DOCSLIB.ORG

Stratigraphic Concepts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stratigraphic Concepts Stratigraphic Concepts Demonstrating equivalency (genetic/time) between strata (rock units) • lithostratigraphy - organization of strata on the basis of their lithologic characteristics • biostratigraphy - organization of strata on the basis of the fossils they contain • magnetostratigraphy - organization of strata on the basis of their magnetic characteristics • chemostratigraphy - organization of strata on the basis of their isotopic characteristics • seismic stratigraphy - organization of strata on the basis of their seismic characteristics • chronostratigraphy - time relationships • sequence stratigraphy - depositional sequences, packages of strata bounded by unconformities San Benito Gravels • Age? • Sedimentation Rate? S.R.=∆d/∆t • Episodic deposit.? – pause Unconformity? – erosion ∆d=? ∆t=? 1 Absolute vs. Relative Time • Absolute time - set within the framework of geologic time – essential for reconstructing tectonic history, paleoclimates, etc. • Relative time - time represented by the outcrop – essential for computing accumulation rates, etc. time time ∆t depth depth ∆d 2 “Timing is everything” • Chronology (stratigraphy) is essential for understanding all earth history & hence earth system processes, – tectonic – climatic – biologic (evolution). Lithostratigraphy the study & organization of strata on the basis of lithologic characteristics • lithology - type, color, mineral composition, and grain size LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - bodies of rocks distinguished on the basis of observable lithologic characteristics – no connotation of age other than the law of superposition – separated by contacts – Stratotype - type section (most complete) 3 Fundamental Units*: n o i t • Group - collection of formations a m r o • Formation- lithologically distinctive unit f that is large enough in scale to be mapable (single lithology or regular alternation of lithologies) C – e.g. Monterey Formation • Member - (subdivision of a formation) characteristics that distinguish it from other parts of the formation B members? , – e.g. series of phosphatic-rich layers interfingering with dolomites/cherts Group I • Beds - subdivision of a member, smallest unit Lithology *Only applied to land-based sedimentary C sections Paleocene-Eocene Strata: Gulf & Atlantic Coast 4 Paleocene-Eocene Strata: Gulf & Atlantic Coast Clayton Wilson Lake 5 Paleocene-Eocene Strata: Gulf & Atlantic Coast Clayton Wilson Lake Gl-91 Purisma Santa Cruz MS Monterey Vaqueros San Lorenzo Butano SS Locatelli 6 Contacts boundaries between units 1. plane or irregular surfaces 2. Conformable or unconformable • Conformity (Conformable) - no physical evidence of non- deposition – Abrupt – Gradational • progressive - gradation Site 1263A - 13H S6 50.5 cm • intercalated - gradation is an Eocene inter-bedded interval Paleocene 7 Contacts • Unconformity (unconformable) - break or hiatus in deposition (erosional, non-deposition) current scour surface, or sub-aerial weathering surface, slump or slide surfaces – Angular - younger sediments atop eroded surface of tilted or folded rocks – Disconformity - parallel bedding planes, but erosional surface (channeled, paleosols, lag-gravel deposit) - uplift, sea-level regression • lithology may change – Paraconformity - same lithology above and below, non deposition or dissolution. • Can only be recognized by other stratigraphic techniques • Nonconformity - sedimentary / igneous or metamorphic rock Angul?ar UC Discon?formity Nonco?nformity 8 Recognition of Unconformities • basal conglomerates • deeply weathered soils horizons • truncated bedding • clasts • burrowing or hardgrounds • channel deposits • truncated fossil ranges (several lineages) 9 Lateral Contacts • pinch-out - progressive thinning of a bed • intertonguing - lateral splitting of units that pinch out independently – shoreline migrating back and forth • progressive lateral gradation Stratigraphic completeness: hiatuses (diastems) - abundant in the rock record - – more frequent in high energy environments • Sedimentation rates high, but episodic (erosion common) • continental – non-deposition and erosion - uplift – episodic deposition - flooding • shallow marine depth time – Erosion - regressions (local, global) gap – non-deposition, wave erosion – deposition during storms • hemi-pelagic – slumps, turbidites represent episodic deposition • pelagic gap – sedimentation tends to be lower, but more continuous 10 ODP Site 1207, northwest Pacific • Drilling Objectives: – P/E Boundary – K/T Boundary – Aptian/Albian ODP Site 1207, northwest Pacific Age/Depth 11 Facies Relationships in Space and Time Prograding Delta 12 Vertical and Lateral Successions of Strata: • conformable and unconformable contacts divide sedimentary rocks into vertical successions. Walther’s law - to be conformable, vertically adjacent facies must reflect those facies which occur side by side • facies - a body of rock with some consistent characteristic • lithofacies - a consistent lithologic characteristic within a formation (shale facies, evaporite facies) Walther’s Law Deepening upward Shallowing upward 13 Cyclic successions rhythmic sedimentation (repetitions of strata) • Temporal scales annual to m.y. • All environments pelagic - limestone/marl delta - repeated coarsening upward cycles Paleocene Scalia Rosa, Dolomites, Italy 14 Cycle Order (Scales) Cycle Order Major sedimentary cycle durations as influenced by eustatic sea level changes Type Duration (m.y.) Cause 1st 200-400 Tectonic: formation and breakup of supercontinents 2nd 10-100 Mid-ocean ridge spreading changes - volume 3rd 1-10 Mid-ocean ridge spreading changes - volume 4th 0.2-0.5 Milankovitch glacioeustatic cycles 5th 0.01-0.2 Milankovitch glacioeustatic cycles 15 Cyclic successions Causal Mechanisms: • Autocyclic - internal to the basin switching delta lobe, storm beds, floodplain – beds show limited lateral continuity Flood Plain Deposits, • Allocyclic - mainly external Paleocene-Eocene Bighorn Basin, WY to the basin climate, sealevel, tectonic movements in source area – beds may show extensive lateral continuity U. Carboniferous, S Wales Allocyclic Mechanisms Milankovitch cycles - oscillations in earth's orbit primary periods: • 19, 23 ky - precession of the pole (wobble) • 41ky - obliquity (tilt) • 100, 410 ky - eccentricity Perihelion -147x106km Aphelion - 152x106km 16 Orbital cycles:Effect on Insolation • Eccentricity 95, 100, 120, 413 ky (2.3 m.y.) – Earth - sun distance 0.0 to 0.06 Effect on insolation: ca. 0.7 W/m2 uniform across latitudes • Tilt 41 ky (29, 54 ky,1.25 m.y.) – angle ~ 22.0-24.3° hotter summers / colder winters in both hemispheres Effect on insolation: up to 17 W/m2 at high latitudes • Precession 19, 23 ky – wobble - gravitational pull of sun on earths’ equatorial bulge – elliptical precession hot summers/cold winters in one hemisphere, and cold summers/hot winters on the other. Effect on insolation: up to 40 W/m2 Ice-sheets (18 kya, present day) 17 Sea-level Change, 150 kya to present Sea Level 120 meters 18 90 m 100 m ~10 km Transgressions/Regressions Transgressions - shoreline moves landward Regressions - shoreline moves seaward 3 Causes: 1. Sea level - rise and fall 2. Tectonic - uplift /subsidence 3. Sediment Supply • eustatic changes – ice-volume (glacioeustatic), basin geometry Global signal • relative changes – Local subsidence/uplift or sediment supply Regional signal 19 Sea level Rise sand silt mud transgression coastal onlap time lines fining upward sequence • Transgression – Sea level rise w/ no change in sediment supply • Stationary – Sea level rise w/ balanced by sediment supply • Regression – Sea level rise w/ large increase in sediment supply • all three produce coastal onlap because sea level is rising Sea level rising (high sediment supply) regression erosional surface coastal onlap • Rising sealevel - coastal onlap, – regression Top lap Regression no onlap Sea level stationary • Standstill of sealevel - no coastal onlap, but top-lap – regression 20 Coast Basin Section C Section A Section B Lithofacies are time transgressive Transgression (Deepnening) Regression (Shallowing) Sea level Rise 21 Asymmetry of Transgressive and Regressive Cycles: • Transgressive - classic fining non-marine marine non-marine marine upward? regression – Rare- fining upward less common than coarsening upward transgression • Rapid rise in SL - erosion/non- Delta Progradation deposit during transgressive phase regression limestone (rapid) limestone – coastal and shallow marine deposits - shaly shale thin or non-existent (marine) transgression coal Rapid transgression – deposition mainly during regressive shale (sandy) phases channel sand disconfomity – e.g. delta progradation - Carboniferous Cyclothems Carboniferous (299 to 359 Mya) 22 Carboniferous (299 to 359 Mya) Cyclothems: Allocyclic vs. Autocyclic Carboniferous Coals, West Virginia Correlation of Lithostratigraphic Units • Lateral Tracing • most direct method • only where strata are continuously lithologic exposed similarity Key bed • Lithologic Similarity and Stratigraphic (ash) position • indirect method • correlation based on facies sequence • difficult to apply to cyclic successions • Event Stratigraphy • Marker beds • ash (bentonites) (e.g. Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera; 740 ky) • lava flows 23 Correlation of Lithostratigraphic Units Bishop Tuff • Long Valley Caldera • 740 ky Lithologic Similarity and Stratigraphic position 24.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rock Cycle Compressed and Cemented to Form What the Original Rocks on Earth Were Like
    | The Rock Cycle compressed and cemented to form what the original rocks on Earth were like. sedimentary rock, such as sandstone. IMMG has some excellent examples of Soluble material can be precipitated from these extraterrestrial visitors in our The continual set of processes affecting water to form sedimentary rocks such as meteorite exhibit. rocks is called the rock cycle. All existing limestone and gypsum. Sedimentary rocks rocks on Earth have been changed over can also be exposed at the surface and Various examples of the three different time by various geologic processes. Earth undergo erosion, providing materials for types of rocks are listed below. Specimens was formed about 4.6 billion years ago, and future sedimentary rocks. of some of these rocks can be found the oldest known rock unit is found in throughout the museum. Canada, dated at just over 4 billion years If sedimentary rocks become buried deep old. This rock material was altered by heat within the crust, they can be subjected to How many can you find? and pressure into the metamorphic rock high heat and pressure along with physical gneiss. stresses such as compression or extension, Igneous which transforms them into metamorphic rocks such as schist or gneiss Originally all of Earth’s crustal rocks had Basalt Gabbro Diorite an igneous origin. They start as semi- (“metamorphic” simply means “changed molten magma in the upper mantle and form”). Sometimes igneous rocks can be Rhyolite Syenite Andesite either rise to the surface as extrusive lava metamorphosed by similar processes (like Granite Granodiorite Obsidian (like basalt) in volcanoes and oceanic rifts, granite into gneiss).
    [Show full text]
  • Do Gssps Render Dual Time-Rock/Time Classification and Nomenclature Redundant?
    Do GSSPs render dual time-rock/time classification and nomenclature redundant? Ismael Ferrusquía-Villafranca1 Robert M. Easton2 and Donald E. Owen3 1Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México, DF, MEX, 45100, e-mail: [email protected] 2Ontario Geological Survey, Precambrian Geoscience Section, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, B7064 Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5, e-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Geology, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The Geological Society of London Proposal for “…ending the distinction between the dual stratigraphic terminology of time-rock units (of chronostratigraphy) and geologic time units (of geochronology). The long held, but widely misunderstood distinc- tion between these two essentially parallel time scales has been rendered unnecessary by the adoption of the global stratotype sections and points (GSSP-golden spike) principle in defining intervals of geologic time within rock strata.” Our review of stratigraphic princi- ples, concepts, models and paradigms through history clearly shows that the GSL Proposal is flawed and if adopted will be of disservice to the stratigraphic community. We recommend the continued use of the dual stratigraphic terminology of chronostratigraphy and geochronology for the following reasons: (1) time-rock (chronostratigraphic) and geologic time (geochronologic) units are conceptually different; (2) the subtended time-rock’s unit space between its “golden spiked-marked”
    [Show full text]
  • Lithostratigraphic Mapping Through Saprolitic Regolith Using Soil Geochemistry and High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Surveys
    EGU2020-20242 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20242 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Lithostratigraphic Mapping Through Saprolitic Regolith Using Soil Geochemistry and High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Surveys. Helen Twigg and Murray Hitzman iCRAG, School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland The Neoproterozoic Central African Copperbelt located in southern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the northwestern Zambia and contains 48% of the world’s cobalt reserves and significant resources of copper, zinc, nickel and gold. A good understanding of the geology is critical for successful mineral exploration. However, geological mapping is hindered by low topographic relief, limited outcrop, and a generally deep (10-100m) weathering profile developed since the Late Miocene. Multielement soil geochemistry provides a means for conducting geological mapping. Areas with outcrop or containing drill holes and/or trenches were utilized to relate known geological lithologies with soil geochemical results using major element and trace element ratios. The lithostratigraphy within a study area along the DRC-Zambia border can be geochemically sub- divided into three units. Mixed carbonate and siliciclastic lithologies of the lower portion of the local stratigraphy are typically characterised by elevated V, Ti, and Nb. Mudstones and siltstones are dominated by elevated Al, Fe and Ba. The upper portion of the local stratigraphy is geochemically neutral with regards to trace elements. Lithological discrimination through analysis of soil geochemical data is limited in some areas by intense weathering. A A-CNK-FM diagram exhibits how complete weathering of carbonate rocks and carbonate-rich breccias (after evaporites) results in the somewhat counter intuitive outcome that residual soils above carbonate rocks are amongst the most aluminum rich in the study area with >80% Al2O3 (mol%) or >80% combined Al2O3 (mol%) and FeO + MgO (mol%).
    [Show full text]
  • “Anthropocene” Epoch: Scientific Decision Or Political Statement?
    The “Anthropocene” epoch: Scientific decision or political statement? Stanley C. Finney*, Dept. of Geological Sciences, California Official recognition of the concept would invite State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90277, cross-disciplinary science. And it would encourage a mindset USA; and Lucy E. Edwards**, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, that will be important not only to fully understand the Virginia 20192, USA transformation now occurring but to take action to control it. … Humans may yet ensure that these early years of the ABSTRACT Anthropocene are a geological glitch and not just a prelude The proposal for the “Anthropocene” epoch as a formal unit of to a far more severe disruption. But the first step is to recognize, the geologic time scale has received extensive attention in scien- as the term Anthropocene invites us to do, that we are tific and public media. However, most articles on the in the driver’s seat. (Nature, 2011, p. 254) Anthropocene misrepresent the nature of the units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart, which is produced by That editorial, as with most articles on the Anthropocene, did the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and serves as not consider the mission of the International Commission on the basis for the geologic time scale. The stratigraphic record of Stratigraphy (ICS), nor did it present an understanding of the the Anthropocene is minimal, especially with its recently nature of the units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart proposed beginning in 1945; it is that of a human lifespan, and on which the units of the geologic time scale are based.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paleontology Synthesis Project and Establishing a Framework for Managing National Park Service Paleontological Resource Archives and Data
    Lucas, S.G. and Sullivan, R.M., eds., 2018, Fossil Record 6. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 79. 589 THE PALEONTOLOGY SYNTHESIS PROJECT AND ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCE ARCHIVES AND DATA VINCENT L. SANTUCCI1, JUSTIN S. TWEET2 and TIMOTHY B. CONNORS3 1National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division, 1849 “C” Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240, [email protected]; 2National Park Service, 9149 79th Street S., Cottage Grove, MN 55016, [email protected]; 3National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division, 12795 W. Alameda Parkway, Lakewood, CO 80225, [email protected] Abstract—The National Park Service Paleontology Program maintains an extensive collection of digital and hard copy documents, publications, photographs and other archives associated with the paleontological resources documented in 268 parks. The organization and preservation of the NPS paleontology archives has been the focus of intensive data management activities by a small and dedicated team of NPS staff. The data preservation strategy complemented the NPS servicewide inventories for paleontological resources. The first phase of the data management, referred to as the NPS Paleontology Synthesis Project, compiled servicewide paleontological resource data pertaining to geologic time, taxonomy, museum repositories, holotype fossil specimens, and numerous other topics. In 2015, the second phase of data management was implemented with the creation and organization of a multi-faceted digital data system known as the NPS Paleontology Archives and NPS Paleontology Library. Two components of the NPS Paleontology Archives were designed for the preservation of both park specific and servicewide paleontological resource archives and data. A third component, the NPS Paleontology Library, is a repository for electronic copies of geology and paleontology publications, reports, and other media.
    [Show full text]
  • Exhumation Processes
    Exhumation processes UWE RING1, MARK T. BRANDON2, SEAN D. WILLETT3 & GORDON S. LISTER4 1Institut fur Geowissenschaften,Johannes Gutenberg-Universitiit,55099 Mainz, Germany 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA 3Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA I 6802, USA Present address: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA 4Department of Earth Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria VIC 3168,Australia Abstract: Deep-seated metamorphic rocks are commonly found in the interior of many divergent and convergent orogens. Plate tectonics can account for high-pressure meta­ morphism by subduction and crustal thickening, but the return of these metamorphosed crustal rocks back to the surface is a more complicated problem. In particular, we seek to know how various processes, such as normal faulting, ductile thinning, and erosion, con­ tribute to the exhumation of metamorphic rocks, and what evidence can be used to distin­ guish between these different exhumation processes. In this paper, we provide a selective overview of the issues associated with the exhuma­ tion problem. We start with a discussion of the terms exhumation, denudation and erosion, and follow with a summary of relevant tectonic parameters. Then, we review the charac­ teristics of exhumation in differenttectonic settings. For instance, continental rifts, such as the severely extended Basin-and-Range province, appear to exhume only middle and upper crustal rocks, whereas continental collision zones expose rocks from 125 km and greater. Mantle rocks are locally exhumed in oceanic rifts and transform zones, probably due to the relatively thin crust associated with oceanic lithosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Development and Problems Within the Pennsylvanian Nomenclature of Ohio.1
    Historical Development and Problems Within the Pennsylvanian Nomenclature of Ohio.1 GLENN E. LARSEN, OHIO Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Fountain Sq., Bldg. B, Columbus, OH 43224 ABSTRACT. An analysis of the historical development of the Pennsylvanian stratigraphic nomenclature, as used in Ohio, has helped define and clarify problems inherent in Ohio's stratigraphic nomenclature. Resolution of such problems facilitates further development of a useful stratigraphy and philosophy for mapping. Investigations of Pennsylvanian-age rocks in Ohio began as early as 1819- From 1858 to 1893, investigations by Newberry, I. C. White, and Orton established the stratigraphic framework upon which the present-day nomenclature is based. During the 1950s, the cyclothem concept was used to classify and correlate Pennsylvanian lithologic units. This classification led to a proliferation of stratigraphic terms, as almost every lithologic type was named and designated as a member of a cyclothem. By the early 1960s, cyclothems were considered invalid as a lithostratigraphic classification. Currently, Pennsylvanian nomenclature of Ohio, as used by the Ohio Division of Geological Survey, consists of four groups containing 123 named beds, with no formal formations or members. In accordance with the 1983 North American Stratigraphic code, the Ohio Division of Geological Survey considers all nomenclature below group rank as informal. OHIO J. SCI. 91 (1): 69-76, 1991 INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION Understanding the historical development of Pennsyl- The Early 1800s vanian stratigraphy in Ohio is important to the Ohio The earliest known references to Pennsylvanian-age Division of Geological Survey (OGS). Such an under- rocks in Ohio are found in Atwater's (1819) report on standing of Pennsylvanian stratigraphy helps define Belmont County, and an article by Granger (1821) on plant stratigraphic nomenclatural problems in order to make fossils collected near Zanesville, Muskingum County.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentological Constraints on the Initial Uplift of the West Bogda Mountains in Mid-Permian
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Sedimentological constraints on the initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains in Mid-Permian Received: 14 August 2017 Jian Wang1,2, Ying-chang Cao1,2, Xin-tong Wang1, Ke-yu Liu1,3, Zhu-kun Wang1 & Qi-song Xu1 Accepted: 9 January 2018 The Late Paleozoic is considered to be an important stage in the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Published: xx xx xxxx Belt (CAOB). The Bogda Mountains, a northeastern branch of the Tianshan Mountains, record the complete Paleozoic history of the Tianshan orogenic belt. The tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the west Bogda area and the timing of initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains were investigated based on detailed sedimentological study of outcrops, including lithology, sedimentary structures, rock and isotopic compositions and paleocurrent directions. At the end of the Early Permian, the West Bogda Trough was closed and an island arc was formed. The sedimentary and subsidence center of the Middle Permian inherited that of the Early Permian. The west Bogda area became an inherited catchment area, and developed a widespread shallow, deep and then shallow lacustrine succession during the Mid- Permian. At the end of the Mid-Permian, strong intracontinental collision caused the initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains. Sedimentological evidence further confrmed that the West Bogda Mountains was a rift basin in the Carboniferous-Early Permian, and subsequently entered the Late Paleozoic large- scale intracontinental orogeny in the region. The Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is the largest accretionary orogen on Earth, which was formed by the amalgamation of multiple micro-continents, island arcs and accretionary wedges1–5.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Dating of Pleistocene Sites: Guidelines for Best Practice Contents
    Consultation Draft Scientific Dating of Pleistocene Sites: Guidelines for Best Practice Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................. 3 PART 1 - OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 3 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 The Quaternary stratigraphical framework ........................................................................ 4 Palaeogeography ........................................................................................................... 6 Fitting the archaeological record into this dynamic landscape .............................................. 6 Shorter-timescale division of the Late Pleistocene .............................................................. 7 2. Scientific Dating methods for the Pleistocene ................................................................. 8 Radiometric methods ..................................................................................................... 8 Trapped Charge Methods................................................................................................ 9 Other scientific dating methods ......................................................................................10 Relative dating methods ................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphical Framework for the Devonian (Old Red Sandstone) Rocks of Scotland South of a Line from Fort William to Aberdeen
    Stratigraphical framework for the Devonian (Old Red Sandstone) rocks of Scotland south of a line from Fort William to Aberdeen Research Report RR/01/04 NAVIGATION HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS DOCUMENT ❑ The general pagination is designed for hard copy use and does not correspond to PDF thumbnail pagination. ❑ The main elements of the table of contents are bookmarked enabling direct links to be followed to the principal section headings and sub-headings, figures, plates and tables irrespective of which part of the document the user is viewing. ❑ In addition, the report contains links: ✤ from the principal section and sub-section headings back to the contents page, ✤ from each reference to a figure, plate or table directly to the corresponding figure, plate or table, ✤ from each figure, plate or table caption to the first place that figure, plate or table is mentioned in the text and ✤ from each page number back to the contents page. Return to contents page NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Research Report RR/01/04 Stratigraphical framework for the Devonian (Old Red Sandstone) rocks of Scotland south of a line from Fort William to Aberdeen Michael A E Browne, Richard A Smith and Andrew M Aitken Contributors: Hugh F Barron, Steve Carroll and Mark T Dean Cover illustration Basal contact of the lowest lava flow of the Crawton Volcanic Formation overlying the Whitehouse Conglomerate Formation, Trollochy, Kincardineshire. BGS Photograph D2459. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number GD 272191/2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth Science Power Standards
    Macomb Intermediate School District High School Science Power Standards Document Earth Science The Michigan High School Science Content Expectations establish what every student is expected to know and be able to do by the end of high school. They also outline the parameters for receiving high school credit as dictated by state law. To aid teachers and administrators in meeting these expectations the Macomb ISD has undertaken the task of identifying those content expectations which can be considered power standards. The critical characteristics1 for selecting a power standard are: • Endurance – knowledge and skills of value beyond a single test date. • Leverage - knowledge and skills that will be of value in multiple disciplines. • Readiness - knowledge and skills necessary for the next level of learning. The selection of power standards is not intended to relieve teachers of the responsibility for teaching all content expectations. Rather, it gives the school district a common focus and acts as a safety net of standards that all students must learn prior to leaving their current level. The following document utilizes the unit design including the big ideas and real world contexts, as developed in the science companion documents for the Michigan High School Science Content Expectations. 1 Dr. Douglas Reeves, Center for Performance Assessment Unit 1: Organizing Principles of Earth Science Big Idea Processes, events and features on Earth result from energy transfer and movement of matter through interconnected Earth systems. Contextual Understandings Earth science is an umbrella term for the scientific disciplines of geology, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, oceanography, and astronomy. Earth systems science has given an improved, interdisciplinary perspective to researchers in fields concerned with global change, such as climate change and geologic history.
    [Show full text]
  • Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
    Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide
    [Show full text]