DOCSLIB.ORG

Software Implementation of Authenticated Encryption Algorithms on ARM Processors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Software Implementation of Authenticated Encryption Algorithms on ARM Processors Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Computação INSTITUTO DE COMPUTAÇÃO Luan Cardoso dos Santos Software implementation of authenticated encryption algorithms on ARM processors Implementação em software de cifradores autenticados para processadores ARM CAMPINAS 2018 Luan Cardoso dos Santos Software implementation of authenticated encryption algorithms on ARM processors Implementação em software de cifradores autenticados para processadores ARM Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Computação da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência da Computação. Thesis presented to the Institute of Computing of the University of Campinas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Computer Science. Supervisor/Orientador: Prof. Dr. Julio César López Hernández Este exemplar corresponde à versão final da Dissertação defendida por Luan Cardoso dos Santos e orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Julio César López Hernández. CAMPINAS 2018 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): Não se aplica. Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica Ana Regina Machado - CRB 8/5467 Santos, Luan Cardoso dos, 1993- Sa59s SanSoftware implementation of authenticated encryption algorithms on ARM processors / Luan Cardoso dos Santos. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2018. SanOrientador: Julio César López Hernández. SanDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação. San1. Microprocessadores ARM. 2. Arquitetura de computador. 3. Criptografia de dados (Computação). 4. Engenharia de software. 5. Engenharia de software - Medidas de segurança. 6. Software - Medidas de segurança. I. López Hernández, Julio César, 1961-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Computação. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Implementação em software de cifradores autenticados para processadores ARM Palavras-chave em inglês: ARM microprocessors Computer architecture Data encryption (Computer science) Software engineering Software engineering - Safety measures Software – Safety measures Área de concentração: Ciência da Computação Titulação: Mestre em Ciência da Computação Banca examinadora: Júlio Cesar López Hernández Marcos Antonio Simplicio Junior Diego de Freitas Aranha Data de defesa: 12-06-2018 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Ciência da Computação Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Computação INSTITUTO DE COMPUTAÇÃO Luan Cardoso dos Santos Software implementation of authenticated encryption algorithms on ARM processors Implementação em software de cifradores autenticados para processadores ARM Banca Examinadora: • Prof. Dr. Julio César López Hernández IC - UNICAMP • Prof. Dr. Marcos Antônio Simplicio Junior LARC - USP • Prof. Dr. Diego de Freitas Aranha IC - UNICAMP A ata da defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros da banca encontra-se no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. Campinas, 12 de junho de 2018 Dedicatória Dedicated to I dedicate this work to my father, Devaldite, who will always be in my heart, and will always be my inspiration to walk forward, to be a good man like him. Eu dedico esse trabalho a meu pai, Devaldite, que sempre está em meu coração, e que sempre será minha inspiração para seguir em frente, ser um homem bom como ele. The secret to doing anything is believing that you can do it. Anything that you believe you can do strong enough, you can do. Anything. As long as you believe. – Bob Ross Acknowledgements I want to thank all my friends, for their company helped me continue walking forward, even in hard times. My laboratory friends, who helped me with both life and research, always by my side. Some names to cite are Hayato and Renna, Camila and Klairton, Samuel and Fabianna, Amanda, Alisson, Rafael, Marcelo, Armando, Sheila, Renan, so many wonderful people I met in Unicamp –So many that it is impossible to type them all– they will always have a special place in my memory. And I thank my old friends as well, for Guilherme, Victor and Zé Lourenço were always there for me. I thank my family, for trusting in me, and staying by my side, even if the distance and time make the contact difficult. Enezina, Gabriel, Bruno, familia é para sempre, e para sempre amo vocês. I thank my teachers, Julio and Diego, which whom I worked closely, and learned a lot with. I have to thank you for helping me grow as a student, scientist, and most importantly, as a person. And I also thank all the teachers I had, even if our time was short, every lesson was important. I also thank LGE, and it’s team, for financing the research, and directly helping me, financially and technically with this Master’s Degree. And a very special thanks to Michael Trautsch, a great friend, that adopted me as his little brother, and who helped me and guided me through hard times. And also a very special thanks to his parents, Ute and Winfried, for they received me with open arms, as part of their family. Mike, Ute, Winfried, Ihr seid meine zweite Familie; mein zweites Zuhause. Ich werde immer dafür dankbar sein, Euch in meinem Leben zu haben. And to all those that I may not have mentioned by name, but were with me during these years, my sincere thank you. Resumo Algoritmos de cifração autenticada são ferramentas usadas para proteger dados, de forma a garantir tanto sigilo quanto autenticidade e integridade. Implementações criptográficas não possuem apenas exatidão e eficiência como seus principais objetivos: sistemas computacionais podem vazar informação sobre seu com- portamento interno, de forma que uma má implementação pode comprometer a segu- rança de um bom algoritmo. Dessa forma, esta dissertação tem o objetivo de estudar as formas de implementar corretamente algoritmos criptográficos e os métodos para optimizá-los sem que percam suas características de segurança. Um aspecto impor- tante a ser levado em consideração quando implementando algoritmos é a arquitetura alvo. Nesta dissertação concentra-se na família de processadores ARM. ARM é uma das arquiteturas mais utilizadas no mundo, com mais de 100 bilhões de chips vendidos. Esta dissertação foca em estudar e implementar duas famílias de cifradores auten- ticados: NORX e Ascon, especificamente para processadores ARM Cortex-A de 32 e 64 bits. Descrevemos uma técnica de optimização orientada a pipeline para NORX que possui desempenho melhor que o atual estado da arte, e discutimos técnicas utilizadas em uma implementação vetorial do NORX. Também analisamos as características de uma implementação vetorial do Ascon, assim como uma implementação vetorial de múltiplas mensagens. Abstract Authenticated encryption algorithms are tools used to protect data, in a way that guar- antees both its secrecy, authenticity, and integrity. Cryptographic implementations do not have only correctness and efficiency as its main goals: computer systems can leak information about their internal behavior, and a bad implementation can compromise the security of a good algorithm. Therefore, this dissertation aims to study the forms of correctly and efficiently implementing crypto- graphic algorithms and the methods of optimizing them without losing security char- acteristics. One important aspect to take into account during implementation and opti- mization is the target architecture. In this dissertation, the focus is on the ARM family of processors. ARM is one of the most widespread architectures in the world, with more than 100 billion chips deployed. This dissertation focus on studying and implementing two different families of au- thenticated encryption algorithms: NORX and Ascon, targeting 32-bits and 64-bits ARM Cortex-A processors. We show a pipeline oriented technique to implement NORX that’s faster than the current state-of-art; and we also discuss the techniques used on a vectorial implementation of NORX. We also describe and analyze the characteristics of a vectorial implementation of Ascon, as well as a multiple message vectorial imple- mentation. List of Figures 2.1 The basic design of a sponge function .................... 23 2.2 The basic design of a duplexed sponge .................... 23 2.3 Basic block design of AEAD .......................... 24 2.4 Basic block diagram of a E&M authenticated mode of operation. ..... 25 2.5 Basic block diagram of a EtM authenticated mode of operation. ..... 25 2.6 Basic block diagram of a MtE authenticated mode of operation. ..... 26 2.7 Conceptual layout of a NEON instruction .................. 35 3.1 The layout of NORX with parallelism degree p = 2 ............. 42 3.2 The layout of NORX with parallelism degree p = 1 ............. 42 3.3 Column and diagonal steps of NORX .................... 43 3.4 Overheads for NORX 3261 running on a Cortex-A15(32-bit processor) . 52 3.5 Overheads for NORX 6461 running on a Cortex-A53(64-bit processor) . 53 3.6 Pipeline/instruction parallelism ........................ 54 3.7 2× optimization of the NORX F function .................. 55 3.8 4× optimization of the NORX F function .................. 56 3.9 Transformations needed for the diagonal step. ............... 58 3.10 Cycles per byte results for NORX3261 on Cortex A15. ........... 66 3.11 Cycles per byte results for NORX6461 on Cortex A53. ........... 67 3.12 Cycles per byte results for BLAKE2s on Cortex A15. ............ 70 4.1 Ascon mode of operation ........................... 73 4.2 Ascon Sbox ................................... 79 4.3 Scopes in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BLAKE2: Simpler, Smaller, Fast As MD5
    BLAKE2: simpler, smaller, fast as MD5 Jean-Philippe Aumasson1, Samuel Neves2, Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn3, and Christian Winnerlein4 1 Kudelski Security, Switzerland [email protected] 2 University of Coimbra, Portugal [email protected] 3 Least Authority Enterprises, USA [email protected] 4 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany [email protected] Abstract. We present the hash function BLAKE2, an improved version of the SHA-3 finalist BLAKE optimized for speed in software. Target applications include cloud storage, intrusion detection, or version control systems. BLAKE2 comes in two main flavors: BLAKE2b is optimized for 64-bit platforms, and BLAKE2s for smaller architectures. On 64- bit platforms, BLAKE2 is often faster than MD5, yet provides security similar to that of SHA-3: up to 256-bit collision resistance, immunity to length extension, indifferentiability from a random oracle, etc. We specify parallel versions BLAKE2bp and BLAKE2sp that are up to 4 and 8 times faster, by taking advantage of SIMD and/or multiple cores. BLAKE2 reduces the RAM requirements of BLAKE down to 168 bytes, making it smaller than any of the five SHA-3 finalists, and 32% smaller than BLAKE. Finally, BLAKE2 provides a comprehensive support for tree-hashing as well as keyed hashing (be it in sequential or tree mode). 1 Introduction The SHA-3 Competition succeeded in selecting a hash function that comple- ments SHA-2 and is much faster than SHA-2 in hardware [1]. There is nev- ertheless a demand for fast software hashing for applications such as integrity checking and deduplication in filesystems and cloud storage, host-based intrusion detection, version control systems, or secure boot schemes.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Analysis of BLAKE2's Modes of Operation
    Security Analysis of BLAKE2's Modes of Operation Atul Luykx, Bart Mennink, Samuel Neves KU Leuven (Belgium) and Radboud University (The Netherlands) FSE 2017 March 7, 2017 1 / 14 BLAKE2 m1 m2 m3 m 0∗ `k IV PB F F F F H(m) ⊕ t1 f1 t2 f2 t3 f3 t` f` Cryptographic hash function • Aumasson, Neves, Wilcox-O'Hearn, Winnerlein (2013) • Simplication of SHA-3 nalist BLAKE • 2 / 14 BLAKE2 Use in Password Hashing Argon2 (Biryukov et al.) • Catena (Forler et al.) • Lyra (Almeida et al.) • Lyra2 (Simplício Jr. et al.) • Rig (Chang et al.) • Use in Authenticated Encryption AEZ (Hoang et al.) • Applications Noise Protocol Framework (Perrin) • Zcash Protocol (Hopwood et al.) • RAR 5.0 (Roshal) • 3 / 14 BLAKE2 Guo et al. 2014 Hao 2014 Khovratovich et al. 2015 Espitau et al. 2015 ??? Even slight modications may make a scheme insecure! Security Inheritance? BLAKE cryptanalysis Aumasson et al. 2010 Biryukov et al. 2011 Dunkelman&K. 2011 generic Andreeva et al. 2012 Chang et al. 2012 4 / 14 ??? Even slight modications may make a scheme insecure! Security Inheritance? BLAKE BLAKE2 cryptanalysis Aumasson et al. 2010 Guo et al. 2014 Biryukov et al. 2011 Hao 2014 Dunkelman&K. 2011 Khovratovich et al. 2015 Espitau et al. 2015 generic Andreeva et al. 2012 Chang et al. 2012 4 / 14 Even slight modications may make a scheme insecure! Security Inheritance? BLAKE BLAKE2 cryptanalysis Aumasson et al. 2010 Guo et al. 2014 Biryukov et al. 2011 Hao 2014 Dunkelman&K. 2011 Khovratovich et al. 2015 Espitau et al. 2015 generic Andreeva et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Extending NIST's CAVP Testing of Cryptographic Hash Function
    Extending NIST’s CAVP Testing of Cryptographic Hash Function Implementations Nicky Mouha and Christopher Celi National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA [email protected],[email protected] Abstract. This paper describes a vulnerability in Apple’s CoreCrypto library, which affects 11 out of the 12 implemented hash functions: every implemented hash function except MD2 (Message Digest 2), as well as several higher-level operations such as the Hash-based Message Authen- tication Code (HMAC) and the Ed25519 signature scheme. The vulnera- bility is present in each of Apple’s CoreCrypto libraries that are currently validated under FIPS 140-2 (Federal Information Processing Standard). For inputs of about 232 bytes (4 GiB) or more, the implementations do not produce the correct output, but instead enter into an infinite loop. The vulnerability shows a limitation in the Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program (CAVP) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which currently does not perform tests on hash func- tions for inputs larger than 65 535 bits. To overcome this limitation of NIST’s CAVP, we introduce a new test type called the Large Data Test (LDT). The LDT detects vulnerabilities similar to that in CoreCrypto in implementations submitted for validation under FIPS 140-2. Keywords: CVE-2019-8741, FIPS, CAVP, ACVP, Apple, CoreCrypto, hash function, vulnerability. 1 Introduction The security of cryptography in practice relies not only on the resistance of the algorithms against cryptanalytical attacks, but also on the correctness and robustness of their implementations. Software implementations are vulnerable to software faults, also known as bugs.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Security of IV Dependent Stream Ciphers
    On the Security of IV Dependent Stream Ciphers Côme Berbain and Henri Gilbert France Telecom R&D {[email protected]} research & development Stream Ciphers IV-less IV-dependent key K key K IV (initial value) number ? generator keystream keystream plaintext ⊕ ciphertext plaintext ⊕ ciphertext e.g. RC4, Shrinking Generator e.g. SNOW, Scream, eSTREAM ciphers well founded theory [S81,Y82,BM84] less unanimously agreed theory practical limitations: prior work [RC94, HN01, Z06] - no reuse of K numerous chosen IV attacks - synchronisation - key and IV setup not well understood IV setup – H. Gilbert (2) research & developement Orange Group Outline security requirements on IV-dependent stream ciphers whole cipher key and IV setup key and IV setup constructions satisfying these requirements blockcipher based tree based application example: QUAD incorporate key and IV setup in QUAD's provable security argument IV setup – H. Gilbert (3) research & developement Orange Group Security in IV-less case: PRNG notion m K∈R{0,1} number truly random VS generator g generator g g(K) ∈{0,1}L L OR Z ∈R{0,1} 1 input A 0 or 1 PRNG A tests number distributions: Adv g (A) = PrK [A(g(K)) = 1] − PrZ [A(Z) = 1] PRNG PRNG Advg (t) = maxA,T(A)≤t (Advg (A)) PRNG 80 g is a secure cipher ⇔ g is a PRNG ⇔ Advg (t < 2 ) <<1 IV setup – H. Gilbert (4) research & developement Orange Group Security in IV-dependent case: PRF notion stream cipher perfect random fct. IV∈ {0,1}n function generator VSOR g* gK G = {gK} gK(IV) q oracle queries • A 0 or 1 PRF gK g* A tests function distributions: Adv G (A) = Pr[A = 1] − Pr[A = 1] PRF PRF Adv G (t, q) = max A (Adv G (A)) PRF 80 40 G is a secure cipher ⇔ G is a PRF ⇔ Adv G (t < 2 ,2 ) << 1 IV setup – H.
    [Show full text]
  • 9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp
    Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascon (A Submission to CAESAR)
    Ascon (A Submission to CAESAR) Ch. Dobraunig1, M. Eichlseder1, F. Mendel1, M. Schl¨affer2 1IAIK, Graz University of Technology, Austria 2Infineon Technologies AG, Austria 22nd Crypto Day, Infineon, Munich Overview CAESAR Design of Ascon Security analysis Implementations 1 / 20 CAESAR CAESAR: Competition for Authenticated Encryption { Security, Applicability, and Robustness (2014{2018) http://competitions.cr.yp.to/caesar.html Inspired by AES, eStream, SHA-3 Authenticated Encryption Confidentiality as provided by block cipher modes Authenticity, Integrity as provided by MACs \it is very easy to accidentally combine secure encryption schemes with secure MACs and still get insecure authenticated encryption schemes" { Kohno, Whiting, and Viega 2 / 20 CAESAR CAESAR: Competition for Authenticated Encryption { Security, Applicability, and Robustness (2014{2018) http://competitions.cr.yp.to/caesar.html Inspired by AES, eStream, SHA-3 Authenticated Encryption Confidentiality as provided by block cipher modes Authenticity, Integrity as provided by MACs \it is very easy to accidentally combine secure encryption schemes with secure MACs and still get insecure authenticated encryption schemes" { Kohno, Whiting, and Viega 2 / 20 Generic compositions MAC-then-Encrypt (MtE) e.g. in SSL/TLS MAC M security depends on E and MAC E ∗ C T k Encrypt-and-MAC (E&M) ∗ e.g. in SSH E C M security depends on E and MAC MAC T Encrypt-then-MAC (EtM) ∗ IPSec, ISO/IEC 19772:2009 M E C provably secure MAC T 3 / 20 Tags for M = IV (N 1), M = IV (N 2), . ⊕ k ⊕ k are the key stream to read M1, M2,... (Keys for) E ∗ and MAC must be independent! Pitfalls: Dependent Keys (Confidentiality) Encrypt-and-MAC with CBC-MAC and CTR CTR CBC-MAC Nk1 Nk2 Nk` M1 M2 M` IV ··· EK EK ··· EK EK EK EK M1 M2 M` C1 C2 C` T What can an attacker do? 4 / 20 Pitfalls: Dependent Keys (Confidentiality) Encrypt-and-MAC with CBC-MAC and CTR CTR CBC-MAC Nk1 Nk2 Nk` M1 M2 M` IV ··· EK EK ··· EK EK EK EK M1 M2 M` C1 C2 C` T What can an attacker do? Tags for M = IV (N 1), M = IV (N 2), .
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Langley Request for Comments: 7905 W
    Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Langley Request for Comments: 7905 W. Chang Updates: 5246, 6347 Google, Inc. Category: Standards Track N. Mavrogiannopoulos ISSN: 2070-1721 Red Hat J. Strombergson Secworks Sweden AB S. Josefsson SJD AB June 2016 ChaCha20-Poly1305 Cipher Suites for Transport Layer Security (TLS) Abstract This document describes the use of the ChaCha stream cipher and Poly1305 authenticator in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocols. This document updates RFCs 5246 and 6347. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7905. Langley, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 7905 ChaCha-Poly1305 for TLS June 2016 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Speed Hardware Implementations of BLAKE, Blue
    High-Speed Hardware Implementations of BLAKE, Blue Midnight Wish, CubeHash, ECHO, Fugue, Grøstl, Hamsi, JH, Keccak, Luffa, Shabal, SHAvite-3, SIMD, and Skein Version 2.0, November 11, 2009 Stefan Tillich, Martin Feldhofer, Mario Kirschbaum, Thomas Plos, J¨orn-Marc Schmidt, and Alexander Szekely Graz University of Technology, Institute for Applied Information Processing and Communications, Inffeldgasse 16a, A{8010 Graz, Austria {Stefan.Tillich,Martin.Feldhofer,Mario.Kirschbaum, Thomas.Plos,Joern-Marc.Schmidt,Alexander.Szekely}@iaik.tugraz.at Abstract. In this paper we describe our high-speed hardware imple- mentations of the 14 candidates of the second evaluation round of the SHA-3 hash function competition. We synthesized all implementations using a uniform tool chain, standard-cell library, target technology, and optimization heuristic. This work provides the fairest comparison of all second-round candidates to date. Keywords: SHA-3, round 2, hardware, ASIC, standard-cell implemen- tation, high speed, high throughput, BLAKE, Blue Midnight Wish, Cube- Hash, ECHO, Fugue, Grøstl, Hamsi, JH, Keccak, Luffa, Shabal, SHAvite-3, SIMD, Skein. 1 About Paper Version 2.0 This version of the paper contains improved performance results for Blue Mid- night Wish and SHAvite-3, which have been achieved with additional imple- mentation variants. Furthermore, we include the performance results of a simple SHA-256 implementation as a point of reference. As of now, the implementations of 13 of the candidates include eventual round-two tweaks. Our implementation of SIMD realizes the specification from round one. 2 Introduction Following the weakening of the widely-used SHA-1 hash algorithm and concerns over the similarly-structured algorithms of the SHA-2 family, the US NIST has initiated the SHA-3 contest in order to select a suitable drop-in replacement [27].
    [Show full text]
  • Side-Channel Analysis of Six SHA-3 Candidates⋆
    Side-channel Analysis of Six SHA-3 Candidates? Olivier Beno^ıtand Thomas Peyrin Ingenico, France [email protected] Abstract. In this paper we study six 2nd round SHA-3 candidates from a side-channel crypt- analysis point of view. For each of them, we give the exact procedure and appropriate choice of selection functions to perform the attack. Depending on their inherent structure and the internal primitives used (Sbox, addition or XOR), some schemes are more prone to side channel analysis than others, as shown by our simulations. Key words: side-channel, hash function, cryptanalysis, HMAC, SHA-3. 1 Introduction Hash functions are one of the most important and useful tools in cryptography. A n-bit cryp- tographic hash function H is a function taking an arbitrarily long message as input and out- putting a fixed-length hash value of size n bits. Those primitives are used in many applications such as digital signatures or key generation. In practice, hash functions are also very useful for building Message Authentication Codes (MAC), especially in a HMAC [5, 34] construction. HMAC offers a good efficiency considering that hash functions are among the fastest bricks in cryptography, while its security can be proven if the underlying function is secure as well [4]. In recent years, we saw the apparition of devastating attacks [39, 38] that broke many standardized hash functions [37, 31]. The NIST launched the SHA-3 competition [33] in response to these attacks and in order to maintain an appropriate security margin considering the increase of the computation power or further cryptanalysis improvements.
    [Show full text]
  • Stream Cipher Designs: a Review
    SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences March 2020, Vol. 63 131101:1–131101:25 . REVIEW . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-018-9929-x Stream cipher designs: a review Lin JIAO1*, Yonglin HAO1 & Dengguo FENG1,2* 1 State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing 100878, China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Received 13 August 2018/Accepted 30 June 2019/Published online 10 February 2020 Abstract Stream cipher is an important branch of symmetric cryptosystems, which takes obvious advan- tages in speed and scale of hardware implementation. It is suitable for using in the cases of massive data transfer or resource constraints, and has always been a hot and central research topic in cryptography. With the rapid development of network and communication technology, cipher algorithms play more and more crucial role in information security. Simultaneously, the application environment of cipher algorithms is in- creasingly complex, which challenges the existing cipher algorithms and calls for novel suitable designs. To accommodate new strict requirements and provide systematic scientific basis for future designs, this paper reviews the development history of stream ciphers, classifies and summarizes the design principles of typical stream ciphers in groups, briefly discusses the advantages and weakness of various stream ciphers in terms of security and implementation. Finally, it tries to foresee the prospective design directions of stream ciphers. Keywords stream cipher, survey, lightweight, authenticated encryption, homomorphic encryption Citation Jiao L, Hao Y L, Feng D G. Stream cipher designs: a review. Sci China Inf Sci, 2020, 63(3): 131101, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-018-9929-x 1 Introduction The widely applied e-commerce, e-government, along with the fast developing cloud computing, big data, have triggered high demands in both efficiency and security of information processing.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Summer Challenge Book List TM
    2013 Summer Challenge Book List TM www.scholastic.com/summer Ages 3-5 (By Title, Author and Illustrator) F ABC Drive, Naomi Howland F Corduroy, Don Freeman F Happy Birthday, Hamster, Cynthia Lord & Derek Anderson F ABC I Like Me!, Nancy Carlson F A Den is a Bed for a Bear, Becky Baines F Harold and the Purple Crayon, Crockett Johnson F The ABCs of Thanks and Please, Diane C. Ohanesian F Dolphin Baby!, Nicola Davies F Here Come the Girl Scouts!, Shana Corey & Hadley Hooper F Abuela, Arthur Dorros & Elisa Kleven F Don’t Worry, Douglas!, David Melling F Homer, Shelley Rotner & Diane Detroit F Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, F The Dot, Peter H. Reynolds Very Bad Day, Judith Viorst & Ray Cruz F The House that George Built, Suzanne Slade F Exclamation Mark, Amy Krouse Rosenthal & Tom Lichtenheld F Alice the Fairy, David Shannon F A House is a House for Me, Family Pictures, Carmen Lomas Garza F Mary Ann Hoberman & Betty Fraser F Alphabet Under Construction, Denise Fleming F First the Egg, Laura Vaccaro Seeger F How Do Dinosaurs Say Happy Birthday?, F All Kinds of Families!, Mary Ann Hoberman F Five Little Monkeys Reading in Bed, Eileen Christelow Jane Yolen & Mark Teague F The Are You Ready for Kindergarten? F How Does Your Salad Grow?, Francie Alexander workbook series, Kumon Publishing F The Frog & Toad Are Friends, Arnold Lobel F How Georgie Radboum Saved Baseball, David Shannon F Baby Bear Sees Blue, Ashley Wolff F The Froggy books, Jonathan London & Frank Remkiewicz F Huck Runs Amuck, Sean F Bailey, Harry Bliss F The Geronimo Stilton series, Geronimo Stilton F I Am Small, Emma Dodd F Bats at the Beach, Brian Lies F Gilbert Goldfish Wants a Pet, Kelly DiPucchio & Bob Shea F I Read Signs, Ana Hoban F Bird, Butterfly, Eel, James Prosek F The Giving Tree, Shel Silverstein F If Rocks Could Sing, Leslie McGuirk F Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?, F Gone with the Wand, Margie Palatini Bill Martin Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of Hash Function for Cryptography (Rsa Security)
    International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering Volume 4, Issue 6, February-2017 ISSN (Online): 2347 - 4718 IMPLEMENTATION OF HASH FUNCTION FOR CRYPTOGRAPHY (RSA SECURITY) Syed Fateh Reza1, Mr. Prasun Das2 1M.Tech. (ECE), 2Assistant Professor (ECE), Bitm,Bolpur ABSTRACT: In this thesis, a new method for expected to have a unique hash code and it should be implementing cryptographic hash functions is proposed. generally difficult for an attacker to find two messages with This method seeks to improve the speed of the hash the same hash code. function particularly when a large set of messages with Mathematically, a hash function (H) is defined as follows: similar blocks such as documents with common Headers H: {0, 1}* → {0, 1}n are to be hashed. The method utilizes the peculiar run-time In this notation, {0, 1}* refers to the set of binary elements configurability Feature of FPGA. Essentially, when a block of any length including the empty string while {0, 1}n refers of message that is commonly hashed is identified, the hash to the set of binary elements of length n. Thus, the hash value is stored in memory so that in subsequent occurrences function maps a set of binary elements of arbitrary length to of The message block, the hash value does not need to be a set of binary elements of fixed length. Similarly, the recomputed; rather it is Simply retrieved from memory, thus properties of a hash function are defined as follows: giving a significant increase in speed. The System is self- x {0, 1}*; y {0,1}n learning and able to dynamically build on its knowledge of Pre-image resistance: given y= H(x), it should be difficult to frequently Occurring message blocks without intervention find x.
    [Show full text]