Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Onwuama et al., Table (1): Weight of Gastro-intestinal Tract and its Accessory Glands in the Guinea Gross Anatomical Studies on the Fore Limb of the pig (n = 15) West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta). Structures Mean ± SEM Minimum (g) Maximum (g) Kenechukwu Tobechukwu Onwuama, Esther Solomon Kigir, Alhaji Zubair Jaji and Sulaiman Olawoye Salami. Body weight 211.5 ±13.88 118 311.1 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Weight of GIT 44.14 ± 2.25 24.07 58.26 With 6 figures and one table. Received September, accepted for publication October 2020 Weight of oesophagus 0.21 ± 0.02 0.09 0.33 Abstract presented two condyles that anchored Weight of stomach 2.75 ±0.48 0.42 8.10 This study on the Gross anatomy of two digits with three phalanges and the West African Giraffe’s forelimb was three sesamoids for each. The total Weight of small intestine 6.56 ± 0.40 3.60 9.12 aimed at investigating the unique mor- number of bones making up the fore- phological features and number of limb was accounted to be 46. In con- Weight of duodenum 1.84 ± 0.35 0.51 4.53 bones making up this region of the an- clusion, this study provides a baseline imal’s skeleton. Two adult West Afri- data for further biological, archeologi- Weight of jejunum 3.92 ± 0.53 1.12 7.28 can giraffe carcasses at different times cal and comparative anatomical stud- ies. Weight of ileum 0.80 ± 0.09 0.38 1.75 after post-mortem examination were prepared to extract the bones via cold Weight of large intestine 13.83 ± 0.51 10.81 17.33 water maceration for use in the study. Keywords: Bone, Forelimb, Gross The Scapula presented a spine on its anatomy, Scapula, West African Gi- Weight of caecum 6.54 ± 0.18 5.30 7.62 lateral surface, lacking a spinal tuber- raffe. cle and ended abruptly without the Weight of colon 6.80 ± 0.60 2.84 10.81 acromion process before reaching the Introduction glenoid angle. The proximal extremity The West African giraffe (Giraffa Ca- Weight of rectum 0.49 ± 0.05 0.24 0.90 of the humerus presented two intertu- melopardalis), the tallest living terres- beral grooves separated by an inter- trial and largest ruminant is a Weight of tongue 0.92 ± 0.05 0.63 1.29 mediate tubercle. Its shaft was entirely representative of the graffidae family of the order artiodactyla consisting of one Weight of liver 9.04 ± 0.61 5.92 14.28 smooth on all sides, lacking the deltoid tuberosity and teres major tubercle, species and multiple (Fen- Weight of gall bladder 0.24 ± 0.06 0.06 0.86 while presenting a very shallow almost nessy et al., 2016; Bercovitch et al., non-existent musculospiral groove at 2017). It is a native of Africa, especially SEM = Standard Error of Mean its lateral distal third. The Ulna bone the sub-Saharan regions with their dis- was reduced to a thin plate as it runs tribution including several fragmented the entire length of the radius before parts of the continent (Hassanin et al., ending distally as the lateral styloid 2007). process. The 6 carpals were arranged The West African Giraffe has been ex- in two rows of 4 proximal and 2 distal. tirpated from much of their historical The metacarpal (fused 3rd and 4th) range due to different parts of their

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Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al., body being used for different purposes leaving the bones with minimal soft tis- cranio-dorsal supraspinous fossa and lateral and medial epicondyles cau- (Kingdon, 1997), therefore being listed sue attachment before being trans- larger caudo-ventral infraspinous dally separated by the deep olecranon as vulnerable (Muller et al., 2016. Fen- ferred to a large container containing fossa divided by a scapular spine that fossa. nesey et al., 2018) with some subspe- cold water enough to submerge the begins 1.6 inches below the dorsal The fused Ulna and Radius were long cies even endangered (Bolger et al., bones at room temperature. The con- border before ending abruptly 3.6 bones, each possessed a shaft and 2019). Though still found in numerous tainer was covered airtight and placed inches above the glenoid angle. The proximal and distal extremities. They national parks and game reserves with under shade throughout the period of dorsal border was slightly convex, cra- both had convex cranial and concave a few in the wild (Pellow, 2001), its maceration with regular change of wa- nial border was concave while the cau- caudal surfaces. The Ulna was the dwindling population has raised con- ter. After completion, the water was dal border was convex at its proximal slimmer of the two, fusing cranially on cerns for its protection and further do- drained, the bones were recovered, half and concave at its distal half. The the caudal surface of the radius except mestication in private game reserves and sun dried. Photographs of recov- scapular tubercle and Acromion pro- at the large proximal interosseous and zoos (Foley et al., 2014). Although ered bones were taken individually. cesses were absent. The medial sur- space formed by the caudal and cra- studies on the various physiological, They were also articulated using glue, face presented a shallow middle sub- nial border of the radius and ulna re- behavioural and biological aspects of noting the bones that constituted the scapular fossa. The facies serrata was spectively. Its proximal extremity pre- this mammal has been conducted, Manus of the forelimb. not distinct. The glenoid angle pre- sented the olecranon ending in a tuber none has been documented on the de- sented a supraglenoid tubercle on its and the anconeal process that contrib- tailed description of the bones that cranial border, a supraglenoid fossa Ethics approval: This study was uted to the formation of the notch. Its make up its skeleton. To this end, this close to its caudal border and a con- granted exception from acquiring ethi- shaft is reduced in size to a thin plate study on the bones of the forelimb has cave glenoid cavity ventrally for hu- cal approval because the specimen as it runs the entire length of the radius been conducted to investigate normal meral head articulation. The coracoid used where acquired as carcasses af- before ending distally as the lateral sty- gross features and number making up tubercle was found caudal to the su- ter post-mortem examination. loid process. The radius was larger this region. It also serves as a founda- praglenoid tubercle on the medial as- and placed cranially. Its proximal ex- tion for comparative study to differenti- pect of the glenoid angle. tremity presented a concave articular ate it from other ruminant domestic an- Results The forelimb comprised bones of the surface that blended with the notch for imals. The Humerus is a long bone with a Shoulder (Scapula), arm (Humerus), articulation with the condyle of hu- shaft and proximal and distal extremi- merus. Lateral and cranial tubercles Materials and Methods fore arm (Ulna and Radius), carpals, ties. The shaft presented smooth sur- Two adult West African giraffe (Giraffa metacarpals and digits (Manus). They were also noticed on this extremity. Its faces with a very shallow concave distal extremity presented extensor camelopardalis peralta) carcasses exhibited general and peculiar fea- musculospiral groove on the distal weighing 1,070kg and 812kg were ob- tures similar to and different from other grooves cranially and formed the me- third of its lateral surface. The teres dial styloid process. tained after post-mortem from the De- domestic previously studied. major and deltoid tuberosities were ab- partment of Veterinary Pathology, Uni- The average number of bones of the sent. The proximal extremity pre- The carpal bones were six in number versity of Ilorin at different periods of forelimb was established to be 46 as sented caudally a convex head with a and were arranged in two rows. The time. They were transported to the Vet- shown in table 1. distinct neck, lesser tubercle cranio- proximal row comprised from medial to erinary Anatomy gross laboratory, Uni- The Scapula presented a flat bone medially; an intermediate tubercle lateral; the radial carpal, intermediate versity of Ilorin, Nigeria for bone prep- with two surfaces (lateral and medial), flanked by two inter-tuberal groove and carpal, ulna carpal and accessory car- aration as museum specimens. They three borders (cranial, caudal and dor- a raised greater tubercle craniolater- pal bones while the distal row com- were carefully de-fleshed using sharp sal) and three angles (cranial, caudal ally. The distal extremity presented lat- prised the fused second and third car- knife and scalpel blades. The skin was and glenoid). The lateral surface pre- eral and medial condyles cranially sep- pals and fourth carpal bones. The Met- removed, and muscles teased out, sented two unequal parts; a smaller arated by a shallow sagittal groove; acarpal presented a long bone with a

J. Vet. Anat. 14 Vol. 14, No. 1, (2021) 13 - 23

Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al., body being used for different purposes leaving the bones with minimal soft tis- cranio-dorsal supraspinous fossa and lateral and medial epicondyles cau- (Kingdon, 1997), therefore being listed sue attachment before being trans- larger caudo-ventral infraspinous dally separated by the deep olecranon as vulnerable (Muller et al., 2016. Fen- ferred to a large container containing fossa divided by a scapular spine that fossa. nesey et al., 2018) with some subspe- cold water enough to submerge the begins 1.6 inches below the dorsal The fused Ulna and Radius were long cies even endangered (Bolger et al., bones at room temperature. The con- border before ending abruptly 3.6 bones, each possessed a shaft and 2019). Though still found in numerous tainer was covered airtight and placed inches above the glenoid angle. The proximal and distal extremities. They national parks and game reserves with under shade throughout the period of dorsal border was slightly convex, cra- both had convex cranial and concave a few in the wild (Pellow, 2001), its maceration with regular change of wa- nial border was concave while the cau- caudal surfaces. The Ulna was the dwindling population has raised con- ter. After completion, the water was dal border was convex at its proximal slimmer of the two, fusing cranially on cerns for its protection and further do- drained, the bones were recovered, half and concave at its distal half. The the caudal surface of the radius except mestication in private game reserves and sun dried. Photographs of recov- scapular tubercle and Acromion pro- at the large proximal interosseous and zoos (Foley et al., 2014). Although ered bones were taken individually. cesses were absent. The medial sur- space formed by the caudal and cra- studies on the various physiological, They were also articulated using glue, face presented a shallow middle sub- nial border of the radius and ulna re- behavioural and biological aspects of noting the bones that constituted the scapular fossa. The facies serrata was spectively. Its proximal extremity pre- this mammal has been conducted, Manus of the forelimb. not distinct. The glenoid angle pre- sented the olecranon ending in a tuber none has been documented on the de- sented a supraglenoid tubercle on its and the anconeal process that contrib- tailed description of the bones that cranial border, a supraglenoid fossa Ethics approval: This study was uted to the formation of the notch. Its make up its skeleton. To this end, this close to its caudal border and a con- granted exception from acquiring ethi- shaft is reduced in size to a thin plate study on the bones of the forelimb has cave glenoid cavity ventrally for hu- cal approval because the specimen as it runs the entire length of the radius been conducted to investigate normal meral head articulation. The coracoid used where acquired as carcasses af- before ending distally as the lateral sty- gross features and number making up tubercle was found caudal to the su- ter post-mortem examination. loid process. The radius was larger this region. It also serves as a founda- praglenoid tubercle on the medial as- and placed cranially. Its proximal ex- tion for comparative study to differenti- pect of the glenoid angle. tremity presented a concave articular ate it from other ruminant domestic an- Results The forelimb comprised bones of the surface that blended with the notch for imals. The Humerus is a long bone with a Shoulder (Scapula), arm (Humerus), articulation with the condyle of hu- shaft and proximal and distal extremi- merus. Lateral and cranial tubercles Materials and Methods fore arm (Ulna and Radius), carpals, ties. The shaft presented smooth sur- Two adult West African giraffe (Giraffa metacarpals and digits (Manus). They were also noticed on this extremity. Its faces with a very shallow concave distal extremity presented extensor camelopardalis peralta) carcasses exhibited general and peculiar fea- musculospiral groove on the distal weighing 1,070kg and 812kg were ob- tures similar to and different from other grooves cranially and formed the me- third of its lateral surface. The teres dial styloid process. tained after post-mortem from the De- domestic animals previously studied. major and deltoid tuberosities were ab- partment of Veterinary Pathology, Uni- The average number of bones of the sent. The proximal extremity pre- The carpal bones were six in number versity of Ilorin at different periods of forelimb was established to be 46 as sented caudally a convex head with a and were arranged in two rows. The time. They were transported to the Vet- shown in table 1. distinct neck, lesser tubercle cranio- proximal row comprised from medial to erinary Anatomy gross laboratory, Uni- The Scapula presented a flat bone medially; an intermediate tubercle lateral; the radial carpal, intermediate versity of Ilorin, Nigeria for bone prep- with two surfaces (lateral and medial), flanked by two inter-tuberal groove and carpal, ulna carpal and accessory car- aration as museum specimens. They three borders (cranial, caudal and dor- a raised greater tubercle craniolater- pal bones while the distal row com- were carefully de-fleshed using sharp sal) and three angles (cranial, caudal ally. The distal extremity presented lat- prised the fused second and third car- knife and scalpel blades. The skin was and glenoid). The lateral surface pre- eral and medial condyles cranially sep- pals and fourth carpal bones. The Met- removed, and muscles teased out, sented two unequal parts; a smaller arated by a shallow sagittal groove; acarpal presented a long bone with a

J. Vet. Anat. 15 Vol. 14, No. 1, (2021) 13 - 23

Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al., shaft and two extremities (Proximal and concave at its distal half was pe- tuberosity and presented a very shal- while the ox (some breeds) have the and distal). A shallow groove spanned culiar to this species, as it appears tri- low almost non-existent musculospiral rudimentary 5th metacarpal (Budras, the shaft length on the palmar surface angular in ruminants (Budras and groove. This also suggested that the and Habel, 2003). Also, the morphol- only. The proximal extremity pre- Habel, 2003) and horses (Budras et deltoideus and teres major muscles ogy, number and arrangement of the sented articular surfaces for carpal ar- al., 2009) rhomboid in pigs (König and may either be absent or not inserted on phalanges and sesamoids were simi- ticulation and roughened surface for Liebich, 2004) and D-shaped in carni- the shaft of the humerus. The absence lar to that reported in the ox, sheep and muscular attachment on its dorsal sur- vores (Budras et al., 2007). The scap- of the deltoideus muscle is more likely goat (Ashdown and Done, 2010; face. The distal extremity comprised ular spine which begins 1.6 inches be- since there was no acromion process. Hussain, 2010). lateral and medial condyles separated low the dorsal border lacks the spinal The presence of an intermediate tuber- by an intercondylar groove. Each con- tuber and ends abruptly without the cle flanked by inter-tuberal groove was Conclusion dyle presented a median ridge. acromion process. This finding was only similar to that reported in the This study on the Gross anatomy of somewhat similar to that of the horse horse (Adams and Crabtree, 2012). the Forelimb of the West African Gi- Two Digits having three phalanges and pig (Dyce et al., 2010) except that raffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta) each were seen on each foot. The first The uniqueness of the Ulna bone was the spine begins from the dorsal bor- presented the numerical and morpho- and second Phalanges were small seen in its reduced shaft to a thin plate der and presented a spinal tubercle logical information on bones of this an- long bones with shaft and extremities as it runs the entire length of the radius centrally that is small in the horse but imal highlighting specific features, sim- that presented concave proximal and before ending distally as the lateral sty- large and caudally directed in the pig ilarities and differences from other do- convex distal surfaces for articulations. loid process. This was different from (König and Liebich, 2004). The ab- mestic . The second phalanx was the shortest the horse’s ulna shaft which though re- sence of the acromion process sug- of the three bones. The third phalanx duced, does not extend to the distal gested that the acromial part of the del- Acknowledgement presented a long triangular shaped extremity to form the styloid process. toideus muscle may be absent in this The authors wish to appreciate the de- bone with a concave surface at its cra- The shafts of the other ruminants, pig species. The Scapular spine also di- partment of Veterinary Pathology for nio-dorsal end (for articulation with the and dog are better developed com- vides the lateral surface of the scapula their assistance in the acquisition of second phalanx), lateral, medial and pared to that of this (König and into a very small supraspinous fossa the specimens. ground surfaces. Six sesamoid bones Liebich, 2004; Evans and Delahunta, and an extensive infraspinous fossa. were found on the palmar surface of 2013). This finding which is only similar to that each foot with two placed at the meta- Funding reported in the sheep (Gamal, 2006) The short cubic-shaped morphology of carpophalangeal joint and one at the Authors declare that they received no and goat (Gheorge, 2001) leads to the carpal bones together with their distal interphalangeal joint of each funding from external body. The work conclusions on the extent of the su- numbers and arrangement were simi- digit. was self-sponsored by the authors. praspinatus and infraspinatus muscles lar to those reported in other ruminants which lodge in these fossae in the live (Adams and Crabtree, 2012). The Conflicts of interest Discussion animal. The coracoid tubercle in this presence of the shallow sagittal groove The authors declare they have no con- Bones of the forelimb of the West Afri- species is seen as a process in all palmarly and two distal condyles (lat- flict of interest associated with this can Giraffe presented unique morpho- other domesticated species (Dyce et eral and medial) were the basis for as- work. logical features in comparison to those al., 2010). sumption that the metacarpal bone of other previously studied mammals. The shaft of the humerus of the Giraffe was formed from the fusion of the 3rd The appearance of the scapula with a was unique and different from that of and 4th metacarpal bones. This References slightly convex dorsal border, concave any reported domestic species. It was presentation was similar to the rumi- Adams, B and Crabtree, P. (2012): cranial border and a caudal border entirely smooth on all sides lacking the nants though a dorsal metacarpal Comparative Osteology: A laboratory which was convex at its proximal half deltoid tuberosity and the teres major groove is prominent in those species and Field Guide of common North

J. Vet. Anat. 16 Vol. 14, No. 1, (2021) 13 - 23

Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al., shaft and two extremities (Proximal and concave at its distal half was pe- tuberosity and presented a very shal- while the ox (some breeds) have the and distal). A shallow groove spanned culiar to this species, as it appears tri- low almost non-existent musculospiral rudimentary 5th metacarpal (Budras, the shaft length on the palmar surface angular in ruminants (Budras and groove. This also suggested that the and Habel, 2003). Also, the morphol- only. The proximal extremity pre- Habel, 2003) and horses (Budras et deltoideus and teres major muscles ogy, number and arrangement of the sented articular surfaces for carpal ar- al., 2009) rhomboid in pigs (König and may either be absent or not inserted on phalanges and sesamoids were simi- ticulation and roughened surface for Liebich, 2004) and D-shaped in carni- the shaft of the humerus. The absence lar to that reported in the ox, sheep and muscular attachment on its dorsal sur- vores (Budras et al., 2007). The scap- of the deltoideus muscle is more likely goat (Ashdown and Done, 2010; face. The distal extremity comprised ular spine which begins 1.6 inches be- since there was no acromion process. Hussain, 2010). lateral and medial condyles separated low the dorsal border lacks the spinal The presence of an intermediate tuber- by an intercondylar groove. Each con- tuber and ends abruptly without the cle flanked by inter-tuberal groove was Conclusion dyle presented a median ridge. acromion process. This finding was only similar to that reported in the This study on the Gross anatomy of somewhat similar to that of the horse horse (Adams and Crabtree, 2012). the Forelimb of the West African Gi- Two Digits having three phalanges and pig (Dyce et al., 2010) except that raffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta) each were seen on each foot. The first The uniqueness of the Ulna bone was the spine begins from the dorsal bor- presented the numerical and morpho- and second Phalanges were small seen in its reduced shaft to a thin plate der and presented a spinal tubercle logical information on bones of this an- long bones with shaft and extremities as it runs the entire length of the radius centrally that is small in the horse but imal highlighting specific features, sim- that presented concave proximal and before ending distally as the lateral sty- large and caudally directed in the pig ilarities and differences from other do- convex distal surfaces for articulations. loid process. This was different from (König and Liebich, 2004). The ab- mestic mammals. The second phalanx was the shortest the horse’s ulna shaft which though re- sence of the acromion process sug- of the three bones. The third phalanx duced, does not extend to the distal gested that the acromial part of the del- Acknowledgement presented a long triangular shaped extremity to form the styloid process. toideus muscle may be absent in this The authors wish to appreciate the de- bone with a concave surface at its cra- The shafts of the other ruminants, pig species. The Scapular spine also di- partment of Veterinary Pathology for nio-dorsal end (for articulation with the and dog are better developed com- vides the lateral surface of the scapula their assistance in the acquisition of second phalanx), lateral, medial and pared to that of this animal (König and into a very small supraspinous fossa the specimens. ground surfaces. Six sesamoid bones Liebich, 2004; Evans and Delahunta, and an extensive infraspinous fossa. were found on the palmar surface of 2013). This finding which is only similar to that each foot with two placed at the meta- Funding reported in the sheep (Gamal, 2006) The short cubic-shaped morphology of carpophalangeal joint and one at the Authors declare that they received no and goat (Gheorge, 2001) leads to the carpal bones together with their distal interphalangeal joint of each funding from external body. The work conclusions on the extent of the su- numbers and arrangement were simi- digit. was self-sponsored by the authors. praspinatus and infraspinatus muscles lar to those reported in other ruminants which lodge in these fossae in the live (Adams and Crabtree, 2012). The Conflicts of interest Discussion animal. The coracoid tubercle in this presence of the shallow sagittal groove The authors declare they have no con- Bones of the forelimb of the West Afri- species is seen as a process in all palmarly and two distal condyles (lat- flict of interest associated with this can Giraffe presented unique morpho- other domesticated species (Dyce et eral and medial) were the basis for as- work. logical features in comparison to those al., 2010). sumption that the metacarpal bone of other previously studied mammals. The shaft of the humerus of the Giraffe was formed from the fusion of the 3rd The appearance of the scapula with a was unique and different from that of and 4th metacarpal bones. This References slightly convex dorsal border, concave any reported domestic species. It was presentation was similar to the rumi- Adams, B and Crabtree, P. (2012): cranial border and a caudal border entirely smooth on all sides lacking the nants though a dorsal metacarpal Comparative Osteology: A laboratory which was convex at its proximal half deltoid tuberosity and the teres major groove is prominent in those species and Field Guide of common North

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Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al.,

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Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al.,

American Animals. Academic press. Evans, H.E and De-lahunta, A. Hussain, M.S (2010): Essentials of Regional approach. SUDZ Publishing, Oxford, U.K. pp. 156-214 (2013): Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog. Caprine Anatomy. 1st edition. Faculty U.S.A. pp. 72-89. Elsevier Saunders. U.S.A. pp. 85-126. of Veterinary Science, University of Ashdown, R. R and Done, S.H. Pellow, R.A. (2001): “Giraffe and Agriculture, Faisalabad. Pp.10-22. (2010): Color Atlas of Veterinary Fennesey, J., Marais, A., Tutchings, Okapi”, In MacDonald, D. (ed.). The Anatomy Vol. 1: The Ruminants. 2nd A. (2018): “Giraffa camelopardalis Kingdon, J. (1997): The kingdon field Encyclopedia of Mammals of the edition. Mosby Elsevier. Pp. 3, 28. peralta” IUCN Red list of Threatened guide to African Mammals. Academic World. Vol.1. The Johns Hopkins Uni- Species. Press. Pp. 339-344. versity Press. Baltimore, U.S.A and Bercovitch, F.B., Berry, P.S.M; Lnondon, U.K. Dagg, A., Deacon, F., Doherty, J.B, Fennessy, J., Bidon, T., Reuss, F., König, H.E and Liebich, H (2004). Lee, D.E., Mineur, F., Muller, Z., Kumar, V., Elkan, P., Nilsson, M.A., Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic mam- Prothero, D.R and Schoch, R.M. Ogben, R., Seymour, R., Shorrocks, Vamberger, M., Fritz, U and Janke, mals: Textbook and colour Atlas. (2003): Horns, Tusks and Flippers: B and Tutchings, A. (2017): “How A. (2016): “Multi-locus analysis reveal Schattauer, Stuttgart, Germany. Pp. The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals. many species of giraffe are there?”. four giraffe species instead of one”. 27-90 John Hopkins University Press. Pp. Current Biology. 27 (4): R136-137. Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543-2549. 67-72. Müller, Z., Bercovitch, F., Brand, R., Bolger, D., Ogutu, J., Strauss, M., Foley, C., Foley, L., Lobora, A., De Brown, D., Brown, M., Bolger, D., Swaby, S. (2010): “Giraffe”. In Harris, Lee, D., Muneza, A., Fennessy, J., Luca, D., Msuha, M., Davenport, T. Carter, K., Deacon, F., Doherty, J.B., T. (ed.). Mammal Anatomy: An Illustra- Brown, D. (2019): “Masai Giraffe” R. M and Durant, S.M. (2014): A field Fennessy, J., Fennessy, S., ted Guide. Marshall Cavendish. Pp. IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. Guide to the Larger Mammals of Hussein, A.A., Lee, D., Marais, A., 64-84. Tanzania. Princeton University Press. Strauss, M., Tutchings, A and Wube, Budras, K. and Habel, R.E. (2003): Pp. 179. T. (2016): “Giraffa camelopardalis” Bovine Anatomy: An Illustrated text. ______IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. First edition. Schlutersche GmbH and Gamal, E.A. (2006): Atlas Anatomy of Corresponding author: Co. Hannover, Germany. Pp. 35. Sheep. The Academic Bookshop Egy- Pasquini, C., Spurgeon, T. and Kenechukwu Tobechukwu Onwuama E-mail: [email protected] ptian joint stock co. Cairo. Pp. 10-17. Pasquini, S. (1997): Anatomy of Budras, K., Mc-Carthy, P. H., Horo- Domestic Animals: Systemic and witz, A. and Berg, R. (2007): Anatomy Gheorge, M.C. (2001): Guide to re- of the Dog. Schlutersche Hannover, gional ruminant Anatomy based on the

Germany. Pp. 40. dissection of the Goat. 1st edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Budras, K., Sack, W. O and Rock, S. (2009): Anatomy of the Horse. 5th edi- Hassanin, A., Ropiquet, A., Gour- tion. Schlutersche Hannover, Ger- mand, B.L., Chardonnet, B., Rigou- many. Pp. 33-35. let, J. (2007): “Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O and Wensing, consequences for taxonomy, Phylo- C.J.G. (2010): Text book of Veterinary geography and conservation of Anatomy. Saunders Elseviers, St. Lois giraffes in West and central Africa”. Missouri. U.S.A. 4th edition. Pp 407- Comptes Rendus Biologies 330 (3): 414. 173-183.

J. Vet. Anat. 19 Vol. 14, No. 1, (2021) 13 - 23

Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al.,

Fig (3): Radius and Ulna of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta) lateral and cranial views of proximal extremity and caudal view of distal extremity. A, Radius; B, Ulna. 1, Olecranon tuber; 2, Olecranon; 3, Anconeal process; 4, 10, Radial articular

facet; 5, Radial head; 6, Interosseous space; 7, Articular surface; 8, Lateral styloid process; Fig (1): Scapula of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelpardalis peralta) 1, Suprasp- 9, Sigmoid or trochlear notch; 11, sagittal ridge. inous fossa; 2, Infraspinous fossa; 3, Scapula spine; 4, Subscapular fossa; 5, Supraglenoid fossa; 6, Supraglenoid tubercle; 7, Coracoid tubercle.

Fig (4): Carpals of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelpardalis peralta) showing articular surfaces and dorsal view. A, Radius; B, Metacarpal; 1, Radiocarpal; 2, Intermedi- ate carpal; 3, Ulna carpal; 4, Accessory carpal; 5, 2nd and 3rd carpal fused; 6, 4th carpal. Fig (2): Humerus of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelpardalis peralta) 1, Head; 2, Greater tubercle; 3, Neck; 4, Shaft; 5, Medial epicondyle; 6, Lateral epicondyle; 7, Olecranon fossa; 8, Intermediate tubercle; 9, Lesser tubercle; 10, Bicipital groove; 11, Radial fossa; 12, medial condyle; 13, Lateral condyle.

J. Vet. Anat. 20 Vol. 14, No. 1, (2021) 13 - 23

Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al.,

Fig (3): Radius and Ulna of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta) lateral and cranial views of proximal extremity and caudal view of distal extremity. A, Radius; B, Ulna. 1, Olecranon tuber; 2, Olecranon; 3, Anconeal process; 4, 10, Radial articular

facet; 5, Radial head; 6, Interosseous space; 7, Articular surface; 8, Lateral styloid process; Fig (1): Scapula of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelpardalis peralta) 1, Suprasp- 9, Sigmoid or trochlear notch; 11, sagittal ridge. inous fossa; 2, Infraspinous fossa; 3, Scapula spine; 4, Subscapular fossa; 5, Supraglenoid fossa; 6, Supraglenoid tubercle; 7, Coracoid tubercle.

Fig (4): Carpals of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelpardalis peralta) showing articular surfaces and dorsal view. A, Radius; B, Metacarpal; 1, Radiocarpal; 2, Intermedi- ate carpal; 3, Ulna carpal; 4, Accessory carpal; 5, 2nd and 3rd carpal fused; 6, 4th carpal. Fig (2): Humerus of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelpardalis peralta) 1, Head; 2, Greater tubercle; 3, Neck; 4, Shaft; 5, Medial epicondyle; 6, Lateral epicondyle; 7, Olecranon fossa; 8, Intermediate tubercle; 9, Lesser tubercle; 10, Bicipital groove; 11, Radial fossa; 12, medial condyle; 13, Lateral condyle.

J. Vet. Anat. 21 Vol. 14, No. 1, (2021) 13 - 23

Fore limb bones of the Wes tern African Giraffe Onwuama et al.,

Table (1): Number of bones of the Fore limb of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camel- opardalis peralta)

Bones Num- ber

Scapula 2

Humerus 2

Fig (5): Proximal (left) and distal (right) halves of Metacarpal bones of the West Afri- Ulna 2 1, can Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta) Dorsal (left) and palmar (right) views. Radius 2 proximal extremity; 2, Head; 3, Nutrient foramen; 4, Metacarpal groove; 5, Shaft; 6, Median ridge; 7, Lateral condyle; 8, Medial condyle; 9, Intercondylar groove. Carpals 12

Metacarpals 2 First phalanx 4

Second phalanx 4 Third phalanx 4

Sesamoid 12 Total average: 46

Fig (6): Digits of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta) dorsal and palmar views. 1, Proximal sessamoid; 2, Proximal phalanx; 3, Middle phalanx; 4, Distal ses- samoid; 5, Distal phalanx.

J. Vet. Anat. 22 Vol. 14, No. 1, (2021) 13 - 23

Fore limb bones of the Western African Giraffe Onwuama et al., Table (1): Number of bones of the Fore limb of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camel- opardalis peralta)

Bones Num- ber

Scapula 2

Humerus 2

Fig (5): Proximal (left) and distal (right) halves of Metacarpal bones of the West Afri- Ulna 2 1, can Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta) Dorsal (left) and palmar (right) views. Radius 2 proximal extremity; 2, Head; 3, Nutrient foramen; 4, Metacarpal groove; 5, Shaft; 6, Median ridge; 7, Lateral condyle; 8, Medial condyle; 9, Intercondylar groove. Carpals 12

Metacarpals 2 First phalanx 4

Second phalanx 4 Third phalanx 4

Sesamoid 12 Total average: 46

Fig (6): Digits of the West African Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis peralta) dorsal and palmar views. 1, Proximal sessamoid; 2, Proximal phalanx; 3, Middle phalanx; 4, Distal ses- samoid; 5, Distal phalanx.

J. Vet. Anat. 23 Vol. 14, No. 1, (2021) 13 - 23 Animal species in this Issue Essay:

Giraffe (Giraffes Camelopardalis) Teaching Veterinary Anatomy During Covid-19 Pan-

demic Time, Challenges and Solutions

Ashraf Sobhy Saber Fac. Vet. Med., Uni of Sadat City,

With 22 figures Received March, accepted for publication March, 2021

Abstract dissecting rooms/ histology labs were How we managed the official suspen- replaced by MCQ, True and false, dia- sion of the study in the Universities in grams and short answers questions Egypt since 14 March 2020 during the sheets. The evaluation is either pass first attack of Covid-19 and also during or failed. The first end semester exams Kingdom: Animalia & Phylum: Chordata & Class: Mammalia & Order: Artiodactylaa the second Attack, is the point onto of this year were postponed to the be- Family: &, Genus: Giraffa & Species: Giraffes camelopardalis & which lights will be focused in this es- ginning of the second semester i.e. 20 February 2021. The beginning of say. Challenges facing the anat- teaching the second semester is not The giraffe (Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestri- omy/histology education were: How to yet decided. The general education al animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be manage the lectures, how to prepare policy now after this pandemic is a one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. However, the exist- the practical lessons, and how to make transfer to the electronic exams and ence of up to eight extant giraffe species has been described, based upon re- the exams specially the practical ones. corrections and in turn encouraging search into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological meas- the universities to establish question urements of Giraffa. Seven other species are extinct, prehistoric species known Two ways were adopted: presenting banks for each syllabus and to adopt from fossils. the power point program with audio st the Blended learning (50% online & comments to the groups of 1 and 50% face to face). The Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis), is found in eastern South and nd 2 year students launched using southwestern , in addition to and . It has sharply defined WhatsApp. Some faculties managed a chestnut-coloured spots surrounded by mostly white lines, while undersides lack platform and the lecturers uploaded Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Vet- spotting. The median lump is particularly developed in the male. Around 2,150 their power points on it, then the stu- erinary anatomy, Blended learning. are thought to remain in the wild, with another 1,500 individuals belonging to dents download it. Instead of the writ- the Rothschild's ecotype. With the addition of Rothschild's giraffe to the Nubian ten exams, an essay or small research subspecies, the Nubian giraffe is very common in captivity, although the original Introduction article for each topic in anatomy/histol- How we managed the official suspen- phenotype is rare- a group is kept at Al Ain Zoo in the . In ogy the students had studied was de- sion of the study in the Universities in 2003, this group numbered 14. cided. The students have given 1.5 Egypt since 14 March 2020 during the month as dead line to send their es- Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia first attack of Covid-19 and during the says. The practical exams in second attack.