• Three Domain System Prokaryotes • We Won't Cover Prokaryotes

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Reconstructing the Tree of Life: A Work in Progress Prokaryotes • Three domain system • We won’t cover prokaryotes specifically, but we have seen that prokaryotes are important and have biochemical reactions that animals EUKARYA sometimes lack Land plants Dinoflagellates Green algae Forams Ciliates Diatoms Red algae • Bacteria are important in food reactions we will Amoebas Cellular slime molds Euglena Trypanosomes see in lab Animals Leishmania Fungi • Lactobacillus, chymosin enzyme and milk Sulfolobus Green nonsulfur bacteria Thermophiles (Mitochondrion) coagulation

Spirochetes Halophiles Chlamydia COMMON ANCESTOR Green OF ALL sulfur bacteria LIFE BACTERIA Methanobacterium Cyanobacteria Figure 26.21 (Plastids, including ARCHAEA chloroplasts)

Different types of milk products: milk, light cream and heavy cream Milk is a suspension of fat globules, whey proteins and bundles of casein protein as well as dissolved sugar (lactose) and minerals

Ice cream Casein • Forms aggregates called micelles bound together by calcium phosphate particles (spheres)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The curdling of milk by lactic acid bacteria Coagulation of milk by rennet enzyme chymosin • Fermentation of lactose to lactate lowers pH • Caseins are normally separated by electrical and causes casein to fall apart repulsion • Chymosin cleaves the charged parts off allowing the caseins to bind together coagulating the milk

Cheese making Other roles of microbes in cheese • Milk is coagulated by lowering pH and using • Molds such as Penicillin on outside and inside rennet, then the liquid is squeezed out of cheese • Why use rennet and not just low pH? • Gas producing bacteria Proprionibacterium – Low pH causes casein to break apart releasing – Ferments lactose to acetate or proprionate the protein and calcium in soluble form which plus CO2 would be lost when liquid is squeezed out making cheese less nutritous – Related to P. acnea which gets into plugged hair follicles

One current view of biological diversity One current view of biological diversity

Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 28 Chapter 31 Chapter 32 Chapters 33, 34 ) Chytrids Sponges Sac Sac fungi Club fungi Club Red algae Red Zygote Zygote fungi Chlamydias Angiosperms Spirochetes Gymnosperms Chlorophytes Euglenozoans rown algae) rown Cyanobacteria Korarchaeotes Proteobacteria Charophyceans Choanoflagellates Cnidarians (jellies, coral) (jellies, Cnidarians Gram-positive bacteria Gram-positive Cercozoans, radiolarians Cercozoans, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Diplomonads, parabasalids Diplomonads, Seedless vascular plants (ferns) plants vascular Seedless Amoebozoans molds) slime (amoebas, Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids, animals symmetrical Bilaterally Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) liverworts, (mosses, Bryophytes arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates) echinoderms, molluscs, arthropods,

Euryarchaeotes, crenarchaeotes, nanoarchaeotes crenarchaeotes, Euryarchaeotes, Plants Animals Alveolates ciliates apicomplexans, (dinoflagellates,

Fungi Stramenopiles (water molds, diatoms, golden algae, b Stramenopiles golden diatoms, molds, (water

Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya

Domain Bacteria

Universal ancestor Figure 26.21 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 28 Protists • Overview: A World in a Drop of Water

50 µµµm

• The domain Eukarya – Split into a diverse number of kingdoms – mostly single-celled eukaryotes informally known as protists

Carbon in the ocean (gigatons) Carbon outside the ocean (Gt)

organisms 3 soil 1580 dissolved organic 700 surface ocean 1020 vegetation 610

deep ocean 38100 atmosphere 750 sediment 150

39973 2940

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phytoplankton Global primary production • Unicellular algae and cyanobacterial component of the plankton • 50% of global photosynthesis • Some major algal groups – Diatoms – Dinoflagellates – coccolithophores

• Most protists are unicellular – but some are colonial or multicellular

Fig. 28-03

• Protists, the most nutritionally diverse of all • Protist habitats are also diverse eukaryotes, include • And including freshwater and marine – Photoautotrophs , which contain chloroplasts species – Heterotrophs , which absorb organic molecules • Both sexual and asexual species or ingest larger food particles – Mixotrophs , which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stramenopiles: Diatoms • Diatoms are a major component of • Diatoms are unicellular algae phytoplankton and are highly diverse • two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica • Fossilized diatom walls make diatomaceous earth

Dinoflagellates • Dinoflagellates – Most species live in marine environment – Mostly photosynthetic, some can ingest particles – Each species has unique shape reinforced by plates of polysaccharide (like cellulose) – Two flagella in grooves on body that produce motion – Some are bioluminescent http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =EN1Yxq8K Msw – http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =T2xh9 - UPSlU&feature=related

• Ceratium-dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates occur in enormous numbers in the ocean, particularly in tropical waters and display a huge diversity of form. The large protrusions seen on this Ceratium-dinoflagellate are used for protection against predators.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dinoflagellates Algal Blooms • Dinoflagellates • Diatoms and dinoflagellates can go through periods of rapid growth known as “blooms ” – Zooxanthellae are important dinoflagellates that live in a symbiotic relationship with corals, • This is a result of high levels of nutrients in the sea anemones and other organisms (many of water these host organisms have little or no growth without their symbiotic partner) • These blooms can be harmful to marine organisms and even people at times

Algal bloom southern England Coccolithophore bloom Bering Sea

Red tides - dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates – A few species lack chloroplasts and live as parasites in marine organisms – Some species can reproduce in larger numbers and produce “Red Tide ” (read “Red Tides and Harmful Algal Blooms, pg. 338) – Pfiesteria is a dinoflagellate that produces very serious toxins that can cause massive fish kills, harm shellfish and impair the nervous system in humans. – Pfiesteria was discovered near the Outer Banks in North Carolina

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – Coccolithophores • Ornate shells of calcium carbonate

Brown Algae • Brown algae are the largest and most complex • Brown algae include many species commonly algae called seaweeds • All are multicellular, and most are marine • Seaweeds have complex multicellular anatomy- thallus Blade • But lack true roots, leaves and stems

Stipe

Holdfast

Human Uses of Seaweeds • Giant seaweeds • Important commodities and many are called kelps live in harvested for food deep parts of the ocean • Up to 60m (120ft)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alginate • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUfA3W62P • Red algae and green algae are the closest Ek&feature=fvsr relatives of land plants Chapter 27 Chapter 28 • Alginic acid (alginate) is used as a thickener in ) rown algae) rown Red algae Red Chlamydias Spirochetes Chlorophytes Euglenozoans Cyanobacteria Korarchaeotes Proteobacteria the food industry as well as getting fats into Charophyceans Gram-positive bacteria Gram-positive suspension in water (emulsifier) radiolarians Cercozoans, Diplomonads, parabasalids Diplomonads, • Alginate is a polysacharide from kelps that Euryarchaeotes, crenarchaeotes, nanoarchaeotes crenarchaeotes, Euryarchaeotes, absorbs lots of water. When it is exposed to Alveolates ciliates apicomplexans, (dinoflagellates,

calcium it forms fibers that separate from algae, b Stramenopiles golden diatoms, molds, (water water.

Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya

– i.e. youtube video, “apple caviar” Domain Bacteria

Universal ancestor

Red Algae • Red algae and green algae are the closest • Red algae are reddish due to an accessory relatives of land plants pigment which masks the green of chlorophyll

Red algae

ANCESTRAL Viridiplantae Chlorophytes ALGA Streptophyta Charophytes Plantae

Embryophytes Fig. 29-4

Red Algae Green Algae • Red algae are reddish due to an accessory • Green algae pigment – Are named for their grass-green chloroplasts • Most multicellular- largest are seaweeds – Are divided into two main groups: chlorophytes • Abundant large algae in coastal waters of the and charophyceans

tropics (b) Dulse (Palmaria palmata). This edible species has a “leafy” form. • Charophycean are closely related to land

(c) A coralline alga. The cell walls of coralline algae are hardened by calcium plants (later) carbonate. Some coralline algae are members of the biological communities around coral reefs.

(a) Bonnemaisonia hamifera. This red alga Figure 28.28a–c has a filamentous form.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Most chlorophytes • Chlorophytes include – Live in fresh water, although many are marine – Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms 20 µm 50 µm

(a) Volvox, a colonial freshwater chlorophyte. The colony is a hollow • Other chlorophytes ball whose wall is composed of hundreds or thousands of biflagellated cells (see inset LM) embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm; if isolated, these cells cannot reproduce. The large colonies seen here will eventually release the small “daughter” colonies within – Live in damp soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in them (LM). snow

(b) Caulerpa, an inter- tidal chlorophyte. The branched fila- ments lack cross-walls and thus are multi- nucleate. In effect, the thallus is one huge “supercell.”

(c) Ulva, or sea lettuce. This edible seaweed has a multicellular thallus differentiated into leaflike blades and a rootlike holdfast Figure 28.29 that anchors the alga against turbulent waves and tides.

Green Algae Chapter 31 • Green algae Fungi – Charophycean are closely related to land plants

Mighty Mushroom • Concept 31.1: Fungi are heterotrophs that feed • Fungi exhibit diverse lifestyles by absorption – Decomposers – Break down organic material and recycle nutrients • Exo-enzymes break down and absorb http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=4N_V6FdB nonliving organic material 3qQ http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=VhVcKWE 00j0 http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=8s_fpRUqp uE&feature=related

Figure 31.1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Structure • Fungi exhibit diverse lifestyles • The morphology of multicellular fungi – Parasites – Enhances ability to absorb nutrients • Absorb nutrients from living host – Chitin Reproductive structure. The mushroom produces tiny cells called spores.

– Mutualistic symbionts Hyphae. The mushroom and its subterranean mycelium are a continuous network of hyphae. • Absorb from host but also have beneficial function for host Hyphae Spore-producing structures

20 µm