THE PLACE NAMES OF EURO-AFRICA IN THE KANGNIDO
Nurlan Kenzheakhmet Nazarbayev University Astana, Kazakhstan
he +RQLO NDQJQL \žNWDH NXNWR FKLWR а⮶⨶↧ԓ഻ representations of the world, it has received much T 䜭ѻെ (Comprehensive Map of Integrated Lands attention, especially since there are controversial and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals, challenges in interpreting its data. This article is one hereafter the Kangnido), the oldest Korean world map, of several by the author identifying the place names was compiled in 1402 (Fujii et al. 2007, pp. 56, 448- on the Central Asian and western parts of the map 54).1 The map [Fig. 1; Color Plate VII] is dominated and where possible determining the sources used by a huge China in the center and an overly large ᵜ Korea in the east, but arguably, much of its interest Fig. 1. The Honkżji Kangnido, kept in the Honkżji Temple ݹሪ in the city of Shimabara, Nagasaki prefecture. Picture lies in the Central Asian and western territories it source: The Silk Road 14 (2016): 106–125 + Color Plate VII 106 Copyright © 2016 Nurlan Kenzheakhmet Copyright © 2016 The Silkroad Foundation by the cartographers (Kenzheakhmet 2011, 2015, LGHQWLÀHVRQO\SODFHQDPHVIRU:HVWHUQ5HJLRQRQ 2016). Many of the large issues about the conceptual them. world of the cartographers — whether or not they Sources of the Kangnido really understood the geography they were placing on the map — must be left for future discussion. For scholars, the paucity of authentic contemporary The discussion below will treat selectively a good sources poses the main obstacle to studying the many of the names which illustrate the complexities toponyms of the western region depicted on the RI LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ 7KH DSSHQGHG WDEXODWLRQ LQFOXGHV Kangnido. Among the sources are important many others as well. ones which have not previously been used for the reconstruction of the toponyms in the Kangnido, even The original map no longer exists; however, two though they were brought to light a long time ago. In th th important copies, drawn in the 15 to 16 centuries, particular, it is important to examine Chinese sources survive in Japan. Scholars consider that these two which may have served as the intermediaries beween FRSLHV³RQHSUHVHUYHG5\ƈNRNX8QLYHUVLW\·VŻPL\D those in Persian, Arabic and Turkic on the one hand, Library (hereafter referred to as the 5\ƈNRNX Kangnido) and what was inscribed on the Kangnido on the other. DQGWKHRWKHUDWWKH+RQNżML7HPSOHᵜݹሪ in the city of The western section of the Kangnido describes the Shimabara, Nagasaki prefecture (hereafter the +RQNżML general form of the Xiyu, which stretches from Africa Kangnido) — are cartogenealogical descendents of the and Europe in the west to Qumul in the east; from the RULJLQDOPDS7KH+RQNżML.DQJQLGRPHDVXUHVQHDUO\ Russian Steppes in the north to India, Sri Lanka and 220 by 280 cm and is painted on paper. In addition the Persian Gulf in the south; and includes Qirqiz (in to thousands of place-names, the map includes modern Khakasia) and Dasht-i-Qipchaq (in modern an afterword by the map’s authors, located at the Kazakhstan and Western Siberia). Chinese knew this bottom of the map, and a description of Yuan-dynasty vast region from three sources: administrative divisions at the top. The map was 1) The brisk trade relations that existed between the revised in Japan around 1560 (Miya 2006, p. 599; 2007, Arab World and other parts of the Old World beginning p. 14). According to Kenneth Robinson (2008, p. 62), well before the time of the map’s creation left their FKDQJHVLQWKHFLYLOSURYLQFLDODGPLQLVWUDWLRQSURÀOH mark on traditional Arabo-Persian geography, such as LQ&KRVžQG\QDVW\.RUHDGDWHVWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKH the anonymous ֺXGƈGDO¶ŒODP, and the works of Ibn +RQNżML .DQJQLGR WR VRPHWLPH EHWZHHQ DQG .KXUUGœGKELK ,EQ 4XGœPDK DO%DOœGKXUū $ᒒmad 1549, or even as late as 1567. bin Yaᒒ\œ DO 107 as Changbaliha 䮧ޛ䟼, Hudaba ᘭ 䚄ޛ, Yangyilihe 伺Ժ䟼ਸ, and Aimili ᝋᇫ䟼. Evidence in Chinese sources reveals the presence of scholars in WKH 108 Fig. 3. North Africa in the Honkżji Kangnido, with a number of place names captioned with their modern or ancient equivalents to provide some orientation. part a pastiche of excerpts from other books, drawing heavily on the work of foreign envoys to the western regions. Fragments of his geographic accounts survive thanks to their inclusion in the geography section (dili ൠ⨶) of the Xin Tangshu (New book of the Tang [dynasty]). Besides, Jia Dan completed a map called Hainei Hua yi tu ⎧ ޗ㨟ཧെ (Map of Chinese and foreign lands within the seas). In the Jiu Tangshu (Old book of the Tang yutu entitled Huayi jianzhi 㨟ཧᔪ㖞 (Chinese and [dynasty]) appears the following statement: “He Non-Chinese administrative division). Luo Hongxian ordered an artisan to paint the Hainei Hua yi tu on a S VSHFLÀFDOO\ LQGLFDWHV WKDW LQ FUHDWLQJ KLV scroll. It was three zhang wide, and three zhang and atlas he consulted a Yuan-period map (now lost) by three chi high. Its scale was one cun to one hundred Zhu Siben ᵡᙍᵜ (1273–1333/?40), a fact which then li.”4 In fact, Jia Dan’s map and the geography section raises complex issues concerning the relationship in the Tangshu became a prototype for the Inner Asia between the navigation charts and the tradition of section of the Kangnido. the Islamic “academic” geography which was also available to the Yuan cartographers. 8QOLNH WKH 5\ƈNRNX .DQJQLGR WKH +RQNżML .DQJQLGR UHÁHFWV LQÁXHQFH IURP VHD FKDUWV LQ WKH Africa Guang yutu (Broad terrestrial map), a compilation The Kangnido depicts the general form of Africa, from of maps and geographic texts by Luo Hongxian 㖵 the Maghreb in the west to the east coast; from Egypt ⍚ݸ PDGHLQ7KLVLQÁXHQFHFDQEHVHHQLQWKH in the north to the Equator in the south [Figs. 2, 3]. image of southern Africa and the Indian Ocean and Contrary to what some modern authors have asserted, place names along the East African coast. While the there is little reason to believe that the Kangnido sea charts seem to have incorporated records from UHÁHFWV DQ\ UHDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKH VRXWKHUQ WLS RI actual voyages, to a considerable degree the littoral Africa, despite its roughly triangular shape. Chinese all the way from southeast Asia to southern Africa 5 mapmakers knew about North Africa — Egypt and is only vaguely recognizable. It is no surprise then the Maghreb — from Arabo-Persian maps and other WKDWRQWKH+RQNżML.DQJQLGRFLWLHVDQGRWKHUFRDVWDO foreign sources. Because of this, the Kangnido can help locations including Maqadashu (Mogadishu) in scholars reconstruct the Arabic worldview of Africa as Africa, the Malabar coast of India, Modena (Medina), they saw it around the 9th–10th centuries, a time during Baigeda (Baghdad), and Tianfangguo (Mecca) appear which the norms of classical Arab geography were as islands. The maps also contain information about being developed. legendary regions, such as the country of Wowo (r (EgyptڍœTZœT WKHFRXQWU\RIWKHKDLU\OLWWOHSHRSOHLQ 1. Mi: addition to other hard-to-identify places. In particular, The capital of Miᒲr during the tenth century was WKHFUHDWRUVRIWKH+RQNżML.DQJQLGRZHUHLQÁXHQFHG WKH FLW\ RI DO)RVWœW )XVWDW ³ZKLFK WKH .DQJQLGR in their world view of the world by two sea charts in simply calls Misi (MiᒲU ,EQ.KXUUDGœGKELKS the Guang yutu: The “Map of Foreign Lands in the DO0XTDGGDVū S &XULRXVO\ WKH Southeast Sea” (Dongnan haiyi tuᶡই⎧ཧെ) and the Arabic name Iskandiriya $OH[DQGUū$OH[DQGULD GRHV “Map of Foreign Lands in Southwest Sea” (Xinan haiyi QRW DSSHDU DQ\ZKHUH RQ WKH 5\ƈNRNX .DQJQLGR $ tu 㾯ই⎧ཧെ). In addition, the depictions of Hemaoli, QXPEHU RI XQLGHQWLÀHG SDJRGDVKDSHG EXLOGLQJV 'HOL*XOLDQGRWKHUSODFHVLQWKH+RQNżML.DQJQLGR represent the city, including one that clearly stands almost certainly came from an appendix in the Guang IRU WKH IDPRXV 0LQœU 7RZHU RU 3KDURV Ꮱamd 109 $OOœK 0XVWDZIū DO4D]ZūQū DXWKRU RI WKH FHOHEUDWHG • Bu ᐳVWDQGVIRU)ƈDRU)XZZDKDWRZQLQ1RUWKHUQ geographical work entitled Nuzhat al-Qulub, says that, Egypt (Miller 1926-31, 1, p. 85; Miller 1986, p. 58). beside the city, but four leagues distant from it, is a • Further south along the Nile are several cities. strong castle, set on a hillock, which overlooks the sea: South of Gaosi 儈ᙍ (Qus) (al-Ya‘qubi 2011, p. 334) DQGE\UHDVRQRILWVKHLJKWLWLVNQRZQDVWKH0LQœU is Luodelini 㖵Ⲵ䟼ቬ, this Chinese name possibly a (Minaret or Tower) of Alexandria. This is one of the transcription of Radyny (= Meshed al-Radyny), the PRVWIDPRXVEXLOGLQJVRIWKHZRUOG DO4D]ZūQū QDPHRIWKHFLW\WKDWOLHVQHDU$VZDQ DO)LGœ 6 19, 2, p. 239; Ibn Ꮱauqal 1800, p. 33). 2QWKH+RQNżML SS ,GUūVū S FDOOHG LW Kangnido near the pagoda-shaped buildings are two $QIżU DO5DGLQL 0RUH OLNHO\ /XRGHOLQL WUDQVFULEHV ሻԆ ᐳ places: Xunta and Bu . The name Xunta is said 5ƈGL1ūO5XG1ūORU5ƈGKL1ūOWKH3HUVLDQQDPH WRUHÁHFW$UDELF6KDᒷœRQDQLVODQGLQ/DNH0DQ]DODK for the Nile (ҹXGƈG 1982, p. 68; Miller 1986, p. 53). east of Tinnis (Rapoport and Savage-Smith 2014, p. The Yongle dadian (The Great Encyclopedia of the 7 0LçNS 113 Black Sea is entirely absent, and the Mediterranean by Muslims and known to Arab geographers by the not marked by any shading to distinguish water from name al-Andalus, from which evolved the name for land in the way that the map does for the oceans. the modern Spanish province of Andalucía. While Compounding the confusion in the eastern end of the some of the place names within al-Andalus in the 0HGLWHUUDQHDQZRUOGLVWKHFRQÁDWLRQRIWKH%DONDQV Kangnido are of Arabic origin, others originally were and Anatolia. The Kangnido’s Europe divides into 5RPDQ RU *RWKLF QDPHV WKDW ZHUH ODWHU PRGLÀHG ÀYH SDUWV QRUWKZHVWHUQ DQG FHQWUDO (XURSH WKH by Arabic speakers. The Kangnido marks a place it Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus), the Italian peninsula, calls Zhebulifa 䙉н䟼⌅ at the southern end of the the Balkans, and the Crimean Peninsula. ,EHULDQ SHQLQVXOD 3URIHVVRU 6XJL\DPD LGHQWLÀHV WKH ,ƗULTמ-Northwestern and central Europe compound name Zhebulifa + Dapulu as Jabal al .1 otherwise known as Gibraltar (2007 p. 58: table 1, In the northwest, the mapmaker of the Kangnido Ɋ +RZHYHU WKH QDPH Dapulu 䚄Პ冟 appears 䱯冟ቬ䱯 and Falixi ⌅ labels two countries as Aluni’a LQ WKH +RQNżML .DQJQLGR VHSDUDWHO\ IURP =KHEXOLID 䟼᱄. Aluni’a refers to 4DOƈQūD, the Arabic name for and probably refers to Tabira, an important town in Cologne (Köln) in Germany. Falixi transliterates%DUū], arf al-Gharb (Cabo de Sãoמ the Algarve (al-Gharb) or the Arabic name for Paris. In the Mingshi (History Vicente), the southern coastal region of modern- of the Ming [dynasty]), the characters Balaxi ᐤஷ㾯 day Portugal (Mónica Herrera-Casais 2008, p. 250). designate Paris, perhaps derived from the 13 There is in fact a better interpretation of the toponym Arabic name for the city. The Ming shi records: Zhebulifa. Indeed, the name Gibraltar derives from the ƗULT, which means “the mountמ-Balaxi is very far away from China. In the sixth year (1511) Arabic name Jabal al of the Zhengde reign, (Balaxi) sent the envoy Shadibai, to of ᐅƗULTµ¶$OūDO6KDUDIū Á² WKHth-century offer tribute. He advised that their country was located in Tunisian chartmaker and scholar, rendered the name the Southern Ocean. Initially, carrying his king’s orders, Herrera-Casais) ٭he had travelled four and a half years in an ocean-going Gibraltar into Arabic as Jabal al-Fat :Ibn Baᒷᒷnjᒷa writes ,٭ship.14 2008, p. 250). About Jabal al-Fat $FFRUGLQJWRWKH5\ƈNRNX.DQJQLGRVRXWKRI)DOL[L , WKHUHIRUH VHW VDLO IURP 6XEWD WR 6SDLQ DQG WKH ÀUVW Hill of victory). This) ٭Paris) lies a place named Ainu ᝋྤ, probably the place I saw was the Jabal al-Fat) historical province of Aunis in southwestern France. is one of the greatest refuges of Islamism, and one To the southwest of Ainu is a place named Alazhila which forced sorrow down the necks of the idolaters. 䱯ࡼਚࡼ, probably 5DšœOD, the Arabic name for La From this place commenced Islamism, in the great YLFWRU\IRUKHUHODQGHG7œULN ᐅœULT ,EQ=LœGWKHVODYH Rochelle, the capital of Aunis. To the northeast of RI 0ƈVD ,EQ 1DVūU DW WKH WLPH RI KLV SDVVLQJ RYHU WR Ainu stood a place named Aminaxinan, represented Spain. From this circumstance it was named after him, by a pagoda-like building with a cross, so perhaps a DQGFDOOHG¶-DEDO7œULN ᐅœULT ,WLVDOVRFDOOHGWKH¶-DEDO FKXUFK6XJL\DPD SWDEOHɊ WKLQNV Fath (Hill of Victory), because his beginnings had their this may actually signify the papal city of Avignon, commencement here. [Ibn Baᒷᒷƈᒷa 1829, pp. 226-27; Ibn although it more likely is Venice (see below). Baᒷᒷƈᒷa 1958-2000, 4, p. 935] The Kangnido shows the Mediterranean coastline Thus, the name Zhebulifa most likely transliterates .٭from Dénia ('œQL\D) to Barcelona (%DUåOXQD) in Jabal al-Fat Catalonia, along the south of France, and extending 3URIHVVRU6XJL\DPDLGHQWLÀHVDQHDUE\FLW\QDPHG DVIDUDV*HQRD øDQXD LQ,WDO\7KHQDPHMalixilina Maliuli 哫ޝ䟼 UHFRUGHGRQWKH+RQNżMLEXWQRWRQWKH 哫䟼᱄䟼䛓 is either Marseille (according to Sugiyama) 5\ƈNRNX.DQJQLGR DVWKHFLW\RI0DUEHOOD S or, more likely, Barcelona (see below). To its north is WDEOHɊ $OWHUQDWLYHO\WKHQDPHPD\UHIHU Jiliruo ⊢䟼㤕ZKLFK6XJL\DPD SWDEOHɊ to DO0DUūUL or 0DZUƈU (Morón de la Frontera) in the LGHQWLÀHVDV*LURQD+RZHYHUWKHÀUVWDQGODVW Seville province. In any event, we must be dealing characters in the name, ji ⊢ and ruo 㤕, could easily here with a town that was important in Arab Spain. have been mistakenly exchanged for the similar- The name Maliuli surely dervives from a rendering looking characters mo ⋂ and ku 㤖. If that is the case, in Arabic, and, like many of the cities on the Iberian then the actual characters, Moliku ⋂䟼㤖, may be a Peninsula in the Kangnido, it probably was a city on variant of the name Moniku ⋂ቬ㤖 that appears in the the border between Christian and Muslim territories. VDPHORFDWLRQLQERWKWKH+RQP\żMLDa Ming guo ditu Further north, the Kangnido plots a city it calls Falata and the Tenri Da Ming guo tu.15 Thus, the characters ⌅ࡼᆳ presumably the one the Arabs called Baladu- may refer to Monaco, the city-state between France Walid, Valladolid (al-Ya‘qubi 2011, p. 354). North of and Italy. it lies a city called Tangela శᠸࡼ, perhaps originally 2. Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) written as Tanfala శՀࡼ, which suggests the Arabic Spain, on the Iberian peninsula, was partly controlled name al-Tafaylla, in other words, the name for modern 114 Tafalla in Navarre. To the east, the name Nadula tion of Qalibli (Gallipoli), geographic logic would probably indicates Andorra, now the microstate suggest instead that it could be Qalawriyah, the Arabic between Spain and France. name for Calabria in the Southern Italy, mentioned Continuing east to the Mediterranean coast, Talaruona in other Muslim sources (Rapoport and Savage-Smith Ԇᙍ䛓 Ԇ䟼䛓 Ԇࡼ㤕䛓, an error for Talakuna Ԇࡼ㤖䛓, refers to 2014, p. 421). The name Tasina / Talina may arakuna, modern Tarragona. The transcribe the toponym Taliya or Taliyan, the Arabicמ the Arabic name position of Maxilina ZKLFK 6XJL\DPD LGHQWLÀHG name for Italy, mentioned in other Muslim sources which ZLWK 0DUVHLOOH SHUPLWV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ used this name for the language of Franks. However, with %DUåOXQD, the Arabic name for Barcelona. In the toponym may in fact be a corruption of $WUœQW the Kangnido, there are several place names with (=Turenum/Trani). For other locations on the map in an initial b or m, but their sound varies between the southern Italy, see my appended table. two consonants. This variation between b and m 4. The Mediterranean world and its islands. typically appears in the initial position and entails the Even though the map’s rendering of the replacement of m by b or b by m in the several place Mediterranean does not distinguish its waters from names, such as Maxilina, %DUåOXQD in Arabic. the adjacent land masses by the use of color, at least 3. The Italian peninsula some important geographic features found in or A large Italian peninsula cuts off the Iberian DORQJ LW DUH GHSLFWHG )RU H[DPSOH ZH ÀQG Sahalina peninsula on the northeast and turns to run into the ᫂䟼䛓 (Sicily), the name of the island written in a Mediterranean from the north. In the far north of cartouche. Lying at the heart of the Mediterranean, it the Italian peninsula is a pagoda-like object named is the sea’s largest island, a natural stopping place for Aminaxinan 䱯ᕼ䛓᱄ই, which probably is a corruption travellers, and close to both Rome and Tunisia on the of names like DO)LQū]L\D or al-Beneçia, the Arabic name 1RUWK$IULFDQFRDVWZKLFKSURIRXQGO\LQÁXHQFHGWKH IRU 9HQLFH ¶$Oū DO6KDUDIū Á ² WKH VL[WHHQWK island’s history. The name Sahalina probably refers to century Tunisian chartmaker and scholar, renders 6LTDOūD, the Arabic name for Sicily (Ibn Ꮱauqal 1800 p. the Italian Venice into Arabic as )LQū]L\D ZDKL\D 53). Indeed, the older Chinese geography Zhufanzhi O%XQGXTū\D 9HQLFHWKDWLVDO%XQGXTū\D +HUUHUD called the island Sijialiye ᯟ࣐䟼䟾 (Zhao 1996, p. Casais 2008, p. 252). 133), clearly derived from the Arabic name 6LTDOūD. In Arabic and Judaeo-Arabic sources, Palermo is usually Despite the map’s deformation of the shape of the LTLOOū\D (the city of Sicily), and often justי 0DGūQDW land masses and the relative placement of cities, we can ,LTLOOū\D (Sicily) (Rapoport and Savage-Smith 2014י identify with some certainty many of the geographical S :KLOH WKH GDUN FRORU ÀOOLQJ WKH FRQWRXUV RI names in this region and at least suggest reasonable what in terms of its placement might be mistaken for possibilities for the identity of others even if the Sicily would seem to be make it impossible to read phonetic shifts may not always be readily explained DQ\LQVFULSWLRQVIURPWKHSKRWRJUDSKRIWKH+RQNżML by formal linguistic analysis. The name Lamo ࡼ⋂ , Kangnido, Sugiyama Masa’aki has made out on it the which appears in the center of the peninsula, clearly names Molide 㧛䟼Ⲵ and Falisang ⌅䟼ẁ, which he VWDQGV IRU 5ƈPD RU 5XPL\D WKH $UDELF QDPH IRU LGHQWLÀHV DV 0DUVDUD DQG 3DOHUPR SS ⴗⴹ Rome. The Zhufanzhi calls Rome Lumei . To the WDEOHɊɊ ,QIDFWLWVHHPVPRUHOLNHO\WKDW QRUWKRI5RPHWKHPDSOLVWVÀYHPRUHSODFHQDPHV Molide refers to Malta, and Falisang to Balzan, a town 䛓 哫冟 ཙлᡦ ᆳ䟼 Nainina , Malu , Tianxiahu , Talitu of Malta. ⌅. The name Nainina 䛓 seemsޛ , and Banifa to be an error, instead of Jinnina ࿇䛓, which suggests 7KH%DONDQV the Latin name for Genoa. Malu probably refers to 7KH FRQÀJXUDWLRQ RI WKH %DONDQV RQ WKH .DQJQLGR MalfPRGHUQGD\0HOÀLQWKH6RXWKHUQ,WDOLDQUHJLRQ is unusual. Some important cities of Balkans seem RI %DVLOLFDWD 2Q WKH 5\ƈNRNX .DQJQLGR 7LDQ[LDKX to be missing, the confusion compounded by the is written as Tiandinghu ཙбᡦ, perhaps Tarquinia fact that the landmasses of Asia Minor and the (Tarchuna), an ancient city of Viterbo. Talitu probably Balkans are subsumed into one. Many of its labels ƗUDQW, the Arabic name for Taranto in the far DZDLWLGHQWLÀFDWLRQ7KHUHDUHIRXUSODFHQDPHVHDVWמ denotes south of the peninsula. Banifa transliterates Benebent, of Aminaxinan (Venice): Saba ᫂ޛ, Chedala 䓺བྷࡼ, the Arabic name for Benevento. Shangnigu кቬਔ and Lataba ࡼᆳޛ. Saba probably u, modern Zatonڒaי wa orڒaי The southeastern tip of the Italian Peninsula, known refers the Arabic name as Apulia, is shown separated from the mainland by west of Zadar; Chedala is -œGDUD or -œGKDUD DO,GUūVū a strait and bordered on the south by high mountains, the Arabic name for modern Zadar; Shangnigu suggesting that it is dangerous for ships. While the is Sabnaqi, the Arabic name for modern âLEHQLN name Halabayinu ࡼޛԕྤmay represent a corrup- 6HEHQLFR DQG ¿QDOO\, Lataba is Lastobon (modern- 115 day Lastovo), the Slavic name of both an island and in the 10th century; its name in the Russian annals is a city. Even if the Black Sea itself seems to be missing, Korsun’, which has been proposed as the source for major locations connected with its western and the form of the name in the Arab sources (Konovalova northern shores are included on the map. Gusitanxina 2006, p. 177). On the east coast of the Black Sea lies a ƯQiyyah) is a phonetic rendering place named Hudadeli ᘭ䚄Ⲵ䟼, perhaps a corruptionڒanڒ僘ᙍశ᱄䛓 (Qus of Constantinople, present-day Istanbul. Along RI5XGLŒWūOWKH3HUVLDQQDPHRIWKHPRGHUQ9ROJD what might correspond to the sea’s western coast River. ⛿ᙍ䚄 is a toponym Wusida , probably a corruption Conclusion of Wulida ⛿䟼䚄, referring to 5ƈWœ river, an ancient name for the Danube; The toponym Xikena ᱄ݻ䛓 This study of the toponyms written on the Kangnido (the position of a large, red, gear-like marker on the LQ&KLQVHVLGHRJUDPVKDVUHVXOWHGLQWKHLGHQWLÀFDWLRQ river and west of the Gusitanxina) might correspond of most of them with toponyms recorded in the approximately to Šighnu or Šaghnu (,VWDJKQż — classical Arab and Persian geographies. In fact, it is Tomaschek 1886, p. 341), the Arabic name for modern remarkable that the names, when compared with Stagno (Ston), also known as Stagno Grande (Roman those given by Arabic geographers, show as close settlement Sta-g-n-um), in the Bay of Sabioncello, an approximation to original Arabic sound as the a historical town in Croatia (cf. Miller 1926-31, 1, p. Chinese language is capable of expressing. Despite 73; 2, p. 127). The foundations of the Roman castrum the cartographic distortions in the western parts of can still be seen on Starigrad Hill. In the tenth century the Kangnido, it is possible to discern how the basic Ston was the seat of the diocese, probably located by outlines of landforms and the division of the world the church of Our Lady of Luzina. Shalehe ⋉′થ (an into several regions derive as well from Islamic error for Duolehe ཊ′થ refers to Adras, the Arabic cartographic traditions. The anonymous ֺXGƈG DO name for Durrës, historically Dyrrachium or Durazzo, ૽߹lam DQG ,EQ .KXUUDGœGKELK·V .LWœE DO0DVœOLN ZD the starting point for the Via Egnatia, the important ·OPDPœOLN are among the most detailed and earliest Roman (later Byzantine) road that led east across texts in that tradition and were based on itineraries of the southern Balkans. For other cities in the Balkans actual travel. That such information then was copied LGHQWLÀHGRQWKHPDSVHHP\DSSHQGHGWDEOH and transformed in subsequent Islamic “academic” geography is important to understand if we are to &ULPHDQ3HQLQVXOD be able to say more (as remains to be done) about To the east along northern coast of Black Sea in the the direct Islamic sources used in the compilation of +RQNżML.DQJQLGRWKHUHLVGDPDJHREVFXULQJVRPHRI the Kangnido.16 Not the least of the issues here is the WKHQDPHV+RZHYHUWKH5\ƈNRNX.DQJQLGRLGHQWLÀHV question of the relationship between text and map, several important cities: Shatianpulu ⋉ཙᲞ冟, Qusun where the maps may be rather schematic and farther ᴢᆛ (Korsun), Puyu Პ։ (Fori, modern Foros), Chijina removed from any geographical reality than are the 䎔ਹ䛓 (Kikineiz, modern Opolzneve), Sudali 䙏䙩䟼 texts their cartographers consulted. ⌅ཡ ⋉ཙᲞ冟 (Sudaq) and Fashi . Shatianpulu is most Even given strong evidence about the Kangnido’s likely a copyist’s error for the very similar-looking reliance on Islamic sources for its depiction of the ⋉ཡᲞ冟 Shashipulu , which presumably was intended western regions, it is important to understand WRWUDQVOLWHUDWH6L]ƈEROLRU6L]XEOLWKH$UDELFQDPHIRU how, in captioning it using Chinese ideograms, the Sozopol, the oldest towns on the southern Bulgarian cartographers may have transformed their originals ⌅ Black Sea coast (Konovalova 2006, p. 153). Fashi and, at least to a certain degree, drawn on Chinese ཡ is most likely a copyist’s error for the very similar- cartographic traditions that preserved other evidence. ᙟཡ looking Qieshi . This suggests that Qieshi was The maps in the 16th-century Gang yutu seem clearly intended to transliterate Karši, the Turkic name for to have been such a source for the revised and fullest .HUFK6XJL\DPD SɊ LGHQWLÀHG6XGDOL version of the Kangnido. A full discussion of such as the Russian city of Suzdal’, which is so remote matters requires separate treatment, but it is to be from the other locations here as to be improbable. hoped that this article will contribute to such a study. Very likely, the character li 䟼in this name must have been brushed in error, where the cartographer must ABOUT THE AUTHOR have intended to write the similar looking character, Dr. Nurlan Kenzheakhmet is a visiting professor in the hei 唁. Sudahei would make a plausible transcription Department of History, Philosophy and Religion, School IRU6XGDT DOVRNQRZQDV6ROGDLD 4XVXQ .DUVƈQD of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kherson or Korsun), formerly called Cherson Trachea Astana, Kazakhstan. He received his Ph.D. from Peking (outside present day Sevastopol), is to be distinguished University, has held a Japan Invited Research Fellowship in from another Kherson on the Dnieper River. The one Kyoto, and Humboldt and Henkel Foundation fellowships in the Crimea was taken by the Rus’ prince Vladimir in Germany. Within his main research specialty on the 116 historical geography of Central Asia, he has worked Harley and Woodward 1992 VSHFLÀFDOO\RQWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOOLWHUDWXUHDQGPDSVRIWKH J. B. Harley and David Woodward, eds. The History of Yuan and Ming dynasties and on Ming sources regarding Cartography. Vol. 2, Bk. 1. Cartography in the Traditional th th the Qazaq Khanate in the 15 –17 centuries. He has written Islamic and South Asian Societies. Chicago; London: Univ. of on the early Turkic monumental inscriptions from Inner Chicago Pr., 1992. Asia. E-mail: 117 and Kingdoms]. Ed. Michael Jan de Goeje. Liber viarum et Mauro 1966 regnorum. Bibliotheca geographorum Arabicorum, vol. 6. Mauro, Fra. Il mappamondo di Fra Mauro. Tullia Gasparrini Leiden: Brill, 1889. Leporace and Roberto Almagià, eds. Rome: Instituto Konovalova 2006 SROLJUDÀFRGHOORVWDWR Irina G. Konovalova. $O,GUūVūRVWUDQDNKLQDURGDNK9RVWRFKQRL Miller 1926-1931 Evropy: tekst, perevod, kommentarii [Al-Idrisi on the countries Konrad Miller. Mappae Arabicae: Die Arabischen Welt- und and peoples of Eastern Europe: text, translation and Länderkarten des 9.—13. Jahrhunderts in Arabischer Urschrift, commentarry]. Drevneishie istochniki po istorii Vostochnoi Lateinischer Transkription und Übertragung in Neuzeitliche Evropy. Moskva: Vostochnaia literatura, 2006. Kartenskizzen. 5 vols. Stuttgart, 1926-1931. Ledyard 1994 Miller 1986 Gari Ledyard. “Cartography in Korea”. Ch. 10 in: J. B. _____. Mappae Arabicae. Beihefte. Ed. Heinz Gaube. Beihefte Harley; David Woodward, eds. The History of Cartography. zum Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Oriients. Reihe B Vol. 2, Bk. 2. Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast (Geisteswissenschaften) Nr. 65. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1986. Asian Societies. Chicago; London: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1994: Ming shilu 1964-67 235-345. Ming shilu ᰾ሖ䤴 [The veritable records of the Ming]. Taipei: Leo Africanus 1896 Zhongyang yanjiuyuan lishi yuyan yanjiusuo, 1964-67. Leo Africanus. The History and Description of Africa. Tr. John Miya 2006 Pory; ed. Robert Brown 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1896. Miya Noriko ᇞ㌰ᆀ ´.RQ·LWVX .\żUL 5HNLGDL .RNXWR QR Zu” he no michi Njа⮶⨶↤ԓഭ䜭ѻണnjȍȃ䚃 [An Levtzion 1968 approach to the ‘Map of Integrated Regions and Terrains Nehemia Levtzion. “Ibn-Hawqal, the Cheque, and and of Historical Countries and Capitals’]. In: Mongoru jidai Awdaghost.” The Journal of African History 9/2 (1968): 223- no shuppan bunka ɪɻȼɳᱲԓȃࠪ⡸᮷ॆ [The publishing 33. culture of the Mongol period]. Nagoya: Nagoya daigaku Levtzion 2000 shuppankai, 2006: 487-651. _____. “Arab Geographers, the Nile, and the History of Bilad Miya 2007 al-Sudan”. In: The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths. Haggai _____. Mongoru teikoku ga unda sekaizu ɪɻȼɳᑍഭǡ⭏Ȩ Erlich and Israel Gershoni, eds. 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Bib- the Association of American Geographers, 86/1 (1996): 78-101. liotheca geographorum arabicorum, 3, Leiden: Brill, 1976 (reprint of 1877 ed.). Liu 1975 Liu Shu ࢹ et al. eds. Jiu Tang shu 㠺ୀᴨ[The Old Book of DO0XTDGGDVū the Tang]. 16 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975. _____. The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions: a Trans- ODWLRQ RI $KVDQ DO7DTDVLP À 0Dޏrifat al-Aqalim. Tr. by Basil Liu 2010 Collins. Reading: Garnet, 2001 (1st ed. 1994). Liu Yingsheng. “A Lingua Franca along the Silk Road: Persian Language in China between the 14th and the 16th Needham et al. 1971 Centuries.” In: Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Joseph Needham, Wang Ling, and Lu Gwei-djen, eds. Persian Gulf to the East China Sea. Ralph Kauz, ed. Wiesbaden: Science and Civilisation in China, vol. IV: Physics and Physical Harrassowitz, 2010: 87-96. Technology, pt. 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1971. Luo 1969 Luo Hongxian 㖵⍚ݸ. Guang yutu ᔓ䕯െ [Enlarged Terres- Ogawa 1928-29 trial Atlas].Taibei: Xuehai, 1969 (reprint of 1579 ed.). Ogawa Takuji ሿᐍ⩒⋫. 6KLQDUHNLVKLFKLULNHQN\ƈ ᭟䛓↧ਢ ൠ⨶ウ [Studies in Chinese historical geography]. 2 vols. Ma 1970 .\żWR.ǀbundǀ shobǀ, 1928-29. Ma Huan 傜⅒. Ying-yai Sheng-lan: “The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores” [♋⏟㜌㿸].Tr. and ed. by Feng Ch’eng- DO4D]ZūQū Chün; intr., notes and appendices by J. V. G. Mills. Cam- ᏡDPGDOOœK 0XVWDZIū DO4D]ZūQū Geographical Part of the bridge: Hakluyt Society; Cambridge Univ. Pr.,1970. X]KDWDO4XOƈEFRPSRVHGE\+DPG$OODK0XVWDZÀRI4D]ZLQ 118 iQ . Ed. and tr. by Guy Le Strange. 2 vols. Leyden: Wada 1958 Brill, 1915-19. :DGD +LURQRUL ´0HLGDL QR WHSSż GHQUDL WR 2VXPDQ Rapoport and Savage-Smith 2014 teikoku: jingi fu to seiiki tochi jinbutsu ryaku” ᰾ԓȃ䡴 ՍᶕǽȲɁɦɻᑍഭ — ⾎ಘ䆌ǽ㾯ฏ൏ൠӪ⢙⮕ [Ming Yossef Rapoport and Emilie Savage-Smith, eds. An Eleventh- dynasty interaction with the Ottoman Empire — Sacred Century Egyptian Guide to the Universe: The Book of Curiosities. treasure and people of the Western Regions: A brief survey]. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2014. Shigaku ਢᆨ 31: 1-4 (1958): 692-719. Rashūd al-Dūn 1998 Wade 2010 Rashūd al-Dūn ᐅabūb.ࡃ -DPL¶X·WWDZDULNK &RPSHQGLXP RI *HRII :DGH ´¶%DOD[L· DQG WKH 3œUVLV GXULQJ WKH 0LQJ Chronicles. Tr. and annot. by Wheeler M. Thackston. Dynasty: A Note.” In: Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: [Cambridge, MA]: Harvard University, Deparment of Near From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea. Ed. Ralph Kauz. Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1998. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010:173-79. Robinson 2008 Wang et al. 1994 Kenneth R. Robinson. “Mapping Japan in a Foreign Country Wang Qianjin ⊚ࡽ䘋, Hu Qisong 㜑ᶮ, and Liu Ruofang in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries”. In: Higashi ajia ࡈ㤕㣣. “Juanben caihui daming hunyi yitu yanjiu” 㔒ᵜ NDLLNL VKL NHQN\ƈ QL RNHUX VKLU\ż QR KDNNXWVX WR VDL NDLVKDNX ᖙ㔈བྷ᰾аമ⹄ウ [As regards the Da Ming Hun Yi Tu ᶡȪɀȪ⎧ฏਢ⹄ウȀ NRFKL]X JLVKL VKLU\ż EXQJDNX K\żJHQ (Amalgamated map of the Great Ming Dynasty) drawn ⨭ਢᯉ࣭᮷ᆖ㺘֯ڭǟǦȠਢᯉȃⲪᧈǽ䀓䟸 ਔൠണ࣭ - -. in colours on stiff silk]. In: Cao Wanru ᴩၹྲ et al., eds. Nagoya: Nagoya daigaku, 2008: 51-74. Zhongguo gudai ditu ji: Ming dai ѝഭਔԓൠമ䳶: ᰾ԓ [An Robinson 2010 Atlas of Ancient Maps in China—the Ming Dynasty]. _____. “Daoist Geographies in Three Korean World Maps.” Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1994. Journal of Daoist Studies 2010/3: 91-116. Wheatley 2001 Sugiyama 2007 Paul Wheatley. The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in 6XJL\DPD0DVDNL´7ż]DLQRVHNDL]XJDNDWDUXMLQUXLVDLVKR Islamic Lands Seventh through the Tenth Centuries&KLFDJR no daichihei” ᶡ㾯ȃц⭼ണǡ䃎ȠӪ于ᴰࡍȃབྷൠᒣ [The London: The University of Chicago Press, 2001. ÀUVWPDMRUKRUL]RQRIKXPDQNLQGUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHPDSV Yao 1959 RIWKHZRUOGRI(DVWDQG:HVW@,Q)XMLL-żMLHWDO Yao Guangxiao ညᔓᆍ. Yongle dadian ≨倈བྷި. [Yongle en- Takakashi 1963-75 cyclopedia]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1959. Takakashi Tadashi 儈⁻↓ ´7ż]HQVHUX LVUœPX VHNDL]X³ al-Ya‘qubi 2011 VKXWRVKLWHNRQ·LWVXN\żULUHNLGDLNRNXWRQR]XQLWVXLWHᶡ╨ǰ ȠѝцȬɁɎόɨц⭼ണɔɔѫǽǬǻа⮶⨶↧ԓ഻䜭ѻ Ahmad al-Ya‘qubi. Kitab al-Buldan [Book of countries]. Ed., ണȀǹǙǻ” [The Islamic worldview of eastern expansion]. tr. and annot. by Lidiia M. Semenova. Moskva: RAN, 2011. 5\ƈNRNXGDLJDNXURQVKƈ 喽䉧བྷᆨ䄆䳶, 374 (1963): 77-95; 400- Zhang 1962 401 (1973): 586-600; 9 (1975): 14-31. Zhang Tingyu ᕥᔧ⦹. Ming Shi ᰾ਢ [The History of Ming]. Tolmacheva 1969 Taibei: Guofang yanjiuyuan Ming shi biancuan weiyuanhui, 1962. Marina A Tolmacheva. “Vostochnoe poberezh’e Afriki v DUDEVNRL JHRJUDÀFKHVNRL OLWHUDWXUHµ >7KH HDVWHUQ OLWWRUDO Zhao 1996 of Africa in Arab geographic literature]. In: Strany i narody Zhao Rugua 䏉⊍䘲. Zhufan zhi jiaoshi 䄨㭳ᘇṑ䟺 Vostoka. Vyp. IX. Strany i narody Afriki. Moskva: Nauka, [Description of the foreign lands]. Ed. and annot. by Yang Glav. red. vostochnoi lit-ry, 1969: 268-97. Bowen ὺঊ᮷. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1996. Tolmacheva 1987-88 _____. “The African Waq-Waq: Some Questions Regarding NOTES the Evidence.” Bulletin d’information. Union academique 1. In Chinese pinyin, the title would read Hunyi jiangli lidai internationale. Commission XXII. Fontes Historiae Africanae guodu zhitu. For a treatment of the Kangnido in the context 11/12 (1987-88): 9-15. of the history of Korean cartography, see Ledyard 1994, pp. Tolmacheva 2015 244-49, 265-67. On the different copies and later maps of the Kangnido, see Fujii et al. 2007, pp. 56; 448-54. Sugiyama _____. “The Indian Ocean in Arab Geography. Transmission Masa’aki (2007) discusses the Kangnido in Ibid., 54-83. Also of Knowledge between Formal and Informal Geographic see Robinson 2010, p. 92. Traditions.” Terra Brasilis, N. S., 6 (2015): 2-10. -DSDQHVHVFKRODUVKDYHPDGHVLJQLÀFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQVWR Tomaschek 1886 the study of Kangnido. The Japanese historical geographer Wilhelm Tomaschek. “Zur Kunde der Hämus-Halbinsel. 2JDZD 7DNXML SS ÀUVW EURXJKW WKH II. Die Handelswege im 12. Jahrhundert nach den 5\ƈNRNX .DQJQLGR WR VFKRODUO\ DWWHQWLRQ $IWHU 2JDZD Erkundigungen des Arabers Idrîsî.” Sitzungsberichte der see the careful study of the place names in the Kangnido by Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Aoyama 1938. See also Wada 1958; Takakashi 1963-75; Miya Wissenschaften 113 (1886): 285–373. 2006; Miya 2007, p. 14. 119 3. Cf. Sugiyama 2007, p. 56, who regards the comparison is located near the ancient Egyptian city of Abydos. In the with the Catalan Atlas more grounded in history than the 5\ƈNRNX.DQJQLGRWKLVQDPHLVWUDQVFULEHGDV$ODVDL\L䱯 comparison with the Fra Mauro map. ࡼ䌭Ժ6XJL\DPD S LGHQWLÀHGLWZLWK$OH[DQGUū 4. Chinese text: 䅩ԔᐕӪ⮛þ⎧ޗ㨟ཧെÿа䔨ˈ $OWKRXJK QRW RQ WKH 5\ƈNRNX .DQJQLGR WKH +RQNżML ᔓйиˈᗎйийቪˈ⦷ԕᣈᡀⲮ䟼(Liu 1975, 12: Kangnido shows the Chinese transcription Zhebulu hama 䙉 138:3787). н冟哫ZKLFK7DNDNDVKLLGHQWLÀHVZLWKWKH3HUVLDQL]HG Arabic name Djebel alqamar, ‘Mountains of the Moon’. See 5. On the problematic treatment of the Indian Ocean region Rapoport and Savage-Smith 2014, p. 494. and especially the Persian Gulf on this map and possible Is- lamic sources for it, see Kauz 2013. 10. About Da Ming hunyi tu and Guang yu tu, see Wang et al. 1994, pp. 51-55. 6. In the Ming shilu called Xigandaliye 㾯ᒢ䚄ଙ㙦 (Iskandi- riya). See Ming shilu 1964-67, Ming Taizong shilu, juan 56: 11. For a review of some of the issues requiring a new study [Yong-le: Year 4, Month 7, Day 29 (12 Aug 1406)] 㠺九 about the location of :œTZœT, see Tolmacheva 1987-88. ⴞ䲣⾆㗙䚓ᆀ༛㢟ằ䚃᰾䚓ယ㿰 ᭯৺㾯ᒢ䚄ଙ㙦എഎ 12. See, e.g., the discussion in Tolmacheva 1969, but with ⴤ俜ਸ唈ㅹֶᵍ䌌䡄ᒓᴹᐞ: “[Chen] Shi-liang, who LPSRUWDQW TXDOLÀFDWLRQV EDVHG RQ PRUH UHFHQW DQDO\VLV RI had been sent by his father Chen Zu-yi, a chieftain of Old evidence not from ”academic” geographical treatises but Port, and [Liang] Guan-zheng, who had been sent by his rather from actual travel itineraries (Tolmacheva 2015). uncle Liang Dao-ming, also a chieftain of Old Port, as well as the Muslim Ha-zhi Ma-he-mo from Xi-gan-da-li-ye, came 2WKHUVFKRODUVLGHQWLÀHG%DOD[LZLWK%UD]LORUZLWKWKH to Court. Paper money and silks, as appropriate, were con- HWKQRQ\P3œUVLV3DUVL6HH:DGH ᒤ䚓֯㠓ޝferred upon them.” 14. Chinese text: ᐤஷ㾯৫ѝ഻㎅䚐↓ᗧ 䋒䀰ަ഻൘ই⎧ཹ⦻ભֶᵍ㡏㹼ഋᒤॺޕൠⲭ⋊ 7. Alternatively, the name XuntaLVVDLGWRUHÁHFW$UDELF IskandiriyaZKLFKZRXOGFRQÀUPWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQRIRXU (Zhang 1962, juan 325). name as Skinda. 0DSPDNHUV RI WKH +RQNżML .DQJQLGR ZULWH WKH 㤖 㤕 Ԇࡼ㤕䛓 Ԇࡼ㤖䛓 8. Alternatively, assuming a northern route, it could be the character ku as ruo . For example, city of $EVKœ\D, which appears in the world of earlier Ara- (Tarragona). 6HH6XJL\DPDS7DEOHɊ ELFJHRJUDSKHUV ,EQ.KXUUDGœGKELKSDO 120 121 122 123 124 Acknowledgement This article was written within the framework of a research project supported by the Humboldt Research Foundation. 125 Plate VII Kenzheakhmet, “.DQJQLGR,” p. 106. ᵜݹ LQWKHFLW\ 7KH+RQNżML .DQJQLGR NHSWLQWKH +RQNżML Temple ሪ RI6KLPDEDUD 1DJDVDNL SUHIHFWXUH 3LFWXUHVRXUFH KWWSVXSORDGZLNLPHGLDRUJZLNLSHGLDFRPPRQVG*HQHUDO0DS2I'LVWDQFHV$QG+LVWRULF&DSLWDOVMSJ!