Foreign Developments for joint fishery ventures with Euro­ peans is all the more understandable Nova Scotia Studies Joint Fishery Ventures when one considers the significance of Nova Scotia's Minister, grounds and species which would be the industry in the economy of Dan Reid, led a 10-member fisheries involved in the porposedjoint ventures. that Province. The trade delegation in June 1977 to West The Federal Government's overall employs directly about 16,000 people , Poland, Czechoslovakia, the fisheries policy emphasizes conserva­ and in 1975 contributed 6 .6 percent of , and Finland to explore tion of depleted resources even more in the total net value of the province's the possibilities of cooperative fishery the waters off Nova Scotia and in the output. Even more important is the fact arrangements with these countries. Gulf of St. Lawrence than off New­ that Nova Scotian fishermen in 1975 Nova Scotia's Department of Fisheries foundland , especially in Nova Scotia's landed 35 percent of Canada's total has called the trade mission a great suc­ northern shelf, and, for this reason, fisheries catch, assuming first place cess with regard to its two main aims: I) LeBlanc's negative reaction to the which was previously held by British assessing the degree of interest in Nova Scotian trade mission is not sur­ Columbia. In 1976, Nova Scotia's cooperative fishing arrangements, and prising. fishery landings totaled 353,000 t, a 2) examining the market potential for The dangers of joint ventures, which decline of less than I percent from Canadian fishery exports to Europe. are more evident to the Federal Gov­ 1975. Reid claims that cooperative fishing ernment than to the Provincial Fishery Fishery officials in Canada's Atlantic ventures are currently the only way for Ministries and to the local fishery provinces are extremely enthusiastic Nova Scotia to take advantage of the spokesmen, are twofold: I) the possi­ about the future of Nova Scotia' s opportunities created by the extension bil ity that the joint ventures would in­ fishing industry. At a conference deal­ of the 200-mile fisheries j urisd iction validate the Government's efforts to re­ ing with Canada and the 200-mile zone until Canada develops further its own duce dramatically foreign fishing in held at Mount Allison University in harvesting and processing capacity. On Canadian waters and delay, or even early March 1977, John Marsters, Di­ the other hand, Federal Fisheries Minis­ prevent, the rebuilding of depleted rector of Industrial Development for ter Romeo LeBlanc viewed the ac­ fishery stocks, and 2) the threat that, if Nova Scotia's Fisheries Department, tivities of the trade mission with some­ the joint ventures are not set up care­ said that he expected Nova Scotia's thing less than unbridled enthusiasm. full y enough, it could be difficult to fisheries catch to triple by 1985, reach­ Noting that very few cooperative terminate them when they are no longer ing 900,000 t or more. At the same fishery arrangements have been ap­ necessary . conference, H.D . Py ke , a former proved so far, leBlanc stressed that the This last consideration is crucial be­ member of the International Commis­ first priority of the Government's cause, although everyone seems to sion for the Northwest Atlantic fisheries policy should remain the re­ agree that Canada will possess, in the Fisheries (ICNAF) and a Canadian rep­ cover:' of stocks from years of overfish­ distant future, the capacity to increase resentative at the United Nations Law ing by both domestic and foreign considerably its fisheries catch, there of the Sea Conference, stated that regu­ fishermen. He also said that he doubted are sharp differences of opinion over lations designed to encourage joint ven­ that joint fishery ventures between priorities in the interim, or transitional, tures between Canad ians and foreign Nova Scotia and European countries period . The Federal Government has fishing fleets should be enacted im­ would be truly beneficial to the Pro­ placed strong emphasis on a stabiliza­ mediately . According to Pyke, joint vince. (Source: IFR-77/125.) tion of the fishing effort by greatly re­ fishery ventures would be a means of According to the NMFS Office of ducing foreign fishing to enable the de­ solving the basic problem in Canada's International Fisheries, LeBlanc' s pol­ pleted stocks to recover, while some Atlantic coast fishing industry, namely, icy of discouraging joint fishery ven­ people in the provinces feel that, with a lack of adequate investment capital. tures appears to be running into increas­ the introduction of the 200-mile zone, Several other persons have supported ing resistance, especially in Canada' s the problem of foreign fishing has been the point of view that, since Canada Atlantic provinces. Not long ago New­ solved and that Canada should seek to now has control over its fishery re­ foundland initiated a joint venture ar­ take advantage of its jurisdiction over sources , steps must be taken im­ rangement with the West Germans in­ marine resources as quickly as possi­ mediately to modernize the industry's volving an allocation of 6,000 t of ble. Since Canada's fishing fleet still harvesting and processing capacity. A northern cod, to be caught off the coasts consists, for the most part, of small­ common argument is that since Canada of Labrador and northern Newfound­ and medium-sized vessels, the easiest already imports most of its fishing gear, land, which the West German trawlers and least expensive way to increase vessel engines, and electronic equip­ would land in Canadian ports for pro­ harvesting capacity over the short term ment from Europe , joint ventures cessing before transporting them back is through joint ventures with foreign would be little more than a means of to Europe. companies. importing large freezer trawlers as In the case of Nova Scotia, there is no The will ingness of fishery offic ials in well . Reid told World Fishing in April, detailed information on the specific Nova Scotia to explore opportunities for example, that the Canadians" . ..

October 1977 31 don't have ... factory trawlers . . . Canada. More recently, Mullally has Fisheries" (Novia Scotia); IFR-77/ that European nations have and we're stated that he expects the Canadian 131) very much looking forward to getting Government to decide on whether to into that game." permit a reopening of the sword fishery It is still not entirely clear what, if by the end of the summer. Canadian Fish Vessel anything, will come out of Nova Among health officials in the United Subsidies Tightened Scotia's trade mission to Europe. In a States and Canada, the major issue is more basic sense, it is not at all certain the hazard resulting from the high mer­ Federal subsid ie s for construction what Canada's policy toward joint ven­ cury content of swordfish meat. In and changeover of fishing craft will be tures in the fishing industry will be. In 1970, the U.S. Food and Drug Ad­ more selective in 1977-78 and will em­ spite of the evident differences of opin­ ministration and Canada's Food and phasize helping owners of older ves­ ion between the Federal Government Drug Department prohibited interstate sels, Romeo LeBlanc, Minister of and the provinces over short-term and interprovincial marketing of Fisheries and the Environment, has an­ priorities in fisheries policy, it appears swordfish, but in the United States, nounced . that both have second thoughts on the where individual states have a certain This year's $2.6 million program question of joint fishery ventures. Le­ autonomy in health matters , some will subsidize replacement of only the Blanc , who is basically opposed to states (Massachusetts, Maine, New oldest vessels in three fleet sectors: 1) them, admits that, if properly control­ York, and New Hampshire) have al­ Atlantic region vessels 30-45 feet over­ led, joint ventures could be useful tools lowed their own fishermen to land and all length and 10 or more years old. (A for gathering information and exploring market swordfish . high proportion of these are new fisheries. On the other hand, those On the Canadian side , C. M. boats and ground fish boats.) 2) Atlan­ in favor of cooperative arrangements Blackwood, Director General of the tic region vessels of 60-65 feet overall with foreign fishing companies concede Industry Services Directorate in the length and 16 or more years old. (This that Canada must proceed carefully. Fisheries and Environment Depart­ part of the program will apply particu­ Pyke, for instance, stresses that in any ment, has stated that he was optimistic larly to the GulfofSt. Lawrence, where joint fishery venture the foreign share of that his Government would soon ap­ this fleet sector is older than elsewhere ownership should be something less prove the reopening of the sword fishery and has recently faced difficult times. than 49 percent. Reid, who led the and mentioned that efforts had been Available funds permit construction Nova Scotian delegation to Europe, made to win the permission of U.S. subsidies for no more than eight vessels added in his interview with World Fish­ health authorities for Canadian exports of this class, and will be allocated to ing that he would encourage foreign of swordfish to the United States. replace six Gulf-based boats of the bor­ investment in plants and Attempts to raise the issue of reopen­ dering provinces and two based outside freezer trawlers on the condition that a ing the Canadian sword fishery began at the Gulf.) 3) In Ontario and the prairie percentage of the profits be reinvested least as early as the end of 1974 when provinces, vessels 16-45 feet overall in the Canadian fishing enterprises Fisheries Minister Romeo LeBlanc was length and [0 or more years old. (The rather than repatriated. questioned in Pari iament about the pos­ minimum size is lowered from the pre­ sibility of reestablishing the sword­ vious 20 feet.) fishery and was urged to begin talks "We have long discontinued the Nova Scotia Ponders with U .S. officials on a resumption of scatter-gun approach to boat subsi­ Swordfishery Opening swordfish exports to the United States. dies, " LeBlanc said. "Our funds are In 1975, food technologists in Nova limited , especially in view of the Nova Scotian fishery officials have Scotia tried various means of lowering amount we have spent on emergency been active in recent months trying to the mercury content of swordfish pro­ assistance to many fisheries where fleet win the approval of the Federal Gov­ ducts to an acceptable level, or below build-up accompanied stock declines. ernment in Ottawa for a reopening of 0.5 ppm. Now we concentrate available boat­ the provincial sword fishery . According One method was the production of a building money where it will do the to press reports, Nova Scotia's Minister fish spread consisting of one part most good." of Fisheries, Dan Reid, who is a physi­ swordfish and three parts silver hake, The Department of Fisheries and the cian, has persuaded Ottawa to support while further experiments were planned Environment (DFE) handles subsidies the marketing of swordfish in packages for the use of swordfish meat in other only for vessels up to 75 feet; these carrying warnings that continuous and products, for example, fish sausage. subsidies assist conversion and mod­ heavy consumption could be harmful to The major obstacle to commercial de­ ification of vessels as welJ as construc­ one's health. velopment now appears to be the high tion . The Department of Industry, The Provincial Deputy Minister of cost of fishing for swordfish rather than Trade, and Commerce deals with sub­ Fisheries, John Mullally, has also indi­ the health hazards caused by mercury sidies for larger vessels. cated that Nova Scotian fishermen are contamination. (Sources: U.S . Consu­ Adjustments to the DFE program fol­ irked by the presence of U. S. fishermen late General Halifax; U .S. Embassy, Iowan analysis of the smaller-vessel fishing for swordfish off the coast of Ottawa; " Report of the Department of fleet's age and adequacy. For most fish-

32 Marine Fisheries Review eries, this fleet has more than enough Newfoundland or Quebec's Lower would be a technique for peeling krill capacity. On the Pacific coast in par­ North Shore within the purchasing area without mashing it so its meat could be ticular, construction subsidies have al­ of the Canadian Salt fish Corporation. used. This has not yet happened. ready stopped entirely. The Federal The need for the federal govern­ The Government of Chile received Government's first intention is, by ment's action has arisen due to the fact from the Director of the Institute of good use of the 200-mile limit and by that this year the price for most codfish Fishery Conservation a program for other measures, to help the existing to be salted (i .e., those 16-24 inches krill resource research 2 years ago. Fol­ fleet make a profit. long) has dropped by 2 cents. On the lowing this, two research expeditions Of the $2.6 million in this year's other hand, the price of cod for process­ have been conducted: by PAM Val­ program, vessels approved for assis­ ing as fresh and frozen products has paraiso (15 Jan .-15 Apr. 1975); and by tance last year but uncompleted at the risen by more than 2 cents to record PAM Arosa Septimo (28 Apr.-22 June beginning of the new fiscal year will levels. Last year the prices for both salt 1976). These expeditions, using tech­ take a carry-over commitment of and fresh and frozen categories were at nology developed by Chilean scien­ $650,000. For subsidies from the re­ competitive levels. tists, were reportedly quite successful. maining funds, major conditions are Faced with this situation, processors Their findings are summarized below. Iisted below. of salt cod encountered a season of dras­ For construction of replacement ves­ tically reduced production, with loss of I) In the 50 ,000 square miles sels (35 percent subsidy; available the only alternative market to fishermen searc hed, a great abundance of krill is funds $1.6 million), the proposed ves­ and loss of employment in dependent easily accessible for fishing using sel must be: I) no less than 60, no more communities. To help maintain the available gear and methods. than 65 feet, or 2) no less than 30, no 1976 price level, the government, 2) Experimental fishing brought an more than 45 feet, or 3) in the freshwa­ through the Fisheries Prices Su pport average krill catch of lOt per hour, with ter fisheries, no less than 16, no more Board , began making deficiency pay­ some catches ranging up to 30 t per than 45 feet overall. The vessel plans ments at the rate of 2 cents per pound on hour. and specifications must meet the re­ small trap-caught codfish sold by New­ 3) Good results were achieved using quirements of the Department of foundland and Quebec Lower North mechanized methods of peeling the Transport and the DFE. If the vessel is Shore fishermen to processors of cured krill tails, both on board and ashore. intended for use in a limited-entry fish. Payments were to be made to 4) The process of obtaining krill fishery (such as , lobster, her­ fishermen through the Canadian Salt­ meat (pulp) yielded 43 percent (of the ring (except gill-net), snow , scal­ fish Corporation. ex-vessel weight of krill). The pulp can lops), it must also be employed in at be used for minced-type products, such least one open fishery. The vessel must as croquettes and fish sticks. be intended to replace an existing vessel Krill Work Reported By 5) A paste has been obtained which of the minimum ages noted above, or to Germany and Chile can be used as raw material for products replace a total loss. The application for such as spreads, cheeses, and soups of subsidy must be made and approved The Federal Republic of Germany high nutritional value. Both the pulp as before construction of the vessel starts. has invested nearly $5 million in two well as the paste can be used to produce The vessel must belong to a Canadian vessels, the Walter Herwig and the a great variety of food products for the citizen or corporation. And, the vessel Weser, for krill exploration in the Ant­ development of diets and meat substi­ must be built in Canada. arctic, according to a report in Industria tutes of consumers. For conversion or modification COl1serva. These vessels have repor­ 6) Krill waste products present a (available funds $310,000), eligibility tedly caught up to 30 tons (t) of krill per basis for research in and pow­ is determined by a set of conditions hour. European scientists do not agree der production for animal feed. much like the above; these can, how­ on the abundance of this species in the ever, change as circumstances in the Antarctic. Estimates of the maximum , Angola Sign various fisheries change. sustainable yield range from 60 to 600 million t. The mission of the two Ger­ Fisheries Protocol man vessels is to determine the abun­ A delegation from the People's Re­ CANADA SUBSIDIZES dance, population dynamics, and the public of Angola, headed by the Minis­ SALTFISH INDUSTRY best method of catching krill. ter of Fisheries Victor de Carvalho, ar­ Commercial processing of krill re­ rived in the Soviet Union on an official A $400,000 program to support the mains a problem. Soviet scientists have visit earlier this year, according to a price of this year's trap-caught small tried to solve the problem by producing report in Vodnyi Transport. The delega­ codfish sold by fishermen for salting, an edible paste. However, their efforts tion visited the fishery enterprises of has been announced by Fisheries Minis­ have not been entirely successful. Leningrad, Tallin, Riga, Kaliningrad. ter Romeo LeBlanc . The program, German experts have been experiment­ and Moscow. funded under the Fisheries Prices Sup­ ing with a machine to make a protein On 26 March a protocol was signed port Act, applies to codfish landed in juice. The ideal solution reportedly during the first session of a joint

October 1977 33 Soviet-Angolan commission on fishery with the workers of the Vivilar fish a,ld spec ial ists are lack i ng. Sov iet cooperation. The Soviet Union will aid combine in Luanda. specialists will be sent to work on ves­ in developing the fishing industry of V. Lipanov, head of the Directorate sels, and at enterprises and institutes. Angola, in conducting scientific re­ of Commercial Fisheries of the USSR Angolan personnel will be trained both search, and in preparing qualified na­ Ministry of Fisheries, stated that the in Angola and in the Soviet Union. The tional specialists. Both sides agreed waters off Angola are abundant in fish, Soviet Union will continue to aid the that the workers of the Moscow Fish but that today hal f of the commercial People's Republic of Angola in restor­ Processing Combine will cooperate fleet of the Republic is not operating, ing the fishing industry.

Po/and's 1976 Fish Catch Off U. S. West Coast Drops 50·30 · -----'ll"'"I~

Pol ish fishermen caught 25,138 me!­ Of the total 1976 catch, 80 percent 47·30·------'1, ric tons (t) of fish off the U.S. Pacific was taken from the waters off the coast from June through October 1976, Pacific Northwest (Washington­ a considerable reduction from the Oregon coasts). The largest catch off 53,003 t caught in 1975. The Polish the California coast, 3,564 t of hake, fishing area included waters off Wash­ was reported in the Eureka region, ington, Oregon, and California; no which is comprised of northern Cali­ Polish vessels were reported fishing off fornia and part of southern Oregon . Alaska (see map, right). Considerably smaller catches were re­ The Polish fleet operated until I ported for the southern California 3:z·30"-----~- January 1977 in these waters under the coast (Table 3). June 1975 U.S.-Polish Bilateral The number of Polish vessels permit­ Agreement on Fisheries in the North­ ted by the 1975 Agreement to fish off eastern Pacific. That Agreement prohi­ the U.S. Pacific coast was limited to a The Polish fleet fished off the Pacific bited the catching of Pacific halibut, maximum of II vessels at anyone time. Northwest in August and September, Pacific , Pacific ocean perch, The Pol ish fleet consisted of four stern except for a brief period of fishing off and certain other rockfishes, and for factory trawlers when it began to fish in British Columbia. The fleet departed 1976 reduced the 1975 hake quota of June 1976 off the California coast. In the fishing grounds off the United 42,600 t to 26,000 t, or by 39 percent. late June the fleet moved northward States on 30 September. According to The Agreement also prohibited the to fish off the Pacific Northwest (the surveillance reports compiled by the Poles from fishing off the U.S. Pacific area referred to as "Columbia" in Fig­ National Marine Fisheries Service coast from I January to 31 May and ure I). By July, five Polish stern traw­ (NMFS) and statistics reports submit­ from J November to 31 December. The lers were reported fishing for hake off ted by the Poles, the fleet spent a total of Polish and the United States Govern­ California and a sixth trawler joined the 608 vessel days on the U. S. fishing ments on 2 August 1976 signed a Gov­ fleet by the end of the month. grounds from June through October. erning International Fisheries Agree­ In August, the Polish fleet consisted The Polish fleet was on the coastal ment (GIFA) which now regulates of seven stern trawlers, one processing fishing grounds 60 I vessel days from Polish fishing within the U.S. 200-mile and transport vessel, and a cargo vessel June through September, and was lo­ fisheries jurisdiction. of French registry under charter to the cated at a considerable distance from Pacific hake and jack were Pol ish government. A cargo vessel of shore for 7 days during October. The the target species, with hake accounting Danish registry, also under Polish char­ average catch rate per vessel per fishing for more than 94 percent of the total ter, arrived in September to accept the day was 41.4 t. Polish catch (Table I). Pacific rock­ Polish catch (mostly frozen) for deliv­ Polish fishing off the U .S , Pacific fishes were caught incidentally. The ery to Poland. coast began in 1973, w hen a small largest catch occurred in August when 8,248 t of hake were caught (Table 2). Table 3.-Pollsh fisheries catch In metric tons 011 the U.S. Pacific coast, by species and fishing area, 1976. Table I .-Polish IIsharlas Tabla 2.-Pollsh Area Pacilic hake Mackerel Rockfishes Unspecified Tolal ca1ch 011 theU,S. Pacific coast hake catch by In 1976, month, June-Oc- Pacific Northwest Catch tober 1976. Columbia 19,002 651 247 178 20,078 Species % Catch California Eureka 3,564 94 157 47 3,862 Pacnic hake 23,664 94.2 Month (t) Monlerey 1,070 35 23 35 1,163 Jack mack· Conception 28 5 0 2 35 erel 785 3.2 June 3,262 5,430 Rockfishes 427 1.6 July 8 ,248 Calif. , lotal: 4,662 134 180 84 5,060 Unspecnied 262 1.0 Aug . Sept. 5,802 TOlal 25,138 100.0 Oct. 922 Grand Tolal 23,664 785 427 262 25,138

34 Marine Fisheries Review Table 4.-Pollsh fisheries catch In metric tons 011 the permission to remain on the fishing to fish for jack mackerel near Heceta U.S. Pacific coast by fishing region, 1973-76. grounds until 15 October. Permission Bank, an area approximately 30 miles Area 1973 1974 1975 1976 1973-76 was refused and the Regional Director off the coast of central Oregon. In re­ Alaska 433 88 2,132 2,653 Pacific suggested a review of the Pol ish log ply, the Regional Director cited a sec­ Northwest 2,000 38,576 1 t ,950 20,078 64,476 books. Faced with a review of the logs tion of the Bilateral Agreement which Calif. 5,987 38.921 5,060 44.908 of all of his vessels, Bujniewicz ac­ prohibits the Poles from fishing east of Total 2,433 44,651 53.003 25,138 112.037 quiesced to the initial demand, and, by long. 125°40'W, and, therefore, only I October, the fleet had departed. The allows them to fish approximately 32 exploratory fleet of three trawlers Polish fishing fleet then moved north to miles west of Heceta Bank. On II caught over 2,400 t in a few weeks. waters off British Columbia where the November, the Polish Fleet Comman­ This exploratory research indicated the Canadians had granted Poland a hake der repeated his request and the Re­ size of the resource and encouraged the quota of 14,000 t. gional Director again cited the Bilateral Polish fishermen to return with many On 14 October, the Pol ish Fleet Agreement which also prohibits the more vessels in 1974 when their catch Commander sent a telegram to the Re­ Poles from fishing in that area after I amounted to more than 44,000 t. The gional Director requesting permission November. Polish fishery expanded further in 1975, when 53,000 t were caught, and no doubt would have continued to grow ICSEAF Examines Extra Fishing Rule Proposals had not a U.S.-Polish bilateral agree­ ment been signed in June 1975 reducing The Second Special Meeting of the Mozambique. Namibia and Mozam­ the 1976 catch by 50 percent (Table 4). International Commission for the bique are not ICSEAF members. The 1976 Polish fishery off the U.S. Southeast Atlantic Fisheries (ICSEAF) Preliminary ICSEAF catch statistics Pacific coast is limited by the Agree­ which is headquartered in Madrid, was report that 2.6 million metric tons (t) of ment to 26,000 t of hake or 936 vessel held in Malaga, Spain, 1-16 December fish were harvested by more than 15 days, whichever occurs first. Polish 1976. Normally the Commission would nations fishing in this convention area catch and vessel day estimates are pro­ have met in 1977. in J975 (Table I). duced through the combined efforts of This special meeting was called to ICSEAF also considered the status of NMFS biologists, NMFS enforcement examine additional I imitations in the other species during their deliberations staff, the Coast Guard, and NMFS ob­ fishing of certain ICSEAF Convention in Malaga. It was recommended that servers aboard Polish vessels, all of Area species. The meetings were at­ kingklip, Genypterus capensis, which whom verify Polish reports and catch tended by more than 75 scientists, in­ data. This reporting is coordinated by d ustry leaders, and government of­ Table 1.-ICSEAF convention area total fisheries catch by country, 1975, In thousands of metric tons. the Seattle, Wash., based Northwest ficials from the 14 member states, Country Quantity Country Quantity and Alaska Fisheries Center of the which are: Angola, 1, Bul­ Angola 185.1 Portugal 8.7 NMFS. garia, Cuba, East Germany, , Is­ Bulgaria 31.6 SI. Helena' 0.2 Cuba 44.6 South The Director of the Northwest and rael, Italy, lapan, Poland, Portugal, the France 0.4 Africa 1,395.8 Alaska Fisheries Center receives Republic of South Africa, Spain, and Ghana' 35.7 Spain 200.3 Israel 6.4 USSR 420.7 monthly telegrams from the Director of the Soviet Union. Three nations (South Italy 7.0 Others2 14.5 the Morski Instytut Rybacki (Polish Korea (ROK), the United States, and Japan 131.5 Poland 76.2 Total 2,558.7 Marine Fishery Research Institute) in West Germany2) and five international 'Not ICSEAF members. Gdynia, providing preliminary Polish bodies (FAO, ICCAT, The loint 21ncludes Mozambique and Zaire. Source, ICSEAF, "Catch and Fishing Effort Statistics for catches off the U.S. Pacific coast by Commission for Sea Fisheries of the 1975." species and by fishing area. This data is Social ist Countries, the International available approximately 40 days after Council for the Exploration of the Sea the end of the fishing month. (Similar (ICES), and the Intergovernmental -----+' AFRICA Soviet fisheries catch data is reported to Oceanographic Commission (lOC)) G"" N ,o.. -- the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries were present as observers. Center 70 days after the reported The ICSEAF Convention Area, es­ ,." r------'lz:, month.) tablished in Rome in 1969, covers the On 22 September, the Regional Di­ waters around southern Africa south of rector of the NMFS notified the Polish the Congo River on the Atlantic Ocean, Fleet Commander, S. Bujniewicz, that to north of the Zambezi River in the the Pol ish hake quota would most likely Indian Ocean (see map). The area be fulfilled by 30 September, at which touches the shores of Angola, Namibia, time the Poles would be expected to the Republic of South Africa, and leave the fishing grounds. The Poles, ~ , 4------~ however, claimed to have caught less I Expected to leave ICSEAF at end of meeting. than the NMFS estimate and requested 2Expecled to join ICSEAF soon.

October 1977 Table 2.-ICSEAF convention area catch 01 Cape and The large decrease in hake landings second step was the establishment of a Benguela hake, 197G-75, In thou lands 01 metric tons. between 1972 and 1975 affected all na­ joint inspection and enforcement pro­ Quanlity Year Quanlity Year tions fishing for that species in the IC­ gram which came into force on I July 1970 762.0 1973 892.7 1971 798.3 1974 726.0 SEAF Convention Area, but it particu­ 1975. Since that time over 160 inspec­ 1972 1,111.4 1975 627.2 larly affected the Soviet Union. The ti o ns have been carried out by South Source: FAO. "Yearbook of Fishery Sialislics. 1975." USSR hake catch of 656,000 t in 1972 African inspectors, and other nations declined to 209,000 t in 1975. In are carrying out similar in spection on Table 3.-ICSEAF convention ar8a total hake catch, by 1974-75 the USSR, concerned about board their own vessels. Few infrac­ country, 1975, In metric 10ns. the decline in hake catches, switched to tions of the minimum mesh size regula­ Counlry Quantity Country Quantity fishing horse mackerel to reduce fishing tion have been reported. In 1975, at the Angola 100 Ponugal 6,985 Bulgaria 9.802 Soulh effort on the hake resource. ICSEAF meeting in Madrid , the Com­ Cuba 29.630 Africa 113.083 The precipitous decrease in the total mission accepted the recommendations Ghana 925 Spain 168,580 Israel 5,900 USSR 209.125 hake catch si nce the 1972 record catch of the Scientific Advisory Council Italy 6.500 Olhers 500 Japan 52,101 of 1.1 million t to the 640,000 t caught (SAC) stating that hake catches should Poland 37,126 TalaI' 640,357 in 1975 has naturally spurred the IC­ not exceed a maximum sustainable , Includes 4981 of M. polli, 168.0651 of M. capensis, 216,093 SEAF Commission to take steps to yield of 950,000 t annually. In 1976, 10fM.paradoxus, and 1,164101 unidenlified hake (M. spp.) Source: ICSEAF, " Calch and Fishing Effort Sialistics for manage thi s valuable fishery resource. the SAC recommended that the total 1975." One of the first steps taken in December allowable catch be reduced to between 1974 by the newly formed Commission 630,000 t and 700,000 t annually. has not been fully harvested, be consid­ was the adoption of a minimum mesh South Africa also proposed the estab­ ered suitable for increased develo p­ size of I 10 mm in the hake fishery. The li :o. hment of a quota system for hake. ment along with Cunene and Cape horse , Trachurus fra churus, Mozambique Gets National Fishery Marketing Agency and Sardinella, Sardinella spp. The SAC also reported that stocks of an­ The Government of Mozambique designated by the Minister of Industry chovy, Engraulis spp, and South A fri­ has established PESCOM (Empresa and Commerce. Four representatives can pilchard, Sardinops ocellma, were Nacional de Comercial iza~ao de Pro­ will be chosen, one each from the Na­ being fished at near-optimum levels and dutos Pesqueiros) , a state agency for tional Directorate of Fisheries, the Na­ that no increase in the fishin g effort marketing Mozambican fishery pro­ tional Directorate of Foreign Com­ should be allowed. Finally, because of ducts. The enterprise, to be controlled merce, the National Directorate of an 85 percent decline in catches of by the Ministry of Industry and Com­ Domestic Commerce, and the Ministry large-eyed dentex , Dentex mac­ merce , will be headquartered in of Finance. rophthalmus, from 555,400 t in 1968 to Maputo (formerly Loureno Marques), An Executive Committee (Direc~ao) 8,300 t in 1974, it was recommended and is to have branches elsewhere in the will direct the management operations. that fi shing for this species, and for country. It will be made up of the Director­ panga, Plerogymnus laniarus, be lim­ PESCOM will have a declared capi­ General and four Deputy Directors ited to 9,000 t per year each. tal of 100 million escudos (US$3.3 The species attracting the greatest at­ million), entirely subscribed by the tention at the Malaga ICSEAF meeting Mozambique Government. The capital were Benguela hake, Merluccius polli, can be increased by joint decision of the and Cape hake, M. capensis and M. Ministry of Industry and Commerce paradoxus . In 1969, when ICSEAF and the Ministry of Finance. was formally established, only nine PESCOM's main objectives are: I) countries fished for hake off southern to buy, store, distribute, promote, and Africa; the catch had increased from sell all Mozambique fishery products, II 1.,100 t in 1960 to 676,000 tin 1969. processed or not; and 2) to import and By 1971 , when the Convention went export all fishery products, processed into effect, the catch of hake had in­ or not. creased to 798,300 t. Subsequently the PESCOM will be managed and con­ catch rose to 1, III ,400 t in 1972 before trolled by the following five groups: declining to an estimated 627 ,000 t in General Council, Executive Commit­ 1975 (Table 2). The estimated hake tee, General Assembly of Workers, catch by country for 1975 is given in Audit Committee, and Executive Table 3. The largest catch of over Council. 200,000 t (32 percent of the total) was The General Council (Conselho taken by the USSR. Spain took 168,000 Geral) will represent the Government's t, or 26 percent of the total. interest in the firm . Its Chairman will be

36 Marine Fisheries Review (Administrative, Technical, Commer­ deliveries have begun. The Bank of According to the NMFS Office of cial, and Labor). The Director General Brazil provided $38 mill ion in financ­ International Fisheries, the White and three Deputy Directors will be ap­ ing to Inconav for the construction of Paper is only a working document pointed by the Minister of Industry and vessels for both Mozambique and An­ which was sent to various organizations Commerce (who may also increase the gola. for consideration and did not yet repre­ number of Deputy Directors). The Di­ sent the official policy of the Norwe­ rector for Labor will be elected by the gian Directorate of Fisheries. The General Assembly of Workers. White Paper Says Norwegian Parliament was expected to The General Assembly of Workers Modernize Fishing Fleet vote on the final proposals after the na­ (Assembleia dos Trabalhadores), as the tional elections in autumn 1977. representative of labor, will have the The Norwegian Government has re­ dual function of participating in the leased a preliminary White Paper rec­ control of PESCOM and of working in ommending the modernization of the West German Herring close cooperation with the Executive country's fishing fleet to utilize more Situation Reviewed Committee and the Executive Council. effectively Norway's new 200-mile The Audit Committee (Comissao de fishery zone. The White Paper also de­ Statistics on West Germany's 1975 Fiscaliza"ao de Contas) will consist of lineated plans to reduce the number of herring market reveal increasing pres­ three members to be appointed by joint Norwegian fishmeal plants, particu­ sure on supplies, due mainly to declin­ decision of the Ministers of Industry larly those located in southern Norway. ing catches of the domestic long­ and Commerce and of Finance. The fleet modernization proposals distance fleet and West Germany's The Executive Council (Conselho de would give Norwegian fishermen 10- traditional major European suppliers, Direc"ao), comprised of the Executive year interest-free loans covering up to reports the NMFS Office of Interna­ Committee, PESCOM department 25 percent of the cost of new vessels. tional Fisheries. Total imports show no chiefs, and FRELIMO Party represen­ During 1977, about US$4.8 million particular trend, but imports of one tatives, will coordinate PESCOM's ac­ would be available for such loans. This category of herring products, frozen tivities. money would be taken from the $55.3 herring, have increased. Canada and PESCOM must first of all prepare an million currently budgeted for the the United States have a larger share of operations investment plan for the next Norwegian fishing industry in 1977 to the frozen herring market and will several years. In the future, PESCOM cover rising fuel and gear costs as well probably increase that market in future will prepare annual operations plans as to aid entrepreneurs to form fishing years. and budgets. The enterprise is exempt ventures. The White Paper reports the from income tax. goal of replacing 50 fishing vessels SUPPLY According to the NMFS Office of each year to modernize a fleet which The West German supply of fresh International Fisheries, Mozambique now consists of vessels whose average and frozen herring for human consump­ press reports indicate that PESCOM is age is 20 years or older. tion was only 218,500 metric tons (t) in building a cold storage plant in the port The White Paper also emphasized 1975, about 5,500 t less than in 1974 of Maputo, which will have five units the need for Norway to adjust the capac­ (Table 1). Landings by the Federal Re­ capable of storing 500 metric tons (t) of ity of its fishing fleet to the available public of Germany's high-seas fishing shrimp and other fish. Similar plants are resources. As a result, it recommended fleet decreased from 44,700 tin 1974 to planned for the ports of Beira and reducing the purse seiner fleet by 20 38,700 tin 1975, while landings by the Quelimane, and eventually for Nacala. percent, the industrial trawler fleet by coastal and medium-range fleet showed Mozambique recently took delivery 24 percent, and the brisling fleet by 50 a small increase. All domestic landings of eight shrimp trawlers built by the percent. The fleet reductions are pro­ were frozen herring. Inconav shipyard of Brazil. These ves­ jected to continue through 1980. West Germany's supply of herring sels will reportedly operate off Beira In addition, the White Paper pro­ for human consumption in the 1972-75 and Angoche. Of these vessels, six are posed the modernization of Norway's period showed a heavy and increasing owned by the IMPESCAL company, 1,000 processing plants, currently which will now come under the control employing more than 20,000 workers, Table I.-West German supply of freah and frozen her- of PESCOM. IMPESCAL's fleet in­ by increasing automation. This rec­ ring, 1972-75, In metric tons. cludes 28 vessels, making it the largest ommendation has provoked wide­ Source 1972 1973 1974 1975 Distant-water shrimp company in Mozambique. The spread criticism as it presages increas­ fleet 36.8 56.4 44.7 38.7 remaining shrimp trawlers were report­ ing unemployment. The proposal to Coastal lIeet 9.0 7.2 8.2 9.7 edly purchased by private companies. red uce the number of fishmeal plants Total domestic landings 45.8 63.6 52.9 48.4 A total of 17 more shrimp trawlers were from 46 to 36, particularly along the Imports 153.1 203.7 171.2 170.1 - -- to be delivered by Brazilian shipyards southern coast of Norway, has also Total supply 198.9 267.3 224.1 218.5 beginning in February 1977, but no in­ caused controversy. (Source: IFR-77/ Imports as % formation is available as to whether the 128.) of total supply 77.0 76.2 76.4 77.8

October 1977 dependence on imports; domestic land­ modest quantities, but because imports terested in what it generally perceived ings were only 22 percent of the total from West Germany's traditional major as a shrimp fishery with potential for supply, compared with 24 percent in herring supplier, , are likely to expansion. The Japanese fishing indus­ 1974. As recently as 1970, domestic continue 10 decline, market prospects try is sensitive about ROK competition landings were well over 100,000 t; by for U.S. and Canadian herring export­ in distant-water fisheries. The Koreans 1975 they had declined to under 50,000 ers seem favorable in the coming years. reportedly have about 80 vessels cur­ t. Recent developments in the European (Source: lFR-77/l32.) rently deployed in the Surinam shrimp herring fishery, especially the growing fishery and the Japanese appear worried demand for a complete ban on herring about a possible reduction of their own fishing in the , leave little position there. doubt that West Germany's domestic Surinam Receives Two The Japanese gift of the two boats herring landings will continue to be de­ New Training Vessels was appreciated by the Government of pressed for some time. Surinam, which is seeking to diversify On 20 June 1977, an official of the its sources of economic development Japanese Embassy in Caracas presented assistance. As a former colony of the EXPORTS the Government of Surinam with two , Surinam largely has been Exports of herring were understand­ modern vessels to be used in training dependent on that country for aid. ably small in 1975, totalling only 9,900 fishermen. The 73-foot vessels were Japan was expected to open an embassy t, and about 7,500 t of those went to built in Mexico by the South American in Paramaribo later this year or early in Czechoslovakia. Prices for herring Marine Development Company with 1978 and it can be expected that products tended to be firm in view of the financing provided by a $1 million Japanese economic and commercial in­ tight supply situation, and, although grant from the Government of Japan. terests in Surinam will expand accord­ frozen herring fillets declined on the The grant was awarded in May 1976 ingly. average by 5 percent, prices for her­ and was part of a fisheries training pro­ ring, with and without the head, in­ ject which Japan agreed to help fund in creased 8 percent and 7 percent, respec­ Surinam. Present at the ceremony were tively. Surinam's Minister-President Henck SOVIETS REPORT A. Arron and top officials of the Minis­ WORK try of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, IMPORTS and Fisheries. In recent years fish farms have been West Germany's herring imports The two vessels, named theSrefiden­ more widely distributed in the Soviet were relatively stable in 1974 and 1975, si 1 Land Srefidensi fl, carry crews of 15 Union, according to a report in Vodnyi showing only a slight decline in the and 12 fishermen, respectively. The Transport. The fish are reared from the second year. Nevertheless, there have Srefidensi 1, a mUltipurpose vessel, is larval stage (or fingerling stage) up to been some marked changes in recent equipped with radar, a laboratory, and commercial weight in net ponds. The years in the volume and share of differ­ various gear. The Srefidensi /I is de­ artificially reared aquatic organisms are ent calegories of herring imports. Im­ signed for the shrimp fishery, currently protected from competitors and pre­ ports of fresh herring decreased, for the most important one off Surinam. dators, their environment is protected example, from 69,300 t in 1974 to Both vessels have 400 horsepower en­ against pollution, and they receive 62,500 t in 1975. On the other hand, gines and freezing facilities on board. supplementary feeding. imports of frozen herring increased Six Japanese fishery experts will The Dnepropetrovsk fish production from 44,400 t to 50,500 t, or almost spend 2 years in Surinam training Suri­ combine has 1,300 hectares (3,211 enough to compensate for the decreased namers to operate the new boats. Sev­ acres) of rearing and foraging ponds. landings of the domestic distant water eral Surinamers will also travel to Japan They have been built over a period of 8 fleet, which produces frozen herring and the Republic of Korea (ROK) for years at a cost of 6 million rubles exclusively. training. Funding for the training, ($7,920,000): Last year, more than Canada and the United States have which will cover fish catching as well as 2,000 t of live fish were taken from this moved into the frozen herring import navigation and construction and repair ~ombine. However, the group has market very strongly and, with 17,400 t of vessels and gear, is part of a 5-year found that raising fish in tanks was most and 7,300 t of frozen herring sales to project which, it is hoped, will be effective. This permitted raising 2.5 t of West Germany, respectively, in 1975, financed from Netherlands' develop­ fish in an area of 2.5 hectares (6.17 they doubled their exports over 1974. ment assistance funds . (Source: lFR- acres) of water. Only about a year was Between 1970 (when frozen herring 77/124.) needed and the cost was reportedly six from the United States was first ex­ Accord ing to the NMFS Office of times lower. In coming years, the com­ ported to West Germany) and 1975, International Fisheries Japan is in- bine plans to establish 2,500 tank sec­ U.S. sales increased from about 2,200 t tions for raising such species as white to 7,300 t and showed promise of addi­ amur, trout, silver carp, buffalo, and tional significant gains. These are still I Srefidensi means independence. other species.

38 Marine Fisheries Review