ISSN - 0215·1162

2014

o Fatty Acids Oxidative and Hydl'olysis Stabilities of . Vargin Oil and Palm Stearin Based Human Milk Fat Analog· Steivie Karouw, SupauDo, Pudji Hastuti, and Tyas Utami o Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Amendments on Inflorescence and Flower Morphology and Yield of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) • Abdul Hameed Solangi, M.Z. Iqbal, and Muhammad Shafiq o Efficient Method of Transporting Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Zygotic Embryos for Cryopreservation of Plumules by Encapsulation/Dehydration - HDD Bandupriya, S C Fernando, J-L Verdeil, and B Malaurie o Production Technology for Kopyor Coconut Seednuts and Seedlings in - Hengky Novarianto, Ismail Maskromo, Dini Dinarti, and Sudarsono o Performance of Coconut Hybrids in United Plantations Berhad and Commercial Production of Seed Nuts - Xaviar Arulandoo, Kandha Sritharan, and Mohan Subramaniam o Status of Coconut Farming and the Associated ChaUenges in Kenya - Pole EN., E. Masha, EK. Muoiu, B. Nguma, and N. • • Mohammed

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Asian and Pacific Coconut Community Cord 20 14, 30 (2)

Production Technology for Kopyor Coconut Seednuts and Seedlings in Indonesia

l l 2 Hengky Novarianto , Ismail Maskromo , 2, Dini Dinarti , and Sudarsono2

Abstract

Kopyor coconut is a naturally-occurring mutant having fluffy solid in stead of the normal one. Similar type of coconut has been found in several other Asian countries, with their distinct local names, such as Macapuno (), Makhrao Kathi (), Dikiri Pol (), Thairu Thengai (). It is a delicacy coconut to Indonesian and sells as much as ten times higher than normal coconut. In nature, three types of kopyor coconut exist in Indonesia: kopyor tall, kopyor dwarf, and kopyor hybrid. There are three kopyor dwarf varieties (,Pati Kopyor Green Dwarf, 'Kopyor Yellow Dwarf and ' Kopyor Brown Dwarf) officially released, and one registered tall variety ('Puan Kalianda Kopyor Tal\'). In general, kopyor fruit yield under natural conditions is only < 25% of the total harvested fruits for both the tall and the dwarf types. Traditionally, Indonesian farmers harvest kopyor fruits at ten months after pollination while normal fruits at II months. They use the harvested normal fruits for propagation; but cannot guarantee whether or not they would produce korpyor fruit. Adoption of kopyor seedling production through embryo culture has been done. However, the seedling production is slow, while the price is very expensive, thus unaffordable to common farmers. Indonesian Palm Research Institute and Bogor Agricultural University have collaborated to develop alternative approaches to increase kopyor fruit production through the production of seedling that would ensure to produce korpyor fruit through control pollination. Initiated since 20 I 0, the activities successfully overcome uncertainty in kopyor seedling production. Moreover, hybridization among local superior coconut varieties and known kopyor onc have been done to broaden genetic background of kopyor trait and to develop breeding population for new kopyor varieties in the future. Overview and update of research progress on korpyor in Indonesia are presented in this paper.

Keywords: Coconut mutant, abnonnal endosperm, controlled pollination, breeding population.

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lCoconut Breeders at the Indonesian Palm Research Institute (lPRJ), Manado, Indonesia , Email: [email protected];[email protected] lLecturer and Research Scientist at PMB Lab" Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (lPB), Bogor, Indonesia. Email : s_sudarsono@ymail .com

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• / Cord 20 14, 30 (2)

Introduction endosperm) ","iII _ . e into normal coconut seedling and t!It . has a chance to yield Korpyor, a type of curd coconut locally kopyor fruits. The '" _pes of normal fruits are known in Indonesia and Malaysia, is a naturally­ grown b) :.(IIk" and sold as natural occurring coconut mutant, found in several kopyor ox'',·· :S[(dlpigs. Since seedlings countries in Asia and the Pacific, such as the germinated fruit with KK embryos Philippines (Makapuno), Thailand (Maphrao cannot be from those Kk ones, Kathi), Sri Lanka (Dikiripol), India (Thairu farme rs se . opyor fruit seedlings Tengai), (Dua Sap), Malaysia ..e dlings. There is a 2: I (Korpyor), (Dong Kathi). This type of cannot~ probabil~ Kk kopyor coconut mutant is still rare and the price of kopyor fruits seedlings ones. are relatively much higher than regular . I The unique characteristics of kopyor fruits are The . in the Philippines I nutTy and soft solid endosperm or meat (Figure (known IS IS gc""rally a tall type I I). The gene controlling mutant kopyor character (Ubaldo. C1 other hand, kopyor is a single recessive gene, designated as 'k '. coconut naturally as either I Kopyor fruit possesses a homozygote kk dwarf, tal.. ~"p

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• f f ,! I '· •. S .. S I I Figure I. Comparison of endosperm character between kopyor Left: I endosperm ofkopyor coconut is soft and nutTy. Right: on rm of r normal coconut is hard (right) r 32 Cord 20 14, 30 (2)

Kopyor in Indonesia are mostly found in one pre-order. The reasons tor expensive prices :onut East Java (Akuba, et aI. , 2002), Central Java of such kopyor coconut seed lings are limited yie ld (Novarianto and Millahorrachman, 2000), and availability of kopyor zygotic embryos in the , are Lampung (Mahmud, 2000). In East Java and marke t as explant sou rces and possibly the less ltural Lampung, kopyor plants are mostl y of the tall efficient embryo culture technique. lings type. In Central Java, however, a mixture of Therefore, regular kopyor coconut fanners IryOS dwarf; tall, and their hybrids are commonly exist cannot alTord to buy such an expensive kopyor mes, in the field. Since the kopyor provenances are • homozygote kk seedlings, derived from zygoti c mgs often grown as a mix culture with normal ones, embryo cultures. Only a resource intcnsive stake t 2: I th e provenances are yielding low number of holders are able to buy such an expensive onut kopyor fruits ( 1-3 nuts per bunch). Under such coconut seed lings. Therefore, there is a need to condition, bunches yielding zero kopyor fruit are • develop alternative solutions for producing true­ Imes also quite common. Therefore, most of th e to-type kopyor coconut seedlings, applicable at type harvested fruits are normal coconut. >yor the regular kopyor coconut farmers. Iber At the regular farmer level, total nut yield Hybridization among heterozygote Kk kopyor .yor harvested from kopyor tall type is approximately coconut own by regular fanners (asJemale) and d in 30-60 nuts/palm/year while that of kopyor dwarf homozygote kk kopyor coconut produced Irom .... f one are 50- 100 nuts/palm/year. Among those, the embryos might be the alternative solution . and onl y < 25 % (tall type) and < 40 % (dwarf type) Objectives oto, are kopyor fruits. Kopyor tall palm produces a • !lJor range of 1-6 fruits/bunch and kopyor dwarf palm ( I) To evaluate the effects of controlled mg, produces a range of 6-12 fruits/bunch pollination on yield of kopyor fruits in Ibe (Maskromo ef al., 20 II ). The calculated Kopyor Dwarf Coconut. and percentage of kopyor fruit production observed t in (2) To evaluate method for increasing kopyor among three kopyor dwarf coconut varieties in ber fruit yield traditi onally at 25% kopyor the field, ranged from 24.8-38.9% (Maskromo, of fruits, to at least 50% by controlling ef al., 2013). The ranges of kopyor to total nut · or hybridization between , _ kopyor - yield ratios exhibited by individual palm may , of heterozygote Kk mother palms with presumably be because of the differences in , S S kopyor homozygote kk pollen .donor. The pollination behaviour between the two coconut md kopyor homozygote kk pollen 'I'i~nors are types. Kopyor tall coconut tend to be mostly generated from embryo culture. ' ... cross-pollinated, while kopyor dwarf ones tend ., .- to be sel f-pollinated. Therefore, testing the (3) To evaluate method for :producing effects of open pollination and controlled­ heterozygote Kk true-to-type (t00% of • pollination on kopyor fruits yield need some kopyor heterozygote Kk) kopyoi'seedlings' evaluations. of either Dwarf, Tall, or Hybrid types. - This method could potentially be used to Homozygote kk kopyor coconut seedlings replace traditional kopyor , ,seedling derived from embryo cultures has proven to production (a mixture or ~ _ kopyor produce 100% kopyor fruits .. However, the cost heterozygote Kk and normal homozygote • of such seedlings is too hiiib for Indonesian KK seedlings [2: I]) traditionally _ farmers. Commercially, such" seedling derived conducted by local farmers. ,- ';,'- • . from embryo culture costs about US $ 50 per . . , ,I .. seedling forkopyor tall type.imd US '$ 100 pet :" (4) To conduct hybridization between 'normal seedling for kopyor dwarf type. Moreover, ' elite coconut varieties and kopyor coconut because the cultures are reiatively slow growing, ones that can be used as areeding the consumer mus! fill pre-order and wait for populations for future superior kopyor approximately two years before the seedlings are coconut variety development. ,_ ready for planting in the field. There is also a requirement to order for at least 100 seedlings in

33 Cord 20 14,30 (2)

Application Targets Rrsurd Pb5r I :: 10-2012)

(I) In the short term: Availability of • ko pyor mother pal m techniques to increase kopyor coconut ., provenances of dwart; yield up to 25% through controlled ,,"onut, either capable of pollination, applicable at the farmers level Y'e- - genetically heterozygote to support sustainable kopyor coconut Kl) _ IIOnnal fruits (genetically production. ll). Three treatments were selected palms, namely: (2) In the medium term: Availability of I - e !lowers are partially techniques to increase kopyor coconut fl.crescences were covered yield up to 50% thrpugh controlled The fe male flowers were hybridization among kopyor heterozygote g their own pollens; Kk (grown by kopyor coconut farmers) es were covered with with kopyor homozygote kk (develop from :se. f po ll ination was embryo culture by IPRI and IPB). and Treatment 3 - (3) In the medium tenn: Availability of inrl"" $Cl.::x:es :!'r.. open for natural techniques to produce kopyor heterozygote polli - - . opyor fruits were Kk true-to-type seedlings (100% kopyor har.estoi .. alieT pollination while heterozygote Kk at the local kopyor _ h'!)ested at II months. coconut seedling producers. Ten palms _ e.. for each treatment and de Ueated per palm. In (4) In the long tenn: availability of breeding th is eY3l of ;0 sample palms and population that can be used to develop 90 . .,.... ed. new-superior kopyor coconut varieties in the future. Rese.rd PbR 0 _ 1:-; I ~) Researcb Approacbes In oridization between <

34 Cord 20 14, 30 (2) m (3) Hybridizations between tall heterozygote Breeding population are the results of Kk and tall homozygote kk results in SO% hybridization among nonnal elite coconuts f. tall heterozygote Kk and SO% tall having a number of desirable characters as male of homozygote. parents and the dwarf and tall types of kopyor te coconut as the donor of kopyor character. The To facilitate such kopyor true·to-type Iy nonnal elite coconut used as pollen donor seedlings, it is necessary to supply the kopyor re include: (I) Mapanget Tall (MTT) - as donor for coconut homozygote kk derived from zygotic v: thick and large quantity endosperm characters, - embryo culture as the pollen donor (male Iy (2) Bali Tall (BIT) - as donor for large fruit size parent). The concurrent production of more character, (3) Takome Tall (TET) - as donor for ~ kopyor coconut homozygote kk derived from high number of fruit per bunch character, and (4) re zygotic embryo culture of dwarf and tall coconut

3S Cord 20 14,30 (2)

Table I. EfTects of controlled pollination on number of female '

Controlled pollination Female Harvested FruiG Kopyor % No. treatments flowers fruits fruits kopyor

I. Bagging with pollination 538 124 ?_ .l.' O '_ 41 33.06 bag, followed by artificial self-pollination 2. Bagging with pollination 492 144 -"'Q- ~ - 53 36.81 bag, followed by natural pollination 3. Open pollinated 553 209 •• 36 17.22

in the highest number of total kopyor fruit yield --. - ~ from 44-56%. (53 fruits; 36.81 %), followed by Treatment I (41 IS than that of the 4 fruits; 33.06%), and Treatment 3 (36 fruits; :5 .). Therefore, 17.22%). Based on this evaluation, control ~ " e Klc kopyor pollination by using isolation bag with natural palms" . ~·or coconut can pollination increased the harvested kopyor be ,,00 ID . . );eld. Similar coconut fruits . Such increased may have been increased • were observed the results of higher possibilities of pollination of both in \lanado, North the k female gamete by the k male pollen. Sulawesi Makapuno coconut, the well-known In • in kopyor fruit coconut mutant of the Philippines, is also yield, all of fruits from controlled by a single recessive mutant gene such Kk ~ do (Ubaldo, Rillo and Cueto, 2003). According to Klcg ~-pe Thampan (1981), natural fruit setting of the normal •••• ~ coconut is normally also about 30%. Moreover, Maskromo el af. ( 20 I I) reported that there was 0-27.59% probability of harvesting kopyor yield

by cross pollination among three kopyor dwarf • coconut varieties in Central Java, Indonesia. Kop)or _.,., might have Research Phase II (2012-2014) Preliminary results of the Research Phase II indicated that hybridization of heterozygote • • Kk kopyor coconut by homozygote kk kopyor gene coconut resulted in the expected ratios of kopyor have arised to normal fruit ratio (50:50%). Three varieties of and Ginting, 1 kopyor dwarf varieties were evaluated in this activities, such as: Kopyor Green Dwarf (KGD), In jelly-like Kopyor Brown Dwarf (KBD) and Kopyor endosperm miri, ...... absence of Yellow Dwarf (KYO). Hybridization among galactomana... "'" these varieties as female parent with the This enzyme ~ .. homozygote kk pollen donor (male parent) gaiactomanan ID 1m - coconut resulted in the same ratio of kopyor to nonnal endosperm. In ~ --.g normal fruits. The percentages of kopyor fruit yield dwarf and tall local curd

36 Cord2014, 30 (2)

coconut from Thailand) resulted in Kathi hybrid Our objectives are to combine: (I) thick capable of yielding Kathi fruits, ranged from and large quantity of endosperm tissue, (2) large 16.25% to 18.53% (Wattanayothin, 2010). fruit size, (3) high number of fruits per bunch, and (4) early bearing and high yield characters Research Phase UI (2013-2018) with the kopyor characters. These characters are Introducing kopyor character into different originated from the following elite varieties, genetic background of coconut will broader the such as: (I) Mapanget Tall (MTT) as the donor existing genetic variabilities of the existing of thick and large quantity endosperm characters, kopyor varieties. Hybridization among a (2) Bali Tall (BIT) - as donor for large fruit size heterozygote Kk or a homozygote kk kopyor character, (3) Takome Tall (TET) - as donor for coconut varieties as the kopyor character donor high number of fruit per bunch character, and (4) with a number of elite nonnal coconut varieties Salak Green Dwarf (SGD) - as donor for super­ should serve the purpose. Heterozygote Kk early bearing characters (Figure 4). Kopyor Yellow Dwarf and Kopyor Green Dwarf were used as kopyor donor. In addition, homozygote kk Kopyor Bakauheni Tall were also used as the other kopyor donor (Figure 3). -

Figure 4. Normal elite coconuts used for developing breeding population. (A) BIT - Bali Tall, (B) MTT - Mapanget Tall, (C) SGD - Salak

• Green Dwarf, and (D) TET - Takome Tall coconuts Figure 3. Materials used in research phase III. Female parents used - (A) The scheme of crossing among kopyor and Homozygote kk Kopyor Tall Coconut normal elite varieties are presented in Table 2. and (B) Homozygote kk Kopyor For each combination of hybridization, four Dwarf Coconut. Counting kopyor mother palms and four elite normal male pollination successes: (C) parents are used to get a total of 16 combinations Homozygote kk Kopyor Tall Coconut of kopyor x normal coconut hybrid (Table 2). x Salak Green Dwarf (SGD) and (D) The hybridization was carried out in the mid- Homozygote kk Kopyor Dwarf 2013 and the seednuts were harvested in mid- Coconut x Takome Tall (TET) 2014.

37 Cord 20 14, 30 (2)

Table 2. Scheme of cross hybridization among kopyor coconut and [Klan,,) elite varieties to generate breeding population for future kopyor coconut superior \ariet:ies in IlKofJDCsia Male Parent Female parent MTT (KK) BIT (KK) IEr (XAJ SGD (KK) Dwarf type: T KGD (Kk) KGDxMTT KGD x BIT KGO"IEI KGD xSGD KYD (Kk) KYD x MTT KYO x BIT KYO" lEI KYDxSGD Tall type: KGD (kk) KGD x MTT KGO x BIT KGO" lEI KGDx SGD KBT (kk) KBTxMTT KBTx BIT KBTx 'IEI KBTxSGO

Expected K~o< -'!~ Kopyor and early Kopyor and thick/full Kopyor and large characters of nnmtvg bearing, high coda-sperm tissue fruit size hybrids pc-"'" yielding Note: Normal elite coconut variety MIT - Mapanget Tall, BIT - B,1i lEI Takome Tall, and SGD - Salak Green Dwarf.

Progenies derived from those c hybridization are expected to exhibit a high I. Control of Dwarf Kopyor genetic diversity and can serve as the breeding Coconut bagging the population for the development of superior _o r fruit yield kopyor coconut in the future. In Thailand, • twice as ....." pollinated improved varieties of Kathi coconut has been ones. The peld reached the done by crossing with aromatic coconut expected~ yield under (Wattanayothin, 2005). The target of this the natural hybridization is to develop aromatic Kathi coconut (Chomchalow, 2013). Hybridization 2. Pollinating of farmer's between 'Hon Nam' (aromatic) coconut variety kopyor ...... ' . -. - (kopyor with Kathi coconut have apparently yielded 56% heterozygOlr n oJSing pollen aromatic characters among the hybrid progenies harvested embryo derived (Wattanayothin,2005). zygote kk of harvested Similar approach may be done for kopyor • (increased coconut. Previous report has indicated that : Id). It also • kopyor character is controlled genetically zygote Kk (Sukendah et aI., 2009), therefore, hybridization =0-,,), grown among kopyor varieties with elite normal one (increased should combine the characters from both parents from a mixttlre' _ beterozyote in the progenies. A number of activities are on Kk kopyor m, KK normal going to evaluate the hybrids derived from the seedlings). crosses. These hybrid populations are the basic 4I __ _ foundation for kopyor coconut improvement in 3. Hybridization of ~ • zygote Kk the future. kopyor and • l:i kopyor coconut with t coconut have been initiated aIX! !l:=:_;: ik:t ived from

38 Cord2014, 30 (2)

sllch hybrids serve as Ih e basis for Maskromo t I. ; Nova ri an to, H.; and Sudarsono. :enerate developing new and superior kopyor 20 II . Flowering phenology of Ihree dWGI! coconut va ri eti es in the future. kopyor coconlll varielies Fom Pali. Prosiding Seminar Nas ional PERHORT1. Acknowledgement Lembang, 23-24 No pember 20 II . pp. ~) Part of Ihis research were supported by Ihe 1002-1010. Agency for Agriculiural Research and Maskromo, 1. ; Novarianto, H.; Sukma, D. and Development (AARD), Ministry of Agriculture GO Sudarsono. 20 II . Yield polenlial ofkopyor through IPRI proposal (control pollinalion) coconul germplasm originaled from GO coordinaled by Hengky Novarianto and Ihrough Kalianda, Pali, Sumenep and Jember. "KKP3N Kopyor Coconut Project - 20 13-20 15" Prosiding Seminar Nasional SDC local (breeding population) coordinated by mendukung Induslri Perbenihan Nasional 00 Sudarsono. Funding was also oblained from dalam Rangka Purna Bakli slaf Penganjar GO Directorate of Hi gher Educa ti on, Ministry of Pemuliaan Tanaman UNPAD dan Education and Culture, Repub li c of Indonesia early Kongres PEIUPI Komda Jabar. Bandung, through "HI-LfNK Kopyor Coconut Project - -gh 10 December 20 II . pp. 499-507. 20 12-2014" (in creasin g kopyor fruit yie ld and I production of Kopyor true-to-type seedlings) Maskromo, 1. ; Nova ri anto, H.; Sukendah; e Ta ll , . coordinated by Sudarsono. Part of this activities Sukma, D. and Sudarso no. 2013 . are used by Ismail Maskromo to write his PhD Productivity of three dwarf kopyor disertation. The authors appreciated all parties in coconut varieties from Pati, Central Java, supporting the nmding of the programs and Indonesia. Cord 29(2): 19-28 . assisting executi ons of the ac ti vities. Novarianto, H. 20 13. Dwarf kopyor coconut in Indonesia. COCOINFO. 20(2): 13-15. References Novarianto, H. dan Miftahorrachman. 2000. Akuba, H.R., Mashud, N. and Miftahorraeman. Koleksi dan konservasi jenis-jenis kelapa 2002. Idenlifikasi plasmanutfah kelopa unik. Makalah posler dalam .Simposium pOlensial di Jowa Timur. Laporan Hasil der Pengelolalan Plasma Nutfah dan Penelitian, Balai Penelitian Kelapa Pemuliaan. Bandung, 22-23-:>eptember (Balitka), Menado, Indonesia. mer's 2000. Perhimpunan lImu Pemuliaan 'pyor Anonymous. 2004. Selayang pandang komodili Indonesia (PERJPI). - lien kelapa kopyor di Kabupalen Pali. Dinas Sukendah, Volkaert, H. and Sudarsono. 2009. rived Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Isolation and analysis of DNA (ragment of kk Pati , Jawa Tengah. genes related to kopyor trait in coconut ed Chomchalow, N. 2006. Maphroa Kalhi. plant. Indonesian J Biolech. 14(2): 1169- also Thailand Network for Conservation and 1178. Kk Enhancement of Landraces of Cultivated Thampan, P.K. 1981. Handbook on-, Coconul wn Plants (TNCEL), Bangkok, Thailand (in Palm. Oxford and lBH Pub I. Co., ased Thai). !yote Calcutta, India. 311 pp. Chomchalow, N. 2013. Curd coconut: Its nnal Toruan, N.M. dan Ointing, G. 1991l. Analisis mystery and potentialities (Review random amplified polymorphic DNA Article). Cord 29 (2): 46-51. • ,Klc • (RAPD) pada tanaman kelapa kopyor. • pyor Mahmud, Z. 2000. Pelunjuk le/mis budidaya Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Kelapa IV, Jave kelapa kopyor. Departemen Kehutanan 21-23 April 1998. Bandar Lampung. • rom dan Perkebunan. Dirjen Perkebunan. Puslitbangtri. Badan Litbang Kehutanan Jakarta. dan Perkebunan.

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Ubaldo, M.B.B.A., Rillo, E.P. and Cueto, c.A. 2003 . Application of the improved embryo culture protocol lor commercial production of Makapuno seedlings. Philippine J. Sci .. 132(1): I-II. Wattanayothin, S. 2005. The study on curd coconut hybrids. TNCEL J. 1(3):6-7 (in Thai). Wattanayothin, S. 2010. Variety improvement of Makapuno. Proc. XLIV COCOTECH Meeting, 5-9 July 20 I 0, Samui Island, Surat Thani, Thailand. pp. 96-108 .

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