14-21---139-99Z Article Text-373-1-4-20170926

International Journal of Humanities & Social Science: Insights & Transformations Vol. 3, Issue 1 - 2018 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOCIAL PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY OF JODHPUR STATE DURING EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

RAJENDRA KUMAAR *

The existence of an organized society in India same practice in the beginning that only can be seen since ancient times. In order to Rajputs could serve in the army whereas the make the society, appeared as cultured and people of other castes were not considered as organized, the then executives presented the eligible for the military service. concepts of many policies and these policies It was also customary in Rajputs social and were also implemented by their contemporary rulers in their ruling states. Various aspects of somehow religious practices that the adult Indian society has been gradually changed Rajput had to sacrifice a male buffalo on Navratri occasions. If he was able to separate during the long period of time, Since ancient to the buffalo's head from the fuselage with a medieval but the "Varna Vyavastha", which is the mainstay of the Indian society, remain shock of hesitation then he would get an important and upper place in the society. At the unchanged in its original form. same time, the state's military system was also The need of the army was felt for the security given him a suitable status. If he was not of society during the period of time. As a result, successful in sacrificing, he was not given the army was formed. The aim of this army at the right to sit on the jajam (dais) with his Biradari small scale was to protect the society from the (fraternity) until he again offered a buffalo at enemy. But its form continued to be refined the time of Navratri .1 over time and in the Mahajanapadas age, the kingdom like Magadha constituted a large army But over time, this rule of dysfunction is seen. Important changes were made in the army of which aimed to protect the society as well as to geographically expand the empire. Thus, in the Marwar during the reign of Maharaja Sursingh. history of India, the society and the army were At the span of time the artillery became part of Marwar's army as well as the Muslim like established as complementary to each other. Mughals, Mewatis and Pathans, while operated During the study period, the military system of the artillery also directly linked to Marwar's Marwar was related to both the direct and army. indirect forms of the contemporary society. As During the period of 18th century, the caste mentioned in ancient texts that the Kshatriya could only become part of the army. In other system, which was the main form of caste division, only Brahmins could join this as a recruitment from the beginning in the army, has now become secondary. However, there military instructor, and no other caste could be was still difference in the area of general involved. In the army of Marwar, it was the behavior, rule-in-law, rights, and social equality.

*Post Doctoral Fellow, I.C.H.R., New Delhi. Correspondence E-mail Id: [email protected]

By studying the archival and literary material of also done because Vijaysingh wanted to end his this period, it is clear that the doors of military dependence on the Rajput Jagirdars . Marwar's army were now opened to people of Prominent recruited army consistuted Indian all castes. Apart from Rajputs now people of Muslims, Kayamkhanis, Ahedis and Naga Brahmin, Oswal, Charan, Jat and Ahedi castes Sadhus . Naga Sadhus were belonged to the were also involved in the army. Bhandari Vaishnavs and Ramanandi s branches of Dadu’s Vijayraj did an efficient operation of a wing of sect. 7 Naga sadhus organized themselves to army of Maharaja Abhay singh in the battle of protect their religious freedom against the Ahmedabad. 2 Bhandari Ratan Singh was also Mughal authority. They were not able to appointed on an important administrative post protest against the Mughal empire, so they under Abhay Singh, and he had participated in decided to become a part of Marwar's state many wars. army. Consequently, Naga sadhus had participated in many battles against Mughals In the latter part of the 18th century, a and Marathas. 8 The cause of making Naga permanent army of Marwar was formed under sadhus part of the state army was not only to the rule of Maharaja Vijay Singh. In this army, increase the number of military forces but also 3 4 the Muslims, the Purbiyas and the Rohillas to protect the rights and dignity of the religious were included. Similarly, the artillery was community of Naga Sadhus . operated solely under the supervision of a Muslim topchi .5 People of Rajput class did not In fact the Marwar's army was a group of many get to see the main posts of artillery. But Rajput societies. So the emotions of each society were would certainly serve Muslims as artillery valued. The people of Charan society did not assistants. In the meantime, some Hindu even have their good position in Marwar. It is communities were appointed in the positions of also noticed that there position was respectful the golamdaz 6 in which the Purbiya was chief. found in almost all Rajput states. During the These were especially skilled in the operation of war period, Charan had the right to go to the the artillery. Rajput was also appointed on the camp of enemy. Although the information of positions of the golamdaz but the skill which the enemy's military activities was not collected was used in operation by the Muslims and the by them Rather, they used to compose the Purbiyas was not in the operation of the poem and incite the enemy side, while on the Rajputs. Therefore, the dependence of Marwar other, singing the glorious glory of the army of rulers for the efficient operation of the artillery his side and practically, they used to spread the till the time remained on the Muslims and the spirit of heroism. Even while applying for the Purbiyas . Another important consequence of highest posts in the state, Their lineage this was that the people of different castes traditions and state services were also taken were reconciled in Marwar's army and different care of. But this post used to be not hereditary. cultural ideas were being exchanged. Nevertheless, the practice of appointing of special caste in some specific positions has Among the people of other communities also been in vogue. increased the trend to join the army. In the latter part of the 18th century, a series of On the highest posts of the army, the people of continuous attacks of Marathas had completely Bhandari, Pancholi and the Singhvi castes were devastated Marwar's economic system. made to work only 9, which was a respectable Therefore, Maharaja Vijay Singh formed a thing for their own society. It is necessary to standing army in which people of different note here that during this period, no Rajput was ethnic communities were recruited. This was appointed to the highest post of army ie Bakshi .

The emergence and development of the army Muhurt or astrology. Similarly, prior to the happened to protect the society. Army was campaign of the army, astrologer was given a arranged keeping in mind the basic principles of special muhurt for auspicious time. If an the society. The Shukraniti texts describe a astrologer or a prognostic thinker did indicate detailed description of the appropriate an inauspicious time, the military campaign direction of the military front, the stocks of would be possibly postponed. Thus, long time a army grains, camels, horses and elephants' period war waiting for auspicious time which stables and arms and armors etc. 10 was wasted.

In the context of the selection of a suitable At the beginning of the auspicious muhurt for place for the establishment of a new town, the the war campaign, horse, weapon and artillery Aparajitaprichchha texts explains that the place were worshiped 18 and sacrifices were also which is between the two rivers and near the invoked during the worship of the cannons. 19 forests or the mountains, such place could be selected for the construction of a new town. 11 The soldiers used to meditate Brahm after The obvious purpose of this, to protect the city bathing before the departure of the war. Holy religious texts like Ramayana, Mahabharata from the enemy and to strengthen the position of the army. The impact of the Muslims was not and Bhagwat Puran were being used to listen limited to the artillery in Marwar's army, but in by soldiers after that they weared Tulsi Mala (garland). 20 The soldiers were then ready with the long run it was also taking its influence in the cavalry and infantry. 12 It is learned from the their weapons and equipments. Drums were 21 archival sources that there were many Muslim played for the departure of the army. By worshiping the Goddess, the rulers were seated jagirdars in different parts of the Marwar region 13 who regularly provided Aswar on the elephants' podium. The war was start as 14 soon as the war drum played third time of its (horsemanship) for a large number of forces. tone and voice.22 Rathore rulers used to From the Bahi Foj re Ekta ri, of V.S. 1831/1774 discharge their social rituals even during the AD, the information is to the state received that war. Rathore rulers seem to be unreasonable the Jagirdars as Meher Mohammed Khan, and anti-Dharma to do dissimulate against Tanwar Firoz Khan, Pathan Warsi Khan, Solanki enemy. They used to think that it was their Malu Khan, Sheikh Ismael Khan, Pathan Sadai dignity to attack at the enemy directly. During Khan, Sherani Fazal Khan and Bhati Lal Khan the war as well as the interaction between the were provided 33 horses and 37 Pala soldiers soldiers the adulation of amal (opium) was during the campaign of Bikaner. 15 Similarly, used properly. 23 Even the Rajput warriors of the Muslim leaders also led the various military enemy were treated fairly during their dying fronts of the Marwar state. For example, situation. Attacking the fledged enemy, they Badgujar Fatehkhan, Pathan Misri Khan, Dolu used to think against their bravery. These were Nazu Khan, Chauhan Alaidad Khan etc. were the social qualities of the Rajputs which they the main ones. 16 In v.s.1810/1753 AD, in the used to incorporate into the category of heroes army of Marwar, 120 Silheposh (armed soldiers) under the circumstances. of Hasham Khan, were involved. 17 After the victory of the war, social rituals were Some rules of normal life of the society were also edited. Naubat, Nagada, Turi and the other also implemented in the army. Most of the musical instruments were happily played on the auspicious work in the contemporary society occasion of the army entered in the conquered was edited only by consulting auspicious lagn , city, and a big festival was organized.

Rajputs of Marwar were supposed to follow After the death of Maharaja Ajit Singh, Mughal traditional Hindu religion. Chamunda Devi, the emperor Mohammed Shah started the new goddess of Rathore clan and Nagnechiji was practice of doing Rajtilak of Maharaja their Kuldevi .24 The ancestors of Rathores were Abhayasingh with his own hands. 32 Many social also worshipers of Gorakhnath and traditions of the Mughals entered into Jalandharnath , who were famous as followers Marwar's social system. Yet there was no of Bhairav .25 Commemorations of warriors who special change in the internal rule of Marwar received Veergati in the battleground were kings. The rulers were always committed to the made. In society, people used to wear gold and happiness and misery of their assigned silver sculptures in their necks in the memory of subjects. jhunjhar .26 The prestige of the ruler of Marwar was related Rajputs were long-witted, physically and to the society and was considered by the public mentally strong. Long mustaches and beard as the nature of the God. For the position of a were their identities. But after being admitted ruler, it was considered necessary for the to the army, they had to sacrifice a beard and person to be rich with extraordinary talent and mustache as a warrior. Because it was the to be associated with the Raj family also. The discipline of the army. In it, the same rules were influence of the ruler and army of Marwar was made for everyone to tie the people of all sects practically centered on many traditions. The into unity. rulers used to govern the entire regime through the power of the army. However, the use of the The religious sentiments of the soldiers were force was not possible on all occasions. If a also respected. During military expeditions, ruler wanted his will to be done by military 27 food was prepared by the Rasovda force, then the people would not hesitate at all (department) for thousands of soldiers. It is to oppose it. This kind of tradition was created particularly noteworthy that in the army, in Marwar due to the personal gain or improper cooking meat was prepared for the soldiers of use of rulers. In general circumstances, the Rajput, Kayastha, Jat, Gujjar, Ahedi and masses considered themselves as weak in front Muslims communities, etc. whereas vegetarian of the ruler. food was made for the soldiers such as Brahmin, Bania, Bishnoi, etc. 28 Even Marwar The main basis of the military system of whenever shows with big convoy ruling military Marwar was the feudal system. Most of the during Mulkgiri rulers (tour of the state) was army of the state was made up of the army of then made ready meat for soldiers and officers these warlords. Therefore, due to the army's of Rajput class while running state officials of involvement with the Jagirdars, the social order Mahajan and Saraogi race and convoy the was also linked to the army. In order to provide lenders of the market was distributed the raw the respected places in the society, the food 29 that they were separately prepared 30 or Jagirdars were given many Qurab 33 and Tajim 34 . For these Mahajans, their kitchen was prepared Sire ki Tajim 35 , Dowdi 36 and Ikevdi Tajim 37 were at the house of Mahajan 's resident at the given to the Jagirdars of the Rajput village of Dera place. 31 It is evident from the community. 38 fact that the members of the various caste together in the army of the state used to While people from other communities were honored with Baahpasav and many other types introduce military unity, while adhering to their 39 religion, faith, followed the social traditions and of Qurab . The people of Charan and Mahajan community were also given the honor of norms of the state.

Baahpasav 40 and Uthan-Bethan-ro-Qurab .41 In very little. In such a situation, it was impossible addition, special honor was given to Mahajan , for the employer to always be a patron. In the Muslims and Marathas too. army of Marwar, different fragments of the lower castes were created. Separate military On the martyrdom of the state's jagirdars , the fraternities of Kayamkhanis , Sipayis , Bhils , Naubat (Drum) which was kept at the fort in Ahedis and Ramanandis (saints), etc. were in the capital, was reversed, meaning is that existence. 46 Due to the different leadership of playing the Naubat for some time was these troops, the lack of unity in the whole postponed. 42 The time of adjournment was army was found. done more or less according to the social status of the jagirdar .43 In this period, the basic structure of the establishment of the army was a social system. The cause of the surrender of the Rajput rulers Not just Marwar and other Rajput princely before the Turkish and Mughal rulers were not states, While during other period this kind of only military weaknesses, rather, the social practice was there example. Shivaji a brave complexities of the Rajputs were one of the figure of Maratha also established their main reasons. Their socio-religious traditions, 47 kingdom on the basis of religion and caste. ethical rules that were appreciable in terms of Religion and caste became so heavily on the providing excellence to their social life, but army that the people of other castes were not these were equally harmful in military activities. given a significant place in it. This was the It has been the morality since the beginning of reason that the Maratha army lacked the Rajputs that they used to fight face to face innovation and they could not cope with the against the enemy, they considered the British skillfully. During the time of Mahadji “guerrilla war method” to be cowardly. In the Sindia, Maratha appointed the French like D. 18th century period, the Marathas , who had Boigne had restored the army by making the been struggling with Marwar, made the most of commander of artillery. This was the reason 44 this method. In any war, Rajputs were given that the rulers of Marwar could not successfully preference to achieve more social respect and cope with the trained soldiers of Marathas and prestige than military success. Their only policy the their modern artillery. remained at the time of the invasion of the Turks and they followed this policy in their At the time of Maharaja Vijay Singh, we get to lifetime. 45 Somehow, this tactic was credited in see that he came in contact with the Nath failure of their soldiers. community and prohibited the consumption of meat in the whole state. 48 For example, in On one hand, while ideal social traditions 1830, all the caskets were closed in Pargana proved Rathore backward in the perspective of Nagaur. The local officials and employees were the then war, on the other hand, the system of ordered to check the rules. Even so, no one Sanatan times also influenced them to a great could consume meat and liquor covertly, extent. Generally, it was seen that during the therefore, the network of Harkaras (detectives) 18th century, Rajput were main center point in was laid in the entire area. 49 According to the the army of Marwar. Brahmins, Kayasthas and state order, all the jagirdars used to write Mahajans were often negligible in the army. Muchlake (Personal Bonds) in their fields, that While most of the soldiers belonged to the they would not be able to produce Alcohol, lower castes after Rajputs. These low ethnic Despite this, in whole state, anywhere if found soldiers were given more military the production of alcohol and construction of responsibilities whereas the rights were given

© Eureka Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved. ISSN: 2581-3587 International Journal of Humanities & Social Science: Insights & Transformations 19 Vol. 3, Issue 1 - 2018 furnaces of liquor, on both occasions, Kalaals a important part of then mughal army. and Jagirdars were charged Gunehgari .50 During the eighteenth century they were popular as a mercenary soldier in As a result, many Rajput Sardar got angry with northern India. They were also hired by Maharaja. Even they used to secretly consume marwar rulers to provide mercenary 51 meat and alcohol in the whole state.. In this soldiers to marwar's standing army. way, the attitude of the warlords towards Vijay [5]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 14, v.s. Singh started to change in the entire state. 1831/1774 AD, p. 97 f- 2, Jodhpur Because meat and wine were the usual food of Records. the Rajput community. The restrictions on this [6]. Golamdaz- They used to detonate the had intervened and blocked them in their cannon balls from the cannon during the 52 normal life. war. It is thus clear that the military system of [7]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 43, v.s. Marwar had an impact of social order in 1848/1791 A.D., Dated Chaitra Sudi 5; abundance as customs and traditions of the Vaishnava Gangadas and Atmaram Naga contemporary society. Marwar’s army was Sadhu were appointed in the army of appeared on the basis of herairchy of the family Kishangarh. In v.s. 1849, they were (dynasty), i.e. other rathores connected with admitted as a piyadah soldiers and their the Marwar rulers, were given major face was registered in the bahi - Jodhpur accommodation and made them the main part Daftar Hazuri Bahi, No. 8, v. 1849/1792 of the state's governance and these jagirdars AD, p. 23 f-1, Jodhpur Records. were responsible for supplying the army to the [8]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 43, v.s. state. Therefore, Marwar's army was divided 1848/1791 A.D., p. 218f-2, 220 f-2, and controlled in different jurisdictional camps, Jodhpur Records. not only under the command of the ruler. At [9]. Ohda Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1765-1941 / 1708- this time religion and caste became so heavily 1884 A.D.; Ohda Bahi, No. 2, v.s. 1820- on the army that the people of other castes 1900 / 1763-1843 A.D., p. 7, f- 1; Jodhpur were not given a significant place in it. The form Daftar Hazuri Bahi, No. 8, v.s. 1849/1792 of army was made in line with the then social A.D., Jodhpur Records structure. Therefore, different sides of the [10]. Shukracharya: Shukraniti, Verse 1, p. 434 society influenced every department of the [11]. Bhuvan Dev: City Architecture As then army directly and indirectly. Depicted in the ‘Aparajitprichchha’, published Article in Indian History [1]. G.N. Sharma: Social Life in Medieval Congress Proceedings, 1958, p. 150-51 Rajasthan (1500-1800 a.d.), Agra, 1968, p. [12]. Bahi khajane re jama kharach ri, (DH), No. 85 1, v.s. 1810/1753 A.D., image no. 61, [2]. Karanidan: Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Online Server, Rajasthan State Archives Lalas, Part-2, Jodhpur, 1962, P. 93 Bikaner. [3]. Purbia- who belonged to eastern region [13]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 23, v.s. of Rajputana they were called purbia. 1836/1779 A.D., p. 16, f-1, Jodhpur [4]. Rohillas- Rohilla pathaan or Rohilla Records Afghan were people of pashtun ethnicity. [14]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 5, v.s. during the reign of aurangzeb, Daud Khan 1823/1766 A.D., p. 184, f-2, 192 f-2; Bahi established a state of Rohilkhand and his No. 12, v.s. 1829/1772 AD, p. 8, f-2, army of combined pashtun tribes was be Jodhpur Records

[15]. Bahi Fauj Re Ekta Ri (D.H.), No. 15, v. [29]. At that times, Jat soldiers were also given 1831/1774 A.D.; Jodhpur Daftar Hazuri separate Kachcha petiya- Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 8, v.s. 1849/1792 A.D., p. 28, f- Bahi, No. 32, v.s. 1842/1785 A.D., Dated 1, Jodhpur Records Margshirsh Vadi 13, Jodhpur Records [16]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 9, v.s. [30]. Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1823/1766 A.D., 1826/1769 A.D., p. 80, f-1; Bahi No. 12, p. 110, f-2, Jodhpur Records. v.s. 1829/1772 A.D., p. 8, f-2; Bahi No. 21, [31]. Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1823/1766 A.D., v.s. 1835/1778 A.D., p. 71, f-2, Jodhpur p. 110, f-2, Dated Margshirsh Sudi 3-4, Records Jodhpur Records. [17]. During the military expedition, these 120 [32]. Karanidan: Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram soldiers paid Rs. 917 anna 7 and 2 Paisa. – Lalas, Volume-2, Jodhpur, 1962, p. 129, Daftar Hazuri Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1810/1753 149. A.D., account of month of Jyeshtha. [33]. Qurab- respect to be given by the ruler to [18]. The elephants and horses were his jamiidars and officials when they worshiped on the day of Chaitra Dashami present in the court. (after Navaratri). For the worship of [34]. Tajim- It was a medieval system of elephants and horses, respectively, respect given by ruler to some noble rupees 22 and 11 were given to the persons in India. concerned department on behalf of the [35]. Sire ki Tajim- Sardar, whose honored with state – Khajane Re Jama Kharach ri Bahi, Sire ki Tajim, he had the right to sit at the v.s. 1810/1753 A.D., p. 57, f-22; Prem top of the left and right rows in front of Angris: Marwar Ka Samajik Evam Aarthik King. Jeevan, Jodhpur, 1991, p. 56 [36]. Dowdi Tajim- by the meaning of dowdi [19]. Karanidan: Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram word as At the time both of arrival and Lalas, Volume-2, p. 261 departure of Sardar in the court, the king [20]. Karanidan: Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram stood up from his place and used to Lalas, Volume-3, Jodhpur, 1963, p. 19 accept the salutation of the Sardar. [21]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 11, v.s. [37]. Ikevdi Tajim- At the time of arrival of 1823/1766 A.D., p. 44, f-2 Sardar in the court, the king stood up [22]. Veerbhan: RajRupak, (Editor) Ramkaran from his place and used to accept the Asopa, p. 57 salutation of the Sardar. [23]. M.S. Narwane: The Rajput of Rajputana: [38]. Munshi Hardayal Singh: Tawarikh A Glimps of Medieval Rajasthan, A.P.H. Jagirdaran, p. 4 Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1999, p. 81 [39]. Vishweshwar Nath Reu: History of [24]. KaranidanSuraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Marwar, Part-2, p. 632; Munshi Hardayal Lalas, Volume-1, p. 240 Singh: Majmu-e-Halaat Raj Marwar, p. 6; [25]. Karanidan: Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Muhanot Nainsi: Marwar ra Pargana Ri Lalas, Volume-1, p. 109, 151 Vigat, (Editor) Narayan Singh Bhati, p. [26]. Jhunjhar- Those martyrs who fought 484-85 during the struggle against enemy in the [40]. Baahpasav- The Sardar, who received this battleground, they were called Jhunjhar. honor, touched his sword on the edge of [27]. Rasovada- This word was used for the the king's knee or cloak. In reply, the king Royal Kitchen in Rajput States. used to lay hands on the shoulders of the [28]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 9, v.s. 1826/ Sardar and raised him up. 1769 A.D., p. 89, f-1, Jodhpur.

[41]. Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1824/1767 A.D., India, p. 316. Dated Jyeshtha Sudi 13; Bahi No. 4, v.s. [48]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 13, v.s. 1841-45/1784-88 A.D., p. 290, f-2, 1830/1773 A.D., p. 292, f-2, 352 f-1-2, Jodhpur Records; Karanidan: Suraj Jodhpur Records. Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Lalas, Volume-2, [49]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 13, v.s. p. 361. 1830/1773 A.D., p. 81, f-2, Dated Posh [42]. Hakikat Bahi, No. 5, v.s. 1846-50/1784-88 Vadi 7, Jodhpur Records. A.D., p. 259 f-1, Jodhpur Records [50]. The penalty amount was imposed after [43]. Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1824/1767 A.D., the convictions were fixed, called p. 185, f-1, Jodhpur Records. Gunehgari.- Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 28, [44]. K.M. Pannikar: Survey of Indian History, v.s. 1839/1782 A.D., p. 25, f-1, Jodhpur Chapter-12; U.N. Ghoshal: Studies in Records. Indian History and Culture, Chapter-17 [51]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 13, v.s. [45]. J.N. Sarkar: The Art of War in Medieval 1830/1773 A.D., P. 162, f-2, Jodhpur India, Delhi, 1984, p. 314. Records. [46]. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No 10, v.s. [52]. Despite the order of prohibition of 1827/1770 A.D., Dated Bhadrapad Sudi 6; drinking alcohol, the Jagirdar of Village Bahi No. 43, v.s. 1848/1791 A.D., Dated Manana (a village of Parabatsar Pargana) Magh Vadi 10-11, Falgun Vadi 3; Daftar ordered to Kalal Rajiya of the same village Hazuri Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1810/1753 A.D., to prepare liquor- Sanad Parwana Bahi, Jodhpur Records. No. 14, v.s. 1831/1774 A.D., p. 247, f-1, [47]. J.N. Sarkar: The Art of War in Medieval Jodhpur Records.

1 G.N. Sharma : Social Life in Medieval R ajasthan (1500-1800 a.d.), Agra, 1968, p. 85 2 Karanidan : Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Lalas, Part-2, Jodhpur, 1962, P. 93 3 Purbia- who belonged to eastern region of Rajputana they were called purbia . 4 Rohillas- Rohilla pathaan or Rohilla Afghan were people of pashtun ethnicity. during the reign of aurangzeb, Daud Khan established a state of Rohilkhand and his army of combined pashtun tribes was be a important part of then mughal army. During the eighteenth century they were popular as a mercenary soldier in northern India. They were also hired by marwar rulers to provide mercenary soldiers to marwar's standing army. 5 Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 14, v.s. 1831/1774 AD, p. 97 f- 2, Jodhpur Records 6 Golamdaz- They used to detonate the cannon balls from the cannon during the war. 7 Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 43, v.s. 1848/1791 A.D., Dated Chaitra Sudi 5; Vaishnava Gangadas and Atmaram Naga Sadhu were appointed in the army of Kishangarh. In v.s. 1849, they were admitted as a piyadah soldiers and their face was registered in the bahi - Jodhpur Daftar Hazuri Bahi, No. 8, v. 1849/1792 AD , p. 23 f-1, Jodhpur Records. 8 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 43, v.s. 1848/1791 A.D., p. 218f-2, 220 f-2, Jodhpur Records. 9 Ohda Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1765-1941 / 1708-1884 A.D.; O hda Bahi, No. 2, v.s. 1820-1900 / 1763-1843 A.D., p. 7, f- 1; Jodhpur D aftar Hazuri Bahi, No. 8, v.s. 1849/1792 A.D., Jodhpur Records 10 Shukracharya: Shukraniti, Verse 1, p. 434 11 Bhuvan Dev: City Architecture As Depicted in the ‘Aparajitprichchha’, published Article in Indian H istory Congress Proceedings, 1958, p. 150-51 12 Bahi khajane re jama kharach ri, (DH), No. 1, v.s. 1810/1753 A.D., image no. 61, Online Server, Rajasthan State Archives Bikaner. 13 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 23, v.s. 1836/1779 A.D., p. 16, f-1, Jodhpur Records 14 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 5, v.s. 1823/1766 A.D., p. 184, f-2, 192 f-2; Bahi No. 12, v.s. 1829/1772 AD, p. 8, f-2, Jodhpur Records 15 Bahi Fauj Re Ekta Ri (D.H.), No. 15, v. 1831/1774 A.D .; Jodhpur Daftar Hazuri B ahi, No. 8, v.s. 1849/1792 A.D ., p. 28, f-1, Jodhpur Records 16 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 9, v.s. 1826/1769 A.D., p. 80, f-1; Bahi No. 12, v.s. 1829/1772 A.D., p. 8, f-2; Bahi No. 21, v.s. 1835/1778 A.D ., p. 71, f-2, Jodhpur Records 17 During the military expedition, these 120 soldiers paid Rs. 917 anna 7 and 2 Paisa . – Daftar Hazuri Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1810/1753 A.D., account of month of Jyeshtha . 18 The elephants and horses were worshiped on the day of Chaitra Dashami (after Navaratri ). For the worship of elephants and horses, respectively, rupees 22 and 11 were given to the concerned department on behalf of the state – Khajane Re Jama Kharach ri Bahi , v.s. 1810/1753 A.D., p. 57, f-22; Prem Angris : Marwar Ka Samajik Evam Aarthik Jeevan, Jodhpur, 1991, p. 56 19 Karanidan : Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Lalas, Volume-2, p. 261 20 Karanidan : Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Lalas, Volume-3, Jodhpur, 1963, p. 19 21 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 11, v.s. 1823/1766 A.D., p. 44, f-2 22 Veerbhan : RajRupak, (Editor) Ram karan Asopa, p. 57 23 M.S. Narwane : The Rajput of Rajputana : A G limps of Medieval Rajasthan, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1999, p. 81 24 Karanidan : Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Lalas, Volume-1, p. 240 25 Karanidan : Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Lalas, Volume-1, p. 109, 151 26 Jhunjhar- Those martyrs who fought during the struggle against enemy in the battleground, they were called Jhunjhar . 27 Rasovada- This word was used for the Royal Kitchen in Rajput States. 28 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 9, v.s. 1826/1769 A.D., p. 89, f-1, Jodhpur Records 29 At that times, Jat soldiers were also given separate Kachcha petiya- Sanad P arwana Bahi, No. 32, v.s. 1842/1785 A.D., Dated M argshirsh V adi 13, Jodhpur Records 30 Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1823/1766 A.D., p. 110, f-2, Jodhpur Records 31 Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1823/1766 A.D., p. 110, f-2, Dated Margshirsh Sudi 3-4, Jodhpur Records 32 Karanidan : Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Lalas, Volume-2, Jodhpur, 1962, p. 129, 149 33 Qurab- respect to be given by the ruler to his jamiidars and officials when they present in the court. 34 Tajim- It was a medieval system of respect given by ruler to some noble persons in India. 35 Sire ki Tajim- Sardar, whose honored with Sire ki Tajim , he had the right to sit at the top of the left and right rows in front of King. 36 Dowdi Tajim- by the meaning of dowdi word as At the time both of arrival and departure of Sardar in the court, the king stood up from his place and used to accept the salutation of the Sardar . 37 Ikevdi Tajim- At the time of arrival of Sardar in the court, the king stood up from his place and used to accept the salutation of the Sardar . 38 Munshi Hardayal Singh : Tawarikh Jagirdaran, p. 4 39 Vishweshwar Nath Reu : History of Marwar, Part-2, p. 632; Munshi Hardayal Singh : Majmu-e-Halaat Raj Marwar, p. 6; Muhanot Nainsi : M arwar ra P argana Ri V igat, (Editor) Narayan Singh Bhati, p. 484-85 40 Baahpasav - The Sardar , w ho received this honor, touched his sw ord on the edge of the king's knee or cloa k. In reply, the king used to lay hands on the shoulders of the Sardar and raised him up. 41 Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1824/1767 A.D., Dated Jyeshtha Sudi 13; Bahi No. 4, v.s. 1841-45/1784-88 A.D., p. 290, f-2, Jodhpur Records; Karanidan : Suraj Prakash, (Editor) Sitaram Lalas, Volume-2, p. 361 42 Hakikat Bahi, No. 5, v.s. 1846-50/1784-88 A.D., p. 259 f-1, Jodhpur Records 43 Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1824/1767 A.D., p. 185, f-1, Jodhpur Records 44 K.M. Pannikar : Survey of Indian History, Chapter-12; U.N. Ghoshal: Studies in Indian History and Culture, Chapter-17 45 J.N. Sar kar : The Art of War in Medieval India, Delhi, 1984, p. 314 46 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No 10, v.s. 1827/1770 A.D., Dated Bhadrapad Sudi 6; Bahi No. 43, v.s. 1848/1791 A.D., Dated Magh Vadi 10-11, Falgun Vadi 3; Daftar H azuri Bahi, No. 1, v.s. 1810/1753 A.D., Jodhpur Records 47 J.N. Sar kar : The Art of War in Medieval India , p. 316 48 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 13, v.s. 1830/1773 A.D., p. 292, f-2, 352 f-1-2, Jodhpur Records 49 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 13, v.s. 1830/1773 A.D., p. 81, f-2, Dated Posh Vadi 7, Jodhpur Records 50 The penalty amount was imposed after the convictions were fixed, called Gunehgari .- Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 28, v.s. 1839/1782 A.D., p. 25, f-1, Jodhpur Records 51 Daru ri manahi ro thanu hokum pohto tho ne uvakara ri farad su sam achar shrihujur malam huva hain kalala ra gharan mein daru thi su vechan ri H akam Kotwal duvayati divi su manahi huva pachhe duvayati devo isi kalala ri kayi sigartayi- Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 13, v.s. 1830/1773 A.D ., P. 162, f -2, Jodhpur Records 52 Despite the order of prohibition of drinking alcohol , the Jagirdar of Village Manana (a village of Parabatsar Pargana ) ordered to Kalal Rajiya of the same village to prepare liquor- Sanad Parwana Bahi, N o. 14, v.s. 1831/1774 A.D., p. 247, f-1, Jodhpur Records