—”•ǡˆ”‘–™‘ ‘ǯ Ž‘ –‘ˆ‹˜‡‘ǯ Ž‘ ǤŠ‡›†‹†–Š‹••‹šŠ‘—”•ƒ†ƒ›ǡ•‹š†ƒ›•ƒ™‡‡Ǥ ˆ™‡ ‘—Ž†ƒˆˆ‘”†‹–ǡ™‡–”ƒ‹‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”•‹š‘–Š•ǤŠ‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡͸͸͸”‘‰”ƒǤ‡†‹†ǯ– –”ƒ‹ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –•‹ ‘‰ ‘‰ –‘ ™ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ •—„Œ‡ –• ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡† Ž‘ ‘‘–‘” ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ  ˆ –Š‡ –™‡–› •—„Œ‡ –• ‹ —‹‰ –‘ ™Š‘ ™‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ †‘•‡• ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ •‡˜‡–‡‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† –Š”‡‡ ‘–Š• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹–‡•‹˜‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ ˆ –Š‡› •Š‘™‡† ’”‘‰”‡•• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ‘–Š•ǡ ™‡ –”ƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘” ƒ‘–Š‡” –Š”‡‡ ‘–Š•Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‡”‡–”ƒ‹‡†™‹–Šƒ•‘”–‘ˆ”‘ŽŽ‹‰™ƒŽ‡”™‹–Š™Š‡‡Ž•‘‹–ǡ‘™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ƒ •—’’‘”– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ •‘‡„‘†› ‹• Š‘Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–ǯ• ‡‡•ǡ –‘ ‡‡’ –Š‡‹” ‡‡• ˆ”‘ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‹‰Ǥˆ–‡”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ™‡‡•ǡ–Š‡› ƒ•–ƒ†‘–Š‡‹”‘™Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ –Š‡‡†—’ƒ––Š‹••–ƒ‰‡Ǣ–Š‡›‰‡–•–— –Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡›•–ƒ”––‘    Ǧ    ͹ͳ

–ƒ‡•–‡’•ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ǯ”‡™ƒŽ‹‰ˆ‘”Ž‘‰’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ–‹‡ǡ –Š‡‹”‡‡•„— Ž‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹”“—ƒ†”‹ ‡’•ƒ”‡ǯ–•–”‘‰‡‘—‰Š–‘ Ž‘ –Š‡‡‡•ǤŠ‡–Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•ǡ•‘‡„‘†›Šƒ•–‘•–ƒ†„‡Š‹† –Š‡™‹–Šƒ”‘’‡–‘Ž‘ –Š‡‡‡•ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹–Š‡•–ƒ ‡’Šƒ•‡Ǥ Šƒ– •–ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› “—‹–‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡•‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• †‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡•–”‘‰Ž‡‰•Ǥ—–ǡ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡›‰‡––‘ƒ’‘‹–™Š‡”‡–Š‡› †‘ǯ–‡‡†•‘‡„‘†›•–ƒ†‹‰„‡Š‹†–Š‡–‘Ž‘ –Š‡‡‡•ǤŠ‡› –Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡–‘ƒˆ‘—”Ǧ’‘‹–™ƒŽ‡”ǡ –™‘Ǧ’‘‹–™ƒŽ‹‰ǡ‘‡Ǧ’‘‹– ™ƒŽ‹‰ǡ‘†‡˜‹ ‡ƒ–ƒŽŽǡƒ†–Š‡‘”ƒŽ™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ  ‘‘—”‡‘”‘—••—”’”‹•‡ǡˆ‹ˆ–‡‡‘—–‘ˆ–™‡–›’ƒ–‹‡–•‹–Š‹• •–—†›”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†™ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‹‹ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ ™ƒŽ‹‰™‹–ŠŒ—•– –Š‡”‘’‡•„‡Š‹†–Š‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•™‡ŽŽ„‡›‘†ƒ›–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™‡Šƒ† ‹ƒ‰‹‡†Ǥ ‡ Šƒ† ‡š’‡ –‡† –Šƒ– ƒ›„‡ ƒ– ‘•– –‡ ‘” –™‡–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‘—Ž† ”‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‹• ‡š–‡– ‘ˆ ™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ —–ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š™‡ǯ”‡•–‹ŽŽ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰–Š‡–™‡Ž˜‡Ǧ‘–Š†ƒ–ƒǡƒ–•‹š‘–Š•ǡ ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‡–›™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘™ƒŽǤ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–•™Š‘ ™‡– Š‘‡ ƒ– •‹š ‘–Š• ƒ† •ƒ– Š‘‡ ‹ ƒ ™Š‡‡Ž Šƒ‹” ™‹–Š‘—– †‘‹‰ ƒ› ™ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ– ƒŽŽ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ”‡‰”‡••‡†Ǥ —– ™‹–Š ‘‡ ‘” –™‘ ™‡‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ™‡ ‘—Ž†„”‹‰–Š‡„ƒ —’–‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‡–Š‹‰™‡ˆ‘—†•—”’”‹•‹‰™ƒ•–Šƒ–‹ˆƒ ’ƒ–‹‡–™ƒ•Ž›‹‰ ‘ƒ„‡†ƒ†™‡•ƒ‹†ǡDz‘˜‡›‘—”Ž‡‰•ǡdzŠ‡ ‘—Ž†‘–Ǥ ‡ ‘—Ž†‘–Ž‹ˆ– Š‹•Ž‡‰•‘ˆˆ–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡Ǣ–Š‡›ǯ”‡•‘™‡ƒǤ—–™Š‡™‡•–ƒ”–Š‹–ƒ‹‰ •–‡’•ǡ Š‡ ƒ ™ƒŽ ƒ”‘—† ˆ‘” •‹š Š‘—”• ƒ †ƒ›Ǥ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ Œ—•– ™ƒŽ ƒ”‘—†Ǥ ‡™‹ŽŽ™ƒŽŠ—†”‡†•‘ˆ‡–‡”•Ǥ—”Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•‹•–Šƒ––Š‹• ’ƒ–‹‡– Šƒ• •‘‡Š‘™ ‰‘––‡ ‡‘—‰Š ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹• Ž‘™‡” •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† –‘ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡ Š‹• ‡–”ƒŽǦ’ƒ––‡” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –Š‹‰–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•ƒ Š‹ ‡–‘”—ƒ”‘—†™‹–Š‹–•Š‡ƒ† —–‘ˆˆǤ‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„‡”•—•–Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽǦ’ƒ––‡” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”–Šƒ–ǯ•ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ƒš‘•–‘ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡–Š‡™ƒŽ‹‰’ƒ––‡”Ǥ ‡ǯ”‡ Š‘’‹‰ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ –Šƒ– ‹ˆ ™‡ ™ƒ‹– Ž‘‰‡”ǡ ™‡ǯŽŽ •‡‡ ‘”‡Ǧ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ”‡ ‘˜‡”›Ǥ  š‘•‰”‘™˜‡”›•Ž‘™Ž›ǤŠ‡› ƒ‰”‘™‘ˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ›‘—”Šƒ‹”‰”‘™–ŠǤ ”‘™‹‰ƒš‘•ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•Šƒ‹”–‘–Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‡”• ͹ʹ     

™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡‘”‡–Šƒƒ›‡ƒ”ǡ‘”‡–Šƒƒ›‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆǡƒ›„‡–™‘ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘ –Š‹ǡ‹ˆ™‡™ƒ‹––™‘‘”–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ™‡ƒ›„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘•‡‡ — Š ‘”‡ ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ ‡ǯ”‡ ’—ŽŽ‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡ƒ‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹•–•–‘ ‘‡ƒ†•–—†›–Š‡•‡’ƒ–‹‡–•‹ †‡–ƒ‹Žǡ‡—”‘’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–‘•‡‡‹ˆ™‡ ƒ†‡–‡ –ƒ –‹‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ• ”‘••‹‰–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡Ǥ  ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —‹‰ •–—†› –Šƒ– –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”† „Ž‘‘† ‡ŽŽ• ‹–‘ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†• ‘ˆ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ‹• •ƒˆ‡Ǥ ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ ™ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ ‘ —” ™‹–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ‘–‘” • ‘”‡•Ǥ ‡ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –• ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ‘– ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”‹Ž› ‘˜‡ –Š‡‹” Ž‡‰• ™Š‡ Ž›‹‰ †‘™ ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘‘˜‡–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰•ǡ „—––Š‡› ƒ™ƒŽŽ‘‰†‹•–ƒ ‡• ˆ‘” Š‘—”• ‘ ‡ –Š‡› ‰‡– •–ƒ”–‡† ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ •‡•‘”› ˆ‡‡†„ƒ Ǥ —” Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•‹•–Šƒ––”‡ƒ–‡†•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡–Š‡‹” ‡–”ƒŽǦ ’ƒ––‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”•–‘™ƒŽǤ

IV GLOBAL PHASE-III TRIALS   Š‹Ž‡ ™ƒ•‹Š‹ƒ–Š‹•’ƒ•– ƒ—ƒ”›ǡ ‡–ƒ„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž›‘—‰ ™‘ƒǡ ƒ ˆƒ‘—• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ †ƒ ‡”Ǥ ™‘ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ •Š‡ ™ƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ƒ Š‘””‡†‘—• ƒ ‹†‡– ‹ ƒ‹ƒ •Žƒ†Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ ™‘”•– •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› ǯ˜‡ ‡˜‡” •‡‡ ‹ –Š‹”–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ ˜‡”–‡„”ƒŽ•‡‰‡–•‹–Š‡•’‹‡ƒ”‡‘”ƒŽŽ›•–ƒ ‡†—’ǡ‘‡ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ —– ‹ –Š‹• ™‘ƒǡ ‘‡ ˜‡”–‡„”ƒŽ •‡‰‡– ™ƒ• ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡ƒ ‹†‡–Šƒ†„”‘‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡„ƒ •‹†‡‘ˆŠ‡”•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡƒ†–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†™ƒ••Š‹ˆ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡† ƒƒŽǤŠ‹• ‹Œ—”› ‹• ™Šƒ– ‘•– †‘ –‘”• ™‘—Ž† •ƒ› ‹• ƒ –”ƒ•‡ –‹‘ ƒ •‡˜‡”‡† •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ  ƒœ‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‡› ˆ‹š‡† Š‡” ˜‡”–‡„”ƒ‡ǡ „—– •Š‡ ™ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ ’ƒ”ƒŽ›œ‡†ǤŠ‡Šƒ†ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›‘–Š‹‰„‡Ž‘™–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡ǡƒ†•Š‡ Šƒ† –‡””‹„Ž‡ ‡—”‘’ƒ–Š‹  ’ƒ‹Ǥ Š‡ ™‡– –‘ –Š‡ –™‘ „‡•– ”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‡–‡”• ‹ Š‹ƒǡ ƒ† •Š‡ ‰‘– ‘–Š‹‰ „ƒ Ǥ – ™ƒ•    Ǧ    ͹͵

Š‡ƒ”–„”‡ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡Šƒ•–™‘›‘—‰ Š‹Ž†”‡ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•‘‡’‹ –—”‡‘ˆ Š‡”‹–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ™‹–ŠŠ‡” Š‹Ž†Ž›‹‰‘–‘’‘ˆŠ‡”ǡƒ†•Š‡ ‘—Ž† ‘–Ž‹ˆ–Š‡”ƒ”•–‘Š—‰Š‡” Š‹Ž†ǤŠ‡™ƒ•Œ—•– ”›‹‰Ǥ  Š‡ ƒ‡–‘–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹—‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡›—–‡–Š‡”‡†Š‡”Ǥ Dz–‡–Š‡”‡†dz•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‹•‘‡Š‡Ž†•–ƒ–‹ „›–‹••—‡–Šƒ–Šƒ•ˆ‘”‡† ƒ––Š‡•‹–‡‘ˆƒ‹Œ—”›Ǥ‘—–‡–Š‡”–Š‡›‘—‰™‘ƒǯ••’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡ •—”‰‡‘•‡š’‘•‡†–Š‡ ‘”†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡƒ†–Š‡›˜‡”›‰‡–Ž›”‡‘˜‡†ƒŽŽ –Š‡• ƒ”–‹••—‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡Ǥ‹–Š‹ƒ„‘—–ƒ™‡‡ǡŠ‡”’ƒ‹ ™‡– ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ† „‡‡ ‘’Žƒ‹‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ‹” —ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ’ƒ‹ ƒ”‘—† Š‡” •Š‘—Ž†‡” ‰‹”†Ž‡ –Šƒ– •Š‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• „‡‹‰ ˜‹•‡Ž‹‡Ǥ – ™ƒ••“—‡‡œ‹‰Š‡”•‘•Š‡ ‘—Ž†ǯ– ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž›„”‡ƒ–Š‡Ǥ—––Š‡’ƒ‹ ™‡–ƒ™ƒ›ǡƒ†ƒˆ–‡”ƒ›‡ƒ”‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ•Š‡‹•‘™™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ  ‘™ǡ™‡†‹†ǯ–†‘ƒ›–Š‹‰–‘–Š‹•’‡”•‘Ǥ‡†‹†ǯ–‹Œ‡ –ƒ› ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ—––Š‹• ƒ•‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†‡ƒŽ‘–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡†‡ ‹†‡†ƒˆ–‡”™‡ •ƒ™ ‹– –Šƒ– ™‡ —•– —•‡ —–‡–Š‡”‹‰ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘–”‘ŽǤ –Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ ‡˜‡”›„‘†› ™‹ŽŽ •ƒ›ǡ Dz‡ŽŽǡ ‹–ǯ• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—”‰‡”› ›‘— †‹†Ǥdz ‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ †‘ •— Š •—”‰‡”›ǣ ‹ˆ ™‡ ‡š’‘•‡ –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ƒ† •‡‡ ƒ†Š‡•‹‘•ƒ”‘—†‹–ǡ™‡ǯŽŽ”‡‘˜‡–Š‡Ǥ –ǯ•—‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‘––‘Ǥ—––‘ ‡‡’’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‹‹‰ƒ›‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹• †—‡–‘–Š‡•—”‰‡”›ǡ –Š‹• –‹‡ ƒ”‘—† ™‡ǯ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡ –”‹ƒŽ ’”‘–‘ ‘Žǣ ™‡ǯ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ”ƒ†‘‹œ‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• –‘ —–‡–Š‡”‹‰ •—”‰‡”› ƒŽ‘‡ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– ‡ŽŽ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–•ǡ‘”—–‡–Š‡”‹‰•—”‰‡”›with ‡ŽŽ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–•Ǥ  ”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ ™‡”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ †‘ ͶͲͲ •—„Œ‡ –• †‘ —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ„Ž‘‘†–”ƒ•’Žƒ–•™‹–Šƒ†™‹–Š‘—–Ž‹–Š‹—Ǥ†™‡™‡”‡‰‘‹‰ –‘ †‘ ‘–‘” ƒ† •‡•‘”› • ‘”‡•ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ǯ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡’”‘–‘ ‘Ž‘™–‘†‘‘Ž›ͳʹͲ•—„Œ‡ –•ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡‡˜‡” ‹‘—”™‹Ž†‡•–†”‡ƒ•‡š’‡ ––Šƒ–™‡ǯŽŽ‰‡–•‡˜‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• †‘‹‰ ‹‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ••‹•–‡† ™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ ‡ ƒ††‡† —–‡–Š‡”‹‰•—”‰‡”›ƒ†Ž‹–Š‹— ‘–”‘Ž•Ǥ†™‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘†‘–Š‡ ‹–‡•‹˜‡™ƒŽ‹‰–”ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”•‹š‘–Š•ƒ–—‹‰Ǥ‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘ –ƒ‡ƒŽŽͳʹͲ’ƒ–‹‡–•ƒ†‘˜‡–Š‡–‘—‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‹•Ǥ†–Š‡ǡ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‡̵˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‘—– ‘‡‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ•‡  –”‹ƒŽ–‘™ƒŽ‹‰• ‘”‡•Ǥ ͹Ͷ     

 Œ—•– ƒ‡„ƒ ˆ”‘Š‹ƒŽƒ•–™‡‡ǡƒ†™‡‰‘–ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”• –‘ ‰‘ ƒŠ‡ƒ† ™‹–Š –Š‹• –”‹ƒŽ ͳʹͲ •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ ‡‹‰Š–‡‡ –‘ •‹š–›Ǧˆ‘—” ›‡ƒ”• ‘Ž†ǡ ™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡–‡ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”‹‡• ˆ”‘ ͷ –‘ ͳͳǡ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘‡ ›‡ƒ” ƒˆ–‡” ‹Œ—”›Ǥ Š‡› —•– „‡ •–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡ Š‘—” ƒ †ƒ›ǡ ƒ† ™‡ —•– Šƒ˜‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘•‡–ǡ ƒ† ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‡š Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǤ ‡ǯ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ”ƒ†‘‹œ‡–Š‡–‘ˆ‘—”–”‡ƒ–‡–‰”‘—’•ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡– ‰”‘—’  ‰‡–• —–‡–Š‡”‹‰ •—”‰‡”›ǡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ˆ‘” Ž‹–Š‹—ǡ‘ ‡ŽŽ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–•ǡŽ‘ ‘‘–‘”–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡–‰”‘—’‰‡–•—–‡–Š‡”‹‰•—”‰‡”›ǡ–”‡ƒ–‡–™‹–Š ‘”ƒŽŽ‹–Š‹—„—–‘ ‡ŽŽ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–•ǡƒ†Ž‘ ‘‘–‘”–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡– ‰”‘—’  ‰‡–• —–‡–Š‡”‹‰ •—”‰‡”›ǡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ˆ‘” Ž‹–Š‹—ǡ—„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ„Ž‘‘†Ǧ ‡ŽŽ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–•ǡƒ†Ž‘ ‘‘–‘” –”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ †ǡ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‰”‘—’  ‰‡–• –Š‡ ‹– Š‡ •‹ǣ —–‡–Š‡”‹‰ •—”‰‡”›ǡ •‹š ™‡‡• ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ Ž‹–Š‹—ǡ —„‹Ž‹ ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ„Ž‘‘†Ǧ ‡ŽŽ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–•ǡƒ†Ž‘ ‘‘–‘”–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ  ‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‡šƒ‹‡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ– •‹š ™‡‡•Ǥ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ †‘ •‹š ‘–Š• ‘ˆ Ž‘ ‘‘–‘” –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ ‡šƒ‹‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ‰ƒ‹ ƒ– •‹š ‘–Š•ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ––™‡Ž˜‡‘–Š•ǤŠ‹• Ž‹‹ ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•– •—”‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†–”‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ›‹†‘ˆ•–‡Ǧ ‡ŽŽ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘†‘‹‰–Š‹• Ž‹‹ ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽ‹Š‹ƒǡ™‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘ †‘ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŠƒ•‡ –”‹ƒŽ‹ †‹ƒǡ™Š‡”‡™‡ǯ”‡™‘”‹‰™‹–Š’‘ŽŽ‘ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ•›•–‡‹ †‹ƒǤ†™‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘†‘ ‹–‹‘”™ƒ›Ǥ›–Š‡™ƒ›ǡ‘”™ƒ›‹•–Š‡”‹ Š‡•– ‘—–”›‹—”‘’‡ǡ ƒ†–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ ”ƒ†Ž‡Ǧ–‘Ǧ‰”ƒ˜‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡›ǯ”‡–Š‡ ‘Ž› ‘—–”› ǯ˜‡„‡‡–‘™Š‡”‡ •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz͸͸͸ǡdzƒ†–Š‡›•ƒ‹†ǡDzŠ‡ ƒ™‡•–ƒ”–ǫdz  ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•ǡ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ †‘ ˆ‘”–› ’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ ‡ǯ”‡ ‘™‰‘‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”‡‡–‹‰•ǡƒ†ƒ••‘‘ƒ• ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡‡‡–‹‰•ƒ”‡–Š”‘—‰Šǡ™‡™‹ŽŽƒ’’Ž›–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ƒ‰‡ ‹‡• ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†–‘•‡‡‹ˆ™‡ ƒ‰‡– ȋ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡™”—‰Ȍ ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ•Ǥ †ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ǯ ”—‹‰ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‘‡›ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡–”‹ƒŽ‹Š‹ƒ‹•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‰‘‹‰–‘    Ǧ    ͹ͷ

‘•–—•ƒ„‘—–̈́͸‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ†̈́ͳͶ‹ŽŽ‹‘‹–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ—–ǡ ƒ•›‘—ƒ›‘™ǡ–Š‡‹†—•–”› —””‡–Ž›–ƒ‡•ƒ„‘—–̈́ʹbillionƒ† –‡›‡ƒ”•–‘‘˜‡‘‡–Š‡”ƒ’›ˆ”‘†‹• ‘˜‡”›–‘ƒ”‡–Ǥ‡™ƒ––‘ •Š‘”–‡ –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ ƒ† ™‡ ™ƒ– –‘ †”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ ‘•–•ǡ Š‘’‹‰–Šƒ––Š‹•™‹ŽŽ ‘˜‹ ‡’Šƒ”ƒ ‡—–‹ ƒŽ ‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡”ƒ’‹‡•ˆ‘”•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›ƒ†–‘‹˜‡•–‹–Š‡•‡‘™Ǥ‡™ƒ– –‘ •‡– ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡  –Š‡”ƒ’‡—–‹ • ‹†—•–”› –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ †‘ ”‹‰‘”‘—• Ž‹‹ ƒŽ–”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘–Š‡”ƒ’›™‹–Š‹•‹š›‡ƒ”•ƒ† ˆ‘”—†‡”̈́͸‹ŽŽ‹‘ǤŠ‹•‘†‡Ž•Š‘—Ž†–Š‡„‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡‘–‘Ž› –‘ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› „—– –‘ ƒŽŽ ‹†• ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘™ ‘”’Šƒ‡†„›–Š‡ ‘ ‡’––Šƒ–‹ˆ›‘— †‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ„Ž‘ „—•–‡”†”—‰ –Šƒ– ƒ‡ƒ”„‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ†‘ŽŽƒ”•ǡ‹–ǯ•‘–™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡†‘‹‰Ǥ  ǯ”‡ƒŽŽ›Š‘’‡ˆ—Ž–Šƒ––Š‹•–”‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ•Š‘™’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ ˆ‹– †‘‡•ǯ–ǡ ™‡ǯŽŽ ‰‘ ‘ǡ ƒ† ™‡ ‡‡’ ‰‘‹‰ ‘ —–‹Ž ™‡ ˆ‹† ƒ –Š‡”ƒ’› –Šƒ–™‘”•Ǥ  QUESTIONS &ANSWERS   Q: ˆ ›‘— ‹Œ‡ – ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ž‹–Š‹— ‘” –Š‡ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ™‘—Ž†–Šƒ–ƒ‡•‘‡‘‡‘”‡”‡•‹•–ƒ–‘”’”‘–‡ –‡†ǫ  A:‘—ǯ†„‡ ‘‡ƒ ‡‹•ƒ”‘’Š›™‹‡”ǫ †‘ǯ–‘™Ǥ   Q: ƒ  ‹ –Š‡ ǯͺͲ• –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ƒ „› –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ‡””‘Ž† ‡–”‘ˆ•› ™Š‘ ™ƒ• †‘‹‰ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ •–—†‹‡•Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ‹† ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ •–‹—Žƒ–‹‘‡˜‡”’”‘˜‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ›‡ˆˆ‹ ƒ ›ƒ–ƒŽŽǫ  A: Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ •–‹—Žƒ–‹‘‹• —•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”™ƒŽ‹‰ǡ „—–‹–†‘‡• ‘– ”‡•–‘”‡ ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ – •–‹—Žƒ–‡• –Š‡ —• Ž‡•Ǥ  Ž‘– ‘ˆ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‡”‡ ‡š ‹–‡†ƒ„‘—–‹–•’”‘•’‡ –•™Š‡–Š‡›ˆ‹”•–—•‡†‹–ǡ„—–ƒˆ–‡”ƒ„‘—–ƒ ›‡ƒ”‘”•‘–Š‡›•–‘’’‡†—•‹‰‹–Ǥ‘—”Ž‡‰•†‘ǯ–ˆ‡‡ŽŽ‹‡–Š‡›„‡Ž‘‰ –‘›‘—Ǥ‘—ˆ‡‡ŽŽ‹‡ƒ”‘„‘–ǤŠ‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ›ƒ––‡’–•ƒ––Š‹•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘™ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› — Š „‡––‡” ”‘„‘–‹ • –Šƒ– †‘ –Š‹•Ǥ  ƒ‘– •’‡ƒˆ‘”–Š‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†Ǧ‹Œ—”› ‘—‹–›ǡ’‡”•‡ǡ„—– ‘™–Šƒ– ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘ǯ– ™ƒ– –Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ™ƒ– –‘ „‡ ͹͸     

ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘–”‘Žƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰•ƒ† ‘–”‘Žƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž–Š‡‹”„‘†‹‡•Ǥ ‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•–‹—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ̵•—”‡Ǥ   Q:‘‡•ƒš‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡‰”‘™–Šˆ”‘–Š‡„”ƒ‹•–‡ ƒŽŽ–Š‡™ƒ›†‘™–‘–Š‡cauda equinaǡ‘” ƒ›‘—‡”‡Ž›‹Œ‡ ––Š‡ ‡ŽŽ•ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‡‹Œ—”›ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‰ƒ’ ‘˜‡”‡†ǫ  A: ‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒš‘•Šƒ˜‡–‘‰‘„ƒ ƒŽŽ–Š‡™ƒ›Ǥ†–Š‡›ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ˜‡–‘‰‘†‘™–‘•‘‡™Š‡”‡ Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹”‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–ƒ”‰‡–‹‘”†‡” –‘ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡–Š‡‘–‘”‡—”‘•†‹”‡ –Ž›Ǥ   ‘ ‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ –‘ Oggi ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ ‹ –ƒŽ›Ǥ Š‡› †‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰ƒš‘ƒ•†›••‡—•‘Š‹•–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ǣ ‡ˆ‹”•–Šƒ• –‘ ”‘••–Š‡•–‘”›‘ ‡ƒ –Šƒ–ǯ•–Š‡‹Œ—”›•‹–‡ǡˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š› Ž‘’•ǡ –Š‡ƒ ”‘’Šƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡‡š–’”‘„Ž‡Š‡ˆƒ ‡•ƒ•Š‡‰”‘™•†‘™–Š‡ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”† ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‹”‡• –Š‡•‡ ‡—”‘• •ƒ›‹‰ǡ Dz‘‡ Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘‡Š‡”‡Ǥdz†‹ˆŠ‡•–‘’•ƒ–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‘•‡’Žƒ ‡•ǡŠ‡ǯ•‰‘‡ǡ”‹‰Š–ǫ † ƒ• †›••‡—• ‰‡–• Ž‘•‡” –‘ Š‹• –ƒ”‰‡–ǡ Š‡ǯ• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ •–‘’ ‹ ƒ– ‹” ‡ǯ• ‹•Žƒ†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡ǯ• ‰‘– ’”‘„Ž‡• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹” ‡ ™‘ǯ– Ž‡– Š‹‰‘ǤŠ‡Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›‰‡–•Š‘‡ǡŠ‡ǯ•‰‘–ƒreally„‹‰’”‘„Ž‡ǡˆ‘” ™‹–Š‹™‡‡•‘ˆŠ‹•†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ǡ‡‡Ž‘’‡ǡŠ‹•™‹ˆ‡ǡŠƒ•„‡‡‘ —’‹‡† ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ Š‡”•—‹–‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ƒƒŽ‘‰—‡ ‹•–Š‡ •’”‘—–‹‰ ƒš‘• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ‘ —’‹‡†ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‹–‡•Ǥ‘†›••‡—•Šƒ•–‘ˆ‹‰Š–‘ˆˆƒŽŽ–Š‡•—‹–‘”•‹ ‘”†‡”–‘”‡ ‘‡ ––‘Š‹•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŠ‘‡Ǥ  Šƒ–ǯ•–Š‡‹†‘ˆ•–‘”›–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡•• ‹‡–‹•–•‹‰Š–ƒ”‡•Ǥ ‘™ ƒ”‡™‡‰‘‹‰–‘”‡‰”‘™–Š‡ƒš‘•ǫ‡ŽŽǡ †‘ǯ––Š‹–Š‡ƒš‘•ƒ”‡ ‰‘‹‰ „ƒ  –‘ ‡‡Ž‘’‡ǡ –Š‡‹” ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ™‹ˆ‡ ƒ† Š‘‡Ǥ Š‡›ǯ”‡ ‘‡ –‹‰–‘ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹–‡•†‘™„‡Ž‘™ǤŠƒ–ǯ•™Š›™‡‡‡† –‘ †‘ –Š‹• –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ –‡ƒ Š –Š‡ ƒš‘• –‘ †‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‹‰•‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡––‘™ƒŽƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ Šƒ–ǯ•™Š››‘—‡‡†–Š”‡‡–‘•‹š‘–Š•‘ˆ–Š‹•‹–‡•‹˜‡ǡ”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡ Ž‘ ‘‘–‘” ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ –”ƒ‹ ™Šƒ– ‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‘™ ƒ ‡™ •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†Ǥ ƒ‰‹‡‹ˆ›‘—™‡”‡ƒ‹†ƒ†›‘—™‡”‡–”›‹‰–‘Ž‡ƒ”–‘ ™ƒŽǢ‹––ƒ‡•ƒ‹†•‹š‘–Š•–‘Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™–‘™ƒŽǤƒŽ‹‰™‹–Šƒ    Ǧ    ͹͹

‡™•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†‹•Ž‹‡ƒ‹†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘™ƒŽǤŠ‡™‡”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡ–Šƒ–ǯ•–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‡ǯ”‡‰‘‹‰–‘„‡–ƒ‹‰Ǥ   Q: ›‘—”‹ Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǡ›‘—•ƒ‹†•‹š–›‹—–‡••–ƒ†‹‰Ǥ ‘—Ž† ›‘— ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Šƒ– „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ ™‡ ƒ••—‡ ƒǯ–•–ƒ†ǫ A: Š‡ ‹ Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ƒ”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• —•– „‡ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘‡ ›‡ƒ” ƒˆ–‡” ‹Œ—”› ƒ† –Š‡› —•– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– •‹š ‘–Š•ǯ •–ƒ„Ž‡‡—”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ•‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘– Šƒ‰‹‰Ǥ‘‡’ƒ–‹‡–• ‘–‹—‡–‘‹’”‘˜‡ƒŽ‹––Ž‡„‹–ƒˆ–‡”‘‡›‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡”‹Œ—”›Ǥ –—ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ• ‹– –—”• ‘—–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ›‡ƒ”• ƒˆ–‡” ‹Œ—”› ‹ –Š‡ ‘‰ ‘‰–”‹ƒŽǡ–Š‡‡‹‰Š–’ƒ–‹‡–•‹™Š‘™‡•ƒ™–Š‡”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™ƒ• ˆ‘—”–‡‡›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹Œ—”‹‡•Ǥ ˆ‡™’ƒ–‹‡–•™‡”‡‹ Ž—†‡†™Š‘•‡ ‹Œ—”‹‡•Šƒ†‘ —””‡†—’–‘–™‡–››‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡–”‹ƒŽǤ†‹–Š‡ —‹‰ –”‹ƒŽǡ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ –‹‡ ƒˆ–‡” ‹Œ—”› ™ƒ• •‡˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ •ƒ– ‹ ƒ ™Š‡‡Ž Šƒ‹” ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡ –‘ˆ‘—”–‡‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”™ƒŽ‡†ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡‹”•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›Ǥ ‘”–Š‡–‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ‘˜‡”–ˆ”‘–Šƒ––‘ ™ƒŽ‹‰™ƒ• ƒƒœ‹‰Ǥ  ‘™ǡ‹– ‘—Ž†„‡–Šƒ––Š‹••‘”–‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡‡–Šƒ’’‡•–‘ƒŽŽ ’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ ˆ•‘ǡ–Š‡‘ˆ ‘—”•‡‘—” ‘–”‘Ž•‹–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ•Š‘™–Š‹•Ǥ  –Š‹ –Š‹• ‹• ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡ ‹ ‹–•‡Žˆ –‘ ‘™ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ‘ —”• ™‹–Š‘—––”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ—–™‡–Š‹–Šƒ–’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‹•–Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘™Š›–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–•ƒ”‡”‡ ‘˜‡”‹‰Ǥ  Q: ƒ›‘–Šƒ˜‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǣ ™ƒ•ƒ•‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ”‹–‡”‹‘ –Šƒ––‘„‡ƒ ‡’–‡†‹–‘–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒǡ’ƒ–‹‡–•Šƒ†–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘•–ƒ† ˆ‘”•‹š–›‹—–‡•Ǥ  A:‹‰Š–Ǥ‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘™‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡‡–‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ›’ƒ–‹‡–•Šƒ˜‡Š‹’‘”„‘‡’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‘–ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡ –‘•–ƒ†Ǥ‡†‘ǯ–™ƒ––‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‹˜‡•–̈́ͷͲǡͲͲͲǦ™‘”–Š‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ•ƒ† ƒŽŽ–Š‹•™‘”‹–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–ƒ†ˆ‹†‘—––Š‡’ƒ–‹‡– ƒ‘–•–ƒ†ˆ‘” •‘‡”‡ƒ•‘‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›ǤŽ•‘ǡƒ›’ƒ–‹‡–• Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”–”‹‡†–‘•–ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹”•’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”†‹Œ—”›Ǣ–Š‡›‰‡–†‹œœ› ͹ͺ     

™Š‡–Š‡›•–ƒ†—’Ǥ ––ƒ‡•ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ™‡‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› –”ƒ‹ –Š‡‹” „Ž‘‘† ˜‡••‡Ž• –‘ •“—‡‡œ‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡› •–ƒ† —’ •‘ –Š‡‹” „Ž‘‘†’”‡••—”‡•–ƒ›•—’•‘–Š‡›†‘ǯ–ˆƒ‹–Ǥ  ‘™‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–•™Š‘™ƒ––‘‰‡–‹–‘–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ –‘ •–ƒ”– •–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ Š‘—” ƒ †ƒ›Ǥ Š‡› ƒ †‘ –Š‹• ™‹–Š ƒ •–ƒ†‹‰ ˆ”ƒ‡ ‘”™‹–Šƒ–‹Ž––ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ—––Š‡› ‡‡† –‘„‡—’”‹‰Š–ƒ† ™‡‹‰Š–Ǧ „‡ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆ‡‡–Ǥ‡™ƒ––‘‰‡–’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ•”‡ƒ†›ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘”™ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ   Q: ‘‡• ›‘—” ’”‘‰”‡•• ™‹–Š –Š‡ •’‹ƒŽǦ ‘”† ‹Œ—”› ‰‹˜‡ ›‘— ‘’–‹‹•ˆ‘”–”ƒ—ƒ–‹ „”ƒ‹‹Œ—”‹‡•‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǫ  A: ‡•Ǥ  —•– •ƒ› –Šƒ– ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‘—” ˆ‹†‹‰• Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ —‡š’‡ –‡†Ǥ ”ƒ‹ ‹Œ—”›ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ‹• ƒ — Šǡ — Š ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ •‹‰Ž‡ „”ƒ‹ ‹Œ—”› –Šƒ–ǯ•–Š‡ •ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ˜‡”›’‡”•‘™‹–Šƒ„”ƒ‹‹Œ—”›‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ† –Š‡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ‘– ‘Ž› ™‹–Š ›‘—” ‘–‘” ˆ— –‹‘ǡ ›‘—” •‡•‘”› ˆ— –‹‘ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ ‡‘”› ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ ƒ†ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘Ž‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒƒŒ‘”’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ‘› ‰—‡••‹•–Šƒ–ǡ›‡•ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡”‡ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘•‡‡™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡• ‹ˆ ›‘— ‰‹˜‡ Ž‹–Š‹— –‘ –Š‡•‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ  ™‘†‡” ™Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ’’‡‡†™‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ„„› ‹ˆˆ‘”†•‹ˆ•Š‡Šƒ†‰‘––‡•‘‡ Ž‹–Š‹— ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ •Š‘– ‹–‘ Š‡” „”ƒ‹Ǥ ‘— ‘™ǫ –ǯ• ƒ ‹†‡ƒǤ —–ǡ ƒ›™ƒ›ǡ›‡•ǡ‹–‰‹˜‡•‡Š‘’‡Ǥ   Q: ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ‘ –‘”ǡ ›‘— ‡–‹‘‡† „”ƒ Š‹ƒŽǦ’Ž‡š—• ‹Œ—”‹‡• ™Šƒ–ƒ„‘—–—•‹‰–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ’›–‘–”‡ƒ– Š‹Ž†”‡‘” ‘Ž†‡”’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ„”ƒ Š‹ƒŽǦ’Ž‡š—•‹Œ—”‹‡•ǫ A: ‡•ǡ„”ƒ Š‹ƒŽǦ’Ž‡š—•‹Œ—”›‹•˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡™Šƒ–™‡ Šƒ˜‡–‘†‘‹•‰‡––Š‡ƒš‘•–‘‰”‘™Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ˆ‹–ǯ•ƒ„”ƒ Š‹ƒŽǦ’Ž‡š—• ‹Œ—”› Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†ǡ–Š‡‘–‘”‡—”‘•ƒ›†‹‡ǤŠ‡™‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ”‡’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ ‘–‘” ‡—”‘•Ǥ ‡ ‘™ –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ †‘ –Š‹• ‘™™‹–Š‡—”ƒŽ•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ—––Š‡„‹‰“—‡•–‹‘‹•ǡ™Š‡”‡†‘™‡‰‡–    Ǧ    ͹ͻ

–Š‡ ‡—”ƒŽ •–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ǫ ‡ ƒǯ– ‰‡– –Š‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ„‘”–‡† ˆ‡–—• „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ǯ”‡‘–‹—‡ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡Ǥ  ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‡—”‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†–Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ ’‘••‹„Ž› —•‡Ǥ ‡ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† Dz‹†— ‡† ‡—”‘•Ǥdz – –ƒˆ‘”†ǡ • ‹‡–‹•–•†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†–Šƒ–„›’—––‹‰‹–Š”‡‡‘”ˆ‘—”‰‡‡•–Š‡› ƒ ‘˜‡”–ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•‘™•‹ ‡ŽŽ‹–‘ƒ‡—”‘Ǥ‘–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†Ǣ –Šƒ–ǯ•‘‡•‘—” ‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”’‘••‹„Ž‡•‘—” ‡ǡ”‡ ‡–Ž›†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ǡ–Šƒ– ™‡ǯ˜‡„‡‡™‘”‹‰™‹–Šƒ”‡ ‡ŽŽ• ƒŽŽ‡†Dz—•‡dz ‡ŽŽ•ǤŠ‡•‡ ‡ŽŽ•ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‹‘—”„‘†‹‡•Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡’Ž—”‹’‘–‡–ƒ†—Ž–•–‡ ‡ŽŽ•ǡƒ†–Š‡› ƒ„‡•Š‹ˆ–‡†‹–‘‡—”‘•Ǥ  ‘ ™‡ ™ƒ– –‘ †‘ –Šƒ–ǣ —„‡” ‘‡ǡ ˆ‹† ƒ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ —„‡”–™‘ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘‰‡––Š‡ƒš‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‘”‡—”‘•–Šƒ–™‡ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹–‘–Š‡•’‹ƒŽ ‘”†–‘‰”‘™‘—––Š‡„”ƒ Š‹ƒŽ’Ž‡š—•‹–‘ –Š‡ ’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ ‡”˜‡Ǥ Šƒ–ǡ ‹– –—”• ‘—–ǡ –‘ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› „‡ †‘ƒ„Ž‡„› ’—––‹‰ ‹  Š™ƒ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‰‹˜‡ ‘‡ǦŠ‹–Š‡” •‹‰ƒŽ•Ǥ –ǯ• Ž‹‡ ’—––‹‰ „”‡ƒ† ”—„• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡•– –‘ ƒ––”ƒ – –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ• ‘—–Ǥ † –Š‡ǡˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‡ǯ˜‡‰‘––‘‰‡––Š‡„”ƒ‹ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ„”ƒ‹ƒš‘•ǡ–‘ ‘‡ – ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘–‘” ‡—”‘• –Šƒ– ™‡ǯ˜‡ –”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†Ǥ –ǯ• ƒ –Š”‡‡Ǧ•–‡’ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  ‡ǯ”‡†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–ŠŒ—•––Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–‡’”‹‰Š–‘™ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ ƒš‘ƒŽǦ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ”–Ǥ —–  „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ‰‡– –Š‡”‡Ǥ‡™‹ŽŽ‰‡––‘–Š‡’‘‹–™Š‡”‡™‡ ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡‘–‘”‡—”‘•ǡ ‰‡––Š‡ƒš‘•–‘•‡†–‘–Š‡—• Ž‡•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‰‡–„”ƒ‹ƒš‘•–‘‰‘ ‘‡ – –‘ –Š‡•‡ ‘–‘” ‡—”‘•Ǥ ƒ›„‡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ ‘– Šƒ’’‡ ‹ › Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡ǡ„—– ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‹–™‹ŽŽŠƒ’’‡‹›•–—†‡–•ǯŽ‹ˆ‡–‹‡•Ǥ   Q: „‘—––Š‡•Ž‹†‡–Šƒ–•Š‘™‡†–Š‡ˆ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰”‘—’•ǡƒ† –Š‡Žƒ•–‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡–Š‡‹– Š‡•‹‰”‘—’ǣ ™ƒ•–Š‹‹‰–Šƒ–‹ˆ  ™ƒ•ƒ’ƒ–‹‡–ǡ ‹‰Š–™ƒ––‘„‡‹–Šƒ–‰”‘—’Ǥ‘–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–•‘™ ™Šƒ–‰”‘—’–Š‡›ǯ”‡‹ǫ†Š‘™†‘›‘— Š‘‘•‡™Š‘‰‡–•‹–‘™Šƒ– ‰”‘—’ǫ  A: –ǯ• ˜‡”› Šƒ”† „‡‹‰ ƒ ’ƒ–‹‡–Ǥ ˆ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’• †‘‡• „‡––‡”–Šƒƒ‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡›™‹ŽŽ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ͺͲ     

–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Š‡”ƒ’›ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹ƒŽǤ—–›‘—ǯ”‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž› ”‹‰Š–ǣŠ‡›ǯ”‡‰‹˜‹‰—’•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘„‡‹–Š‹•–”‹ƒŽǤ‡–‹ˆ™‡†‘ǯ– †‘–Š‹•–”‹ƒŽǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡” ‘˜‹ ‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†–Šƒ–‹–™‘”•Ǥ‡ǯŽŽ„‡ ‡„”‘‹Ž‡†‹ƒŽŽ–Š‹•’‡––›ǡ„ƒ Ǧƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Šˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǤŠ‡–”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡–‘ „‡ ”‡†‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ ‘˜‹ ‡•—”‰‡‘•ƒ† †‘ –‘”• ™Š‘ǯ˜‡ „‡‡ –”ƒ‹‡† –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– •’‹ƒŽ ‘”†• ƒ‘– ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ ‘˜‹ ‡–Š‡‘ˆ–Š‹••‘–Š‡›™‹ŽŽƒ’’Ž›–Š‡•‡ –Š‡”ƒ’‹‡•Ǥ† –Š‹ǡˆ”‘ƒ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™ǡ‹ˆƒ’ƒ–‹‡–Šƒ• –‘™ƒ‹––™‘›‡ƒ”•–‘‰‡––Š‡–Š‡”ƒ’›–Šƒ–™‘”•„—––Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡‡ˆ‹– –Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ–Š‹•‹•‡–Š‹ ƒŽǤ  THE YANKEE LAWYER: HOW DAVE NIXON DISARMED PUBLISHING GIANT GOLDEN BOOKS WITH A FEW SHORT LETTERS *  Kristen Senz   ‘–Ž‘‰ƒˆ–‡”ƒ˜‹†‹š‘‘˜‡†–‘‡™‘•–‘ǡ ǡ‹ —‡ ͳͻ͸Ͳǡ ™‘”† „‡‰ƒ –‘ •’”‡ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ Žƒ™›‡” ‹ –‘™Ǥ  ‘‰–Š‘•‡™Š‘•‘—‰Š–‹š‘ǯ• ‘—•‡Ž„ƒ –Š‡ Œ—•– ƒ ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”• ƒˆ–‡” Š‡ Šƒ† ’ƒ••‡† –Š‡ „ƒ” ‡šƒ ™ƒ• Žƒ”‡ ‡ Dz‡†dz ƒ””ƒ”ǡ ™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡† ‘ ƒ †‹”– ”‘ƒ† ‹ ”ƒ ‡•–‘™ǡ ‘– ˆƒ” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡™‘•–‘ Ž‹‡Ǥ ƒ””ƒ”ǡ™Š‘Šƒ†„‡‡’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰„‘‘•‘ˆ’‘‡–”› ‘—–‘ˆƒ ‘˜‡”–‡†•‹Ž‘‘Š‹•’”‘’‡”–›ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•—†‡” –Š‡ ƒ‡ Š‡ ‘Ž†‡ —‹ŽŽ ”‡••ǡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ Ž‡––‡” ‹ ‡„”—ƒ”› ͳͻ͸Ͷ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‡™ ‘” ‹–› Žƒ™›‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ‘Ž†‡ ‘‘•Ǥ  ‘™ –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” ‹–• ƒ› –Š‘—•ƒ†• ‘ˆ „‡•–Ǧ•‡ŽŽ‹‰ –‹–Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‰‹ƒ– †‡ƒ†‡† –Šƒ– ƒ””ƒ” Dz‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‡ƒ•‡†‘‹‰„—•‹‡••—†‡”ǡ‘”—•‹‰–Š‡ƒ‡Ǯ ‘Ž†‡ —‹ŽŽ”‡••ǡǯ‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”ƒ‡ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡™‘”†Ǯ ǡǯ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž† –‡† –‘ ‘ˆ—•‡ ‘” ƒ—•‡ †‡ ‡’–‹‘ ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š›‘—Ǥdz  Š‡ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •ƒ™ –Š‡ Ž‡––‡”ǡ ‹š‘ ™ƒ• •Š‘ ‡†Ǥ Dz  Œ—•– ‘—Ž†ǯ–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ– ‘Ž†‡‘‘•™‘—Ž†„‡„‘–Š‡”‹‰™‹–Šƒ‰—›‘ ƒ†‹”–”‘ƒ†‹‡™‘•–‘ǡ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ǡdzŠ‡•ƒ‹†”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡƒˆ–‡” Š‹• †ƒ—‰Š–‡”ǡ ƒ––‘”‡› ‡•Ž‹‡ ‹š‘ǡ —‡ƒ”–Š‡† –Š‡ ͷͲǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž† ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡–Šƒ–‡•—‡†Ǥ

ȗ‡’”‹–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ Bar Newsǡ—‰ǤʹͲǡʹͲͳͶǡ™‹–Š’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ƒ”••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆŽ‡––‡”•‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ– Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŠ„ƒ”Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ—’Ž‘ƒ†•Ȁ’†ˆȀͲͺͳͶǦ‹š‘Ǧ ‘Ž†‡‘‘•Ǥ’†ˆǤ 

ͺͳ ͺʹ     

 Š‡Ž‡––‡”•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡ƒ‡‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ™’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Šƒ–‹• ƒ– ‘ ‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  ƒ† ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ › –Šƒ– ƒ› ˆ‡ƒ” ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ „›‰‘‡ ‡”ƒǡ ™Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ•‘Ž˜‹‰ ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡†‘”‡•’‡ –ǡ–”—•–ȏǡȐƒ†ˆƒ‹”‡••Ǥ  ‹š‘”‡•’‘†‡†–‘–Š‡ ‡ƒ•‡Ǧƒ†Ǧ†‡•‹•–Ž‡––‡”‹–Š‡‡š’‡ –‡† ˆƒ•Š‹‘ǡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ””ƒ”ǯ• „‘‘• ™‡”‡ ‹ ‘ ™ƒ› ‘’‡–‹‰ ™‹–Š–Š‘•‡‘ˆ ‘Ž†‡‘‘•ǡDzƒ† –Šƒ––Š‡™‘”†Ǯ ‘Ž†‡ǯ‹•‡‹–Š‡” ‘’›”‹‰Š–‡†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡š Ž—•‹˜‡—•‡ǡ‹–„‡‹‰ƒ ‘‘™‘”† ‘”ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥdz ‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–Dz‡”Šƒ’•›‘— ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡›‘—”‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ ‘—•‡Ž ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ‡ǡ ‘” ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ‘” ƒ•‡ Žƒ™ —’‘ ™Š‹ Š ›‘— ”‡Ž› ƒ• ƒ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” ›‘—” †‡ƒ†Ǥdz  ––‘”‡› ‡Ž‹‰ ‡˜‹–ƒǡ ”‡•’‘†‹‰ ‹ Žƒ–‡ ™‹–‡” ˆ”‘ Š‹• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ ‹ˆ–Š˜‡—‡‹‡™‘”ǡƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡™‘”†Dz‰‘Ž†‡dz ™ƒ•ǡ‹ˆƒ –ǡ’”‘–‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ǤDz‡ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ˆ‹”• —•‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘”† Dz ‘Ž†‡dz ‹ –Š‡‹” –‹–Ž‡•ǡ „—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ‘‹‰–‘‘—”ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘†ƒ–‡Šƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒƒ‡•‘ ‘ˆ—•‹‰Ž› •‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ‘—” Ž‹‡–ǡ ‘Ž†‡”‡••ǡ  Ǥƒ• ‘Ž†‡—‹ŽŽ”‡••Ǥdz  ‡˜‹–ƒ ‡ Ž‘•‡† ƒ ‘’› ‘ˆ ƒ ”ƒ†‡ƒ” ”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’’‡ƒŽ ‘ƒ”††‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘Ž†‡–‡”’”‹•‡•‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒDz‹™Š‹ Š‹–‹• •–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Ǯ ‘Ž†‡ǯŠƒ•ƒ “—‹”‡†ƒ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›‡ƒ‹‰dzƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ ‘Ž†‡ ‘‘•ǯ ’”‘†— –•Ǥ  Š‹• ”‡•’‘•‡ǡ ‹š‘ ’‘‹–• ‘—– –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Ž‘”‹†ƒ ƒ•‡ ƒ† ƒ””ƒ”ǯ• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹ Ž—†‡•ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”’—„Ž‹•Š‡”•—•‹‰–Š‡™‘”†Dz‰‘Ž†‡dz‹–Š‡‹” ƒ‡•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘•‡†•‡˜‹–ƒƒ ‘’›‘ˆ ƒ””ƒ”ǯ• ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰—‡‘ˆ’‘‡–”› –‹–Ž‡•ƒ†”‡“—‡•–•–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ”‘ ‘Ž†‡‘‘•Ǥ  ‡˜‹–ƒ ™”‹–‡• „ƒ  –Šƒ– Š‡ ™ƒ• Dz‹ Ž‹‡† –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡ ȏ‡Ȑˆˆ‡ –‡†ǡdz ‰‹˜‡ –Šƒ– ƒ””ƒ”ǯ• „‘‘• ‘ˆ ’‘‡–”› ƒ”‡ ‹ ˆƒ – —Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ „‡ ‘ˆ—•‡† ™‹–Š ‘Ž†‡ ‘‘•Ǥ ‡ ’”‘’‘•‡• –‘ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ –Š‡ ‘’ƒ›ǯ• ‘„Œ‡ –‹‘• –‘ ƒ””ƒ”ǯ•„—•‹‡••ƒ‡Dz’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘Ž†‡—‹ŽŽ”‡••ƒ‰”‡‡•–Šƒ–‹–‹• ‘–‘™ǡ‘”™‹ŽŽ‹–‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡—•‡–Š‡ƒ‡Ǯ ǯ‹ƒ›   ͺ͵

ƒ‡” ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘” †‹•–”‹„—–‹‰ ‘ˆ Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ•„‘‘•Ǥdz  ”‹–‹‰‘’”‹ŽͳͲǡͳͻ͸Ͷǡ‹š‘”‡•’‘†•–Šƒ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‰Žƒ† –‘”‡ ‘‡†–Š‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡––‘Š‹• Ž‹‡–ǡ•‘Ž‘‰ƒ• ‘Ž†‡‘‘• ƒ‰”‡‡•Ž‹‡™‹•‡‘––‘—•‡Dz‰‘Ž†‡dz‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ›„‘‘•‘ˆ’‘‡–”›Ǥ  DzŠƒ–ǯ•ˆƒ‹”ˆ‘”‘‡‹•ˆƒ‹”ˆ‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡdzŠ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡•ǤDz‹†Ž› ƒ†˜‹•‡Ǥdz  ‡˜‹–ƒǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‹ ”‡†—Ž‘—• –‘‡ǡ ˆ‹”‡• „ƒ  –Šƒ– ‹š‘ǯ• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ Dz ƒ‘– „‡ •‡”‹‘—•Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǡdz ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ‘Ž†‡ ‘‘• ™ƒ• ‘– ’”‡•‡–Ž› ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ’‘‡–”› „‘‘•Ǥ Dz‡ ƒ”‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž› ƒš‹‘—• –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ‡”‘•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ” –Šƒ– ‹• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ•„‘‘•‹ƒŽ‘•–‡˜‡”›Ž‹–‡”ƒ–‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‹ –Š‡Žƒ†Ǥ  Dzƒ› ƒ‰ƒ‹•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–›‘— ‘•‹†‡”†‹•’‘•‹–‹‘‹ƒˆ”‹‡†Ž› ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ‡”ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‹‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹‘—”Ž‡––‡”‘ˆ’”‹Ž ͹Ǥdz  –ǯ•ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‹•’Š”ƒ•‡ǡDzˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ‡”ǡdz”ƒ‹•‡• ‹š‘ǯ•ˆ‡”˜‘”Ǥ Š‹•ˆ‹ƒŽŽ‡––‡”ǡŠ‡‹˜‹–‡•–Š‡‹‰’’Ž‡Žƒ™›‡”–‘ ˜‹•‹––Š‡ ”ƒ‹–‡–ƒ–‡ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‹†‘ˆ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š ‹š‘ǡ‘™ͺʹƒ†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–™‡ŽŽȏǦȐ”‡•’‡ –‡†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ „ƒ”ǡ Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ ‘™Ǥ Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ Ž‡––‡” ”‡ƒ†• ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ  ‘—” Ž‹‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ȏȐ‘™ǡ‡’Ž‘› –Š‘—•ƒ†•ǡ ƒ‡ ‹ŽŽ‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ƒ ’‡”ƒ‡– ˆ‹š–—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ • ‡‡Ǥ  ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ––‡•––‘–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ•  Šƒ˜‡ „‘—‰Š– †‘œ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” „‘‘• ˆ‘” › ˆ‘—” †ƒ—‰Š–‡”•ȋ›ˆ‹”•–•‘™ƒ•„‘”Žƒ•–ƒ–—”†ƒ›Ȍǡƒ† ™Š‡ –Š‡› ‰‘ ˆ‘‘† •Š‘’’‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡ –Š‡› ƒ’ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ ‘—–‡” ƒ† †‡˜‘—” –Š‡ Žƒ–‡•– ‘Ž†‡ ‘‘•Ǥ  ͺͶ     

–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡ ‘Ž†‡—‹ŽŽ”‡••ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ ‘‡Ǧƒ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘”—‹ƒ ‘˜‡”–‡†„ƒ”ƒ†•‹Ž‘ „››‡‹‰Š„‘”ǡŽƒ”‡ ‡ȋDz‡†dzȌ ƒ””ƒ”‹–Š‡™‘‘†• ‘ˆ ”ƒ ‡•–‘™ǡ ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ǡ ‡ƒ” › Š‘‡ ‹ ‡™ ‘•–‘ǡ ƒ‘– ƒˆˆ‘”† –Š‡ Ž—š—”› ‘ˆ Žƒ™›‡”•ǡ ‡˜‡‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡Žƒ™›‡”•Ǥ  ‘” –Š‡•‡ ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ ™Š‘ŽŽ› ƒ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡”‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‹•ƒ––‡”ǡ ™‘—Ž†„‡‹ Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡‡† ƒ””ƒ” –‘ ‰‘ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ›‘—”•–”‹ –Ž›‘‡Ǧ•‹†‡† ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ’”‹Ž͹–Šǡ™‡”‡‹–‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–™‡ǡŽ‹‡›‘—ǡ ƒ”‡ ƒ‡‡•Ǥ ‡† Šƒ• ‘ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ• „‘‘•ǡ ƒ† ˆ—”–Š‡”‘”‡ Šƒ• ‡˜‡” ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ˆ Š‡ ƒ††‡† –‘Š‹• ’‘‡–”› Ž‹‡ ƒ– ’”‡•‡–ǡ  –Š‹ Š‡ ™‘—Ž† ‰‘ ‹ ˆ‘” „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ „‘‘•ǡ •‹ ‡ Š‡ǯ• –Š‡ ‘•– Ž‘›ƒŽ ˆƒ ‘—” Š‘‡–‘™ „ƒ•‡„ƒŽŽ–‡ƒǡ–Š‡‡™‘•–‘ȋ Ȍ‡†‘šŠƒ•‡˜‡” Šƒ†Ǥ  ‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‡ǯ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†‘‘„Œ‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘”Ǥ ƒ™‡› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–‘ ‡† Ž‘’• –‘ ‘—” ‘—–”‹‰Š– ‹ˆ”‹‰‡‡–—’‘Š‹•–”ƒ†‡ƒ‡”‹‰Š–•Ǥ   –Š‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ›‘—” Ž‹‡–• ‰‘– —’•‡–ǡ ƒ† Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž› •‘ǡ ™ƒ• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ’ ƒ––‡’– „› –Šƒ– Ž‘”‹†ƒ ‘—–ˆ‹– –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ’”‹‘” ”‹‰Š–• –‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† Dz‰‘Ž†‡dzƒ†–Š‡”‡„› ƒ•Š‹‘›‘—” Ž‹‡–•ǯ•— ‡••Ǥ  –Š‹ ›‘— ™‡”‡ ”‹‰Š– ‹ ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ –Š‹• ‘˜‡ǡ ƒ† ‘‰”ƒ–—Žƒ–‡›‘—‘–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–ƒ†”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‘‘––Š‹–Šƒ––Š‹•‹•Œ—•– ƒ—•‡ˆ‘”›‘—” Ž‹‡––‘•–ƒ”– Šƒ•‹‰ƒ”‘—†–Š‡†‹”–”‘ƒ†•‘ˆ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡‹ƒ––‡’–•–‘„‘–Š‡”‡† ƒ””ƒ”ǡ™Š‘Šƒ• ƒ„‘—– ƒ• — Š Šƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡˜‡” „‡‹‰ ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ –Š”‡ƒ––‘›‘—” Ž‹‡–•ƒ• Šƒ˜‡–‘›‘—Ǥ  Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ”‡“—‡•––Šƒ–›‘—•—‰‰‡•––‘›‘—” Ž‹‡–• –Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡™‘”†‘ˆ‡† ƒ””ƒ”–Šƒ–Š‡™‘ǯ– —•‡–Š‡™‘”†•Dz ‘Ž†‡‘‘•dz‹ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Šƒ› ‘ˆŠ‹•’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Šƒ–Š‹•™‘”†‹–Š‹•”‡•’‡ – ‹•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ•‰‘‘†ƒ•ƒ•‹‰‡†ƒ†•‡ƒŽ‡† ‘–”ƒ –   ͺͷ

™‹–Š ‘Ž†‡–‡”’”‹•‡•ǡ  Ǥ‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒǤ ˆ–Š‹•™‘ǯ– •ƒ–‹•ˆ› –Š‡ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •‡† ›‘— —’ –‘ ”ƒ ‡•–‘™ǡ ƒ† ǯŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ‡† ‰‹˜‡ ›‘— Š‹• ™‘”† ’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ  –Š‡ ™ƒ›ǡ ƒ›„‡ ™‡ ƒ •–‘’ ‹ ‡™ ‘•–‘ ƒ† •‡‡ –Š‡ ‡† ‘š ‹ ƒ –‹‘ǡ ‰‡– •‘‡ Š‘‡ƒ†‡ ƒ’Ž‡ •›”—’ ˆ”‘ ”‡‰ ‡‹” ‡ǡ ‹•’‡ – ƒ—ŽƒŽ–ƒ”•Šǯ•˜‹‡‰ƒ”‹ŽŽǡƒ†’‡”Šƒ’••ƒ’Ž‡ •‘‡‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‡‹–Šǯ•†‹”– ‡ŽŽƒ”ƒ’’Ž‡Œƒ Ǥ –Š‹ ›‘—ǯ† ˆ‹† –Š‡ –”‹’ ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡Ǥ ǯ† — Š ”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ ‘’ƒ››‘—‘•— Šƒ–”‹’–Šƒ–”›–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›ˆ‘” ‡† ƒ””ƒ”Š‹••‹‰‹‰ƒˆ‘”ƒŽƒ‰”‡‡‡––‘”‡ˆ”ƒ‹ǡ ˆ‘” ›‘—” Ž‹‡–•ǯ „‡‡ˆ‹–ǡ ˆ”‘ †‘‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ Š‡ †‘‡•ǯ– ™ƒ– –‘ †‘ǡ Šƒ• ‘ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‘‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒǯ– ƒˆˆ‘”† –‘ †‘ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– ›‘—” Ž‹‡–• ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒ–‹‰Ǥ   –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‹ˆ ›‘—” Ž‹‡–• ™ƒ– –‘ ‰‘ –‘–Š‡ Žƒ™ǡ ǯŽŽ†‘›„‡•–  ƒ–‘‘„Ž‹‰‡–Š‡Ǥ  Ž‡ƒ•‡ƒ†˜‹•‡Ǥ  Šƒ›‘—˜‡”›— ŠǤ  ‡”›–”—Ž››‘—”•ǡƒ˜‹†Ǥ‹š‘

••• Dz ™ƒ•ŠƒŽˆǦŒ‘‹‰ƒ†ŠƒŽˆǦ•‡”‹‘—•ǡdz‹š‘•ƒ‹†”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ ”‡ ƒŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‹•Ž‡––‡”Šƒ†–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ—•‡†ǡ‡˜‹–ƒ„ƒ •†‘™ǣ Dz ƒ•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡† ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡˜‡› Ž‹‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡–‘‘ –‘ƒ ‡’–›‘—” ƒ••—”ƒ ‡ –Šƒ– ”Ǥ ƒ””ƒ” Šƒ• ‘ ‹–‡–‹‘ –Šƒ– Š‡ ‘Ž†‡ —‹ŽŽ ”‡•• ™‹ŽŽ ‰‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ „—•‹‡•• ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ• „‘‘•Ǥ  Dz ˆ‹†›‘—”‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘–‘˜‹•‹– ”ƒ ‡•–‘™ƒŽŽ„—–‹””‡•‹•–‹„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ‡„ƒ””ƒ••‡– ‹ ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ –‘ –‡’–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ˆǡ •‘‡–‹‡†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”ǡ •Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘ ƒ•‹‘–‘˜‹•‹–‹‡™ ‰Žƒ†Ǥ ͺ͸     

 Dz –Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡ǡƒ••—‹‰–Šƒ–› Ž‹‡–™‹ŽŽ‰‘ƒŽ‘‰ǡ •ŠƒŽŽ ƒ” –Š‹• ˆ‹Ž‡ Ž‘•‡† ƒ† Š‘’‡ –Šƒ– ›‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡–‘ ‡Œ‘› ‘Ž†‡‘‘•Ǥdz  ‹š‘ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ Š‡•–‡”ˆ‹”‹š‘ǡ‘‰‡Žƒǡƒ””›ǡŽƒ™•› Ƭ‹‘‡ƒ—ǡ”‡ ƒŽŽ•–Š‡‡š Šƒ‰‡ƒ•‘‡‘ˆŠ‹•ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡•Ǥ  Dz ǯ‘–•—”‡  ƒ–Š‹‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™Š‡”‡ †‹•ƒ”‡† –Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘™‹–Šƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆŽ‡––‡”•Ǥdz  ‘” Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǡ ‹š‘ •ƒ›• Š‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† –Š‡ Dz’”‹ ‡Ž› •—dz ‘ˆ ̈́ʹͷǤ ƒ””ƒ”ǡƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‹‡†Ž›”ƒ–‡ǡ’”‘‹•‡†–‘‰‹˜‡ ƒ—–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡† ‘’‹‡•‘ˆƒœ”ƒ‘—†„‘‘Š‡™ƒ•„‹†‹‰–‘‹š‘ ƒ† ‘˜‡”‘” ‘ŠǤ‹‰ǡ™Š‘•‡ƒ Š‡•–‡”Žƒ™‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹š‘Šƒ† Œ—•–”‡ ‡–Ž›‹Š‡”‹–‡†Ǥ  ƒŽ‡––‡”–‘‹š‘ǡ ƒ””ƒ”™”‹–‡•ȏǡȐDz •–‹ŽŽ–Š‹›‘—ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰ ‰›’’‡†™‹–Š–Š‹••ƒŽŽ Š‡ ƒ†™Š‡ ‡š’ƒ†ƒ†‰‡––‘„‡ƒ• Žƒ”‰‡ƒ• ‘Ž†‡”‡••ȏ•‹ Ȑ’‡”Šƒ’•™‡ ‘—Ž†Š‹”‡›‘—‘ƒ”‡–ƒ‹‡” ˆ‡‡„ƒ•‹•Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡›‘—‘™Š‘™— Š ™ƒ––‘‡š’ƒ†•‘†‘ǯ– –—”†‘™ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡” ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”‘™Ǥdz            ȗȗȗ

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