Site Report: VTS New Student Housing

Archaeological Evaluation for the Proposed New Student Housing Virginia Theological Seminary Alexandria, Virginia

Prepared for Kathryn V. Chernau, LLC Richmond, Virginia and Virginia Theological Seminary Alexandria, Virginia

Prepared by JMA, a CCRG Company Alexandria, Virginia

Final Report February 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION FOR THE PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA

Prepared for

Kathryn V. Chernau, LLC 103 Roslyn Hills Drive Richmond, Virginia 23229

and

Virginia Theological Seminary 3737 Seminary Road Alexandria, Virginia 22304

Cynthia V. Goode, RPA and Charles E. Goode, RPA

JMA, A CCRG COMPANY 5250 Cherokee Avenue, Suite 300 Alexandria, Virginia 22312

Final Report

February 2016

ABSTRACT

The Virginia Theological Seminary is planning to construct new on-campus student housing units within an approximately 4.5-acre project area. The project area falls within Site 44AX173, which consists of the entire Seminary campus. The project area may include a small portion of an approximately 3-acre cemetery documented in 19th-century sources where up to 500 Union soldiers were buried. JMA, a CCRG Company, conducted an archaeological evaluation of the project area that included documentary research, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), shovel test and metal detector surveys, and test unit excavation.

A review of historic maps showed no historic buildings or structures within the project area. Documentary research indicated that the Union cemetery was likely removed during the winter of 1863-1864.

Soils varied across the project area, but for the most part consisted of a modern A horizon over natural subsoil. In some areas, fill deposits were located underneath modern topsoil. The project area was crisscrossed by many utilities including gas, cable, electrical, water, and sewer lines. Manmade drainage features also contributed to the disturbance caused by infilling. Impervious paved surfaces also composed part of the project area.

The GPR survey revealed evidence for a large amount of ground disturbance and filling across the GPR survey area, with many obvious utility lines supporting this evaluation. No anomalies interpreted as burials were identified. However, a linear anomaly was identified that may correspond with a former 19th-century road which ran through this portion of the Seminary grounds during the Civil War. The GPR survey also identified another anomaly in the southwest corner of Grid 4 in close proximity to Feature 1, which was identified during the metal detection survey and investigated with test unit excavation. Feature 1 was likely related to the former road. The anomaly in the southwest corner of Grid 4 is also likely associated with the former road and Feature 1.

The shovel test survey included the excavation of 127 shovel tests (STs) at 30-foot (ft) intervals, 3 radial STs, 7 judgmental STs which were offset to avoid buried utilities or to effectively test a portion of the project area, and 2 judgmental STs targeting an anomaly identified during the GPR survey. All together, 129 historic and 2 prehistoric artifacts were recovered from shovel testing. Shovel testing in the portion of the project area adjacent to Trotter Road resulted in the recovery of 10 historic artifacts from 4 STs. Fifty-seven historic artifacts were recovered from 13 STs in the portion of the project area on the west side of Mission Lane. Two prehistoric and 165 historic artifacts were recovered from 18 STs in the project area on the east side of Mission Lane. One hundred two of the historic artifacts came from ST J-8 which was excavated within Feature 1. Datable artifacts indicate that the items were deposited at the site from the mid-19th century to the 20th century. Most of these artifacts are associated with post-Civil War occupations.

Mission Lane, south of Trotter Road. At least 68 of these artifacts are military-related. Metal detecting led to the identification of Feature 1 within the southern portion of the project area east of Mission Lane.

Feature 1 was an approximately 20-by-12-ft basin-shaped deposit with a maximum thickness of 0.35 ft. Two thousand two hundred eight (2,208) historic artifacts were recovered from the feature fill in 17 test units (TUs) and one judgmental ST. Feature 1 is interpreted as a roadside trash midden dating to the Civil War occupation of the Seminary by Union forces. It's contents were possibly deposited in an open drainage feature near the side of a road. A ca. 1862 map of the Seminary shows that the feature was located adjacent to a road that ran through this portion of the property. The GPR survey identified a linear anomaly directly west of the feature that appears to correlate with the location of this former road. Testing within the possible roadway and the feature showed that at least a portion of this area is underlain by dense cobbles which may provide more evidence that the anomaly and feature are related to a road.

The shovel test and metal detector surveys showed that the majority of the project area has been disturbed by 20th-century construction. This is especially the case with the portion of the project area west of Mission Lane where modern fill deposits were encountered. The project area east of Mission Lane had not been as heavily impacted by 20th-century construction and a small area with an intact Civil War deposit (Feature 1) was identified and excavated. The remaining portion of the project area on the east side of Mission Lane did not contain archaeological deposits with information potential that contributes to the significance of the resource due to the destruction of the landscape by road and home construction and utility and drainage ditch installation.

Archaeological investigations (GPR, shovel test, and metal detector surveys) determined that the majority of the project area has been disturbed. This portion of Site 44AX173 has been extensively disturbed by landscaping and utility installation. No evidence of the Civil War cemetery was identified by the GPR survey or the subsequent shovel test and metal detector surveys. A remnant of a Civil War refuse midden, likely representing refuse deposited in an open ditch, was investigated and the majority of the deposit was excavated. The remaining archaeological deposits in the project area have limited potential and mainly represented surface deposited artifacts which were recovered from mixed contexts. No additional investigations are warranted.

ii ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ...... i Table of Contents ...... iii List of Illustrations ...... iv List of Tables ...... v Public Summary ...... vii 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Project Description ...... 1 1.2 Environmental Setting ...... 1 2.0 Research Design...... 5 2.1 Documentary Research Methods ...... 5 2.2 Field Methods ...... 5 2.3 Laboratory Methods ...... 7 3.0 Documentary Research ...... 9 3.1 History of the Virginia Theological Seminary ...... 9 3.2 Fairfax Seminary Hospital and Cemetery Research ...... 13 3.3 Previous Archaeological Investigations in the Vicinity ...... 21 4.0 Results ...... 29 4.1 Results of the Ground-Penetrating Radar Survey ...... 29 4.2 Results of the Shovel Test Survey ...... 29 4.3 Results of the Metal Detector Survey ...... 43 4.3 Results of the Test Unit Excavation ...... 53 4.4 Analysis and Interpretation ...... 57 5.0 Summary and Recommendations ...... 67 6.0 References Cited ...... 69

APPENDIX I: Artifact Inventory APPENDIX II: Virginia Department of Historic Resources Archaeological Site Form APPENDIX III: Qualifications of the Investigators

iii ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Location of the project area on a detail of USGS Alexandria VA-D.C.-MD 7.5 minute quadrangle (USGS 1983) ...... 3 Figure 2. Location of the project area on a detail of the ca. 1862 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers map of Virginia from Alexandria to the Potomac River above Washington D.C. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [1862]) ...... 15 Figure 3. A ca. 1865 map of the Seminary illustrating the use of buildings during the Union occupation and showing the location of some of the Army structures that were erected (Fairfax Seminary Hospital 1865) ...... 17 Figure 4. A December 1864 photograph taken from the rear of Maywood showing a small portion of the project area, facing northwest (Owen 2011; Russell 1864) ... 19 Figure 5. Previously identified cultural resources in the vicinity of the project area dating to the Civil War and earlier (USGS 1983) ...... 27 Figure 6. Aerial map of GPR Grids ...... 31 Figure 7. Aerial map of GPR survey with the location of anomalies identified ...... 33 Figure 8. Project area map showing the location of shovel tests, buried utilities, and the GPR grid area ...... 35 Figure 9. Representative shovel test profiles ...... 37 Figure 10. Map showing the location of metal detector hits west of Mission Lane ...... 47 Figure 11. Map showing the location of metal detector hits and the test unit excavation block east of Mission Lane ...... 49 Figure 12. Photograph of selected artifacts recovered from metal detecting in the project area ...... 51 Figure 13. Plan view of Feature 1 ...... 59 Figure 14. North profile of Feature 1 bisection ...... 61 Figure 15. Photograph of selected artifacts recovered from test unit and feature excavation in the project area ...... 63

iv ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Archeological Sites within the project area vicinity dating to the Civil War and earlier...... 22 Table 2. Architectural resources in the vicinity of the project area dating to the Civil War and earlier...... 24 Table 3. Artifacts recovered from shovel testing in the project area adjacent to Trotter Road ...... 30 Table 4. Artifacts recovered from shovel testing in the project area west of Mission Lane .. 39 Table 5. Artifacts recovered from shovel testing in the project area east of Mission Lane .... 41 Table 6. Artifacts recovered from ST J-8 and J-9...... 42 Table 7. Military-related artifacts recovered from metal detecting at Site 44AX173, west of Mission Lane...... 43 Table 8. Military-related artifacts recovered from metal detecting at Site 44AX173, east of Mission Lane...... 44 Table 9. Historic artifacts recovered from the Ap horizon of TUs above Feature 1...... 54 Table 10. Historic artifacts recovered from Feature 1...... 56

v ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA LIST OF TABLES

vi ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA PUBLIC SUMMARY

PUBLIC SUMMARY

JMA, a CCRG Company, conducted an archaeological evaluation of the project area between October 2014 and May of 2015. The evaluation included documentary research, ground- penetrating radar (GPR), shovel test and metal detector surveys, and test unit excavation.

The Virginia Theological Seminary was approved by the general convention of the Episcopal Church in 1817. The Seminary was established in 1823 at St. Paul’s Church in Alexandria, but soon moved to a house at the corner of King and Washington Streets because of the increase in enrollment to 14 students. By 1827, the need for more space dictated a move to an area located approximately three miles west of what was Old Alexandria. At the time, Seminary staff referred to the area as “the Wilderness.” The Board of Trustees purchased approximately 59 acres of land on which to construct the new Seminary buildings from Jonah Thompson, a prominent citizen of Alexandria and a prosperous businessman and politician.

In the years between 1827 and the Civil War, the Seminary constructed and expanded school buildings, a chapel, and residences on the campus. One professor's residence, Maywood, was located north of the other Seminary buildings on the hill and faced the project area. The Seminary eventually purchased a 100-acre parcel of land where the Protestant Episcopal High School was built. The property contained the residence Hoxton House, first known as Mount Washington.

The Civil War had a tremendous impact on the Seminary largely because of its strategic location on a hilltop west of Alexandria and its proximity to Washington, D.C. The faculty was predominantly from the north, and financial support came from both the north and the south. During the 1860-1861 semesters, half of the student body was from the north; these students left the Seminary to return to their homes, some joining the Union Army. Only one professor and seven students remained. Finances became a serious problem and, with the Seminary in the path of the military occupation, the school session of 1860-61 was brought to an early close and professors and students began leaving the campus.

In June 1861, the campus and buildings of the Seminary and the High School were commandeered for a hospital and campground for Union troops. Tents were set up, and barracks and other buildings were erected on the Seminary grounds. After the war, many of vii ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA PUBLIC SUMMARY

the Seminary buildings were damaged, all the fences and most of the trees were gone, cut up for firewood, and the high school buildings were unusable.

Location of the project area on a detail of the ca. 1862 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers map of Virginia from Alexandria to the Potomac River above Washington, D.C.

During the occupancy, perhaps more than 500 soldiers were buried on the Seminary grounds. A Civil-War map shows that the cemetery was located to the northeast of Maywood and that the northern portion of the cemetery was within or near the eastern portion of the project area. This is currently the location of the residences at 3530 and 3540 Trotter Road and an existing sewer line. Documentary research indicated that the Union cemetery was likely removed during the winter of 1863-1864, and the operation was directed by Captain J.G.C. Lee, Assistant Quartermaster. However, as late as 1870 Reverend Packard recounts that some boys playing in Maywood’s garden fell through a hole in the ground and into a shallow grave. It's possible that this was a grave shaft from which the soldier's remains had been previously removed. The one map also shows that the project area was located mainly within a wooded area and was crisscrossed by several roads. An 1864 photograph was taken from the rear of Maywood and a view of a small portion of the project area can be seen beyond the house. It appears as a low-lying wooded area with higher ground to the south and northwest.

viii ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA PUBLIC SUMMARY

A December 1864 photograph taken from the rear of Maywood showing a small portion of the project area, facing northwest.

Shovel testing showed that soils varied across the project area, but for the most part consisted of a modern A horizon over natural subsoil. In some areas, fill deposits were located underneath modern topsoil. The project area was crisscrossed by many utilities including gas, cable, electrical, water, and sewer lines. Manmade drainage features also contributed to the disturbance caused by infilling. Impervious paved surfaces also composed part of the project area.

The shovel test survey included the excavation of 127 shovel tests (STs) at 30-foot (ft) intervals, 3 radial STs, 7 judgmental STs which were offset to avoid buried utilities or to

ix ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA PUBLIC SUMMARY

effectively test a portion of the project area, and 2 judgmental STs targeting an anomaly identified during the GPR survey. All together, 129 historic and 2 prehistoric artifacts were recovered from shovel testing. Shovel testing in the portion of the project area adjacent to Trotter Road resulted in the recovery of 10 historic artifacts from 4 STs. Fifty-seven historic artifacts were recovered from 13 STs in the portion of the project area on the west side of Mission Lane. Two prehistoric and 165 historic artifacts were recovered from 18 STs in the project area on the east side of Mission Lane. Datable artifacts indicate that items were deposited at the site from the mid-19th century to the 20th century. Most of these artifacts are associated with post-Civil War occupations.

The metal detector survey resulted in the recovery of 147 artifacts from 142 metal detector locations or hits. The majority of these artifacts (96.6%) were recovered on the east side of Mission Lane, south of Trotter Road. At least 68 of the 147 artifacts recovered from metal detecting are military-related. Metal detecting led to the identification of Feature 1.

The shovel test and metal detector surveys showed that the majority of the project area has been disturbed by 20th-century construction. This is especially the case with the portion of the project area west of Mission Lane where many modern fill deposits were encountered. The extensive utility and water line trenching has disturbed the normal soil sequence in this area. The project area east of Mission Lane had not been as heavily impacted by 20th-century construction and a small area with an intact Civil War deposit (Feature 1) was identified and excavated. The remaining portion of the project area on the east side of Mission Lane did not contain archaeological deposits with information potential due to the destruction of the landscape by road and home construction and utility and drainage ditch installation.

Plan view of Feature 1.

xi ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA PUBLIC SUMMARY

The investigation has shown that remnants of the Civil War occupation have survived at the Seminary. Evidence of the Civil War occupation include artifacts scattered across the landscape and occasionally deposits containing evidence of the Union Army. The Virginia Theological Seminary takes the stewardship of the archaeological resources on their property seriously in all their undertakings. Because of their commitment to Alexandria's heritage, an important period in the city's history has been preserved.

xii ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Virginia Theological Seminary is planning to construct new on-campus student housing units within an approximately 4.5-acre project area (Figure 1). The project area falls within Site 44AX173, which consists of the entire Seminary campus. Alexandria Archaeology reviewed the proposed undertaking and determined an archaeological evaluation was warranted due to the potential for the project area to contain historic cultural resources associated with the Union Army’s occupation of the Seminary during the Civil War. The project area may include a small portion of an approximately 3-acre cemetery documented in 19th-century sources where up to 500 Union soldiers were buried (Fairfax Seminary Hospital 1865; Packard 1902; United States Army Corps of Engineers [1862]). JMA, a CCRG Company, conducted an archaeological evaluation of the project area that included documentary research, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), shovel test and metal detector surveys, and test unit excavation. The project will include the replacement of an existing 425-by-33-foot (ft) sewer line in the eastern portion of the project area. This area did not require archaeological testing because the sewer line replacement will not cause any additional ground disturbance outside the existing sewer trench.

The purpose of the investigation was to determine the presence or absence of significant archaeological resources within the project area, and to the extent possible, evaluate the significance of any deposits and/or features that might be discovered. The survey was designed to comply with the City of Alexandria Archaeological Standards (Alexandria Archaeology 2005), VDHR’s Guidelines for Conducting Cultural Resource Survey in Virginia (VDHR 2011), and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. Cynthia V. Goode, Julianne Tarabek, Vincent Gallacci, Joseph Balicki, and Charles E. Goode conducted the fieldwork for the archaeological survey between 10 October 2014 and 20 May 2015. Elisabeth LaVigne conducted the GPR survey between 29 September and 1 October 2014. William J. Chadwick analyzed the results of the GPR survey. Cynthia Goode and Charles Goode prepared the report. Sarah Ruch and Rob Schultz prepared the graphics. Mr. Goode served as project manager.

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The project area is located on the campus of the Virginia Theological Seminary (Site 44AX173) in Alexandria, Virginia (Figure 1). Alexandria is part of the Coastal Plain physiographic province and the Potomac River drainage. The Seminary is located on the north side of Seminary Road south of the Episcopal High School. The project area exists within the northern portion of the Seminary campus north of Maywood, and includes the grassy yards on either side of Trotter Road along the section west of Thompson Lane, and the yards along either side of Mission Lane south of Trotter Road. The project area also included areas near extant dwelling houses at 3530 and 3540 Trotter Road and 1025 Mission Court.

The project area and vicinity is relatively flat with few rolling hills. It is well landscaped and contains grass lawns with many mature oaks and other trees as well as ornamental shrubs, 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 1.0 INTRODUCTION

bushes, and flowers. A portion of the project area consists of paved roads, driveways, parking areas, and sidewalks. The project area was crisscrossed by many utilities including cable, electrical, and gas lines on the eastern portion near the extant houses, a man-made drainage ditch on the east side of Mission Lane, and water and sewer lines throughout all of the project area.

Soils within the project area consist of the Kingstowne-Sassafras-Neabsco complex, These soils are found on hills and terraces of about 2 to 7 percent slopes and are not considered prime farmland (Web Soil Survey 2013). Kingstowne soils are well-drained sandy clay loam derived from the earthy fill of fluviomarine deposits. They are uplands soils typically consisting of an Ap horizon over an undeveloped C horizon. Sassafras soils are well-drained sandy loam, sandy clay loam or gravelly sandy loam derived from fluviomarine deposits. They are also upland soils typically consisting of an Ap horizon over an E horizon, the zone of leaching, and a Bt horizon, which shows some accumulation of clays leached from the upper horizons (Waters 1992:47-49). Neabsco soils are also loam, clay loam, or gravelly clay loam formed from fluviomarine deposits. They are upland soils and usually characterized by Ap, E and Bt horizons. Urban land underlies the nearby Seminary buildings.

2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Project Area

0 1000ft

0 250m Figure 1. Location of the project area on a detail of USGS Alexandria VA-D.C.-MD 7.5 minute quadrangle (USGS 1983). 1.0 INTRODUCTION

4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 2.0 RESEARCH DESIGN

2.0 RESEARCH DESIGN

2.1 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH METHODS The purpose of the documentary research was to develop the appropriate cultural contexts for resources that might be encountered during the field investigation. The documentary research associated with this project utilized the general context developed during the 2012 investigation of another area on the Seminary (Goode and Leach 2013). New research focused on the project area. This research was undertaken by Charles Goode at the Virginia Room at the City of Fairfax Regional Library and by Cynthia Goode at the National Archives, Washington D.C.

2.2 FIELD METHODS Field methods for the archaeological survey included an initial walkover, a metal detector survey, and the excavation of shovel tests (STs) and test units (TUs) within the project area. Shovel testing was conducted at 30-ft intervals. The ST number consists of the transect number followed by the individual ST number (e.g., ST 1.2). Judgmentally placed STs (e.g. ST J2) were excavated outside of transects in areas confined by topography or other landscape features so that the project area was thoroughly tested. Judgmentally placed STs were also used to target GPR anomalies and potential buried deposits identified during metal detection. The STs were approximately 45-centimeters (cm) (1.5-ft) in diameter and were excavated 10-cm (0.3-ft) into sterile subsoil or to a depth of approximately 3 ft. The STs were excavated and screened by natural soil horizon. Soils were screened through ¼-inch hardware cloth. STs were recorded on a standardized form recording transect number, ST number, location, depth measurements, soil texture and color including the Munsell color description.

The metal detection survey covered the entire project area and then focused on the areas that contained artifacts in undisturbed contexts, as identified during the shovel test survey. Metal detector transects overlapped and followed the shovel test transects. The project area was metal- detected repeatedly by two operators using different instruments. Joseph Balicki spent 26 hours metal detecting using a Minelab E-TRAC metal detector. Cynthia V. Goode spent 24 hours metal detecting using a White’s MXT metal detector. The time devoted to metal detection was enough to undertake a 100-percent, systematic survey of the entire project area.

The field team excavated 17 3-by-3-ft test units (TUs) to delineate a possible feature. TUs were excavated by natural soil horizon, and interfaces were scraped to detect and delineate the features borders. The feature was exposed, mapped, and excavated with TUs in 3-by-3-ft sections. Results were recorded on a standardized form and at least one soil profile was drawn for each 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 2.0 RESEARCH DESIGN

TU to record stratigraphy. Soils excavated from TUs were screened separately through ¼-inch hardware cloth, and recovered artifacts were placed in labeled plastic bags for delivery to the laboratory.

The locations of STs, MD hits, TUs, and other pertinent features were recorded using an electronic total station equipped with a data collector. Digital photographic images were taken during the survey.

GPR survey was conducted across the project area. JMA utilized a GSSI SIR-3000 GPR system with a 400 MHz central-frequency antenna. This GPR system is registered with the FCC under CFR 47, Part 15. The antenna and SIR-3000 were mounted on a Utility Cart and utilized odometer-triggered collection of 50 traces per meter (1 reading every 2 cm or 0.8 inches). The GPR data were collected within geophysical survey grids laid out relative to an arbitrary “Grid North” that was oriented parallel to the boundary identified by Alexandria Archaeology as the “minimum GPR area” within the overall project area. Within each grid, GPR data were surveyed along parallel, unidirectional lines spaced at 25-cm intervals. Data were collected within nine grids within the project area that was determined as sensitive for historic burials (as determined by Alexandria Archaeology). The GPR fieldwork was conducted from 29 September to 1 October 2014, resulting in 590 lines of geophysical data. Landscape features such as trees, gardens, and structures that inhibited the movement of the GPR system were avoided.

Post-processing routines for the GPR data were conducted in GSSI’s RADAN software and included position correction (time zero), gain, and high and low pass filtering. GPR grids were combined into one file using the Super3D function of RADAN and processed simultaneously. The data were interpreted in cross-section view (2D) as well as in 3D mode, where individual cross-section profiles are combined using grid coordinates to produce a three-dimensional cube of the entire dataset. The cube can be sliced through at different depth intervals to reveal horizontal patterning between subsurface anomalies that may otherwise be missed though analysis solely of cross-section profiles.

GPR is an active, non-invasive geophysical method that records contrasts in the dielectric properties of subsurface materials (Clark 2001; Conyers 2004; Conyers 2006; Daniels 2004; Bristow and Jol (eds) 2003; Heimmer and De Vore 1995). A pulse of transmitted electromagnetic energy emitted from the GPR antenna is reflected or absorbed by such contrasts and the resulting reflections are recorded to produce a vertical profile. The majority of reflections are generated at interfaces between materials of differing relative dielectric permittivity, i.e. at the boundary between different stratigraphic layers, where changes in velocity occur. A two- dimensional GPR profile is a representation of vertical and horizontal stratigraphy consisting of individual traces, resulting from a single pulse of energy and the resulting reflections at a given location, that are stitched together to produce an image of dielectric contrasts. In this sense, GPR is not providing a stratigraphic profile, rather it is generating a representation of local dielectric contrasts which provides a proxy for subsurface stratigraphic changes.

6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 2.0 RESEARCH DESIGN

GPR is an established method of non-invasive prospection for historic archaeological features, including wells, privies, and other shaft features, as well as buried building foundations, trenches, and stratigraphic features. GPR is capable of identifying these features due to the dielectric contrasts that often exist between feature fill and surrounding sediment, visible truncation of internal stratigraphic layers, or high reflection amplitude from intense signal reflection from bricks or stones. Prospection for human burials is a common GPR application due to the subsurface signatures outlined above. The grave shaft itself is a vertical cut through subsurface stratigraphy, and should be recognizable as such. The grave fill should contain internal characteristics derived from disturbance of soil layers that should contrast sharply with undisturbed subsoil (Bevan 1991). Additionally, well-preserved coffins and both brick and concrete vaults provide an ideal point-source object to generate a characteristic hyperbolic reflector in the GPR data, as well as a high-amplitude reflector that can be traced horizontally in three-dimensional time slices.

The depth of penetration for GPR depends on numerous factors, including but not limited to the antenna frequency, sediment type, moisture content, compaction, and salt content. Higher frequency antennas are capable of resolving smaller targets and interfaces, though depth penetration is sacrificed. Moisture content increases sediment density through filling of interstitial pore spaces, while compaction causes a similar effect through compressing spaces between particles. The presence of water, salts, and clay particles results in an increase in conductivity and thus a reduction in the quality of GPR data (Conyers 2006:145). Clays, shale, and other high conductivity materials may attenuate or absorb GPR signals (Conyers 2004; Conyers 2006).

2.3 LABORATORY METHODS Artifacts recovered during field investigations were returned to JMA's Alexandria laboratory for cleaning and cataloguing. Artifacts were processed in accordance with the VDHR guidelines (VDHR 2011). Artifacts with stable surfaces (such as ceramics, glass, and most military objects) were washed. Other artifacts (such as unstable corroded metal and bone) were brushed to remove the dirt. The cleaned artifacts were placed in re-sealable polyethylene bags labeled with provenience information. The bags were stored sequentially in acid-free boxes labeled with provenience information. To the extent possible, JMA identified recovered artifacts by type, material, function, and cultural and chronological association. Civil War projectiles were identified using bullet and cartridge reference guides (Logan 1959; McKee and Mason 1980; Thomas and Thomas 1996). Appendix I contains the artifact inventory. JMA will temporarily store the artifacts until the completion of the project when they will be delivered to Alexandria Archaeology for permanent curation.

7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 2.0 RESEARCH DESIGN

8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

3.1 HISTORY OF THE VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY The Virginia Theological Seminary was approved by the general convention of the Episcopal Church in 1817. The Seminary was established in 1823 at St. Paul’s Church in Alexandria, but soon moved to a house at the corner of King and Washington Streets because of the increase in enrollment to 14 students (Booty 1995). By 1827, the need for more space dictated a move to an area located approximately three miles west of what was Old Alexandria (Figures 2 and 3). At the time, Seminary staff referred to the area as “the Wilderness” (Booty 1995).

The Board of Trustees purchased approximately 59 acres of land on which to construct the new Seminary buildings from Jonah Thompson, a prominent citizen of Alexandria and a prosperous businessman and politician. When purchased by the Seminary, the property included Thompson’s country estate house of Oakwood. It was likely constructed sometime around the turn of the nineteenth century (Figure 3). After the Seminary purchased the land, Oakwood became the residence of Reverend Dr. Reuel Keith.

The south portion of the initial 59 acres of land had been part of a land grant given to John Carr and John Simpson in 1678 (Mitchell 1977). It passed through several ownerships before the Seminary purchased it from Thompson. The northern part of the parcel purchased by the Seminary had been part of a tract of 1,261 acres granted to Francis Awbrey in 1729 (Mitchell 1977:116). It, too, had changed owners several times before the Seminary purchased it from Thompson. This 59-acre property was where the Seminary constructed its first buildings, a classroom and dormitory and a chapel, between 1827 and 1841.

It also appears that another house, Maywood (1030 Mission Lane), may have been built sometime between 1829 and 1833. It is located approximately 230 ft south of the project area (Figure 2 and 3). It was used as a faculty residence and was occupied for a time by Dr. Lippitt and afterwards by Reverend Dr. James May, who joined the staff in 1842 after Dr. Lippitt’s resignation. The minutes of the Trustees at the 21 May 1829 meeting refers to an additional professor’s house that was to be built and Dr. Lippitt was one of the members of the committee responsible for its construction (Reid 2002). Minutes from a board meeting in 1833 indicate that Dr. Lippitt was living in the house during that year but it is unclear when he moved into the house. In July 1835, a resolution was passed to “dig a well and erect a meat house” on the premises of Dr. Lippitt’s home. It has also been suggested that Maywood was already present on the property when it was purchased, but its exclusion from the 1827 description of the property, the improbability that Jonah Thompson would have constructed two large brick houses on his country estate, and the references to the construction of the house and associated features mentioned above casts doubt on this scenario.

In October of 1836, Reverend Dr. Joseph Packard joined the faculty of the Seminary and boarded several months at a nearby farm until the spring of the following year when the Seminary purchased Melrose for his home from Aquilla Lockwood, an Alexandrian merchant. 9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

The property consisted of twelve acres and included a house built in 1795 located to the southwest of Oakwood on the opposite side of Seminary Road (Figure 3).

The following year, the Seminary purchased a 100-acre parcel of land from William Alexander and his wife. This land is where the Protestant Episcopal High School was built (Figure 2). Episcopal High School was founded as a preparatory school for young men going into the ministry, to prepare them for entrance into the Seminary (Booty 1995). This parcel of land had also been part of Francis Awbrey’s land grant (Mitchell 1977:116). The property contained the residence Hoxton House, first known as Mount Washington, which was constructed in 1805 by Elizabeth Parke Custis Law, a granddaughter of Martha Washington, after her divorce from Thomas Law. The house was used as the Principal’s residence until 1951 when it became the administrative headquarters for the school.

During the 1850s, the Seminary experienced a period of steady growth. Several new buildings were constructed. In 1855, the Chapel was expanded. In 1856, St. George’s Hall was built for more dormitory space and a library was constructed which is now named Francis Scott Key Hall (Figure 3). The Board of Trustees then began to make plans to replace the Old Seminary Building. In 1859, construction of Aspinwall Hall began in front of the central portion of the Old Seminary Building, which was to be used until the new one was completed (Booty 1995:94-95). Meade and Bohlen Halls were then built on both sides of Aspinwall Hall and the north and south wings of the old building were dismantled.

The Civil War had a tremendous impact on the Seminary largely because of its strategic location on a hilltop west of Alexandria and its proximity to Washington, D.C. The faculty was predominantly from the north, and financial support came from both the north and the south (Booty 1995:87). During the 1860-1861 semesters, half of the student body was from the north; these students left the Seminary to return to their homes, some joining the Union Army. Only one professor and seven students remained. Finances became a serious problem and, with the Seminary in the path of the military occupation, the school session of 1860-61 was brought to an early close and professors and students began leaving the campus.

In June 1861, the campus and buildings of the Seminary and the High School were commandeered for a hospital and campground for Union troops. Tents were set up, and barracks and other buildings were erected on the Seminary grounds. An 1865 map of the Seminary campus shows some of the Seminary and wartime structures and enumerates their various functions (Figure 3). Aspinwall Hall became the main ward with the lower floor used for the offices of surgeons and attendants, and the upper floors, which formally housed students, as wards for patients (Rock 1881:120). The basement, which had likely formerly been outfitted as the Seminary’s refectory, was used as the kitchen (Barber 1988:38). Bohlen and Meade Halls were used as mess halls and wards. St. Georges Hall was used as wards and quarters. The library building (Key Hall) became the hospital dispensary. The library also served as an office for the surgeon in command of the hospital, Dr. H. A. Armstrong, and his clerks. His office was on a gallery overlooking the first floor where his clerks worked below him (Atwood 1988:53).

10 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

Melrose became a bakery and quarters, and with a brick oven built beside it, 1,500 loaves were baked daily (Packard 1902:266). Oakwood was occupied by the chaplain of the hospital Reverend John A. Jerome, his wife, and their children (Woolsey 1996:57). Jerome was coincidentally a member of the Seminary’s class of 1851. The home was also used as a ward and the camp laundry. Maywood was used as a mess house and was occupied by surgeons (Goodwin 1923:227). Its associated meat house, which may be the same one mentioned in the 1835 Seminary records, continued to be used for that purpose. The faculty residence, known as the Wilderness, was used as a hospital ward, as were the six Episcopal High School buildings. The Chapel was reserved for religious services on Sundays and for prayer and conference meetings during the week (Rock 1881:120).

In 1861, the Seminary was occupied by the troops of Kearny’s Brigade, which consisted of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th New Jersey Infantry, Battery D and G of the 2nd U.S. Artillery, and Company G of the 2nd U.S. Calvary (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies [O.R.], Dyer’s Compendium Vol. 1:1273). Kearney's Brigade was the first brigade of William B. Franklin’s Division which also included the 15th, 18th, 31st, and 32nd New York Infantry, Battery M of the 2nd U.S. Artillery, and the 1st New York (Lincoln) Calvary (O.R., Dyer’s Compendium vol. 1:1273). According to a 12 November 1861 report, Franklin’s Division contained 9,411 infantry, 446 artillery, and 447 cavalry, with 18 pieces of artillery (O.R. series I, vol. V:650).

Between the fall of 1861 and March 1862, Kearney’s Brigade along with the 1st New York Calvary camped on the Seminary grounds and on areas to the north toward Episcopal High School (Walton H. Owen II 2012, elec. comm.). The rest of the Division was along and north of Leesburg Pike. In March of 1862, the army was reorganized into corps and Franklin was appointed the head of the VI Corps which then went on to participate in the Peninsula Campaign. Later correspondence shows that between 3 September and 14 November 1862, Franklin’s Corps near the Seminary included the 18th and 19th Maine, and the 121st, 136th, and 137th Pennsylvania infantry (O.R. series I, vol. XIX/2:197). For the remainder of the war, the Seminary was the location of a large Federal hospital.

After the war many of the Seminary buildings were damaged, all the fences and most of the trees were gone, cut up for firewood, and the high school buildings were unusable (Booty 1995:122- 123). When someone affiliated with the Seminary came to visit during the war on 4 July 1862 they made the following observations:

“Approaching the Seminary in the rear, we found the country so much altered that we could scarcely recognize it. All the trees for miles in the rear of the Seminary have been cut down. A grove has been left around St. Georges, and a few trees in front of the Seminary and those around Dr. Sparrow’s (Oakwood) and Dr. May’s (Maywood) houses have been mostly spared. We observed in the rear of the Seminary several stockades and sheds for horses. At Howard (the High School property), all the trees had been cut down with the exception of those in front of the building. No fences have been left upon the grounds.

11 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

We first visited Dr. Packard’s house (Melrose). We found a tent in the yard and a squad of soldiers playing quoits (a game similar to horseshoes which involves the throwing of metal, rope, or rubber rings over a set distance, usually to land over or near a spike). The house was occupied by a surgeon and his family and several officers. We found it less misused than we expected. The study had been turned into a kitchen, and the book shelves used for kitchen utensils. The kitchen had been enlarged into a bakery. The furniture with the exception of two or three large pieces has been taken away. . . Dr. Sparrow’s house (Oakwood) is used as a hospital . . . We found the seminary building used as a hospital; more than two hundred sick were in it. Dr. Sparrow’s recitation room (the library, now Key Hall) was the dispensary. The furniture was all nearly destroyed. . . Dr. May’s house (Maywood) was given up to contrabands, with which it was swarming.” (Goodwin 1923:228-229).

During the occupancy, perhaps more than 500 soldiers were buried on the Seminary grounds. A Civil-War map shows that the cemetery was located to the northeast of Maywood and that the northern portion of the cemetery was within or near the eastern portion of the project area (Figures 2 and 3). This is currently the location of the residences at 3530 and 3540 Trotter Road and an existing sewer line. The soldiers were removed to the National Cemetery in Alexandria, but as late as 1870 Reverend Packard recounts that some boys playing in Maywood’s garden fell through a hole in the ground and into a shallow grave (Packard 1902:266). It's possible that this was a grave shaft from which the soldier's remains had been previously removed. The one map also shows that the project area was located mainly within a wooded area and was crisscrossed by several roads (Figure 2). One road followed a very similar route as the current Trotter Road. An 1864 photograph was taken from the rear of Maywood and a view of a small portion of the project area can be seen beyond the house (Figure 4). It appears as a low-lying wooded area with higher ground to the south and northwest.

After the war, conditions at the Seminary improved slowly, but within two years circumstances were almost back to normal. The Seminary made repeated attempts to Congress to obtain rent for eleven Seminary buildings and the six high school buildings commandeered during the war (Goode 1878:4). In 1876, they asked Congress for $21,800. At that time only $900 was spent by the government placing the buildings in habitable condition. Eventually after 25 years, Congress paid $20,000, of which $8,000 went to lawyers and agents (Packard 1902:266). Finances improved and a new chapel was built in 1881 to replace the original which had fallen into a deteriorating condition. The faculty increased to five full-time professors by 1894.

In the twentieth century, funds were raised for capital improvements and salaries were increased. In 1913, approximately 23 acres in the southwest corner of the original 100-acre Protestant Episcopal High School parcel was transferred to the Seminary (Westover 1991). The student population increased steadily and, in the mid-twentieth century, African-Americans and women were admitted to the Seminary. Additional professors’ houses located within and to the southeast of the project area were built including 3540 Trotter Road which was present by 1945, 3530 Trotter Road which was built sometime between 1951 and 1958, and 1025 Mission Lane which was built sometime between 1964 and 1968 (Historic Aerials by NETROnline 2009). The 12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

twentieth century also brought changes in the composition of the faculty, and the student body began to have greater participation in the affairs of the Seminary. The institution adjusted to changing circumstances, yet kept the essential Episcopal traditions (Booty 1995).

3.2 FAIRFAX SEMINARY HOSPITAL AND CEMETERY RESEARCH Research into primary documents housed at the National Archives was conducted on 3 and 4 February 2015 in order to collect any additional information pertinent to the Fairfax Seminary Hospital Cemetery, and its relocation to the Alexandria National Cemetery, such as the exact dates and persons or troops involved in the reburial. This occurred sometime in the winter of 1863-1864. Record collections examined included the War Department records of the Office of the Military Governor for Alexandria, Virginia (1862-1965) including letters sent, letters received, and general orders. The records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, Memorial Division were also investigated, including letters sent, letters received, burial registers, and records relating to National Cemeteries including monthly internment reports. Most of these records post-dated the period when the cemetery was likely relocated, and thus minimal results were obtained from the Quartermaster General burial records, National Cemetery reports, and the Military Governor of Alexandria’s general orders. Though no direct references were found in 1863 correspondence and records, researchers did locate three letters and one telegraph from 1864 referencing the Fairfax Seminary Hospital Cemetery (Gladwin 1864, Lee 1864, U.S. Colored Troops 1864, U.S. War Department 1864).

A War Department telegraph on 12 August 1864 to Alexandria Military Governor, Brigadier General John P. Slough, provides the first clues to the removal of burials, “Gen’l Rucker has been requested to direct Cap’t Lee to furnish the necessary coffins as usual – by upon application they could all be had from him– direct your Quartermaster to furnish therein” (USWD 1864). Quartermaster Captain J.G.C. Lee was headquartered in Alexandria and oversaw the cemetery operations in the city.

A well-known controversy between the Superintendent of Contrabands, Reverend A. Gladwin and Quartermaster Captain J.G.C. Lee and the U.S. Colored Troops involved whether or not to inter African American soldiers at the Alexandria National Cemetery, or the Freedmen and Contraband burying ground (Sipe 2011:156-159). In a letter dated 16 December 1864, Reverend A. Gladwin, the Superintendant of Contrabands, described the newly established Freedmen’s Cemetery, and addressed the “question [that] has been raised by Quartermaster J.G.C. Lee, as to the authority and propriety of the burial of colored soldiers in the Freedmen’s Cemetery” (Gladwin 1864). Reverend Gladwin, a citizen in the employ of the military, defended his decision to bury colored troops within this cemetery, rather than the Soldier’s Cemetery, arguing that their use of the Soldier’s Cemetery would further exacerbate racial divisions. Military Governor General Slough complied with Gladwin, issuing a verbal order that colored troops be henceforth buried at the contraband cemetery.

This order was not immediately conveyed to Lee; when he sent a burial party with a deceased African-American soldier to the Soldier’s Cemetery, the driver was arrested by Gladwin and his soldiers, and the body taken by them (Lee 1864, Sipe 2011:157). This disrespect led Colored

13 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

soldiers and their officers to issue a petition on 24 December 1864, and Capt. J.G.C Lee wrote a letter to Major General Meigs, which briefly mentioned the disinterment and reburial at Fairfax Seminary Hospital.

“… I desire now to lay the facts before you more fully and, as my duties have been forcibly interfered with, would ask your early decision…I have recently learned that Mr. Gladwin, Superintendent of Freedmen at this place has caused the interment of colored soldiers to be made at the contraband burying grounds. This ground is not owned by the U.S., is not fenced, as I learn, nor is it taken care of, as the regular cemetery is. On learning this I directed that the interment of colored men, as well as white, be made in the military cemetery, keeping them in a separate portion. This has been done since then until Mr. Gladwin prevailed on Gen. Slough, Military Governor, to issue an order that they be interred at the contraband burying ground. A copy of this order not being sent to me officially, I continued my duties, without conferring with Gen. Slough on the subject. Yesterday however while the hearse and the escort were proceeding to the military cemetery, Mr. Gladwin and a party of soldiers arrested my driver, took him from my hearse and drove it where they pleased….It seems to have been the desire to have all soldiers in one place, as last winter I was required to disinter all in this neighborhood and Fairfax Seminary and have them brought to this place. The feeling on the part of the colored soldiers is unanimous to be placed in the military cemetery and it seems but just and right that they should be…” (Lee 1864, emphasis added)

The petition from the Colored Troops, then stationed at L’Ourverture Hospital, makes their sentiments clear.

“As American citizens, we have a right to fight for the protection of her flag, that right is now granted, and we are now sharing equally the dangers and hardships in this mighty contest, and we should shair [sic] the same privileges and rights of burial in every way with our fellow Soldiers, who only differ from us in color” (USCT 1864).

Over 400 enlisted Colored Troops signed this petition. Soon after, new Quartermaster’s orders were issued directing the burial of Colored Troops at the Alexandria National Cemetery. At this time, about 118 remains of Colored Troops buried at the Freedmen and Contraband Cemetery were reinterred at Alexandria National Cemetery (Sipe 2011:158).

In addition to defending his men and their wishes in this letter, Captain Lee alluded to the removal of buried bodies at Fairfax Seminary and their relocation to Alexandria National Cemetery, which he estimates occurred in the winter of 1863-1864. This comment, as well as the telegram regarding the construction of coffins, may indicate that Captain Lee and men under his command were the ones who were required to exhume the burials at Fairfax Seminary Hospital

14 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Hoxton House/ Episcopal High School

Project Area

Cemetery Maywood

Feature 1

0 800ft

0 200m

Figure 2. Location of the project area on a detail of the ca. 1862 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers map of Virginia from Alexandria to the Potomac River above Washington, D.C. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [1862]). 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

16 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Aspinwall Hall Ca. 1840 Chapel Project Area Vicinity Key Hall

Meat House Oakwood

Maywood

Bohlen Hall Meade Hall

St. Georges Hall

Melrose

0 120ft

0 30m

Figure 3. A ca. 1865 map of the Seminary illustrating the use of buildings during the Union occupation and showing the location of some of the Army structures that were erected (Fairfax Seminary Hospital 1865). 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

18 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Key Hall

Meat House Maywood Project Area

Figure 4. A December 1864 photograph taken from the rear of Maywood showing a small portion of the project area, facing northeast (Owen 2011; Russell 1864). 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

20 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

Cemetery. Colored troops were first enlisted in early 1863, and experienced discrimination in their treatment and their assigned duties. It is not impossible to imagine that the somewhat gruesome task of exhumation and reburial would be assigned to the U.S. Colored Troops.

3.3 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE VICINITY Several archaeological investigations have been undertaken in the project vicinity (Balicki and Corle 2006; Daugherty et al. 1989; Embrey et al. 2005; Fiedel and Corle 2001; Goode and Leach 2013; Holland et al. 2010; Jirikowic et al. 2004; Miller and Westover 1990; and Westover 1991). In general, these surveys did not identify a significant prehistoric occupation of the area. Civil War sites were identified by several of the investigations (Balicki and Corle 2006; Embrey et al. 2005; Fiedel and Corle 2001; Holland et al. 2010; Jirikowic et al. 2004; and Miller and Westover 1990).

This review focused on cultural resources in the vicinity that dates to the Civil War and earlier. There are 21 archaeological sites in the project area vicinity which date to the Civil War and earlier (Figure 5; Table 1); four prehistoric, 15 historic, and two multi-component sites. The prehistoric sites (44AX31, 44AX36, 44AX166, 44FX176) were primarily small camps represented by lithic scatters. Site 44AX166 included a Brewerton point. Multi-component Site 44AX174 included a corner-notched point and historic ceramic and bottle glass. The other multi-component site, 44AX177 included a Savannah River point and early 19th-century ceramics.

The historic sites are varied in nature, consisting of one cemetery (44AX130); one mill race (44AX206); three dwellings (44AX118, 4AX152, and 44AX177); Civil War barracks, mess hall, and trash dump at Fort Ward (44AX155); Civil War earthworks (44AX186); Civil War encampments (44AX173a, 44AX191, 44AX199); two Civil War camps with Crimean oven brick features (44AX193 and 44AX195); a possible Civil War firing range with domestic trash scatter and pits (44AX198); domestic and military artifact scatter (44AX200); and the Virginia Theological Seminary (44AX173).

The Civil War earthworks, Site 44AX186, consisted of a battery and rifle trench associated with Fort Williams (Fiedel and Corle 2001). Site 44AX90 contains the earthworks of Fort Ward and Site 44AX155 consists of barracks, mess hall, and a trash dump associated with the fort. The Civil War encampments at 44AX193 and 44AX195 contained a scatter of military artifacts and the remains of Crimean ovens. Crimean ovens were large brick heating devices probably used to heat a hospital tent during the winter (Jirikowic et al. 2004). These two sites are located along Quaker Lane where Union soldiers had camped during the winter of 1861-1862. Sites 44AX191 and 44AX198 contain resources associated with Civil War and 19th-century domestic occupations.

Archaeological Site 44AX173 consists of the Seminary grounds and the adjacent Episcopal High School campus. Site 44AX173a was identified during investigations for proposed new Seminary housing. The site is a short-term Civil War camp located about 1,000 ft west of the project area

21 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

on the grounds of the Seminary. Another area was excavated in 1991 where a new academic building was to be constructed (Westover 1991). Excavation recovered 19th- and 20th-century container glass, ceramics and other domestic artifacts, architectural artifacts, and hardware. In 1993, Alexandria Archaeology staff members observed 19th-century glass and ceramics, brick and coal fragments scattered in other areas of the Seminary grounds (Shephard 2004). Site 44AX200, on the Episcopal High School campus, contained a scatter of Civil War, domestic, and school-related artifacts.

In 2010, JMA conducted an archaeological investigation on the Seminary grounds within areas to be affected by proposed utility improvements and the construction of a New Central Plant facility (Holland et al. 2010). These areas included the central and northwestern portions of the Seminary campus. Artifacts recovered associated with the Civil War included ammunition, uniform buttons, knapsack parts, and melted lead. Two areas were identified that contained the potential for the presence of subsurface features. These areas were mechanically stripped but no significant features were identified. On 8 March 2011, a subsurface feature was encountered during excavation for the utility improvements. This feature was likely a latrine or privy which was located adjacent to the 2010 project area and was exposed within the side wall of the excavation trench. It contained large fragments of ceramics, a blown-in-mold bottle, bottle glass fragments, and the remains of leather shoes.

In 2012, JMA conducted an archaeological investigation for the proposed Chapel of the Ages at the Seminary (Goode and Leach 2013). The project area consisted of the limits of disturbance for the proposed chapel which totaled 193,500 square feet (sqft). The investigation included documentary research, a GPR survey, a shovel test and metal detector survey, and the excavation of 3-by-3-ft TUs. The GPR survey revealed evidence of a large amount of ground disturbance and filling across the GPR survey areas. Fifteen anomalies and anomaly areas were identified; eleven anomalies were interpreted as potential archaeological features and four are interpreted as being associated with disturbance. Thirteen STs were excavated targeting the anomalies. No subsurface features or significant cultural deposits were encountered within eight of these STs. Five GPR STs contained possible cultural deposits bearing artifacts and/or large amounts of building materials which may date to the Civil War or earlier. Test unit excavation determined that these deposits were related to disturbance features including a number of buried modern utilities. Shovel testing showed that intact or partially intact undisturbed native soil horizons were present across much of the project area and in some cases these soils were covered by 0.5 to 1.5 ft of fill materials. These were found to represent surface deposits consisting of a mix of a few late 18th-century artifacts but mostly 19th- and 20th-century items. Artifacts recovered associated with the Civil War included ammunition, uniform buttons, half of a Virginia Militia cartridge or waist belt plate, and a finial or scabbard tip.

Table 1. Archeological Sites within the project area vicinity dating to the Civil War and earlier. Site Type Period Function Artifacts Number 44AX31 Prehistoric Unknown Camp Projectile point, flakes

22 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

Site Type Period Function Artifacts Number 44AX36 Prehistoric Unknown Camp Flakes 44AX90 Historic Civil War Fort Earthworks 44AX118 Historic 19th century Dwelling Ceramics 44AX130 Historic 1843-1919 Cemetery Not listed 44AX152 Historic mid-19th to 20th Dwelling & Brick, glass century outbuilding 44AX155 Historic Civil War Fort Ward Barracks, Not listed Mess Hall, trash dump 44AX166 Prehistoric Late Archaic Undetermined Brewerton projectile point 44AX173 Historic 19th & 20th century School, Civil War Ammunition, uniform hospital and camp and accoutrement items, melted lead, glass, ceramics 44AX173a Historic 19th century, 2nd half Civil War camp Ammunition, uniform buttons, melted lead 44AX174 Prehistoric Unknown Camp Corner-notched projectile point, fire cracked rock; Historic Mid-19th to 20th Domestic Stoneware, bottle century glass 44AX176 Prehistoric Prehistoric Small camp Tools, flakes 44AX177 Prehistoric Archaic Camp Tools, flakes;

Historic 19th century, 1st Dwelling Ceramic quarter 44AX186 Historic 19th century, 2nd half Civil War battery and Earthworks rifle trench 44AX191 Historic 19th century Civil War camp, Not listed dwelling

44AX193 Historic 19th century, 2nd half Civil War camp; Crimean oven, Crimean oven ammunition, uniform and accoutrement items, melted lead, glass, ceramics 44AX195 Historic 19th century, 2nd half Civil War camp; Crimean oven, Crimean oven ammunition, uniform and accoutrement items, melted lead, glass, ceramics 23 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

Site Type Period Function Artifacts Number 44AX198 Historic 19th century Trash scatter, trash pit, Ceramics, glass, Civil War firing range buttons, ammunition 44AX199 Historic 19th century, 2nd half Civil War camp, Ammunition, uniform landscape features and accoutrement items, melted lead, glass, ceramics 44AX200 Historic 19th century, 2nd Domestic and military Uniform buttons, half; 20th century, 1st artifact scatter ammunition, coins, half glass, ceramic, school-affiliated items 44AX206 Historic 19th century Brick foundation and Ceramic sherds, mill race bottle glass fragment, button, cut nails, window glass

Historic structures near the project area include the 19th-century buildings of the Seminary (100- 123), select buildings on the Episcopal High School campus (100-252), eight houses (100-192, 100-194, 100-204, 100-226, 100-239, 100-255, 100-257, 100-258, and 100-272), Fort Ward (100-113), and the Seminary Post Office (100-5001) (Figure 5; Table 2). The Virginia Theological Seminary is listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register (Loth 1999:29), the National Register of Historic Places, and with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Individual buildings that contribute to the significance of the institution include two houses, Oakwood and Maywood. The Chapel, Francis Scott Key Hall, St. Georges Hall, Aspinwall Hall, Meade Hall, and Bohlen Hall, are also contributing resources.

Table 2. Architectural resources in the vicinity of the project area dating to the Civil War and earlier. Structure Name Date Style Comments Number 100-113 Fort Ward 1861 Fortification/Military Fort Ward Park 100-123 Virginia Theological 1827- Several Seminary 1860 100-192 1001 Janney’s Lane 1840 Victorian/Folk House 100-194 604 Janney’s Lane 1820 Federal/Adamesque House 100-204 2826 King Street 1820 Federal/Adamesque House 100-226 Muckross 1830 Classical Revival House 100-239 Oakland-Territ House 1741 100-252 Mt. Washington, Hoxton Hall 1805 Federal; Classical Episcopal High Revival School 100-255 Clarens 1814 Colonial Revival Possible Civil War hospital 100-257 502 N. Quaker Lane 1793 Italianate House 24 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

Structure Name Date Style Comments Number 100-258 504 N. Quaker Lane 1858 Victorian/Folk House 100-268 4103 Seminary Road 1850 Queen Anne House 100-272 Strathblane 1860 Federal/Adamesque House 100-5001 Seminary Post Office 1850 Greek Revival

Hoxton Hall, first known as Mt. Washington, was constructed in 1805 by Elizabeth Parke Custis Law, a granddaughter of Martha Washington, after her divorce from Thomas Law. It was standing on the property purchased by the Seminary in 1839 to be used for the Episcopal High School (100-252). The house became the first building used as residence and classrooms by the High School.

25 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

26 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 44AX166

44AX176

44AX31 44AX90 44AX36 44AX177

100-0113

44AX152

44AX155

100-0268 100-0252

44AX198 44AX200 Project Area

100-0239 100-0123 44AX174

44AX173

44AX173a 100-5001

44AX191 100-0204

100-0272 100-0226 100-0192 44AX130 44AX186 100-0258 100-0257 100-0255 44AX199 100-0194 44AX118 44AX193

44AX195

44AX206 44AX118

100-0226 Historic structures

44AX150 Archeological sites

0 2000ft

0 500m

Figure 5. Previously identified cultural resources in the vicinity of the project area dating to the Civil War and earlier (USGS 1983). 3.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

28 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 RESULTS OF THE GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR SURVEY JMA surveyed nine geophysical grids containing 590 individual GPR profiles encompassing 1.4 acres of the project area (Figure 6). Time slices of the three-dimensional GPR data were exported from RADAN, and imported into ArcGIS for spatial comparisons with other datasets. No anomalies were identified that may be related to potential graves (Figure 7). However, anomalies were identified in Grids 1, 2, 4, and 5 that may relate to mid 19th-century landscape features including a former road. Other anomalies identified inside the survey area are likely related to recent utilities and landscape features (Figure 7).

The GPR data collected within the project geophysical survey area were of high quality. The GPR dataset provides a landscape-scale view of anomaly relationships and allows enhanced identification of individual anomalies. JMA’s GPR investigation of approximately 1.4 acres split into nine geophysical grids, containing 590 individual GPR profiles and four test profiles (Figure 7). JMA achieved a large, yet segmented, GPR coverage of the survey area and produced a map of the current project area. JMA identified numerous utilities and several unclassified anomalies (Figure 7).

The anomalies within Grids 1, 3, and 6 marked as potential utilities correspond with a known buried water line and electric lines. The anomalies within Grids 2 and 4 marked as potential utilities and the other anomalies in Grids 3 and 8 and in the southeast corner of Grid 4 also likely correspond with buried utilities, though this is not known conclusively. The anomaly in Grids 1 and 2 marked as a potential landscape feature corresponds with an open drainage ditch.

In Grids 1, 2, 4, and 5, a linear anomaly was identified that may correspond with a former 19th- century road which ran through this portion of the Seminary grounds during the Civil War (Figure 2). The other anomaly in the southwest corner of Grid 4 is in close proximity to Feature 1 which was identified during the metal detection survey and investigated with test unit excavation. Feature 1 was likely related to the former road. The other anomaly in the southwest corner of Grid 4 is also likely associated with the former road and Feature 1.

The interpretations of geophysical anomalies described in this technical report are based on the experience of JMA's geoarchaeologist in similar settings. However, these interpretations are derived from the use of electromagnetic media to remotely characterize subsurface archaeological and stratigraphic features, thus there is an inherent error margin that cannot be avoided.

4.2 RESULTS OF THE SHOVEL TEST SURVEY The project area consists of the grassy yards on either side of Trotter Road along the section west of Thompson Lane, and the yards along either side of Mission Lane south of Trotter Road (henceforth divided into the area adjacent to Trotter, the area west of Mission Lane, and the area east of Mission Lane). The project area also includes impervious paved parking lots and road 29 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

surfaces, and the extant dwelling houses at 3530 and 3540 Trotter Road and 1025 Mission Court. The grassy yard areas are crisscrossed by many utilities (Figure 8). These include electrical, gas and cable utilities running in between the houses on the eastern edge of the project area. One electrical line runs through the grassy yard on the east side of Mission Lane. A man-made drainage ditch also runs from south to north across the project area on the east side of Mission Lane. Three large northeast-southwest water lines cut across the western edge of this part of the project area. Large north-south water lines also cross the portion of the project area on the west side of Mission Lane. An east-west sewer line runs across the southern portion of the project area. A storm drain runs alongside Trotter Road.

JMA archaeologists excavated a total of 127 STs, 3 radial STs, and 9 judgmental STs within the project area (Figure 8). Eight STs were not excavated to avoid utilities, including all of the STs within Transect 6 and 3 STs within Transect 7. Soils varied across the project area, but for the most part consisted of a modern A or Ap horizon over natural subsoil (Figure 9, ST 9.6 and ST J- 6). In some areas a fill deposit was located underneath modern topsoil (Figure 9, ST 2.6, ST 5.4, ST 11.2, ST 12.1, ST 16.6). The many utilities and other ground alterations contributed to the disturbance caused by infilling. In a limited area, a buried Ap layer with historic artifacts was encountered (Figure 9, ST J-8). Thirty-three STs contained historic artifacts and two contained prehistoric artifacts. Not included in this count are the five STs that contained only modern trash, including plastic fragments, modern bottle glass, and plastic pipe and tarp fragments, which were discarded in the field. All together, 232 historic and 2 prehistoric artifacts were recovered from shovel testing.

The portion of the project area adjacent to Trotter Road was tested with 15 STs (Figure 8). Four of the STs contained a combined total of 10 historic artifacts (Table 3). Soils consisted of an approximately 0.25-foot deep A horizon of 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam over natural subsoil or 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow silty clay loam. In some STs, a fill deposit was encountered underneath a modern developing A horizon. Fill deposits related to water line utilities and roadside storm drains were noted in STs 1.1, 2.1, 2.4, and 2.6 (Figure 9). The artifacts from this portion of the project area were limited to non-diagnostic bottle glass fragments of aqua, clear, and olive green. No military-related artifacts were recovered from shovel testing in this portion of the project area.

Table 3. Artifacts recovered from shovel testing in the project area adjacent to Trotter Road

ST Number Artifact Description Count Soil Horizon Comments ST 1.6 Aqua unidentified bottle fragment 1 Ap Clear unidentified bottle fragment 1 Ap ST 1.8 Clear decorated/embossed bottle fragment 1 Ap “…ID” Clear unidentified bottle fragment 3 Ap ST 2.3 Aqua unidentified bottle fragment 1 modern A Olive green unidentified bottle fragment 1 modern A ST 2.6 Aqua unidentified bottle fragment 1 Ap Clear unidentified bottle fragment 1 Ap Total Count: 10 30 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 8 1 5 6 9

2 3 7

GPR Grid Survey 0 40ft

0 10m

Figure 6. Aerial map of GPR Grids. 4.0 RESULTS

32 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Potential cemetery location

6 8 1 5 9

3 2 7

GPR Grid Survey Potential Landscape Feature 0 40ft Potential Utility 0 10m Other Anomaly

Figure 7. Aerial map of GPR survey with the location of anomalies identified. 4.0 RESULTS

34 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 20.11

18.11 19.11 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.7 18.10 1.9 STJ-2 20.10 21.10 1.8 Trotter Road 19.10 22.9N 17.9 18.9 19.9 20.9 21.9 3530 2.1 STJ-1 22.9 2.2 Storm drain 23.9 Trotter 2.3 2.4 8.1 2.5 2.6 3.1 4.1 5.1 7.1 Road 15.8 16.8 17.8 18.8 6.1 19.8 20.8 22.8 Driveway 23.8

Water line 3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.2 Parking lot 14.7 15.7 9.2 10.2 17.7 18.7 21.7 23.7 Water line 11.2 19.7 20.7 22.7 16.7 Water line STJ-3 STJ-4 3.3 4.3 5.3 6.3 7.3 8.3 13.6 14.6 9.3 10.3 11.3 16.6 17.6 18.6 19.6 20.6 Water line 15.6

3.4 4.4 5.4 6.4 8.4 9.4 12.5 10.4 11.4 14.5 15.5 7.4 Electrical line 16.5 17.5 18.5 Water line 13.5 Water line

10.5 STJ-6 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 13.4 14.4 15.4 Sewer line 16.4 18.4 12.4 Drainage ditch STJ-5 3540 9.6 17.4 GPR grid 5.6 6.6 7.6 12.3 13.3 Trotter 14.3 15.3 STJ-7 Road 8.6 16.3 17.3 18.3 Electrical line Gas line Cable 9.7 12.2 13.2 14.2 15.2 STJ-9 17.2 8.7 16.2 STJ-8 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 17.1 17.1E 16.1 Electrical line TU excavation 17.1S Sewer line The Bishop block Payne Library Mission Lane

Project Area M iss ion L ane 1025 Mission Lane

15.3 Negative shovel test

15.2 Positive shovel test, prehistoric

15.1 Positive shovel test, historic

Addison Academic Center

0 60ft

0 15m Maywood

Figure 8. Project area map showing the location of shovel tests, buried utilities, and the GPR grid area. 4.0 RESULTS

36 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA ST 2.6 ST 12.1 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam; abrupt transition; no artifacts 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam; abrupt transition; artifacts (Ap horizon) (modern developing A horizon)

10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown silty clay loam; abrupt transition; no artifacts (fill) 10YR 4/1 dark gray silty clay loam with gravel; abrupt transition; no artifacts (fill) 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow silty clay loam; no artifacts (B horizon) 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow silty clay loam with cobbles; abrupt transition; no artifacts (fill)

ST 5.4 10YR 5/3 brown silty clay loam; abrupt transition; no artifacts (fill)

10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam; abrupt transition; artifacts (modern developing A horizon) 10YR 7/6 yellow silty clay loam; no artifacts (B horizon)

7.5YR 4/4 brown with 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow silty clay loam; abrupt transition; no artifacts (fill) ST J-6

10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam; abrupt transition; no artifacts (Ap horizon) 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown silty clay loam; no artifacts (B horizon)

ST 9.6 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown silty clay loam; no artifacts (B horizon)

10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam; abrupt transition; artifacts (Ap horizon) ST J-8 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow silty clay loam; no artifacts (B horizon) 10YR 4/3 brown silty loam; abrupt transition; artifacts (Ap horizon)

10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silty loam with brick; clear transition; ST 11.2 artifacts (Apb horizon / Feature 1 Fill)

10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam; abrupt transition; no artifacts (modern developing A horizon) 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow silty clay loam with siltstone cobbles; no artifacts (B horizon)

ST 16.6 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow with 7.5YR 5/8 strong brown silty clay loam with cobbles; abrupt transition; artifacts (fill) 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam; abrupt transition; no artifacts (Ap horizon)

10YR 5/1 gray silty clay loam with cobbles; abrupt transition; artifacts (fill)

7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow silty clay loam; abrupt transition; no artifacts 10YR 7/3 very pale brown silty clay loam; no artifacts (B horizon) (B horizon)

10YR 5/1 gray gleyed silty clay loam; no artifacts (Bg horizon) 0 1ft

0 25cm

Figure 9. Representative shovel test profiles. 4.0 RESULTS

38 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

The project area on the west side of Mission Lane was tested with 39 STs (Figure 8). Several shovel tests were skipped because of extensive utilities running through this yard, including all of the STs in Transect 6 and three within Transect 7, which corresponded with a water line. Soils in this part of the project area also consisted of an approximately one half-foot deep A horizon or 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam over natural subsoil of 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow silty clay loam (Figure 9, ST 9.6). In many instances, fill material of 7.5YR 4/4 brown or 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow silty clay loam was encountered in between a developing modern A and subsoil (Figure 9, ST 5.4, ST 11.2). Fill was noted in 22 of the STs, and was usually related to utility lines. In ST 11.2, the fill deposit is probably representative of drainage control and parking lot construction (Figure 9). An old brick walkway was located in ST 9.4.

In the project area on the west side of Mission Lane, 13 STs contained a combined total of 57 historic artifacts (Table 4). The artifacts from this portion of the project area included brown transfer-printed ironstone (1813-1900), plain white granite ware (1842-1930), several fragments of embossed bottle glass, one labeled with “…LAVOR”, machine-made bottle glass (1903- 2015), unidentified bottle glass, including solarized amethyst glass (1880-1915), window fragments, lamp chimney glass, brick fragments, cut nails (1805-2015), wire nails (1850-2015), and a screw (1846-2015). No military-related artifacts were recovered from shovel testing in this portion of the project area.

Table 4. Artifacts recovered from shovel testing in the project area west of Mission Lane

ST Number Artifact Description Count Soil Horizon Comments ST 4.3 Amethyst unidentified bottle fragment (1880- 1 Ap solarized 1915) Clear decorated/embossed bottle fragment 1 Ap molded lines Brick fragment 1 Ap ST 5.1 Aqua decorated/embossed bottle fragment 6 Fill canning jar ST 5.2 Cut nail (1805-2015) 1 Ap Aqua unidentified bottle fragment 3 Ap Clear unidentified bottle fragment 1 Ap ST 5.4 Clear machine-made bottle fragment (1903- 1 modern A stippled 2015) Window glass 1 modern A ST 5.5 Aqua unidentified bottle fragment 1 modern A ST 7.2 Metal screw (1846-2015) 1 modern A Wire nail (1850-2015) 1 modern A ST 8.3 Window glass 1 Fill Brick fragment 1 Fill Clear decorated/embossed bottle fragment 3 Fill “PINT” Clear unidentified bottle fragment 2 Fill ST 8.5 Window glass 1 modern A Aqua flat glass 1 modern A Wire nail (1850-2015) 3 Ap ST 9.6 Olive green unidentified bottle fragment 1 Ap ST 10.2 Brick fragment 4 Fill Plain white granite ware (1842-1930) 1 Fill

39 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

ST Number Artifact Description Count Soil Horizon Comments ST 10.3 Plain white granite ware (1842-1930) 1 modern A Clear decorated/embossed bottle fragment 1 modern A “…LAVOR” ST 11.2 Brown transfer-printed ironstone sherd 7 Fill mend, coffee cup, floral design Milk glass unidentified bottle fragment (1743- 3 Fill 2015) Unidentified glass slag 1 Fill Clear lamp chimney glass fragment 2 Fill ST 11.4 Amber unidentified bottle fragment 3 Ap Clear unidentified bottle fragment 2 Ap Total Count: 57

The project area on the east side of Mission Lane was tested with 73 STs, 3 radial STs, and 9 judgmental STs (Figure 8). The majority of the soils encountered in this portion of the project area were disturbed, and one or two fill deposits were noted in most of the area (Figure 9, ST 12.1, ST 16.6). Undisturbed soils consisting of an Ap horizon over B horizon, were noted in 33 of the STs (Figure 9, ST J-6). Two Judgmental STs contained a possible Apb, or buried plow zone (Figure 9, ST J-8). The remainder had one or more fill deposits underneath modern developing A horizons. This part of the project area had few areas of intact undisturbed soils, and most areas were disturbed by electrical utilities, a man-made drainage ditch, and sewer and water lines. Judgmental STs 6 and 7 were excavated to target the linear anomaly identified in Grids 1, 2, 4, and 5 during the GPR survey (Figure 7). This may correspond with a former 19th-century road which ran through this portion of the Seminary grounds during the Civil War (Figure 2). The excavation of ST J-7 showed that the subsoil contained a dense deposit of cobbles possibly related to a former road. Judgmental STs 8 and 9 were excavated during the metal detector survey to investigate an Apb horizon dense with historic artifacts. This resulted in the identification of Feature 1, which will be discussed further in the test unit results section.

In the project area on the east side of Mission Lane, 16 STs contained historic artifacts and 2 STs contained prehistoric artifacts for a total of 105 historic and 2 prehistoric artifacts (Table 5; Table 6). The ceramic artifacts from this portion of the project area included engine-turned pearlware (1770-1830), plain whiteware (1810-2015), hard-paste porcelain, brown glazed redware, and blue transfer-printed ironstone sherds. The ironstone sherds likely date between 1870 and 1900 when printed wares became popular. During the mid 19th century, undecorated ironstone or white granite ware was popular. Other artifacts included machine-made bottle glass (1903-2015), unidentified bottle glass, including solarized amethyst glass (1880-1915), window fragments, an unidentified nail, and brick fragments. No military-related artifacts were recovered from shovel testing in this portion of the project area. The prehistoric artifacts included one quartz Piscataway point fragment, and one quartz flake with cortex. In the Middle Atlantic region the Piscataway point dates from the Late Archaic to the Early Woodland period (3,000 B.C.E. – 300 C.E.). The point was recovered within fill in ST 15.2.

40 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

Table 5. Artifacts recovered from shovel testing in the project area east of Mission Lane

ST Number Artifact Description Count Soil Horizon Comments ST 13.3 Window glass 1 modern A Plain whiteware sherd (1810-2015) 1 modern A Window Glass 39 Fill Brick fragment 2 Fill Clear unidentified bottle fragment 1 Fill ST 14.3 Redware sherd with brown glaze 1 Fill Interior glazed ST 14.4 Blue transfer-printed ironstone 1 Ap Possible chamber pot ST 15.1 Clear machine-made bottle fragment (1903- 1 Fill Stippled 2015) ST 15.2 Quartz Piscataway projectile point 1 Fill Base and midsection, Late Archaic to Early Woodland ST 15.6 Aqua unidentified bottle fragment 1 Ap ST 16.6 Plain hard-paste porcelain sherd 1 modern A ST 17.1 Engine-turned pearlware sherd (1770-1830) 1 Ap Hollowware, green with brown slip ST 17.8 Unidentified hard-paste porcelain sherd 1 Ap Underfired ST 18.8 Window glass 1 Fill ST 19.11 Aqua unidentified bottle fragment 1 Fill ST 20.6 Quartz flake with cortex, 16-20mm 1 Ap ST 20.10 Window glass 1 Ap Clear unidentified bottle fragment 1 Ap ST 20.11 Window glass 1 Fill Amethyst unidentified bottle fragment (1880- 3 Fill Solarized 1915) Clear unidentified bottle fragment 1 Fill ST 22.9 Unidentified nail 1 Ap ST 23.9 Clear unidentified bottle fragment 1 Fill Total Count: 64

Datable artifacts recovered from these shovel tests suggest that artifacts were deposited at the site from the mid-19th century to the 20th century. The earliest datable artifact is the decorated pearlware (1770-1830) (Miller et. al 2000:12). Whiteware sherds became common after 1820 (Miller et. al 2000:13). Most of the remaining diagnostic artifacts date to the 1880s or later. Amethyst glass was first produced in 1880 when glassmakers added manganese dioxide to the usual silica, soda ash and lime mixture to produce a more colorless glass. When the manganese dioxide in the glass is exposed to ultraviolet light over time, it turns a light amethyst color. Unlike purposefully created dark amethyst glass, this colorless glass is solarized, or “sun- colored” over time, and with few exceptions dates from 1880 through 1915 (Lindsey 2015a). These artifacts likely represent field and road scatter perhaps originally associated with the nearby residence Maywood. Many of the artifacts were recovered from disturbed contexts in 20th-century fill deposits.

During the metal detector survey, a dark Apb horizon was encountered on the east side of Mission Lane in the southern portion of the project area. STs J-8 and J-9 were excavated to 41 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

investigate the buried horizon. The excavation of ST J-8 showed that the dark Apb horizon contained near whole glass bottles, Civil War ammunition, and other 19th century artifacts (Table 6). Soils in these STs consisted of a modern A horizon of 10YR 4/3 brown silt loam mottled with fill of 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow silty clay loam which was approximately 0.3-ft thick. This was underlain by an approximately 0.5-ft-thick Apb horizon of 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt loam, and a B horizon of 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow silty clay loam with cobbles (Figure 9). In ST J-9, the Apb horizon was much thinner at 0.2 ft thick. The Apb horizon, designated as Feature 1, appeared to have been truncated by the fill deposition episode. One hundred two (102) historic artifacts were recovered from the Apb horizon in ST J-8 and one historic artifact was recovered from the modern A horizon in ST J-9 (Table 6). These artifacts all dated to the mid-19th century and are associated with the Civil War occupation of the Seminary.

Table 6. Artifacts recovered from ST J-8 and J-9.

ST Artifact Description Count Soil Comments Number Horizon ST J-8 Window fragment 1 Apb Handwrought rosehead nail (-1820) 1 Apb Cut common nail (1805-2015) 5 Apb Unidentified nail 7 Apb Spike 1 Apb Machine made brick fragment 11 Apb Molded ornamental brick fragment 1 Apb Unidentified brick fragments 7 Apb Plain hard-paste porcelain 1 Apb Saucer base sherd with 4" diameter footring Plain white granite ware (1842-1930) 6 Apb Large platter base and body sherds, some mend Unidentified burnt ceramic 1 Apb Aqua hinge-bottom-mold bottle (1750- 1 Apb Medicine bottle, 4" high, 12-sided 1880) paneled body, applied flat finish, pontil mark on base (pre-1870), very thin glass, likely a general utility bottle dating to 1850-1860s used for druggists' own preparations Olive green post-mold bottle fragment 13 Apb Wine or beverage bottle, fire- (1850-1925) polished post mold seams, "S" embossed on base, round body, 3" diameter, air bubbles, mend Olive green unidentified bottle fragment 17 Apb Probably shards of post-molded wine bottle, one neck fragment with stretching marks, one shoulder fragment, air bubbles, thickness varies Clear blown-in-mold bottle fragment 1 Apb Probably medicine bottle, tiny flared finish fragment, very thin glass Green unidentified bottle fragment 1 Apb Clear unidentified bottle fragment 2 Apb

42 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

ST Artifact Description Count Soil Comments Number Horizon Olive green unidentified bottle fragment 3 Apb Charcoal fragment 1 Apb Unidentified iron fragment 17 Apb Slate pencil 1 Apb Minié Ball, 0.56 caliber 1 Apb Three rings, conical cavity Lead Ball, 0.65 caliber 2 Apb ST J-9 Minié Ball, 0.56 caliber 1 Fill Three rings, conical cavity Total Count: 103

4.3 RESULTS OF THE METAL DETECTOR SURVEY A metal-detection survey was conducted across the project area. The initial metal detector survey was completed in October 2014 which resulted in the recovery of a number of Civil War artifacts in the portion of the project area east of Mission Lane. A more intensive metal detector survey was undertaken within this area in May 2015. This resulted in the identification of Feature 1, which was then subsequently investigated with test units.

The metal detector survey resulted in the recovery of 147 artifacts from 142 metal detector locations or hits. No artifacts were recovered from metal detecting north of Trotter Road. Five artifacts were recovered from metal detecting on the west side of Mission Lane, south of Trotter Road (MDs 1–5) (Figure 10). One hundred forty-two (142) artifacts were recovered from metal detecting on the east side of Mission Lane, south of Trotter Road (MDs 6–142) (Figure 11). Nineteen of these artifacts were recovered directly south and outside the project area.

At least 68 of the 147 artifacts recovered from metal detecting are military-related, two from the part of the project area west of Mission Lane, and 66 from the area east of Mission Lane (Tables 7 and 8). No artifacts were located during metal detecting of the part of the project area adjacent to Trotter Road. West of Mission Lane, the two military-related artifacts included 2 pieces of ammunition; one 0.57-caliber, center-fire cartridge and one 0.56-caliber Minié ball (Table 7. Other identified artifacts recovered west of Mission Lane included one key, one unidentified machinery part, and one unidentified brass/copper alloy fragment.

Table 7. Military-related artifacts recovered from metal detecting at Site 44AX173, west of Mission Lane.

Provenience Artifact Description Count Comments MD 1 Minié ball, 0.56 caliber 1 MD 2 Center-fire cartridge, 0.57 caliber 1 Total: 2

The military-related finds from east of Mission Lane included eight items of attire; one brass belt buckle end piece, 3 Eagle buttons (one crushed), 2 buttons with Navy insignia, and 2 Great Seal Buttons (Table 8; Figure 12). Beginning in the 1820s metal buttons decorated with the device of a spread eagle on a lined field were adopted into general service (Albert 1976:35-38; Tice 43 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

1997:98). These Eagle buttons were marked with an “I” for infantry on a shield on the eagle’s breast, an “A” for artillery, “C” for cavalry, etc. The three standard Eagle buttons were all crushed and/or corroded so that the insignia in the shields were unidentifiable and the back marks were illegible. Even though they cannot be ascribed to a particular maker, these buttons all likely date to the mid-19th century. Two small buttons show the eagle grasping an anchor, signifying they represented the Navy. One of the Navy button’s back is embossed with “SCOVILLS & CO / WATERBURY” (MD 61, Table 8; Figure 12). Buttons produced prior to 1840 were marked with “SCOVILLS”, but were changed to “SCOVILLS & CO” between 1840 and 1850 (Tice 1997:28-30). After 1850, new back marks labeled “SCOVILL MF’G CO” reflected a transition to the Scovill Manufacturing Company. Thus the button recovered from MD 61 was probably manufactured between 1840 and 1850 (Tice 1997:30-33,158). The small Eagle button with Navy insignia recovered from MD 131 had an illegible back mark but likely also dates to the mid-19th century.

In 1902, a new general service button design was instituted, showing the Great Seal of the U.S. (Albert 1976:41-42). The Great Seal button recovered from MD 92 had a back mark with "L.A. MYERS JR. INC. / NEWARK NJ". Trade listings from 1921 record the expansion of L.A. Myers. Jr. Inc., a metal novelties manufacturer in Newark, NJ (The Metal Industry Publishing Company 1921:305). In 1915, trade listings for shoe buckles and trimmings suggest that the company produced a variety of metal accoutrements besides buttons (American Shoemaking Publishing Company 1915:6a). Thus, this Great Seal button likely dates no earlier than around 1910. The Great Seal button recovered from MD 107 has an illegible back mark, but likely dates to the same early 20th century time period.

Two scabbard fragments were recovered, which might be part of bayonet scabbards. Forty-five munitions were recovered; one 0.45-caliber center-fire cartridge, one 0.45-caliber rim-fire cartridge, 2 flattened lead round balls, one 0.50-caliber round ball, 10 0.63-caliber round balls, and one 0.65-caliber lead round ball, 3 flattened Minié balls, 5 0.56-caliber Minié balls, 2 0.58- caliber Minié balls, one 0.64-caliber Minié ball, one 0.68-caliber Minié ball, 2 0.50-caliber revolver bullets, 3 0.51-caliber revolver bullets, one 0.52-caliber Sharps Carbine bullet, 6 0.56- caliber Sharps Carbine bullets, 4 0.38-caliber pistol bullets, and one 0.45-caliber pistol bullet (Table 8; Figure 12). Eleven pieces of melted lead were also recovered, which may or may not be military related, but rather may be discarded building material.

Table 8. Military-related artifacts recovered from metal detecting at Site 44AX173, east of Mission Lane.

Provenience Artifact Description Count Comments MD 6 Round ball, .50 caliber 1 fired MD 9 Minié ball, 0.64 caliber 1 MD 12 Minié ball, 0.58 caliber 1 MD 14 Revolver bullet, 0.51 caliber 1 pin cavity MD 15 Revolver bullet, 0.51 caliber 1 flat base MD 17 Sharps Carbine bullet, 0.56 caliber 1 MD 18 Melted lead 1

44 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

Provenience Artifact Description Count Comments MD 19 Revolver bullet, 0.50 caliber 1 pin cavity MD 20 Minié ball, 0.58 caliber 1 MD 21 Scabbard fragment 1 possibly bayonet MD 29 Melted lead 1 MD 30 Military uniform button, Eagle design 1 unidentified MD 32 Minié ball, 0.56 caliber 1 fired MD 33 Melted lead 1 MD 36 Military uniform button, Eagle design 1 crushed, unidentified MD 38 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 fired MD 39 Round ball 1 fired, flattened MD 40 Sharps Carbine bullet, 0.56 caliber 1 flat base MD 41 Sharps Carbine bullet, 0.56 caliber 1 flat base MD 48 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 fired MD 49 Minié ball, 0.56 caliber 1 MD 50 Minié ball, 0.56 caliber 1 fired, flattened MD 54 Scabbard fragment 1 possibly bayonet MD 57 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 MD 58 Minié ball, 0.56 caliber 1 possibly fired MD 60 Melted lead 1 MD 61 Military uniform button 1 Navy button, 1835-1850, “SCOVILLS & CO / WATERBURY” on reverse MD 66 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 MD 67 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 MD 68 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 MD 70 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 MD 71 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 MD 72 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 MD 74 Rim-fire cartridge, 0.45 caliber 1 MD 75 Revolver bullet, 0.50 caliber 1 fired MD 77 Minié ball 1 fired, flattened MD 80 Round ball, 0.63 caliber 1 fired MD 86 Revolver bullet, 0.51 caliber 1 MD 87 Sharps Carbine bullet, 0.56 caliber 1 pin cavity MD 89 Brass Belt or Other Buckle 1 possible belt end hook piece MD 92 Military uniform button, Great Seal 1 "L.A. MEYERS JR. INC. / NEWARK design NJ", post-1902, probably WWI MD 93 Sharps Carbine bullet, 0.52 caliber 1 pin cavity MD 94 Center-fire cartridge, 0.45 caliber 1 MD 95 Minié ball 1 smashed and flattened MD 99 Melted lead 1 MD 106 Pistol bullet, 0.38 caliber 1 MD 107 Military uniform button, Great Seal 1 two-piece button with Great Seal on lined design field with illegible back mark, after 1902, probably WWI MD 109 Melted lead 1 MD 110 Sharps Carbine bullet, 0.56 caliber 1 pin cavity MD 111 Pistol bullet, 0.45 caliber 1 MD 112 Minié ball, 0.68 caliber 1 smashed or flattened MD 114 Pistol bullet, 0.38 caliber 1 45 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

Provenience Artifact Description Count Comments MD 115 Lead ball, 0.65 caliber 1 MD 116 Pistol bullet, 0.38 caliber 1 MD 121 Melted lead 1 MD 122 Minié ball, 0.56 caliber 1 smashed or flattened MD 124 Military uniform button, Eagle design 1 Eagle button, unidentified shield design, unidentified back mark MD 131 Military uniform button 1 small Navy button with Eagle and Anchor design, unidentified back mark MD 133 Minié ball 1 flattened MD 134 Lead ball 1 fired or smashed MD 136 Melted lead 1 MD 137 Melted lead 1 MD 139 Melted lead 1 MD 140 Sharps Carbine bullet, 0.56 caliber 1 pin cavity MD 141 Pistol bullet, 0.38 caliber 1 smashed MD 142 Melted lead 1 Total: 66

The other 76 non-military artifacts recovered east of Mission Lane included one umbrella part, three brass buttons, one ferrous button, three cut nail fragments (1805-2015), one wire nail fragment (1850-2015), 3 cast-iron fragments, one tablespoon fragment, 2 unidentified utensil handles, one blown-in-mold olive green wine bottle finish, 2 Lincoln Wheat pennies (1909- 1958), one Indian Head penny (1869), one unidentified coin, one electrical part, one lipstick tube, one escutcheon, 3 pieces of corrugated tin roofing, one rivet, two pipe fragments, one modern bullet, one brass thimble, one small brass ring, one skate key, 2 gas or kerosene lamp parts, 4 toy gun fragments, one chain link, and one aluminum tag (1891-2015). A number of metallic items and fragments could not be identified, including 14 brass/copper alloy fragments from MD 16, 25, 27, 37, 47, 52, 53, 56, 63, 81, 85, 98, and 126, 3 lead fragments from MD 7, 13, and 104, and unidentifiable metal objects in MD 22 and 113. Sixteen unidentified metal machinery parts and other objects were recovered from MD 10, 24, 34, 51, 55, 65, 82, 83, 90, 96, 97, 100, 120, 135, and 138.

46 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Trotter Road

Storm drain

Water line

Parking lot

Water line

MD06

Water line

Electrical line Water line

Sewer line

MD05 MD04 MD03 MD02

Project Area MD01

i s MD01 Metal detector hit s i o

L a n The Bishop Water line e 0 40ft Payne Library

0 10m

Figure 10. Map showing the location of metal detector hits west of Mission Lane. 4.0 RESULTS

48 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA MD92

Trotter Road MD91 MD45 MD109 MD50

MD44 Water line MD49 MD84 MD82

MD13 MD48 Water line MD22 MD108 MD46 MD83 MD21 MD23 MD96 Water line MD43 MD95 MD47 MD17 MD107 MD16 MD140

MD19 Water line MD74 MD105 MD106 MD20 MD75 MD73 MD141 MD15 Mission Lane MD14 MD12 MD104 MD18 Drainage ditch MD85 MD103 MD86 MD97 MD102 MD24 MD42 MD100 MD25 MD76 MD26 MD142 Electrical line MD11 MD39 MD110 MD41 MD10 MD98 MD38 MD08 MD87 MD09 MD101 MD111 MD78 MD77 MD112 MD117 MD40 MD99 MD94 MD113 MD114 MD79/80 MD37 MD88 MD07 MD116 MD93 MD115 MD81 MD118 MD27 MD119 MD89 MD126 MD120 MD125 MD121 MD90 MD127 MD122 TU excavation block MD124 MD128 MD123 MD35 MD28 MD129 MD36 Sewer line MD32 MD33 Project Area MD29 MD130 MD34 M MD131 i MD30 ss MD132 io MD137 n MD31 MD133 MD138 La ne MD134 MD10 Metal detector hit MD135 Water line MD139

0 40ft

0 10m MD136

Figure 11. Map showing the location of metal detector hits and the test unit excavation block east of Mission Lane. 4.0 RESULTS

50 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA A BCDEFGHIJKL

MN O PQ RSTU WXY V

CC DD EE FF GG KK LL Z AA BB HH II JJ

UU SS TT VV MM NN OO PP QQ RR

20CM 8IN

Figure 12. Photograph of selected artifacts recovered from metal detecting in the project area; Row 1: A. Minié Ball (MD 09); B. Minié Ball (MD 112); C. Minié Ball (MD 20); D. Minié Ball (MD 49); E. Minié Ball (MD 12); F. Minié Ball (MD 58); G. Sharps Carbine Bullet (MD 140); H. Sharps Carbine Bullet (MD 17); I. Sharps Carbine Bullet (MD 41); J. Sharps Carbine Bullet (MD 87); K. Sharps Carbine Bullet (MD 110); L. Sharps Carbine Bullet (MD 40); Row 2: M. Revolver Bullet (MD 19); N. Sharps Carbine Bullet (MD 93); O. Revolver Bullet (MD 86); P. Revolver Bullet (MD 14); Q. Revolver Bullet (MD 15); R. Pistol Bullet (MD 114); S. Pistol Bullet (MD 111); T. Pistol Bullet (MD 106); U. Center- Fire Cartridge (MD 94); V. Lead Ball, fired (MD 06); W. Lead Ball (MD 57); X. Lead Ball (MD 67); Y. Lead Ball (MD 70); Row 3: Z. Pistol Bullet, fired (MD 116); AA. Pistol Bullet, smashed (MD 141); BB. Revolver Bullet, fired (MD 75); CC. Minié Ball, smashed (MD 133); DD. Minié Ball, smashed (MD 32); EE. Minié Ball, smashed (MD 95); FF. Minié Ball, smashed (MD 122); GG. Minié Ball, smashed (MD 50); HH. Lead Ball, fired (MD 39); II. Lead Ball, fired (MD 80); JJ. Lead Ball, fired (MD 38); KK. Lead Ball, fired (MD 134); LL. Minié Ball, smashed (MD 77); Row 4: MM. Possible Belt End Hook (MD 89); NN. Eagle Button, unidentified (MD 36); OO. Navy Button (MD 131); PP. Navy Button (MD 61); QQ. Eagle Button, unidentified (MD 124); RR. Eagle Button, unidentified (MD 30); SS. Great Seal Button (MD 107); TT. Great Seal Button (MD 92); UU. Bayonet Scabbard Fragment (MD 21); VV. Bayonet Scabbard Fragment (MD 54). 4.0 RESULTS

52 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

4.3 RESULTS OF THE TEST UNIT EXCAVATION Test unit excavation was conducted to investigate and delineate Feature 1. The feature was identified east of Mission Lane during the metal detector survey. Initially indentified within the excavation pit of a metal detector hit, the pit was widened and excavated as Judgmental ST J-8. The feature consisted of a dark buried stratum of soil that contained Civil War artifacts. This portion of the investigation included the hand excavation of 17 3-by-3-ft TUs (Figure 8 and 13).

The soils encountered within the TUs consisted of a modern Ap horizon over Feature 1 fill which was above subsoil (Figure 14). The modern Ap horizon, which included the zone of roots underlying the sod, consisted of a 10YR 4/3 brown silt loam mixed with modern fill material of 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown silt loam with cobbles. In TU 4 and TU 15, fill material was noted at the surface, likely caused by the boring of a test hole nearby. In TUs 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, a small amount of modern fill material was noted at the interface with the Feature 1 fill. This is evidence that the feature has probably been partially truncated by ground disturbing activities.

The feature is roughly basin-shaped in profile with a maximum depth of 1.15 ft below ground surface in TU 1 (Figure 14). The feature’s dimensions are approximately 20 ft north to south and about 12 ft east to west (Figure 13). Because of the large shape and very gradual thinning out of the feature layer, its edges were difficult to discern. Its shape was circular with amorphous and diffuse edges that were less than 0.1-ft thick. The feature fill showed signs of water infiltration and leaching of the soil colors, especially around its outer edge.

Feature 1 fill consisted of a 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt loam and contained charcoal and brick flecking. At the base of the feature and its transition to subsoil it appeared gleyed and was mottled with subsoil of 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown silty clay loam. Large rounded quartz and siltstone cobbles were prevalent throughout the feature fill, and were especially clustered at its base and the interface with the subsoil. These cobbles may have been part of a drainage system adjacent to the Civil War-era road that once ran through the project area (Figure 2). The deepest and densest part of the feature was in TU 1, near the location of the original ST J-8 (Figure 13). Whole bottles, inkwells, bullets, tobacco pipes, and large sections of longbone were recovered from this area.

Feature 1 is interpreted as a Civil War roadside trash midden, possibly deposited in a contemporary open drainage feature near the side of the road (Figure 2). The rich and dark color of the deepest portion of the feature combined with dense and almost wholly intact artifacts may indicate that nightsoil and accompanying household trash were deposited here.

TU investigations resulted in the recovery of 2,499 artifacts. There were 388 historic artifacts recovered from the modern Ap horizon and 2,106 historic artifacts from the feature fill. Three prehistoric quartz flakes were recovered from the modern Ap horizon and one quartz and one quartzite flake were recovered from the feature fill.

53 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

The 388 historic artifacts recovered from the modern Ap horizon above Feature 1 are presented in Table 9. Some of the artifacts recovered from the modern fill deposit above the feature may have earlier been part of Feature 1, but were dislocated when disturbance activities impacted the top of the feature layer. The artifacts that date to the mid-19th century include the aqua blown-in- mold bottle glass, which appear to be pontil-marked medicine bottle bases and paneled body fragments. There was only one military-related artifact recovered from the plow zone, the 0.625- caliber lead ball.

Table 9. Historic artifacts recovered from the Ap horizon of TUs above Feature 1.

Ceramic Glass Metal Other

1 Porcelain 4-hole button (1840- 39 Window fragments 2 Cut common 2 Clam shell 1920) nails (1805-2015) fragments 1 Plain Chinese export porcelain 1 Olive green free- 8 Cut common nail 10 Oyster shell sherd blown bottle fragment fragments (1805- fragments 2015) 1 Chinese export porcelain sherd 3 Aqua blown-in-mold 24 Unidentified 11 Charcoal with underglaze blue bottle fragments nails 1 Hard-paste porcelain sherd 9 Dark green blown- 1 Unidentified 1 Hard rubber pipe with transfer printing (1760- in-mold bottle cooking vessel stem (1851-) 2015) fragments fragment 1 Hard-paste porcelain sherd 2 Clear machine-made 1 0.625-caliber lead 1 Toy rubber wheel with underglaze hand-painting bottle fragments ball (1903-2015) 3 Domestic gray stoneware 1 Green unidentified 3 Unidentified iron 2 Plastic fragments sherds with plain salt glaze bottle fragment objects (1915-2015) (1705-1930) 1 Industrial stoneware sherd with 2 Coke-bottle green 2 Unidentified 80 Unidentified light-brown glaze unidentified bottle objects brick fragments fragments 8 Plain whiteware sherds (1810- 17 Aqua unidentified 9 Plaster mortar 2015) bottle fragments fragments 1 Whiteware sherd with blue 3 Amber unidentified 7 Roof slate transfer print (1815-1915) bottle fragments fragments 1 Whiteware sherd with Willow 1 Amethyst pattern transfer print (1820- unidentified bottle 2015) fragment (1880-1915) 2 Banded whiteware sherds 38 Clear unidentified (1810-1925) bottle fragments 22 Plain white ironstone sherds 2 Milk glass (1813-1900) unidentified bottle fragments (1743-) 1 Ironstone sherd with blue shell 27 Olive green edge unidentified bottle fragments

54 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

Ceramic Glass Metal Other

2 Redware sherds with black 22 Dark green glaze unidentified bottle fragments 1 Redware sherd with brown 1 Red unidentified glaze bottle fragment 1 Redware sherd with reddish 2 Melted unidentified orange glaze bottle fragments 2 Plain yellowware sherds (1830-1930) 2 Unidentified ceramics 1 5/64th inch Ball clay pipe stem 1 Terra cotta flower pot fragment 54 170 41 123

Excavation of the feature resulted in the recovery of 2,106 historic artifacts (Table 10; Figure 15). The feature contained a large amount of brick fragments, which were sampled but were not all collected. It also contained cut nails. Wire nails more likely date to around 1880 rather than 1850 due to the fact that there is a 30-year gap between the start of production of wire nails, and the mass-production of wire nails in America (Adams 2002:66). The presence of cut nails and lack of any wire nails means that the feature was not disturbed after the Civil War.

Datable ceramics included domestic gray stoneware (1705-1930), plain whiteware (1810- 2015), polychrome hand-painted whiteware (1830-1875), plain yellowware (1830-1930), mocha-dendritic yellowware (1840-1939), and ironstone (1813-1900), which was by far the most prevalent ceramic type in the assemblage. The ironstone represented several almost whole vessels, including a large plain serving platter and a shell edge decorated platter. Several hard-paste porcelain saucers are also represented in the assemblage, indicating that teawares and the social rituals of tea drinking remained an important part of daily life even during wartime. The profiles of the decorated yellowware rim sherds indicate that it may have been a Chamber pot, which would support the theory that nightsoil and other trash were deposited within feature.

One whole brown-glazed stoneware ink bottle was recovered, which are common on Civil War-period sites (Crouch 1995:29). Two slate pencils and one metal pencil part are also writing-related. These artifacts may have been used by the Seminary instructors or students, or could have been taken from the Seminary for use by the military during the war.

Two of the tobacco pipe fragments were decorated with what appear to be arrow tips, one of which also has olive leaves on the opposite side, possibly indicating a war and peace military design. Two pipe stem fragments were ribbed and embossed with “DORNI”, an 1850s French pipe maker whose designs were widely copied by German, Dutch, and Scottish

55 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

manufacturers until around 1900 (Sudbury 2006:36). A large longbone was uncovered in situ at the base of Feature 1, and is likely a cow bone.

The free-blown, hinge-bottom and post-molded bottle glass consisted of olive green wine or whiskey bottles and dark green beer bottles, some with “BROWN STOUT” embossing (Figure 15). Many bottle finishes were present, indicating more than one of each bottle or beverage type was deposited here. Pontil marks on some of the glass bottle bases indicate a mid-19th century manufacture date, prior to the invention of the snap-case bottle holder which came into use in the late 1850s to 1860s (Lindsey 2015b). Medicine bottles were also recovered from the feature. They were diagnostically shaped prescription bottles with pontil marks on their bases, also dating to the mid-19th century. These bottles may have been used for medicine during the Civil War occupation of the Seminary.

Only 4 military-related artifacts were recovered from the feature fill; 2 0.56-caliber Enfield bullets, one 0.56-caliber Minié ball, and one 0.678-caliber round lead ball. Despite the low number of directly military-related finds, all the other datable artifacts fit with a mid-19th century deposition, indicating the feature dates to the Civil War occupation of the Seminary.

Table 10. Historic artifacts recovered from Feature 1.

Ceramic Glass Metal Other

7 Porcelain 4-hole buttons 74 Window fragments 1 Handwrought 5 Leather shoe (1840-1920) rosehead nail (-1820) fragments 10 Gilded hard-paste 7 Olive green free- 1 Cut common nail 1 Longbone porcelain sherds blown bottle fragments (1805-2015) fragment 5 Hard-paste porcelain 4 Dark green free-blown 61 Cut common nail 1 Clam shell sherds with underglaze bottle fragments fragments (1805-2015) fragment hand-painting 22 Plain hard-paste 9 Aqua blown-in-mold 448 Unidentified nails 1 Coal fragment porcelain sherds bottle fragments 1 Domestic gray 23 Olive green blown- 1 Spike 2 Charcoal stoneware sherd with plain in-mold bottle fragments salt glaze (1705-1930) 3 Domestic gray 18 Dark green blown-in- 4 Bolt and/or bracket 8 Handmade brick stoneware sherds with blue mold bottle fragments fragments decoration 6 Plain whiteware sherds 2 Aqua embossed bottle 2 Lead window came 135 Unidentified (1810-2015) fragments fragments brick fragments 1 Whiteware sherd with 2 Olive green embossed 118 Unidentified iron 1 Plaster mortar brown glaze (1810-2015) bottle fragments fragments fragment 1 Whiteware sherd with 1 Dark green embossed 1 Unidentified 13 Roof slate polychrome hand-painting bottle fragment brass/copper alloy fragments (1830-1875) fragment 484 Plain white ironstone 1 Cobalt blue embossed 1 Unidentified 1 Unidentified sherds (1813-1900) bottle fragment fragment stone 56 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

Ceramic Glass Metal Other

51 Ironstone sherds with 1 Coke-bottle green 1 Pencil part 2 Slate pencils blue shell edge unidentified bottle fragment 1 Redware sherd with 26 Aqua unidentified 1 0.687-caliber lead black glaze bottle fragments ball 1 Redware sherd with 6 Clear unidentified 1 0.56-caliber Minié brown glaze bottle fragments ball 15 Plain yellowware 315 Olive green 2 0.56-caliber Enfield sherds (1830-1930) unidentified bottle bullets fragments 8 Mocha-dendritic 128 Dark green 1 Unidentified tool yellowware sherds (1840- unidentified bottle 1939) fragments 24 Unidentified sherds 1 Melted unidentified 2 Unidentified objects bottle fragment 3 Unidentified objects 1 Stoneware ink bottle 15 Ball clay pipe bowl fragments 3 Decorated ball clay pipe bowl fragments 2 5/64th inch ball clay pipe stem fragments (1710-1750) 2 5/64th inch decorated ball clay pipe stem fragments 6 Flower pot fragments 672 total 618 total 646 total 170 total

4.4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Field investigations resulted in the recovery of a total of 2,880 artifacts, of which 2,873 are historic and 7 are prehistoric. There were 232 historic and 2 prehistoric artifacts recovered from shovel testing at the site, 147 historic artifacts from metal detection, and 2,494 historic and 5 prehistoric artifacts from test unit and feature excavations. Seventy-seven of the historic artifacts are military-related. There are 2 military finds from the project area west of Mission Lane, and 75 military finds east of Mission Lane. Five military artifacts were recovered from the TUs. One Civil War-era feature was identified, a mid-19th century trash midden.

The prehistoric artifacts at the site included five quartz flakes, one quartzite flake, and one quartz Piscataway point. These artifacts indicate the site was likely occupied as a temporary upland camp during the Late Archaic or Early Woodland periods. 57 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

The portion of the project area adjacent to Trotter Road was tested with 15 STs which contained only modern and non-diagnostic bottle glass fragments. Metal detecting did not result in the recovery of any artifacts from this part of the project area. Most of the artifacts were recovered from the Ap horizon. No buried or sealed historic deposits were encountered. No discernible artifact distribution patterns were discovered that would be needed in order to reconstruct activity areas. Unknown portions of the project area had already been destroyed due to the construction of roadways and the installation of water, sewer and other utilities. Because of modern road construction and utility installation disturbance, the portion of the site within this part of the project area lacks the integrity necessary to contain the potential for important archaeological information. No further work is recommended at this portion of the site.

The portion of the project area on the west side of Mission Lane was tested with 39 STs and contained artifacts dating to the mid to late 19th century. Metal detecting resulted in the recovery of five additional artifacts, including two Civil War-era munitions. Most of the artifacts were recovered from the Ap horizon with a few from fill deposits. No buried or sealed historic deposits were encountered. The historic artifacts came from mixed Ap or fill deposits with some 20th-century artifacts. Twentieth-century artifacts included machine-made glass (1903-2015), and amethyst bottle glass fragments (1880-1915). No discernible artifact distribution patterns were discovered that would be needed in order to reconstruct activity areas. Unknown portions of the project area had already been destroyed due to modern utility and road and walkway construction disturbance. This portion of the project area does not contain information potential that contributes to the significance of the resource due to the destruction of the landscape by road and walkway construction and utility installation. No further work is warranted.

The portion of the project area east of Mission Lane was also impacted by utility installation and the construction of 20th-century homes and a drainage ditch. This portion of the project area was tested with 89 STs and contained artifacts dating from the mid-18th to the late 19th century. Metal detecting resulted in the recovery of 147 artifacts, 68 of which were military- related. Most of the artifacts were recovered from the Ap horizon with a few from fill deposits. Some of the historic artifacts came from mixed Ap or fill deposits with some 20th-century artifacts. During metal detecting, a buried or sealed historic deposit was encountered, Feature 1, which was further investigated with ST J-8 and J-9 and 17 TUs. Feature 1 appears to be a mid- 19th century trash midden, related to the Civil War occupation of the Seminary as a hospital. Feature 1 was excavated in order to retain any information important to understanding the significance of the site. The remaining portion of the project area on the east side of Mission Lane did not contain archaeological deposits with information potential that contributes to the significance of the resource due to the destruction of the landscape by road and home construction and utility and drainage ditch installation. No further work is warranted.

58 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Feature fill thins out TU10 (7)

TU16 (78) TU8 (39)

TU14 (68)TU7 (432) TU12 (185) TU15 (10)

Feature fill thins out SU2

Ceramics TU3 (46)TU2 (90) TU4 (5) Ceramics Longbone ST J8 Inkwell Feature fill thins out Olive green bottle finish

TU1 (807) Bricks TU11 (49)

TU17 (46) TU5 (166)

Feature fill thins out

TU6 (40) TU13 (34) TU9 (6)

SU3 0 3ft 0 75cm

SU2 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt loam with bricks and cobbles; artifacts (Feature 1)

SU3 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown silty clay loam with cobbles (Subsoil)

Cobbles

(#) Number of artifacts in feature

Figure 13. Plan view of Feature 1. 4.0 RESULTS

60 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA Feature 1 North Profile

TU 3 TU 1 TU 2 TU 4 10YR 5/6 yellowish Olive green bottle glass brown silty clay SU1

SU2 Rock Ceramics Rock SU3

0 3ft

0 75cm

SU1 10YR 4/3 brown silt loam mottled with 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown silty clay loam; artifacts; abrupt transition (Ap/fill)

SU2 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt loam with bricks and cobbles; artifacts; appears gleyed at base; abrupt transition (Feature 1)

SU3 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown silty clay loam with cobbles (Subsoil)

Figure 14. North profile of Feature 1 bisection. 4.0 RESULTS

62 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA B

D E A C

I L G R F N S O P H J K M Q FF JJ T CC GG U V EE W X Y Z AA BB DD HH II QQ

MM RR TT

PP SS KK LL NN

20CM 8IN

Figure 15. Photograph of selected artifacts recovered from test unit and feature excavation in the project area; ROW 1: A. Plain white granite ware platter sherd (ST J-8/10); B. Blue shell edge ironstone (TU 1.2/16); C. Blue shell edge ironstone (TU 1.2/16); D. Blue shell edge ironstone (TU 7.2/7); E. Blue decorated gray salt glazed crock sherd (TU 1.2/14); ROW 2: F. Plain Chinese export porcelain (TU 12.1/4); G. Gilded hard-paste porcelain saucer sherd (TU 7.2/3); H. Gilded hard-paste porcelain saucer sherd (TU 1.2/12); I. Plain hard-paste porcelain saucer sherd (ST J-8/9); J. Gilded hard-paste porcelain saucer sherd (TU 1.2/12); K. Plain hard-paste porcelain saucer sherd (TU 1.2/13); L. Plain white ironstone lid sherd (TU 17.2/5); M. Plain white ironstone lid sherd (TU 6.2/4); N. Plain yellowware chamber pot rim sherd (TU 13.2/6); O. Plain yellowware chamber pot rim sherd (TU 13.2/6); P. Plain yellowware chamber pot rim sherd (TU 13.2/6); Q. Mocha-dendritic yellowware sherd (TU 13.2/7); R. Mocha-dendritic yellowware sherd (TU 13.2/7); S. Mocha-dendritic yellowware sherd (TU 13.2/7); ROW 3: T. Leather shoe part (TU 1.2/9); U. Lead ball (ST J-8/22); V. Lead ball (TU 1.2/28); W. Enfield bullet (TU 1.2/30); X. Enfield bullet (TU 17.2/9); Y. Minié ball (ST J-9/1); Z. Minié ball (ST J-8/23); AA. Minié ball (TU 1.2/29); BB. Ball clay pipe bowl fragments (TU 1.2/31); CC. Decorated ball clay pipe bowl fragment (TU 1.2/32); DD. Decorated ball clay pipe bowl fragment (TU 1.2/32); EE. Decorated ball clay pipe bowl fragment (TU 17.2/11); FF. Decorated ball clay pipe stem fragment (TU 17.2/12); GG. Decorated ball clay pipe stem fragment (TU 1.2/34); HH. Slate pencil fragment (ST J-8/24); II. Slate pencil fragment (TU 1.2/27); JJ. Brown-glazed domestic stoneware ink well (TU 1.2/26); ROW 4: KK. Post-mold wine or whiskey bottle (ST J-8/14); LL. Free-blown wine or brandy bottle finish (TU 1.2/17); MM. Green blown-in-mold beer bottle fragment (TU 5.2/11); NN. Green blown-in-mold beer bottle fragment (TU 5.2/11); OO. Green blown-in-mold beer bottle fragment (TU 5.2/11); PP. Green blown-in-mold beer bottle fragment (TU 5.2/11); QQ. Aqua blown-in- mold medicine bottle fragment (TU 7.2/9); RR. Aqua blown-in-mold medicine bottle fragment (TU 2.1/8); SS. Aqua blown-in-mold medicine bottle fragment (TU 2.1/8); TT. Aqua hinge-bottom mold medicine bottle (ST J-8/13). 4.0 RESULTS

64 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

An examination of artifact distributions at the site shows that ST and MD artifacts are clustered around Feature 1. This feature is a trash midden. Some of the artifacts recovered above and around the feature may have earlier been part of the feature, but were disturbed when the modern Ap horizon and fill deposit were created by construction activities. The feature was located near the historic Maywood house on the Seminary campus, and may have also been near a Civil War- related activity area or camp location. This area was used for the purpose of disposing of trash because it was an existing depression, such as a roadside drainage or other landscape feature, where it was acceptable to dump trash.

The Mean Ceramic Date (MCD) is a method of determining the age of an assemblage using the average manufacture date of the ceramics. There were 692 ceramics found in the TUs and ST J-8 and J-9 that were associated with Feature 1 fill or the plow zone above it. The 641 ceramics from Feature 1 fill have a MCD date of 1858.6. The 51 ceramics from the plow zone have a MCD date of 1867.1. These dates provide further evidence that the feature is associated with the Civil War occupation of the Seminary.

Feature 1 dates to the Civil War occupation of the Seminary. It contained plain white granite ware (1842-1930), plain and decorated whiteware (1810-2015), plain ironstone (1813-1900), and decorated yellowware (1830-1930). Other datable artifacts from the feature fill included a Minié ball (after 1849), porcelain 4-hole buttons (1840-1920), and post-mold (1850-1925) and hinge-bottom molded glass (1750-1880). It also contains cut nails and lacks any clearly recognizable wire nails, which are later nineteenth-century items. The artifacts from the Apb horizon in ST J-8 are included in feature analysis as a whole. The terminus post quem (TPQ) (based on latest datable artifact in assemblage) for Feature 1 fill is 1850 (post-mold bottle fragments from ST J-8).

There were 2,208 historic artifacts recovered from the Feature 1 fill in TUs and one judgmental ST. These included a large number of architectural items (n=783). Large amounts of brick were recovered from the feature. These were likely dumped to stabilize the road and fill in the adjacent low-lying area, as perhaps were the cobbles.

Kitchen-related items, including 641 fragments from ceramic dishes and 582 bottle glass fragments, also made up a large portion of the artifacts recovered from Feature 1. A small proportion of the kitchen-related items consists of bone and clam shell.

The feature contained several clothing and personal items. Clothing items included 7 porcelain 4- hole buttons and 5 fragments of a leather shoe. Personal items included 3 slate pencil fragments, one metal pencil part, and one whole stoneware ink bottle. Tobacco-related artifacts included 4 5/64th-inch pipe stem fragments, 2 with “DORNI” maker’s marks, and 18 pipe bowl fragments, some decorated with arrows and olive branches. Two Minié balls, 2 lead balls, and 2 Enfield bullets were also recovered from Feature 1 fill in TU 1 and 17 as well as ST J-8.

Feature 1 is interpreted as a roadside trash midden dating to the Civil War occupation of the Seminary by Union forces. It's contents were deposited in an open drainage feature near the side 65 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 4.0 RESULTS

of a road. A ca. 1862 map of the Seminary shows that the feature was located adjacent to a road that ran through this portion of the property (Figure 2). The GPR survey identified a linear anomaly directly west of the feature that appears to correlate with the location of this former road. Testing within the possible roadway and the feature showed that at least a portion of this area is underlain by dense cobbles which may provide more evidence that the anomaly and feature are related to a road. The GPR survey also identified an anomaly in the southwest corner of Grid 4 which is located approximately 10 ft southeast of Feature 1 and TUs 4 and 15 (Figures 7, 8, and 13). The feature did appear to extend further to the southeast of these TUs, though it had thinned out and artifact counts had dropped considerably. It's possible that the anomaly correlates with the eastern edge of the feature or with the limits of the dense cobble subsoil.

The feature was located downhill and approximately 230 ft north of the residence Maywood. During the Civil War, Maywood was used as a mess house and was occupied by surgeons (Goodwin 1923:227). Upon a visit to the Seminary during the war, one local resident remarked that Maywood "was given up to contrabands, with which it was swarming" (Goodwin 1923:228- 229). An open drainage feature alongside a road just downhill from the front door of Maywood would certainly be a convenient location for its residents to deposit trash and waste. The feature may also be a result of regulated "policing" of the camp by soldiers or hired contraband, who would be put on work details to clean the Seminary grounds. Items could have been gathered and then disposed of in the drainage ditch, some perhaps to aid road maintenance such as the brick.

66 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 5.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Virginia Theological Seminary is planning to construct new on-campus student housing units within an approximately 4.5-acre project area. The project area falls within Site 44AX173, which consists of the entire Seminary campus. Alexandria Archaeology reviewed the proposed undertaking and determined an archaeological evaluation was warranted due to the potential for the project area to contain historic cultural resources associated with the Union Army’s occupation of the Seminary during the Civil War. The project area may include a small portion of an approximately 3-acre cemetery documented in 19th-century sources where up to 500 Union soldiers were buried (Fairfax Seminary Hospital 1865; Packard 1902; United States Army Corps of Engineers [1862]). JMA, a CCRG Company, conducted an archaeological evaluation of the project area that included documentary research, GPR, shovel test and metal detector surveys, and test unit excavation. The project will include the replacement of an existing 425-by-33-ft sewer line in the eastern portion of the project area. This area did not require archaeological testing because the sewer line replacement will not cause any additional ground disturbance outside the existing sewer trench.

A review of historic maps showed no historic buildings or structures within the project area. Documentary research indicated that the Union cemetery was likely removed during the winter of 1863-1864, and the operation was directed by Captain J.G.C. Lee, Assistant Quartermaster (Lee 1864). Further research into the Quartermaster Memorial Division records, using specific names of individuals interred at Alexandria National Cemetery, may reveal further details about the cemetery at the Fairfax Seminary Hospital, and the people involved in its relocation. They were likely U.S. Colored Troop details, or hired contraband laborers.

The GPR survey revealed evidence for a large amount of ground disturbance and filling across the GPR survey area, with many obvious utility lines supporting this evaluation. No anomalies interpreted as burials were identified. However, a linear anomaly was identified that may correspond with a former 19th-century road which ran through this portion of the Seminary grounds during the Civil War. The GPR survey also identified another anomaly in the southwest corner of Grid 4 that is in close proximity to Feature 1, which was identified during the metal detection survey and investigated with test unit excavation. Feature 1 was likely related to the former road. The other anomaly in the southwest corner of Grid 4 is also likely associated with the former road and Feature 1.

The shovel test survey included the excavation of 127 STs at 30-ft intervals, 3 radial STs, 7 judgmental STs which were offset to avoid buried utilities or to effectively test a portion of the project area, and 2 judgmental STs targeting an anomaly identified during the GPR survey. All 67 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 5.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

together, 129 historic and 2 prehistoric artifacts were recovered from shovel testing. Shovel testing in the portion of the project area adjacent to Trotter Road resulted in the recovery of 10 historic artifacts from 4 STs. Fifty-seven historic artifacts were recovered from 13 STs in the portion of the project area on the west side of Mission Lane. Two prehistoric and 165 historic artifacts were recovered from 18 STs in the project area on the east side of Mission Lane. One hundred two of the historic artifacts came from ST J-8 which was excavated within Feature 1. Datable artifacts indicate that artifacts were deposited at the site from the mid-19th century to the 20th century. Most of these artifacts are associated with post-Civil War occupations.

Feature 1 was an approximately 20-by-12-ft basin-shaped deposit with a maximum thickness of 0.35 ft. The feature is a trash midden related to the Civil War occupation of the Seminary. There were 2,208 historic artifacts recovered from the feature fill in TUs and one judgmental ST. No additional features were identified.

The shovel test and metal detector surveys showed that the majority of the project area has been disturbed by 20th-century construction. This is especially the case with the portion of the project area west of Mission Lane where a limited amount of artifacts were recovered including many from modern fill deposits. The extensive utility and water line trenching has disturbed the normal soil sequence in this area. The project area east of Mission Lane had not been as heavily impacted by 20th-century construction and a small area with an intact Civil War deposit (Feature 1) was identified and excavated. The remaining portion of the project area on the east side of Mission Lane did not contain archaeological deposits with information potential that contributes to the significance of the resource due to the destruction of the landscape by road and home construction and utility and drainage ditch installation.

68 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 6.0 REFERENCES CITED

6.0 REFERENCES CITED

Adams, William Hampton 2002 Machine Cut Nails and Wire Nails: American Production and Use for Dating 19th-Century and Early-20th-Century Sites. Historical Archaeology 36(4):66-88.

Albert, Alphaeus H. 1976 Record of American Uniform and Historical Buttons. Bicentennial Edition. Boyertown Publishing Company: Boyertown, PA.

Alexandria Archaeology 2005 City of Alexandria Archaeological Standards. Alexandria Archaeology, Office of Historic Alexandria, VA.

American Shoemaking Publishing Company 1915 Buyers Guide of Leather and Supply Firms in Metropolitan New York and Vicinity. American Shoemaking LVI(1):5a-9a. Google Books online resource. Accessed 21 January 2015.

Atwood, Lt. Col. Thomas W. W. 1988 Life in a U.S. Army Hospital, 1862: From the Diaries and Letters of Pvt. Tobie. Army 38:52-57.

Balicki, Joseph and Bryan Corle 2006 Archeological Evaluation and Resource Management Plan for Episcopal High School Faculty Housing, 1200 N. Quaker Lane, Alexandria, Virginia. Report to Director of Facilities, Episcopal High School, Alexandria, from John Milner Associates, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

Barber, James G. 1988 Alexandria in the Civil War. H.E. Howard, Inc., Lynchburg, VA.

Bevan, Bruce 1991 The Search for Graves. Geophysics 56(9):1310-1319.

Booty, John 1995 Mission and Ministry: A History of the Virginia Theological Seminary. Morehouse Publishing, Harrisburg, PA.

Bristow, C.S. and Jol. H. M. (Eds) 2003 Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments. Special Publication 211, Geological Society, London.

Clark, Anthony 2001 Seeing Beneath the Soil: Prospecting Methods in Archaeology. Routledge, New York, NY.

Conyers, Lawrence B. 2004 Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology. Altamira Press, Lanham, MD.

2006 Ground-Penetrating Radar. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: AN Explicitly North American Perspective. Jay K. Johnson, Ed., The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

69 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 6.0 REFERENCES CITED

Crouch, Howard R. 1995 Civil War Artifacts, A Guide for the Historian. SCS Publications, Fairfax, VA.

Daniels, David J. 2004 Ground-Penetrating Radar – 2nd Edition. The Institute of Electrical Engineers, London.

Daugherty, Jesse, Madeleine Pappas, Justin Patton, and Kimberly Protho 1989 A Phase I Archaeological Investigation of the Quaker Village Site. Report to MTM, Alexandria, from Engineering Science, Inc., Washington DC.

Embrey, James, Lynn D. Jones, and Joseph Balicki 2005 Documentary Study, Archaeological Evaluation and Resource Management Plan for Virginia Theological Seminary Faculty Housing, Alexandria, Virginia. Report to Cole and Denny Incorporated, Alexandria, from John Milner Associates, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

Fairfax Seminary Hospital (Map) 1865 Fairfax Seminary Hospital. Vertical file, Alexandria Library.

Fiedel, Stuart J., and Bryan Corle 2001 Results of Archeological Survey, Battery Heights, Alexandria. Report to Carr Homes, Annandale, from John Milner Associates, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

Gladwin, Reverend A. 1864 Letter to Brigadier General John P. Slough, 16 December. Manuscript, Records of the United States Army Continental Commands, Office of the Military Governor for Alexandria, Virginia, Letters Received 1862-1865, Part IV, Entry 2053, Box 1, Record Group 393, National Archives, Washington, DC.

Goode, Charles E., and Peter Leach 2013 Archaeological Evaluation for the Proposed Chapel of the Ages at the Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Virginia. Report to Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, VA, from John Milner Associates, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

Goode, John, Jr. 1878 Report of John Goode, Jr., Committee on Education and Labor, for the Relief of the Trustees of the Protestant Episcopal Seminary and High School in Virginia. Index of the Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the First and Second Sessions of the 45th Congress, Report No. 91, Volume I. Washington, D.C.

Goodwin, Rev. William Archer Rutherford 1923 History of the Theological Seminary in Virginia and its Historical Background. The DuBois Press, Rochester, NY.

Heimmer, Don H. and Steven L. De Vore 1995 Near-Surface, High Resolution Geophysical Methods for Cultural Resource Management and Archeological Investigations. U.S. Department of the Interior, Denver, Colorado.

70 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 6.0 REFERENCES CITED

Historic Aerials by NETROnline 2009 Aerial Photographs and USGS Topographic Quadrant Maps of Alexandria, Virginia. http://www.historicaerials.com/ Accessed 27 August 2015.

Holland, Kerri, Cynthia V. Goode, Charles E. Goode, and Joseph F. Balicki 2010 Archeological Evaluation Associated with Utility Improvements and New Central Plant Facility, Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, VA, from John Milner Associates, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

Jirikowic, Christine, Gwen J. Hurst, and Tammy Bryant 2004 Phase I Archeological Investigation at 206 North Quaker Lane, Alexandria, Virginia. Draft report to Meushaw Development Company, Alexandria, from Thunderbird Archaeological Associates, Inc., Woodstock, VA.

Lee, Captain J.G.C., A.Q.M. 1864 Letter to Major General M.C. Meigs, 28 December. Manuscript, Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, Records of the Memorial Division 1865-1914, General Correspondence, Entry 576, Record Group 93, Subgroup 8.2, National Archives, Washington, DC.

Lindsey, Bill 2015a Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website – Bottle/Glass Colors. Online, Society for Historical Archaeology and Bureau of Land Management. [http://www.sha.org/bottle/colors.html.] Accessed 15 October 2014.

2015b Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website – Bottle Bases. Online, Society for Historical Archaeology and Bureau of Land Management. [http://www.sha.org/bottle/bases.html]. Accessed 20 July 2015.

Logan, Herschel C. 1959 Cartridges: a Pictorial Digest of Small Arms Ammunition. Limited Edition Reprint Bonanza Books: New York.

McKee, W. Reid, and M.E. Mason, Jr. 1980 Civil War Projectiles II: Small Arms & Field Artillery with Supplement, Publisher’s Press, Inc.: Orange, VA.

The Metal Industry Publishing Company 1921 Trade News: Business Reports of the Metal Industry Correspondents. The Metal Industry 19(1):304-309. Google Books online resource. Accessed 21 January 2015.

Miller, David L., and Allan R. Westover 1990 Archaeological Survey and Testing of Episcopal High School Tennis Courts in Alexandria, Virginia. Report to Episcopal High School, Alexandria, from Tessul Consultants, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

Miller, George L., Patricia Samford, Ellen Shlasko, and Andrew Madsen 2000 Telling Time for Archaeologists. Northeast Historical Archaeology 29:1-22.

71 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 6.0 REFERENCES CITED

Mitchell, Beth 1977 Beginning at a White Oak: Patents and Northern Neck Grants of Fairfax County, Virginia. Fairfax County Administrative Services, Fairfax, VA.

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. (O.R.) 1997 The War of Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. CD-ROM version, originally published 1880-1901. Guild Press of Indiana, Carmel, IN.

Owen, Walton H. II 2011 A Visual Tour of Civil War Alexandria. Lecture presented at the Lyceum Museum, 5 October 2011, Alexandria, VA.

Packard, Joseph 1902 Recollections of a Long Life. Byron S. Adams, Washington, D.C.

Reid, Helen A. 2002 Search for the Invisible: The Houses at the Virginia Theological Seminary and Their Residents Past and Present. Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, VA.

Rock, R. W. 1881 History of the Eleventh Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers, in the War of the Rebellion. Providence Press Company, Providence.

Russell, Andrew J. 1864 Photograph of the Food Tram at the Fairfax Seminary Hospital, December 1864. Colgate University, Hamilton, New York.

Shephard, Steven 2004 Summary of the Archaeological Investigations at the Sites of the Kitchen and Meat house of the Fairfax Seminary Hospital at the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in Virginia. Report on file, Alexandria Archaeology Museum, Alexandria, VA.

Sipe, Boyd 2011 The Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial, City of Alexandria, Virginia, Archaeological Data Recovery at Site 44AX0179. Report prepared for Alexandria Archaeology, Alexandria, VA, from Thunderbird Archaeology, Gainesville, Virginia.

Sudbury, J. Byron 2006 Historic Clay Tobacco Pipe Studies, Volume 1. Phytolith Press, Ponca City, OK.

Thomas, James E. and Dean S. Thomas 1996 A Handbook of Civil War Bullets & Cartridges. Thomas Publications: Gettysburg, PA.

Tice, Warren K. 1997 Uniform Buttons of the United States. Thomas Publications: Gettysburg, PA.

72 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 6.0 REFERENCES CITED

United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) [1862] Virginia from Alexandria to the Potomac River above Washington, D.C. Digital Collections, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

United States Colored Troops (USCT) 1864 Letter and Petition to Major Edwin Bentley, Surgeon in Charge at L’Ouverture General Hospital, 27 December. Manuscript, Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, Records of the Memorial Division 1865-1914, General Correspondence, Entry 576, Record Group 93, Subgroup 8.2, National Archives, Washington, DC.

United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1983 Alexandria, VA-D.C.-MD. 7.5-minute Quadrangle. Reston, VA.

Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) 2011 Guidelines for Conducting Cultural Resource Survey in Virginia. Richmond, VA.

Waters, Michael R. 1992 Principles of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Web Soil Survey 2013 Soil Map, Alexandria City, Virginia. National Cooperative Soil Survey, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. [http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov]. Accessed 21 January 2015.

Westover, Allan R. 1991 Archaeological Survey and Testing at the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in Alexandria, Virginia, Report to Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, from Tellus Consultants, Inc., Alexandria.

Woolsey, Jane Stuart 1996 Hospital Days: Reminiscence of a Civil War Nurse. Edinborough Press, Roseville, MN.

73 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION PROPOSED NEW STUDENT HOUSING VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA

APPENDIX I

Artifact Inventory

Site 44AX173 Artifact Inventory New Student Housing, Virginia Theological Seminary Alexandria, Virginia October 2014 - May 2015

Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 1 ST 1.6 Ap 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 1 ST 1.6 Ap 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; 2 ST 1.8 Ap 1 Clear 1 "…ID" 2 ST 1.8 Ap 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 3 3 ST 2.3 Ap 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 3 ST 2.3 Ap 2 Green 1 4 ST 2.6 Fill 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 4 ST 2.6 Fill 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 5 ST 4.3 Ap 1 Unglazed 1 Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; 5 ST 4.3 Ap 2 Clear 1 Molded lines Unidentified Bottle Fragment; 5 ST 4.3 Ap 3 Amethyst 1 Solarized 1880 - 1915 Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; Probable canning jar fragments, 6 ST 5.1 Fill 1 Aqua 6 molded lettering 7 ST 5.2 Ap 1 Cut Common Nail; Complete 1 1805 - 2015 7 ST 5.2 Ap 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 3 7 ST 5.2 Ap 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 8 ST 5.4 Ap 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 8 ST 5.4 Ap 2 Machine-Made Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 Stippled with embossed design 1903 - 2015 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 9 ST 5.5 Ap 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 10 ST 7.2 Fill 1 Wire Common Nail; Complete 1 1850 - 2015 10 ST 7.2 Fill 2 Fastener, Metal; Screw 1 1846 - 2015 11 ST 8.3 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 11 ST 8.3 Fill 2 Unglazed 1 Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; 11 ST 8.3 Fill 3 Clear 3 "PINT" and two illegible 11 ST 8.3 Fill 4 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 12 ST 8.5 Ap 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 12 ST 8.5 Ap 2 Flat Glass; Aqua 1 12 ST 8.5 Ap 3 Wire Common Nail; Complete 3 1850 - 2015 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 13 ST 9.6 Ap 1 Green 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 14 ST 10.2 Fill 1 Unglazed 4 14 ST 10.2 Fill 2 White Granite Ware; Plain 1 1842 - 1930 15 ST 10.3 Ap 1 White Granite Ware; Plain 1 1842 - 1930 Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; 15 ST 10.3 Ap 2 Clear 1 "…LAVOR" All mend, one coffee cup with 3-inch 16 ST 11.2 Fill 1 Ironstone; Brown Transfer Print 7 rim diameter and floral design Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Milk 16 ST 11.2 Fill 2 Glass 3 1743 - 16 ST 11.2 Fill 3 Unidentified Glass Object; Slag 1 16 ST 11.2 Fill 4 Lamp Chimney, Glass; Clear 2 17 ST 11.4 Ap 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Amber 3 17 ST 11.4 Ap 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 18 ST 13.3 Ap 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 18 ST 13.3 Ap 2 Whiteware; Plain 1 1810 - 2015 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 19 ST 13.3 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 39 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 19 ST 13.3 Fill 2 Unglazed 2 19 ST 13.3 Fill 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 20 ST 14.3 Fill 1 Redware; Brown Glaze 1 Thick body sherd with interior glaze Smudged transfer print, possible chamber pot rim portion, thick and 21 ST 14.4 Ap 1 Ironstone; Blue Transfer Print 1 everted Bottle base with stipples and machine 22 ST 15.1 Fill 1 Machine-Made Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 seams 1903 - 2015 2450 – 23 ST 15.2 Fill 1 Piscataway Point; Quartz 1 Point base and midsection only 1450 B.C.E. 24 ST 15.6 Ap 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 25 ST 16.6 Fill 1 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Plain 1 Hollowware with green lines and 26 ST 17.1 Apz 1 Pearlware; Engine Turned 1 brown slip filled dashes 1770 - 1830 27 ST 17.8 Apz 1 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Unidentified 1 Underfired 28 ST 18.8 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 29 ST 19.11 Fill 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 30 ST 20.6 Apz 1 Flake w/Cortex 16-20mm; Quartz 1 31 ST 20.10 Apz 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 31 ST 20.10 Apz 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 32 ST 20.11 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; 32 ST 20.11 Fill 2 Amethyst 3 Solarized 1880 - 1915 32 ST 20.11 Fill 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 33 ST 22.9 Apz 1 Nail; Unidentified 1 34 ST 23.9 Fill 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 35 MD 01 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 1849 - 0.56 36 MD 02 1 Projectile; Center-Fire Cartridge 1 0.57 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 37 MD 03 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Machinery part Unidentified Metal Object; 38 MD 04 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 39 MD 05 1 Accessory, Metal; Key 1 40 MD 06 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 Fired 0.50 41 MD 07 1 Unidentified Metal Object; Lead 1 Large piece Domestic Coin; Lincoln Penny, Wheat 42 MD 08 1 Reverse 1 Illegible date 1909 - 1958 43 MD 09 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Three grooves, squared conical cavity 1849 - 0.64 44 MD 10 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 45 MD 11 1 Toy, Metal; Gun 1 Trigger, probable toy gun 46 MD 12 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Conical cavity, three grooves 1849 - 0.58 47 MD 13 1 Unidentified Metal Object; Lead 1 Two grooves, pin-shaped cavity, 48 MD 14 1 Projectile; Revolver Bullet 1 maybe rifle bullet 0.51 Flat base, no grooves, maybe rifle 49 MD 15 1 Projectile; Revolver Bullet 1 bullet 0.51 Unidentified Metal Object; 50 MD 16 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 51 MD 17 1 Projectile; Sharps Carbine Bullet 1 Two grooves, solid base 0.56 Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 52 MD 18 1 Lead 1 53 MD 19 1 Projectile; Revolver Bullet 1 Two grooves, pin-shaped cavity 0.50 54 MD 20 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Three grooves, conical cavity 1849 - 0.58 55 MD 21 1 Military Object, Metal; Scabbard 1 Scabbard fragment Unidentified Metal Object; 56 MD 22 1 Unidentifiable 1 Small fragment 57 MD 23 1 Plumbing, Metal; Pipe 1 Copper alloy, seamless 58 MD 24 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Machinery part, similar to MD 82 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Unidentified Metal Object; 59 MD 25 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Fragment, possibly modern 60 MD 26 1 Button, Metal; Brass 1 Loop shank Unidentified Metal Object; 61 MD 27 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Flat metal fragment 62 MD 28 1 Hardware, Metal; Tin Roofing 3 Corrugated metal fragments Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 63 MD 29 1 Lead 1 Eagle button, unidentified shield 64 MD 30 1 Military Uniform, Metal; Button 1 design, unidentified back mark 65 MD 31 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Rivet 1 Possible knapsack rivet 66 MD 32 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Three grooves, conical cavity, fired 1849 - 0.56 Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 67 MD 33 1 Lead 1 68 MD 34 1 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 1 1805 - 2015 68 MD 34 2 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Small ring, possible hose nozzle part Hardware, Metal; Escutcheon, 69 MD 35 1 Keyhole Cover 1 Probably Eagle button, crushed 70 MD 36 1 Military Uniform, Metal; Button 1 uniform button Unidentified Metal Object; 71 MD 37 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Curved flat metal object 72 MD 38 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 Fired 0.63 73 MD 39 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 Fired, flattened Flat base, conical point, one groove, 74 MD 40 1 Projectile; Sharps Carbine Bullet 1 possible carbine rifle bullet 0.56 75 MD 41 1 Projectile; Sharps Carbine Bullet 1 Flat base, two grooves 0.56 76 MD 42 1 Electrical, Metal; Miscellaneous Part 1 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Gilt, with loop shank, maker's mark on reverse "…CAERS GILT…", could be revealed with additional 77 MD 43 1 Button, Metal; Brass 1 dry-brushing 78 MD 44 1 Toy, Metal; Gun 2 Fragments of toy gun Domestic Coin; Lincoln Penny, Wheat 79 MD 45 1 Reverse 1 Probable wheat penny, illegible 1909 - 1958 80 MD 46 1 Projectile; Modern Bullet 1 Fired, smooth, rifle 0.52 Unidentified Metal Object; 81 MD 47 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Thin strip of metal 82 MD 48 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 Fired 0.63 83 MD 49 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Conical cavity, three grooves 1849 - 0.56 84 MD 50 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Fired, flattened 1849 - 0.56 85 MD 51 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Unidentified iron object Unidentified Metal Object; 86 MD 52 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Flat strip of metal Unidentified Metal Object; 87 MD 53 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Flat strip of metal, curled on end 88 MD 54 1 Military Object, Metal; Scabbard 1 Bayonet scabbard fragment 89 MD 55 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Unidentified object Unidentified Metal Object; 90 MD 56 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Flat strip of metal 91 MD 57 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.63 Conical cavity, three grooves, 92 MD 58 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 possibly fired 1849 - 0.56 Address label "… R BOWIE / …RD. 93 MD 59 1 Unidentified Metal Object; Aluminum 1 / … VA A" 1891 - 2015 Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 94 MD 60 1 Lead 1 Navy Eagle button with anchor, 1835-1850, "SCOVILLS & CO / 95 MD 61 1 Military Uniform, Metal; Button 1 WATERBURY" on reverse Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 96 MD 62 1 Wire Common Nail; Fragment 1 1850 - 2015 Unidentified Metal Object; Large flat metal with concreted 97 MD 63 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 charcoal Tailoring/Sewing, Metal; Brass 98 MD 64 1 Thimble 1 Tip broken 99 MD 65 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Unidentified 1 Flat iron 100 MD 66 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.63 101 MD 67 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.63 102 MD 68 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.63 Unidentified Metal Object; 103 MD 69 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Flat metal 104 MD 70 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.63 105 MD 71 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.63 106 MD 72 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.63 107 MD 73 1 Toy, Metal; Gun 1 Lock mechanism 108 MD 74 1 Projectile; Rimfire Cartridge 1 1866 - 0.45 109 MD 75 1 Projectile; Revolver Bullet 1 Fired 0.50? 110 MD 76 1 Button, Metal; Ferrous 1 Possible button half, very corroded 111 MD 77 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Fired, flattened 1849 - 112 MD 78 1 Tool, Metal; Other 1 Possible skate or other key 113 MD 79 1 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 1 1805 - 2015 114 MD 80 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 Fired 0.63 Unidentified Metal Object; 115 MD 81 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Small fragment 116 MD 82 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Machinery part, similar to MD 24 117 MD 83 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Copper alloy fragment Unidentified handle for hollowware 118 MD 84 1 Kitchen Metal; Unidentified 1 vessel, possibly lead Unidentified Metal Object; 119 MD 85 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Flat square piece Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 120 MD 86 1 Projectile; Revolver Bullet 1 Revolver or small rifle 0.51 121 MD 87 1 Projectile; Sharps Carbine Bullet 1 Flat base with pinhole cavity, 2 rings 0.56 122 MD 88 1 Accessory, Metal; Umbrella Part 1 Center portion of folding umbrella Fastener, Metal; Brass Belt or Other Possible belt end hook piece for plate 123 MD 89 1 Buckle 1 belt Molded lead figurative object, 124 MD 90 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 2 fragments Grooming/Hygiene, Metal; Lipstick 125 MD 91 1 Tube 1 Two-piece button with Great Seal on lined field with "L.A. MYERS JR. INC. / NEWARK NJ", after 1902, 126 MD 92 1 Military Uniform, Metal; Button 1 probably WWII Two rings, flat base with pinhole 127 MD 93 1 Projectile; Sharps Carbine Bullet 1 cavity 0.52 128 MD 94 1 Projectile; Center-Fire Cartridge 1 0.45 129 MD 95 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Smashed and flattened 1849 - 130 MD 96 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Small hardware fragment 131 MD 97 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Decorative 1 Object with floral design Unidentified Metal Object; 132 MD 98 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Flat square piece Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 133 MD 99 1 Lead 1 134 MD 100 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Round object 135 MD 101 1 Lamp Part, Metal; Gas or Kerosene 1 136 MD 102 1 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 1 1805 - 2015 Appliance, Metal; Cast-Iron Stove 137 MD 103 1 Part 1 Cast iron fragment 138 MD 104 1 Unidentified Metal Object; Lead 1 139 MD 105 1 Utensil, Metal; Tablespoon 1 Spoon bowl only 140 MD 106 1 Projectile; Pistol Bullet 1 0.38 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Two-piece button with Great Seal on lined field with illegible back mark, 141 MD 107 1 Military Uniform, Metal; Button 1 after 1902, probably WWII 142 MD 108 1 Lamp Part, Metal; Gas or Kerosene 1 Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 143 MD 109 1 Lead 1 144 MD 110 1 Projectile; Sharps Carbine Bullet 1 Flat base with pinhole cavity, 2 rings 0.56 145 MD 111 1 Projectile; Pistol Bullet 1 0.45 Three rings, conical cavity, base cut 146 MD 112 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 or altered 1849 - 0.68 Unidentified Metal Object; 147 MD 113 1 Unidentifiable 1 148 MD 114 1 Projectile; Pistol Bullet 1 0.38 149 MD 115 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.65 150 MD 116 1 Projectile; Pistol Bullet 1 0.38 151 MD 117 1 Domestic Coin; Indian Head Penny 1 "1869" 1859 - 1909 152 MD 118 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Chain Link 1 153 MD 119 1 Plumbing, Metal; Pipe 1 154 MD 120 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Thin bar of copper alloy Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 155 MD 121 1 Lead 1 Three rings, conical base, smashed or 156 MD 122 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 flattened 1849 - 0.56 Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 157 MD 123 1 Olive Green 1 Straight wine finish, hand-tooled Eagle button, unidentified shield 158 MD 124 1 Military Uniform, Metal; Button 1 design, unidentified back mark Appliance, Metal; Cast-Iron Stove 159 MD 125 1 Part 1 Cast iron fragment Unidentified Metal Object; 160 MD 126 1 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Vessel fragment, rim Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Appliance, Metal; Cast-Iron Stove 161 MD 127 1 Part 1 Cast iron fragment Two-piece brass button with ferrous back, unidentified design, possibly 162 MD 128 1 Button, Metal; Brass 1 religious 163 MD 129 1 Utensil, Metal; Handle, Unidentified 1 Handle, cast iron 164 MD 130 1 Fastener, Metal; Unidentified 1 Small brass ring Small Navy button with Eagle and Anchor design, unidentified back 165 MD 131 1 Military Uniform, Metal; Button 1 mark 166 MD 132 1 Domestic Coin; Unidentified 1 Illegible coin, 28mm diameter 167 MD 133 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Flattened 1849 - 168 MD 134 1 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 Fired or smashed Small copper alloy hardware 169 MD 135 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 fragment Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 170 MD 136 1 Lead 1 Square piece Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 171 MD 137 1 Lead 1 172 MD 138 1 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Iron threaded bolt piece Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 173 MD 139 1 Lead 1 174 MD 140 1 Projectile; Sharps Carbine Bullet 1 Two rings, pinhole cavity 0.56 175 MD 141 1 Projectile; Pistol Bullet 1 Smashed 0.38 Unidentified Metal Object; Melted 176 MD 142 1 Lead 1 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 Handwrought Rosehead Nail; 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 2 Fragment 1 - 1820 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 3 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 5 1805 - 2015 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 4 Nail; Unidentified 7 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 5 Fastener, Metal; Spike 1 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 6 Brick; Machine Made, Unglazed 11 Fragments Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 7 Unglazed 7 Machine made brick fragment with 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 8 Brick; Molded Ornamental 1 one rounded edge Saucer base sherd with 4" diameter 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 9 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Plain 1 footring Large platter base and body sherd, 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 10 White Granite Ware; Plain 2 mends with tiny body sherd 1842 - 1930 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 11 White Granite Ware; Plain 4 Body sherds 1842 - 1930 Unidentified Ceramic; Burnt White 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 12 Body 1 Medicine bottle, 4" high, 12-sided paneled body, applied flat finish, pontil mark on base (pre-1870), very thin glass, likely a general utility bottle dating to 1850-1860s used for 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 13 Hinge-Bottom-Mold Bottle; Aqua 1 druggists' own preparations 1750 - 1880 Wine or beverage bottle, fire-polished post mold seams, "S" Post-Mold Bottle Fragment; Olive embossed on base, round body, 3" 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 14 Green 13 diameter, air bubbles, mend 1850 - 1925 Probably shards of post-molded wine bottle, one neck fragment with stretching marks, one shoulder Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive fragment, air bubbles, thickness 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 15 Green 17 varies Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; Probably medicine bottle, tiny flared 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 16 Clear 1 finish fragment, very thin glass 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 17 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Green 1 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 18 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 19 Green 3 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 20 Coal, Wood; Charcoal 1 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 21 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 17 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 22 Projectile; Lead Ball 2 0.65 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 23 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Three rings, conical cavity 1849 - 0.56 177 ST J-8 Apb/ Feature 24 Writing; Slate Pencil 1 Fragment 178 ST J-9 Fill 1 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 Three rings, conical cavity 1849 - 0.56 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 3 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 2 Unglazed 29 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 3 Ironstone; Plain White 3 Hollowware rim and body sherds 1813 - 1900 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 4 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 5 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Milk 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 6 Glass 1 1743 - Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 7 Green 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 8 Green 1 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 9 Coal, Wood; Charcoal 3 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 10 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 3 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 11 Pipe Stem; 5/64th-Inch Ball Clay 1 1710 - 1750 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 12 Flake w/Cortex 11-15mm; Quartz 1 179 TU 1.1 Ap/Fill 13 Flake 31-35mm; Quartzite 1 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 35 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 339 Handwrought Rosehead Nail; 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Complete 1 - 1820 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 34 1805 - 2015 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Fastener, Metal; Spike 1 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Hardware, Metal; Lead Window Came 2 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Unglazed 48 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Stone; Roof Slate 3 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 9 Shoe Part; Leather 5 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 10 Button, Ceramic; Porcelain, 4-Hole 2 1840 - 1920 Longbone, possibly bovine, whole, 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 11 Faunal; Bone 1 fragile 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 12 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Gilded 6 3 Saucer rims, 3 saucer bases 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 13 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Plain 15 Saucer rims, bases and body Domestic Gray Stoneware; Blue 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 14 Decorated Salt Glaze 1 Large crock body sherd 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 15 Ironstone; Plain White 41 Plate rim, body, and base sherds 1813 - 1900 Blue shell edge, some mend, large 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 16 Ironstone; Edged 10 plate or platter Free-Blown Bottle Fragment; Olive 3 hand-tooled wine or brandy finish, 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 17 Green 4 1 base sherd Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; Neck and shoulder sherds with mold 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 18 Olive Green 7 seams Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 19 Aqua 2 Base and flat finish Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 20 Aqua 2 "…DR…"; "…AN…" Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 21 Olive Green 2 "…EN…"; "…A…" Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 22 Green 91 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 23 Coal; Lump/Nugget 1 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 24 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 102 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 25 Stone; Unidentified 1 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Stoneware inkwell with brown glaze, 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 26 Writing, Ceramic; Ink Bottle 1 46.5mm high, 2" diameter 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 27 Writing; Slate Pencil 1 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 28 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.687 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 29 Projectile; Minié Ball 1 1849 - 0.56 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 30 Projectile; Enfield 1 0.56 Pipe Bowl Fragment, Ceramic; Ball 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 31 Clay 11 4 mend Pipe Bowl Fragment, Ceramic; 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 32 Decorated Ball Clay 2 One ribbed, one with arrows 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 33 Pipe Stem; 5/64th-Inch Ball Clay 2 1710 - 1750 Pipe Stem; 5/64th-Inch Decorated Ball 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 34 Clay 1 "DORNI" and ribbed decoration 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 35 Hardware, Metal; Bolt and/or Bracket 2 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 36 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 machinery part Free-Blown Bottle Fragment; Dark 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 37 Green 4 Base with kick fragment Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 38 Dark Green 1 "…C…" Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 180 TU 1.2 Feature 1 Fill 39 Green 22 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 5 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 2 Unglazed 1 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 3 Stone; Roof Slate 4 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 4 Faunal; Oyster Shell Fragments 1 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 5 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Transfer Print 1 Flatware body 1760 - 2015 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 6 Whiteware; Plain 1 Flatware body 1810 - 2015 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 7 Redware; Brown Glaze 1 Hollowware rim Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 2 base with pontil mark, one paneled 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 8 Aqua 3 body, possible medicine bottles Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 9 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 10 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Amber 1 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 11 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 12 Green 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 13 Green 1 181 TU 2.1 Ap/Fill 14 Coal, Wood; Charcoal 1 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 9 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 4 1805 - 2015 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Nail; Unidentified 4 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Hardware, Metal; Bolt and/or Bracket 1 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Brick; Handmade, Unglazed 3 1 with rounded edges Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Unglazed 17 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Stone; Roof Slate 3 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Ironstone; Plain White 4 Body sherds, 2 mend 1813 - 1900 Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 9 Olive Green 2 Cup-mold bottle base Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 10 Aqua 6 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 11 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 12 Green 34 182 TU 2.2 Feature 1 Fill 13 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 1 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 4 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 2 Cut Common Nail; Complete 1 1805 - 2015 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 3 Nail; Unidentified 2 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 4 Unglazed 6 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 5 Yellowware; Plain 1 1830 - 1930 Free-Blown Bottle Fragment; Olive 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 6 Green 1 Base 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 7 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 8 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 9 Green 8 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 10 Projectile; Lead Ball 1 0.625 Gardening, Ceramic; Terra-Cotta 183 TU 3.1 Ap/Fill 11 Flower Pot 1 184 TU 3.2 E Feature 1 Fill 1 Nail; Unidentified 9 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 184 TU 3.2 E Feature 1 Fill 2 Unglazed 14 184 TU 3.2 E Feature 1 Fill 3 Button, Ceramic; Porcelain, 4-Hole 4 1840 - 1920 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 184 TU 3.2 E Feature 1 Fill 4 Green 11 184 TU 3.2 E Feature 1 Fill 5 Flake 11-15mm; Quartz 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 185 TU 3.2 W Feature 1 Fill 1 Unglazed 4 185 TU 3.2 W Feature 1 Fill 2 Whiteware; Plain 1 1810 - 2015 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 185 TU 3.2 W Feature 1 Fill 3 Green 1 185 TU 3.2 W Feature 1 Fill 4 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 1 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 3 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 2 Unglazed 6 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 3 Mortar; Plaster 9 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 4 Faunal; Clam 1 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 5 Faunal; Oyster Shell Fragments 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 6 Coke-Bottle Green 2 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 7 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 8 Amethyst 1 1880 - 1915 186 TU 4.1 Ap/Fill 9 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 187 TU 4.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Brick; Handmade, Unglazed 1 Free-Blown Bottle Fragment; Olive Whiskey or wine finish fragments, 187 TU 4.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Green 3 hand-tooled Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 187 TU 4.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Dark Green 1 Base with iron-tipped pontil mark 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 1 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 4 1805 - 2015 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 12 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 3 Unglazed 8 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 4 Stone; Roof Slate 1 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 5 Button, Ceramic; Porcelain, 4-Hole 1 1840 - 1920 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 6 Faunal; Oyster Shell Fragments 1 Domestic Gray Stoneware; Plain Salt 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 7 Glaze 1 Tiny sherd 1705 - 1930 One large base sherd with heavy 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 8 Ironstone; Plain White 4 footring, three small body sherds 1813 - 1900 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 9 Redware; Fine Black Glaze 1 Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 10 Dark Green 9 Base and embossed body sherds 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 11 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 4 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 12 Green 9 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 13 Green 18 188 TU 5.1 Ap/Fill 14 Coal, Wood; Charcoal 1 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 2 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Cut Common Nail; Complete 1 1805 - 2015 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 23 1805 - 2015 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Nail; Unidentified 78 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Brick; Handmade, Unglazed 4 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Unglazed 5 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Stone; Roof Slate 2 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Button, Ceramic; Porcelain, 4-Hole 1 1840 - 1920 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 9 Ironstone; Plain White 2 1813 - 1900 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 10 Ironstone; Edged 1 Blue shell edge, mend Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; Probably Brown Stout bottle, base, 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 11 Dark Green 14 neck and embossed body shards 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 12 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 13 Green 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 14 Green 28 Unidentified Metal Object; 189 TU 5.2 Feature 1 Fill 15 Brass/Copper Alloy 1 Copper alloy thin bar with hole 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 3 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 2 Cut Common Nail; Complete 1 Burned 1805 - 2015 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 3 Nail; Unidentified 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 4 Unglazed 1 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 5 Stone; Roof Slate 1 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Hand-Painted 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 6 Underglaze 1 Flatware rim with faint traces of paint 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 7 Whiteware; Plain 1 1810 - 2015 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 8 Ironstone; Edged 1 Blue shell edge 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 9 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 2 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 10 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Amber 1 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 190 TU 6.1 Ap/Fill 11 Cooking Vessel, Metal; Unidentified 1 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Nail; Unidentified 10 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Unglazed 3 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Stone; Roof Slate 1 One large lid fragment, one tiny body 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Ironstone; Plain White 2 sherd 1813 - 1900 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Green 10 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Melted/Burnt 1 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 8 Unidentified Metal Object; 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Unidentifiable 1 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 9 Ceramic; Unidentified 3 191 TU 6.2 Feature 1 Fill 10 Tool, Metal; Unidentified 1 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 4 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 3 Unglazed 10 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 4 Faunal; Oyster Shell Fragments 1 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 5 Ironstone; Plain White 6 1813 - 1900 Unidentified Ceramic; Indeterminate 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 6 Ware 1 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 7 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 8 Green 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 192 TU 7.1 Ap/Fill 9 Green 1 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 7 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Unglazed 31 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Gilded 4 Saucer base and rims Hard-Paste Porcelain; Hand-Painted 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Underglaze 5 Saucer base and rims with faint lines 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Plain 5 Saucer base and rims 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Ironstone; Plain White 192 1813 - 1900 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Ironstone; Edged 21 Blue shell edge, mend Unidentified Ceramic; Indeterminate 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Ware 15 Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; Round base with pontil mark, 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 9 Aqua 1 possible medicine bottle Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 10 Olive Green 8 Base and embossed body shards Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 11 Dark Green 3 Base and embossed body shards 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 12 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 19 Very thin 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 13 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 14 Green 78 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 15 Green 38 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 16 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 3 193 TU 7.2 Feature 1 Fill 17 Writing, Metal; Pencil Part 1 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 2 Unglazed 7 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 3 Faunal; Clam 1 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 4 Faunal; Oyster Shell Fragments 1 Whiteware; Transfer Print, Willow 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 5 Pattern 1 1820 - 2015 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 6 Whiteware; Banded 2 1810 - 1925 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 7 Redware; Fine Black Glaze 1 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 8 Redware; Reddish Orange Glaze 1 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 9 Machine-Made Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 1903 - 2015 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 10 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Green 1 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 11 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 5 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 12 Green 1 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 13 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Red 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; 194 TU 8.1 Ap/Fill 14 Melted/Burnt 1 195 TU 8.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 195 TU 8.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Unglazed 3 195 TU 8.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Ironstone; Plain White 9 1813 - 1900 195 TU 8.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Ironstone; Edged 5 Blue shell edge Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 195 TU 8.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Green 15 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 195 TU 8.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Green 4 195 TU 8.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Coal, Wood; Charcoal 1 195 TU 8.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 1 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 1 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 3 1805 - 2015 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 3 Unglazed 1 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 4 Stone; Roof Slate 1 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 5 Ironstone; Plain White 2 1813 - 1900 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 6 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 4 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 7 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 8 Green 2 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 9 Coal, Wood; Charcoal 2 Unidentified Metal Object; 196 TU 9.1 Ap/Fill 10 Unidentifiable 2 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 197 TU 9.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Unglazed 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 197 TU 9.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Green 3 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 3 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 2 Cut Common Nail; Fragment 1 1805 - 2015 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 3 Nail; Unidentified 2 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 4 Unglazed 4 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 5 Faunal; Oyster Shell Fragments 1 Chinese Export Porcelain; Underglaze 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 6 Blue 1 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 7 Whiteware; Blue Transfer Print 1 1815 - 1915 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 8 Whiteware; Plain 2 1810 - 2015 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 9 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Amber 1 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 10 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 4 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 11 Melted/Burnt 1 198 TU 10.1 Ap/Fill 12 Unidentified Plastic; Fragment 1 1915 - Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 199 TU 10.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Unglazed 2 199 TU 10.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Mortar; Plaster 1 199 TU 10.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Whiteware; Plain 2 1810 - 2015 199 TU 10.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Whiteware; Color Glaze 1 Brown glaze 1815 - 2015 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 199 TU 10.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Green 1 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 3 Unglazed 6 Domestic Gray Stoneware; Plain Salt 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 4 Glaze 1 1705 - 1930 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 5 Ironstone; Plain White 2 1813 - 1900 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 6 Yellowware; Plain 1 1830 - 1930 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 7 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Milk 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 8 Glass 1 1743 - 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 9 Pipe Stem; Hard Rubber 1 1851 - 200 TU 11.1 Ap/Fill 10 Toy, Rubber; Wheel 1 201 TU 11.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Nail; Unidentified 2 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 201 TU 11.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Unglazed 1 201 TU 11.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Faunal; Clam 1 201 TU 11.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Yellowware; Plain 1 1830 - 1930 Blown-In-Mold Bottle Fragment; 201 TU 11.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Olive Green 6 Base sherds Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 201 TU 11.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Green 36 201 TU 11.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 201 TU 11.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Coal, Wood; Charcoal 1 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 4 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 3 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 3 Faunal; Oyster Shell Fragments 2 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 4 Chinese Export Porcelain; Plain 1 Domestic Gray Stoneware; Plain Salt 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 5 Glaze 1 1705 - 1930 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber Industrial Stoneware Bottle; 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 6 Light-Brown Glaze 1 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 7 Ironstone; Plain White 2 1813 - 1900 Unidentified Ceramic; Indeterminate 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 8 Ware 1 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 9 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 10 Green 1 202 TU 12.1 Ap/Fill 11 Coal, Wood; Charcoal 4 203 TU 12.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Stone; Roof Slate 2 203 TU 12.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Ironstone; Plain White 163 1813 - 1900 203 TU 12.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Ironstone; Edged 9 Blue shell edge Unidentified Ceramic; Indeterminate 203 TU 12.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Ware 5 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; 203 TU 12.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Coke-Bottle Green 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 203 TU 12.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Green 4 203 TU 12.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Flake 16-20mm; Quartz 1 204 TU 13.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 204 TU 13.1 Ap/Fill 2 Unglazed 1 204 TU 13.1 Ap/Fill 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 2 204 TU 13.1 Ap/Fill 4 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 2 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 1 Domestic Gray Stoneware; Plain Salt 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Glaze 1 1705 - 1930 Domestic Gray Stoneware; Blue 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Decorated Salt Glaze 2 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Whiteware; Plain 2 1810 - 2015 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Yellowware; Plain 14 Possible Chamber Pot rims 1830 - 1930 Yellowware; Dipped: 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Mocha-Dendritic 8 Blue dendritic pattern 1840 - 1939 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 205 TU 13.2 Feature 1 Fill 9 Green 1 206 TU 14.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 3 206 TU 14.1 Ap/Fill 2 Ironstone; Plain White 2 1813 - 1900 206 TU 14.1 Ap/Fill 3 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 206 TU 14.1 Ap/Fill 4 Flake 16-20mm; Quartz 1 207 TU 14.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 11 207 TU 14.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Plain 1 207 TU 14.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Ironstone; Plain White 22 1813 - 1900 207 TU 14.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 2 Very thin 207 TU 14.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 207 TU 14.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Green 9 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 207 TU 14.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Green 21 207 TU 14.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Writing; Slate Pencil 1 208 TU 15.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 2 208 TU 15.1 Ap/Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 1 208 TU 15.1 Ap/Fill 3 Whiteware; Plain 1 1810 - 2015 208 TU 15.1 Ap/Fill 4 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 2 209 TU 15.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 2 209 TU 15.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Hardware, Metal; Bolt and/or Bracket 1 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 209 TU 15.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Unglazed 2 209 TU 15.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Whiteware; Plain 1 1810 - 2015 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 209 TU 15.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Redware; Fine Black Glaze 1 209 TU 15.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Redware; Brown Glaze 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 209 TU 15.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Green 2 210 TU 16.1 Ap/Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 2 210 TU 16.1 Ap/Fill 2 Faunal; Oyster Shell Fragments 2 210 TU 16.1 Ap/Fill 3 Whiteware; Plain 3 1810 - 2015 210 TU 16.1 Ap/Fill 4 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 3 210 TU 16.1 Ap/Fill 5 Unidentified Plastic; Fragment 1 1915 - 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 4 Brick, Fragment; Unidentified, 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Unglazed 2 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Hard-Paste Porcelain; Plain 1 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Ironstone; Plain White 39 1813 - 1900 Unidentified Ceramic; Indeterminate 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Ware 4 Decorated/Embossed Glass Fragment; 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Cobalt Blue 1 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Clear 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Green Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Dark 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 9 Green 1 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 10 Unidentified Metal Object; Iron/Steel 2 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 11 Gardening, Ceramic; Flower Pot 6 211 TU 16.2 Feature 1 Fill 12 Miscellaneous, Metal; Other 1 Large iron piece 212 TU 17.1 Ap/Fill 1 Ironstone; Plain White 1 1813 - 1900 212 TU 17.1 Ap/Fill 2 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 4 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 1 Window Glass; All Thicknesses 1 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 2 Nail; Unidentified 5 Lot Provenience Artifact Date Number Description Soil Horizon Number Artifact Descriptions Count Comments Range Caliber 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 3 Stone; Roof Slate 2 One with hole 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 4 Whiteware; Polychrome Hand Painted 1 1830 - 1875 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 5 Ironstone; Plain White 10 Lid and body sherds 1813 - 1900 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 6 Ironstone; Edged 5 Blue shell edge 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 7 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Aqua 1 Unidentified Bottle Fragment; Olive 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 8 Green 14 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 9 Projectile; Enfield 1 With small lead plug from cavity 0.56 Pipe Bowl Fragment, Ceramic; Ball 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 10 Clay 4 One with 5/64th-inch hole Pipe Bowl Fragment, Ceramic; With 5/64th-inch hole, decorated 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 11 Decorated Ball Clay 1 with arrows and olive branch Pipe Stem; 5/64th-Inch Decorated Ball 213 TU 17.2 Feature 1 Fill 12 Clay 1 Ribbed, with "DORNI" TOTAL COUNT: 2,864

APPENDIX II

Virginia Department of Historic Resources Archaeological Site Form

Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

Snapshot Date Generated: September 18, 2015

Site Name: Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in Site Evaluation Status Virginia Site Classification: Terrestrial, open air Not Evaluated Year(s): No Data Site Type(s): Camp, Farmstead, Hospital, School Other DHR ID: 100-0123 Temporary Designation: No Data

Locational Information

USGS Quad: ALEXANDRIA County/Independent City: Alexandria (Ind. City) Physiographic Province: Piedmont Elevation: 280 Aspect: Flat Drainage: Potomac/Shenandoah River Slope: 0 - 2 Acreage: 180.000 Landform: Other Ownership Status: Private Government Entity Name: No Data

Site Components

Component 1 Category: Education Site Type: School Cultural Affiliation: Euro-American, Indeterminate DHR Time Period: Antebellum Period, Post Cold War, Reconstruction and Growth, The New Dominion, World War I to World War II Start Year: No Data End Year: No Data Comments: religious/educational institution, Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary ------June 2012 ------JMA, September 2014 to May 2015 - Some 20th century artifacts were associated with the Seminary Component 2 Category: Health Care/Medicine Site Type: Hospital Cultural Affiliation: African American, Euro-American DHR Time Period: Civil War Start Year: No Data End Year: No Data Comments: Civil War hospital ------June 2012 ------JMA, September 2014 to May 2015 - Shovel testing, metal detection, GPR and TU excavations resulted in the identification of a Civil War-era trash midden, with historic artifacts associated with the Fairfax Seminary Hospital including whole blown-in-mold medicine bottles, beer and whiskey/wine bottles, a stoneware inkwell, munitions, tobacco pipes, a smashed chamber pot and tableware ceramics, and other personal items. These artifacts date to the mid- to late 19th century. A nearby GPR anomaly is likely a former 19th century road.

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 1 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

Component 3 Category: Military/Defense Site Type: Camp Cultural Affiliation: African American, Euro-American DHR Time Period: Civil War Start Year: No Data End Year: No Data Comments: 44AX0173a ------June 2012 ------JMA, September 2014 to May 2015 - Shovel testing, metal detection, GPR and TU excavations resulted in the identification of a Civil War-era trash midden, with historic artifacts associated with the Fairfax Seminary Hospital. Metal detection of the surrounding area resulted in the recovery of 19th century artifacts associated with encampments on the grounds of the hospital. A nearby GPR anomaly is likely a former 19th century road. Component 4 Category: Domestic Site Type: Farmstead Cultural Affiliation: Indeterminate DHR Time Period: Antebellum Period Start Year: No Data End Year: No Data Comments: early 19thc. farmstead/plantation ------June 2012 ------JMA, September 2014 to May 2015

Bibliographic Information

Bibliography: Key Historical Sources: Fairfax Seminary Hospital (Map) 1865Fairfax Seminary Hospital. Vertical file, Alexandria Library.

Gladwin, Reverend A. 1864Letter to Brigadier General John P. Slough, 16 December. Manuscript, Records of the United States Army Continental Commands, Office of the Military Governor for Alexandria, Virginia, Letters Received 1862-1865, Part IV, Entry 2053, Box 1, Record Group 393, National Archives, Washington, DC.

Lee, Captain J.G.C., A.Q.M. 1864Letter to Major General M.C. Meigs, 28 December. Manuscript, Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, Records of the Memorial Division 1865-1914, General Correspondence, Entry 576, Record Group 93, Subgroup 8.2, National Archives, Washington, DC.

United States Colored Troops (USCT) 1864Letter and Petition to Major Edwin Bentley, Surgeon in Charge at L’Ouverture General Hospital, 27 December. Manuscript, Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, Records of the Memorial Division 1865-1914, General Correspondence, Entry 576, Record Group 93, Subgroup 8.2, National Archives, Washington, DC.

United States War Department (USWD) 1864United States Military Telegraph to Brigadier General John P. Slough, 12 August. Manuscript, Office of the Military Governor for Alexandria, Virginia, Telegraphs Received 1862-1865, Part IV, Entry 2053, Box 1, Record Group 393, National Archives, Washington, DC. Informant Data: Name: The Reverend Richard Reid Title: Dean & President Address 1: 3737 Seminary Rd. City: Alexandria State: Virginia ZIP: 22304 Phone 1: 703-370-6600 Ext: 0000 Surveyor Notes: Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in Virginia

Virginia Theological Seminary

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 2 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

Owner Relationship: Owner of property, Property Manager

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 3 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

CRM Events

Event Type: Archaeological Assessment

Project Staff/Notes: Archaeological evaluation of the approximately 4.5-acre project area for the Virginia Theological Seminary's proposed new student housing project. The project area has the potential to contain historic cultural resources associated with the Union Army's occupation of the Seminary as a hospital during the Civil War. A small portion of a relocated 3-acre Civil War-era cemetery may be included within the project area. The archaeological evaluation included documentary research, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), shovel test, and metal detector surveys, and test unit excavation. It included the excavation of 127 shovel tests (STs) at 30-foot intervals, 3 radial STs, and 7 judgmental STs. 147 artifacts were recovered from 142 metal detector hits. 17 test units (TUs) were excavated to delineate a 19th-century trash midden, designated as Feature 1. This feature was near a linear anomaly identified by GPR that may have been a former 19th-century road. Project Review File Number: No Data Sponsoring Organization: No Data Organization/Company: JMA, Inc. Investigator: Charles Goode Survey Date: 9/29/2014 Survey Description: Field methods for the archaeological survey included an initial walkover, a metal detector survey, and the excavation of STs and TUs within the project area. Shovel testing was conducted at 30-ft intervals. The ST number consists of the transect number followed by the individual ST number (e.g., ST 1.2). Judgmentally placed STs (e.g. ST J2) were excavated outside of transects in areas confined by topography or other landscape features so that the project area was thoroughly tested. Judgmentally placed STs were also used to target GPR anomalies and potential buried deposits identified during metal detection. The STs were approximately 45-centimeters (cm) (1.5-ft.) in diameter and were excavated 10-cm (0.3-ft.) into sterile subsoil or to a depth of approximately 3 ft. The STs were excavated and screened by natural soil horizon. Soils were screened through ¼-inch hardware cloth. STs were recorded on a standardized form recording transect number, ST number, location, depth measurements, soil texture and color including the Munsell color description.

The metal-detection survey covered the entire project area and then focused on the areas that contained artifacts in undisturbed contexts, as identified during the shovel test survey. Metal detector transects overlapped and followed the shovel test transects. The project area was metal-detected repeatedly by two operators using different instruments. Joseph Balicki spent 26 hours metal detecting using a Minelab E-TRAC metal detector. Cynthia V. Goode spent 24 hours metal detecting using a White’s MXT metal detector. The time devoted to metal detection was enough to undertake a 100-percent, systematic survey of the entire project area.

The field team excavated 17 3-by-3-ft test units (TUs) to delineate a possible feature. TUs were excavated by natural soil horizon, and interfaces were scraped to detect and delineate the features borders. The feature was exposed, mapped, and excavated with TUs in 3-by-3-ft sections. Results were recorded on a standardized form and at least one soil profile was drawn for each TU to record stratigraphy. Soils excavated from TUs were screened separately through ¼-inch hardware cloth, and recovered artifacts were placed in labeled plastic bags for delivery to the laboratory.

The locations of STs, MD hits, and other pertinent features were recorded using an electronic total station equipped with a data collector. Digital photographic images were taken during the survey.

GPR survey was conducted across the project area. JMA utilized a GSSI SIR-3000 GPR system with a 400 MHz central-frequency antenna. The GPR data were collected within geophysical survey grids laid out relative to an arbitrary “Grid North” that was oriented parallel to the boundary identified by Alexandria Archaeology as the “minimum GPR area” within the overall project area. Within each grid, GPR data were surveyed along parallel, unidirectional lines spaced at 25cm intervals. Post-processing routines for the GPR data were conducted in GSSI’s RADAN software and included position correction (time zero), gain, and high and low pass filtering. Current Land Use Date of Use Comments School 9/17/2015 12:00:00 AM Virginia Episcopal Theological Seminary Threats to Resource: Development Site Conditions: Unknown Portion of Site Destroyed Survey Strategies: Metal Detection, Other Remote Sensing, Subsurface Testing Specimens Collected: Yes Specimens Observed, Not Collected: Yes Artifacts Summary and Diagnostics: Field investigations resulted in the recovery of 2,880 artifacts, of which 2,873 are historic and 7 are prehistoric. Seventy-seven of the historic artifacts are military-related. One Civil War-era trash midden feature was identified. The feature contained cut nails, whiteware, ironstone, yellowware, a hinge- bottom molded medicine bottle, post-molded beer and wine/whiskey bottles, porcelain buttons, shoe leather, decorated tobacco pipes, slate pencils and a stoneware ink jar, Minie Balls, Enfield bullets, and lead balls. Other military artifacts from the project area included General Service and Navy buttons, Great Seal buttons, scabbard fragments, Sharps Carbine bullets and other munitions. Summary of Specimens Observed, Not Collected: Modern trash recovered during metal detection was discarded. Current Curation Repository: JMA Alexandria Permanent Curation Repository: Alexandria Archaeology Field Notes: Yes Field Notes Repository: Alexandria Archaeology

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 4 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

Photographic Media: Digital Survey Reports: Yes Survey Report Information: Goode, Cynthia V. and Charles E. Goode 2015 Archaeological Evaluation for the Proposed New Student Housing, Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Virginia. Report to Kathryn V. Chernau, LLC, Richmond, VA and Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, VA, from JMA, a CCRG Company, Alexandria, VA. Survey Report Repository: VDHR DHR Library Reference Number: No Data Significance Statement: No Data Surveyor's Eligibility Recommendations: No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Recommendations, : No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Considerations: No Data

Event Type: Survey:Phase II/Intensive

Project Staff/Notes: No Data Project Review File Number: No Data Sponsoring Organization: No Data Organization/Company: John Milner Associates (DSS) Investigator: Goode, Charles Survey Date: 6/11/2012 Survey Description: Surroundings: Academic buildings on hill (known as Seminary Hill or "The Hill") overlooking typical level to gently rolling topography of surrounding Coastal Plain. Several small drainages cut through area. Site is campus with park-like setting, minimally developed, surrounded by suburban environment.

1991- Tellus Consultants, in area of construction of new academic building: 100% surface survey, excavation of 56 shovel test + five 4'x3' units 1993- Alexandria Archaeology: Walkover survey of other areas of site; no specimens collected; observed 19th C. cereamics (primarily whiteware), glass, brick fragments and coal. 2004 - John Milner Associates, Inc. phase I survey identified 44AX0173a. Shovel tests at 30' interval. Site dimensions are 230' by 60'.

Jan. and June 2010 – John Milner Associates, Inc. conducted investigations of areas across Seminary campus to be affected by installation of pipeline and New Central Plant Facility. Investigations included shovel testing at 25-ft. intervals and metal detection which was followed later by mechanical stripping within specific portions of the pipeline corridor and additional metal detection. Three artifact concentrations were identified which contained nineteenth-century domestic artifacts associated with Seminary as well as Civil War artifacts.

March-June 2012 – John Milner Associates, Inc. conducted investigations of a 193,500-sqft project area to be affected by the construction of the new Chapel of the Ages. Investigations included a ground-penetrating radar survey covering 20,099 sqft, shovel testing at 25-ft intervals, metal detection, and the excavation of six 3-by-3-ft test units. Ninety-four (94) shovel tests were excavated. Current Land Use Date of Use Comments School 1/1/1993 12:00:00 AM Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in VA Trash scatter 8/19/2004 12:00:00 AM No Data Threats to Resource: None Known Site Conditions: Site Condition Unknown, Unknown Portion of Site Destroyed Survey Strategies: Metal Detection, Subsurface Testing Specimens Collected: Yes Specimens Observed, Not Collected: No Artifacts Summary and Diagnostics: Excavations by Tellus yielded a scatter of 19th and 20th century artifacts (inventory attached). Permanent depository not yet established. Currently with Tellus Consultants , Minneapolis, MN. Will probably be housed at Alexandria Archaeology, Alexandria, Va. [full artifact inventory included in original site file]

2004; 44AX0173a: 17 lead bullets, 2 buttons, 3 unidentified melted lead, 5 unidentified iron objects, and 9 green bottle glass fragments

JMA, Inc. 2010 - Civil War artifacts include ammunition, uniform buttons, knapsack parts, melted lead, and bayonet scabbard tip. Domestic artifacts likely associated with Seminary include watch parts, jewelry, coins, ceramics and bottle glass. Ceramics include pearlware, whiteware, ironstone, yellowware, porcelain, redware, and stonewares.

JMA, Inc. 2012 – Civil War artifacts included ammunition, uniform buttons, knapsack parts, melted lead, bayonet scabbard parts, lead rifle cone protectors, and a Virginia militia plate. Ceramics include pearlware, agateware, black basalt stoneware, British Brown stoneware, creamware, whiteware, ironstone, yellowware, porcelain, redware, and other stonewares. The eighteenth-century ceramics are likely associated with the Thompson

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 5 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

occupation of Oakwood during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century prior to the Seminary occupation. Summary of Specimens Observed, Not Collected: No Data Current Curation Repository: Alexandria Archaeology Permanent Curation Repository: No Data Field Notes: Yes Field Notes Repository: Alexandria Archaeology Photographic Media: No Data Survey Reports: Yes Survey Report Information: "2013 Charles Goode, Peter Leach Archeological Evaluation for the Proposed Chapel of the Ages at the Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Virginia" ------Holland, Kerri, Cynthia V. Goode, Charles E. Goode, and Joseph F. Balicki 2010Archeological Evaluation Associated with Utility Improvements and New Central Plant Facility, Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Virginia. Report to Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Virginia from John Milner Associates, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia. ------Documentary Study, Archaeological Evaluation and Resource Management Plan for Virginia Theological Seminary Faculty Housing, Alexandria, Virginia Author James Embrey, Lynn Jones, Joseph Balicki ------Draft Report: Westover, Allan P., Archaeological Survey and Testing at the Protestant Episcopal Seminary in Alexandria, Virginia, Tellus Consultants, Minneapolis, MN.; Civil War Quartermaster's Map, "Fairfax Seminary Hospital", on file at National Archives, Washington, D.C. Survey Report Repository: DHR/Alexandria Archaeology, VDHR DHR Library Reference Number: AX-120, AX-146 Significance Statement: No Data Surveyor's Eligibility Recommendations: No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Recommendations, : No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Considerations: No Data

Event Type: Survey:Phase II/Intensive

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 6 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

Survey Reports: No Data Survey Report Information: No Data Survey Report Repository: No Data DHR Library Reference Number: No Data Significance Statement: No Data Surveyor's Eligibility Recommendations: No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Recommendations, : No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Considerations: No Data

Event Type: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance

Project Staff/Notes: identified 44AX0173a Project Review File Number: No Data Sponsoring Organization: No Data Organization/Company: Unknown (DSS) Investigator: John Milner Associates, Inc. Survey Date: 8/19/2004 Survey Description: No Data

Threats to Resource: No Data Site Conditions: No Data Survey Strategies: No Data Specimens Collected: No Data Specimens Observed, Not Collected: No Data Artifacts Summary and Diagnostics: No Data Summary of Specimens Observed, Not Collected: No Data Current Curation Repository: No Data Permanent Curation Repository: No Data Field Notes: No Data Field Notes Repository: No Data Photographic Media: No Data Survey Reports: No Data Survey Report Information: No Data Survey Report Repository: No Data DHR Library Reference Number: No Data Significance Statement: No Data Surveyor's Eligibility Recommendations: No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Recommendations, : No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Considerations: No Data

Event Type: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance

Project Staff/Notes: recommendations: continued investigation to determine areas on property with potential to yield significant archaeological resources Project Review File Number: No Data Sponsoring Organization: No Data Organization/Company: Unknown (DSS)

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 7 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

Investigator: Alexandria Arch, Shepard-Bromberg Survey Date: 1/1/1993 Survey Description: No Data

Event Type: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance

Project Staff/Notes: No Data Project Review File Number: No Data Sponsoring Organization: No Data Organization/Company: Unknown (DSS) Investigator: Tellus Consultants, Allan Westover Survey Date: 1/1/1991 Survey Description: No Data

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 8 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

Photographic Media: No Data Survey Reports: No Data Survey Report Information: No Data Survey Report Repository: No Data DHR Library Reference Number: No Data Significance Statement: No Data Surveyor's Eligibility Recommendations: No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Recommendations, : No Data Surveyor's NR Criteria Considerations: No Data

Event Type: Other

Project Staff/Notes: NRHP listing 3 1/2 acres containing 19th c. seminary structures - DOES NOT INCLUDE SITE 44AX0173 Project Review File Number: 100-123 Sponsoring Organization: No Data Organization/Company: Unknown (DSS) Investigator: VDHR Survey Date: 11/17/1980 Survey Description: No Data

Event Type: Other

Project Staff/Notes: VLR listing 3.5 acres containing 19th c. structures - DOES NOT INCLUDE SITE 44AX0173 Project Review File Number: 100-123 Sponsoring Organization: No Data

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 9 of 10 Virginia Department of Historic Resources DHR ID: 44AX0173 Archaeological Site Record

Organization/Company: Unknown (DSS) Investigator: VDHR Survey Date: 5/16/1978 Survey Description: No Data

Archaeological site data is protected under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA 1979). Page: 10 of 10

APPENDIX III

Qualifications of Investigators

CYNTHIA V. GOODE Archaeologist, Lab Director John Milner Associates, Inc. 5250 Cherokee Avenue, Suite 300 Alexandria, VA 22312 (703) 354-9737 (phone) (703) 642-1837 (fax) [email protected]

EDUCATION Ph. D. The American University Anthropology expected 2015 M.A. The American University Public Anthropology 2014 B.A. The College of William and Mary Anthropology, Geology (minor) 2005

EXPERIENCE PROFILE

Cynthia Goode specializes in Middle Atlantic archaeology and prehistoric and historic artifact analysis. Ms. Goode has been awarded a Mellon Grant and a Provost Research Grant for her dissertation research involving African-American worker camps in the Great Dismal Swamp. She has eleven years of experience in cultural resource management, eight years experience in directing lab work, and has investigated prehistoric Native American sites as well as historic-period sites dating from the contact period to the mid- twentieth century. Ms. Goode has extensive experience working with prehistoric and historic artifacts, including lithic analysis, rock type identification, prehistoric and historic ceramic vessel analysis and reconstruction, and glass bottle and small finds analysis. Since joining John Milner Associates, Inc., Ms. Goode has directed fieldwork, contributed to reports, conducted laboratory processing and prepared artifacts for curation for a number of projects in Maryland, Virginia, the District of Columbia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Illinois, and Indiana according to state guidelines. Ms. Goode has also taught a course at American University titled “Early America: The Buried Past” as an adjunct professor. Cynthia Goode has co-authored twelve, authored two and contributed to 41 cultural resource reports. She has also authored and presented six papers at professional conferences.

KEY PROJECTS 2015 Archaeologist, Laboratory Director. Directed fieldwork for the Virginia Theological Seminary student housing project, Alexandria, Virginia.

2015 Archaeologist, Laboratory Director. Directed fieldwork, processed artifacts, conducted analysis and wrote technical report for the Loudoun County Courthouse project, Leesburg, Virginia.

2015 Archaeologist. Assisted in mechanical excavations and artifact identification at the Wilkes Street warehouse, Alexandria, Virginia.

2014 Archaeologist. Conducted fieldwork, processed artifacts and conducted analysis for the Phase II Archaeological Evaluation of Site 44FX1947, Woodlawn East. Clark Realty Capital, LLC and Fort Belvior Residential Communities, LLC, Fairfax County and Fort Belvior, Virginia.

2014 Assistant Archaeologist. Conducted fieldwork for cultural resources investigation for the Belmont Ridge Road project, Leesburg, Virginia. Virginia. The Virginia Department of Transportation, Fredericksburg, Virginia.

2014 Assistant Archaeologist. Conducted fieldwork for cultural resources investigation for the Palmer Avenue Realignment project, Saltville, Virginia. Virginia. The Virginia Department of Transportation, Fredericksburg, Virginia.

2013 Laboratory Archeologist. Conducted lab analysis for cultural resources investigation for the Gloucester Connector project, Loudoun County, Virginia. The Virginia Department of Transportation, Fredericksburg, Virginia.

2013 Laboratory Archeologist. Conducted lab analysis for cultural resources investigation for the Dulles Loop-Route 606 project, Loudoun County, Virginia. The Virginia Department of Transportation, Fredericksburg, Virginia.

2012 Laboratory Archeologist. Conducted fieldwork and lab analysis for the investigation of burials at the Contrabands and Freedmen’s Cemetery Memorial, Alexandria, Virginia. Garcete Construction Company, Inc., Bladensburg, Maryland.

2011 Laboratory Archeologist. Conducted lab analysis for a survey and assessment for St. Elizabeths Hospital East Campus transportation improvements that included exploratory subsurface testing for evidence of Fort Snyder, Washington, D.C. CH2M HILL, Metairie, Louisiana.

2010 Field Director and Laboratory Archeologist. Supervised fieldwork and conducted lab analysis for Phase III archeological investigations of Site 51NW224, a Late Woodland lithic workshop at the Nebraska Avenue Complex (NAC), Washington, D.C. Summer Consultants, Inc., McLean, Virginia.

2009 Archaeological Lab and Field Assistant. Conducted fieldwork and lab analysis for Phase II Archaeological Evaluation of Shipping Point Battery 1 (44PW1836) and Battery 2 (44PW1830) Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia.

2009 Laboratory Archaeologist. Conducted fieldwork and lab analysis for Phase I Archaeological Identification Survey for Three Visitor Facilities and Data Recovery Investigations at “Dismal Town” (44SK0070) at Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Suffolk County, Virginia.

2008 Archaeological Field and Lab Assistant. Conducted fieldwork and lab analysis for Phase I Archaeological Investigations, (44CU0149), Warrenton Training Center, Culpeper County, Virginia.

2008 Laboratory Archaeologist. Conducted lab analysis for Phase I-II archeological assessment study of Site 44FX410, a prehistoric campsite dating from the Early Archaic to the Middle Woodland periods adjacent to the Great Marsh at Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge, Fairfax County, Virginia. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, Massachusetts.

2006 Laboratory Archaeologist. Conducted lab analysis for Phase III archeological data recovery of Sites 44LD538 and 44LD539, Washington Dulles International Airport, Loudoun County, Virginia. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.

2005 Laboratory Archaeologist. Phase II archeological investigations for the proposed Fourth Runway, Washington Dulles International Airport, Fairfax and Loudoun Counties, Virginia. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.

CHARLES E. GOODE, RPA Principal Archaeologist JMA, a CCRG Company 5250 Cherokee Avenue, Suite 300 Alexandria, VA 22312 (703) 354-9737 (phone) (703) 642-1837 (fax) [email protected]

EDUCATION

M.A. The Catholic University of America Anthropology 2003 B.A. The American University Anthropology 1995

EXPERIENCE PROFILE

Charles Goode specializes in Middle Atlantic prehistoric archeology, African-American archaeology, and soils. He has nineteen years experience in cultural resource management and has directed numerous investigations of prehistoric Native American sites as well as historic-period sites dating from the mid- eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. He has experience in analyzing both prehistoric lithic and ceramic assemblages. He has investigated enslaved African-American occupations at numerous Northern Virginia domestic sites, the headquarters and work camp of an eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century logging company in the Dismal Swamp of Virginia, and has also investigated the early nineteenth-century farmstead of a free African-American woman in Carroll County, Maryland. He has eight years experience operating professional surveying equipment and has coordinated with surveying teams to ensure the accurate recordation of artifacts and features on several key projects. Since joining John Milner Associates, Inc., Mr. Goode has supervised fieldwork and has participated in report preparation for projects in Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C., North Carolina, and Indiana.

KEY PROJECTS

2014 Principal Archeologist. Directed fieldwork and co-authored report for the Phase II evaluation of Site 44LD1694, the Lucketts Safety Improvement Project, Loudoun County, Virginia. The Virginia Department of Transportation, Fredericksburg, Virginia.

2014 Principal Archeologist. Directed fieldwork and co-authored report for the Phase I investigation at Salona, the ca. 1800 Federal-style brick manor house in McLean, Virginia where President James Madison fled after the 1814 attack by the British on Washington, D.C.. Fairfax County Park Authority’s Cultural Resource Management and Protection Branch, Falls Church, Virginia.

2012 Principal Archeologist. Directed fieldwork for the investigation of burials at the Contrabands and Freedmen’s Cemetery Memorial, Alexandria, Virginia. Garcete Construction Company, Inc., Bladensburg, Maryland.

2012 Principal Archeologist. Directed fieldwork and co-authored report for archeological evaluation associated with the proposed Chapel of the Ages, Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria,

1 Virginia. Advanced Project Management, Inc., Chantilly, Virginia, and the Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Virginia.

2010 Principal Archeologist. Directed fieldwork and authored report for further archeological testing at Huntley, the ca. 1820 mansion of Thomson Francis Mason in Alexandria, Fairfax County, Virginia. Fairfax County Park Authority’s Cultural Resources Management and Protection Branch, Falls Church, Virginia.

2010 Principal Archeologist. Directed fieldwork and co-authored report for Phase III archeological investigations of Site 51NW224, a Late Woodland lithic workshop at the Nebraska Avenue Complex (NAC), Washington, D.C. Summer Consultants, Inc., McLean, Virginia.

2009 Project Archeologist. Supervised fieldwork and co-authored report for Phase I archeological investigation survey for three visitor facilities and data recovery investigations at Site 44SK70 (Dismal Town) at Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Suffolk County, Virginia. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, Massachusetts.

2008 Project Archeologist. Co-authored report for archeological overview study for James River and Presquile National Wildlife Refuges which included resources associated with Native American settlement and subsistence, initial settlement by Europeans, Plantation society, military history, and post-Civil War rural agriculture, Prince George and Chesterfield Counties, Virginia. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, Massachusetts.

2007 Project Archeologist. Supervised fieldwork and co-authored report for Phase III archeological data recovery of the Elizabeth Lowry Site (18CR226), the home of a free African-American woman in Carroll County, Maryland. Maryland Department of Transportation.

2006 Project Archeologist. Supervised fieldwork and co-authored report for Phase III archeological data recovery of Sites 44LD538 (early nineteenth-century farmstead) and 44LD539 (mid eighteenth- to early nineteenth-century slave quarters), Washington Dulles International Airport, Loudoun County, Virginia. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.

2003 Field Supervisor. Phase III data recovery excavations at 44LD834, site of a late eighteenth-century African-American slave quarters in Loudoun County, Virginia, for Thunderbird Archeological Associates, Inc., and Pulte Homes Corporation of Fairfax, Virginia.

SUMMARY OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

Mr. Goode has directed the fieldwork for one hundred twenty-four (124) projects and is co-author of eighty-three (83) cultural resources reports. He has authored 1 scholarly article and presented five (5) papers at professional meetings including:

2009 Gizzard Stones or Game Pieces? The African Diaspora Archaeology Network Newsletter. March.

“The Civil War Occupation of the Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Virginia” The 43rd Annual Middle Atlantic Archeological Conference, Virginia Beach, Virginia, 2013.

“Contrabands and Covered Ways: Archaeology at Fort Carroll, Washington, D.C.” The 39th Annual Conference on D.C. Historical Studies, Washington, D.C., 2012.

“Gizzard Stones or Game Pieces?” A Symposium to Honor the Work of William M. Gardner, Shepardstown, West Virginia, 2008.

“River’s Edge, A Multiple Occupation Prehistoric Site on the Potomac River.” The 38th Annual Meeting of the Middle Atlantic Archeological Conference, Ocean City, Maryland, 2008.