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Oral Tradition and Scribal Conventions in the Documents Attributed to the Prophet Muḥammad

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Oral Tradition and Scribal Conventions in the Documents Attributed to the Prophet Muḥammad ORAL TRADITION AND SCRIBAL CONVENTIONS IN THE DOCUMENTS ATTRIBUTED TO THE PROPHET MUḤAMMAD by Sarah Zubair Mirza A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Near Eastern Studies) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Michael David Bonner, Chair Professor Sherman A. Jackson Associate Professor Maragaret L. Hedstrom Professor Geoffrey A. Khan, University of Cambridge Sound is given body But body itself ceases to exist Body has a prehistory as sound Copyright Sarah Zubair Mirza 2010 To my sun, moon, and stars: Ami, Abu, Nadi, Nym and to Gackt , viskei sensei ii Acknowledgements The past five years have seen changes to my world and to my approach to these documents through not only the academic and intellectual support and contributions of several experts, but their friendship and personalities. For managing all the details of enrolling, teaching, and funding throughout my time at NES: Margaret Casazza and Angela Beskow. For feedback and references: Dr. Gottfried Hagen, and Dr. Diane Hughes for introducing me to memory palaces. Mentors: Dr. Michael Bonner, under whom I have had the privilege to study early Islamic historiography during my time at UM, for endless good humor, scholarship that is rigorous and comprehensive, not letting me step away from any opportunity to undertake a riḥla, and for his unwavering confidence in the project and my ability to execute it. Dr. Margaret Hedstrom, who encouraged this particular project on the Prophet’s Letters from its very first form as a paper in her seminar on Archives and Collective memory, for introducing me to the historiographical implications of how documents are stored. Dr. Geoffrey Khan, for his welcome in Cambridge and for his generous availability week after week in working on the paleaography and formulae of the parchment and literary documents. Dr. Sherman Jackson, for ensuring that I worked out exactly what I was saying regarding oral and literate transmission and Prophetical objects and their relationship to traditionist understanding of ḥadīth . Hostesses: Ana Bélen Chorro Pérez in Granada, Nur and the girls in Istanbul and the lovely lovely Guläy Ostaz, Anna Langley and Casper of Cambridge, and Sameer and Ambreen Mirza of Manchester, for tea, quiet, and the sweetness of company. Conservators: for transforming my last year of the PhD program into one concentrated on tactile information, antique and medieval artifacts, and craftsmanship: Julia Miller, Leyla Lau- Lamb, Dr. Cathleen A. Baker, Shannon Zachary, and the staff at the Conservation laboratory at the University of Michigan. For sweeping in to get me permission to read, Betül Çakırca at iii Süleymaniye library. And to Dr. Traianos Gagos at the University of Michigan, for creating a space for me in Papyrology. Amis des couer: Fathima Sahulhameed, Wardha Idrees, Ratchet, Farrah Chaudry, Fareeha Khan, Ӧzgen Felek, and Min Yong Cho, for inexhaustible friendship and long late-night phone calls of shared self-doubt. And to Karim Samji, for knowing what I mean. و ا رب ا iv Table of Contents Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Abbreviations ix Abstract xi Chapter I: Introduction 1 1.1 The transmission of early Islamic texts 8 1.2 An approach inspired by Book History 13 1.3 Scholarship on the Prophetical documents 18 1.4 Sources for the Prophetical documents 28 1.5 Chapter outline 29 Chapter II: Textual witnesses: range of variation 32 2.1 Variation in a select group of the Prophetical documents 32 2.1.1 The redactors 33 2.1.2 Types of variation 35 2.1.3 Categories of document 36 2.1.3.1 Treaties/Contracts, documents referred to as ʿahd or ṣulḥ 36 2.1.3.2 Proselytizing Letters, daʿwā 46 2.1.3.3 Guarantees of Security, documents referred to as amāna 50 2.1.3.4 Land Grants, documents referred to as iqṭāʿa 55 2.1.3.5 Letters to governors/summaries of taxation duties 69 2.1.3.6 Quittance/document of sale 73 2.2 Conclusion 74 2.2.1 Variation in the early Arabic poetic tradition 77 Chapter III : Transmission: the documents as ḥadīth 83 3.1 The status of verbatim transmission/literal authenticity regarding speech of the Prophet 85 3.2 Authenticity, attribution, and integrity 94 3.2.1 Conceptions of authenticity and attribution in Arabic literary criticism and theory between the second and fifth Islamic centuries 94 v 3.3 Orality, literacy, and the definition of a Companion 98 3.3.1 The status of documents within ʿulūm al-ḥadīth literature as a category of material transmitted from the Prophet 98 3.4 Conclusion 111 3.4.1 The citation of documents as challenging the notion of the khabar -unit as the basis of early Arabic historiography 111 3.4.2 Criteria for determining oral traditional and scribal sources in redactions 118 Chapter IV: Administrative, legal, and epistolary formularies 130 4.1 Formulas, epistolary style, and the use of letters 130 4.1.1 Introductory formulas 131 4.1.1.1 Basmala 131 4.1.1.2 Address 132 4.1.1.3 Greeting 136 4.1.1.4 Blessing 139 4.1.1.5 Transition marker 140 4.1.2 Body 145 4.1.2.1 Polite expressions 145 4.1.2.1.1 How sender presents to recipient: expression of presence, nearness/distance, and formality/respect 147 4.1.2.2 Formulas of sale 150 4.1.2.3 Formulas of manumission 150 4.1.2.4 Formulas of taxation 153 4.1.2.5 Formulas of guarantee 154 4.1.2.6 Formulas of granting land or confirming ownership of property 155 4.1.3 Closing 157 4.1.3.1 Closing formula 157 4.1.3.2 Witness clause 158 4.1.3.3 Scribal clause 160 4.1.4 Signatures 164 4.1.5 Dating 166 4.1.6 Seal 166 4.2 Literary and rhetorical devices 167 4.2.1 Iltifāt and sajʾ 168 vi 4.2.2 Quoted material 169 4.2.3 Direct and reported speech 174 4.3 Levels of literacy indicated by documents 175 4.4 Conclusion 182 Chapter V: The documents as sacred objects 186 5.1 Paleographical study of supposed originals of Prophetical documents 185 5.1.1 Proselytizing letter to al-Muqawqas 189 5.1.1.1 Text and formulary 191 5.1.1.2 Features shared with Umayyad-era papyri 192 5.1.1.3 Unusual letter shapes 192 5.1.1.4 Defective orthography 193 5.1.2 Taxation-related letter to al-Mundhir 193 5.1.2.1 Text and formulary 195 5.1.2.2 More cursive features of script 195 5.1.2.3 Unusual letter shapes 196 5.1.3 Proselytizing letter to al-Najāshī 196 5.1.3.1 Text and formulary 195 5.1.3.2 Unusual letter shapes 197 5.1.3.3 Defective orthography 198 5.1.4 Proselytizing letter to Hiraql 198 5.1.4.1 Text and formulary 199 5.1.4.2 Features shared with Umayyad-era papyri 200 5.1.4.3 Unusual letter shapes 200 5.1.5 Proselytizing letter to Kisrā 201 5.1.5.1 Text and formulary 201 5.1.5.2 Features resembling Umayyad-era papyri 202 5.1.5.3 Unusual letter shapes 202 5.1.6 Proselytizing letter to Jayfar and ʿAbd of Julandā 203 5.1.6.1 Text and formulary 203 5.1.6.2 Features resembling Umayyad-era papyri 204 5.1.6.3 Unusual letter shapes 204 5.1.6.4 Defective orthography 205 5.1.7 Proselytizing letter to al-Ḥārith b. al-Ghassānī 205 5.1.7.1 Text and formulary 205 vii 5.1.7.2 Features resembling Umayyad-era papyri 205 5.1.7.3 More cursive shapes 206 5.1.7.4 Unusual letter shapes 206 5.1.8 Copies of Prophetical documents 206 5.2 Relics and the status of the documents over time 209 Chapter VI: Audience, readers/interpreters, and messengers 214 6.1 Materiality 215 6.1.1 Visual and tactile memories 215 6.1.2 The trope of written traces in the pre-Islamic qaṣīda 219 6.1.3 Aural relics 236 6.2 Audience 246 6.2.1 Recipients and audience—requests 246 6.2.2 Memorandum 250 6.2.3 Memorizing 253 6.3 Readers and messengers 254 6.4 Conclusion 264 Chapter VII: Conclusion 266 Appendices 270 Bibliography 312 viii List of Tables Tables of collated redactions 270 Table 1 Ḥudaybiyya 271 Table 2 Ukaydir and Ahl Dūmat al-Jandal 273 Table 3 al -Najāshī 275 Table 4 Hawdha b. ʿAlī 276 Table 5 Ahl Maqnā 277 Table 6 Banū Zuhayr b. Uqaysh 278 Table 7 Salama b. Malik 279 Table 8 Tamīm al-Dārī 280 Table 9 Aqyāl al-ʿAbāhila 284 Table 10 ʿAmr b. Ḥazm 285 Table 11 al-ʿAdā’ b. Khālid 287 ix List of Figures Images of manuscript and print pages 288 Figure 1 al-Qalqashandī, Subḥ XIII: 120 289 Figure 2 al-Maqrīzī, Dawʾ 64 290 Figure 3 Cod. Or. 482 fol. 45b 291 Figure 4 Cod. Or. 482 fol. 67a 292 Figure 5 Cod. Or. 482 fol. 190b 293 Figure 6 Cod. Or. 482 fol. 82b 294 Figure 7 Damad Ibrahim Paşa 407 fol. 292b-293a 295 Images of inscriptions 296 Figure 8 Oost. Inst. Yemeni stick No. 2 297 Figure 9 Oost. Inst. Yemeni stick No. 2 298 Figure 10 Oost. Inst. Yemeni stick No. 2 299 Figure 11 Kharāna A and B 300 Images of Prophetical documents on leather 301 Figure 12 Musaylama 302 Figure 13 al-Muqawqas (text) 303 Figure 14 al-Muqawqas (housing) 304 Figure 15 al-Mundhir b.
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