AAPG Studies in Geology #46

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E. H. Gierlowski-KordeschEdited by and

K.R.Kelts

AAPG Studies in Geology #46

Published by The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Tu lsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A. Printed in the U.S.A.

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The geology of lake basins was a popular subject in processes. The aim has been to discover global com the last century, fired by interest in the discoveries dur monalities among the processes and patterns of lacus ing the exploration of the American West. G.K. Gilbert trine deposits through time and space, rather than to (1890) recognized climate, tectonic, and sediment facies emphasize the regional peculiarities. A detailed strategy implications from the shorelines of vast paleolake for global lacustrine comparisons and differentiation Bonneville, 300 m above the modern Great Salt Lake. from marine features is presented in an earlier IGCP The Fortieth Parallel Survey under Clarence King dis compilation (Gierlowski-Kordesch and Kelts, 1994). covered the extensive lacustrine deposits of the Eocene The science of limnogeology is of importance to Green River Formation that have become the archetypal petroleum geology. Although not every limnic deposit model of a giant ancient lake basin and oil-shale deposit. is an exploration target, a comprehensive understand W.H. Bradley's lifelong study of a wide diversity of geo ing of diverse lacustrine environments of deposition science problems based on the Green River Formation can help exploration strategies. The multi-dimensional of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado established a role lacustrine matrix is confusing. Simplifying models such model that helps define the discipline of limnogeology as the Over-, Under-, Balance-Fill model of Bohacs et al. (McKelvey, 1983). His interests ranged from the basinal (this volume) are based on a broad comparative tectonic structure and geologic history, to paleoenviron approach to provide a clearer framework for the inter mental reconstructions, stratigraphy, paleogeography, pretation, for example, of lacustrine seismic sequence paleoclimate, solar and orbital rhythms, nonmarine stratigraphy. Much as the discovery of extensive car paleontology, algae and microbial paleoecology, organic bonate reservoirs in the Middle East stimulated basic geochemistry, carbonate petrology, hydrothermal activi research on dolomitization, an increasing awareness of ty, diagenesis, the evolution of saline brines and miner hydrocarbons from lacustrine basins poses new ques als, and, of course, the origin of the kerogen. tions about the fundamental processes controlling lake This book builds on the experience of an internation facies, showing the need for better actualistic models. A al group of limnogeology enthusiasts. In 1984, an IGCP result of compiling the geologic record of lake basins project 219 (International Geological Correlation shows a correlation of greater hydrocarbon potential Program) began to galvanize a resurgent interest in lake with certain time windows; those with the optimal cli basin geology, partly as a result of the recognition of mate concurrent with major transtensional shear or rift vast hydrocarbon potential sourced from lacustrine ing phases. The distribution of lakes in our present deposits, especially in China, the south Atlantic margin world is dominated by settings related to Pleistocene al basins, and southeast Asia (Fleet et al., 1988). The glaciation. During various geological time slices, climat activities of IGCP projects 219 and 324 brought together ic, tectonic, and physiographic conditions supported a loosely-organized, worldwide group of sedimentolo the long-term persistence of lacustrine giants covering gists to compile, compare, and understand the global thousands of square kilometers in tropical and subtrop geologic record of lake basins and their facies within a ical regions. We still lack an adequate understanding of paleogeographic context. A series of meetings and spe these ancient deposits and modern facies. Most lakes cial publications ensued Gierlowski-Kordesch and sequester organic carbon with high-quality petroleum Kelts, 1994); more recently(d. a meeting in Antifagasto, potential at rates far greater than most marine basins Chile, looked at lake facies in foreland basins (Cabrera (Kelts, 1988). Even Lake Superior, a dilute, low-produc and Saez, 1999). The IGCP projects evolved into the tivity, oligotrophic, clastic system, has Holocene muds International Association of Lirnnogeology (IAL), which with 1 percent TOC. Application of the Green River held its first congress in 1995 in Copenhagen ( N0e analog is consistent with evidence that many optimal Nygaard, 1998) followed by the second in Brest, France, lacustrine source rocks are associated with transitional, in 1999. The results of these meetings clearly confirm the closed-basin water chemistries, neither hypersaline nor original hypothesis that lacustrine deposits were much dilute but mesohaline with alkaline affinities. Anoxia is more common in the geologic record than perceived, helpful, but not a requirement as shown by well-mixed, and that their sediment facies contain a wealth of infor shallow, Lake Victoria sediments with 10-20 percent mation on regional environmental dynamics, paleocli TOC and hydrogen indices above 800 (Talbot, 1988). mate, and paleohydrology of the continents; endemic This volume is also complementary to an ongoing fauna and flora evolution; resource evaluation; and on IAL community effort to create a database of all lacus tectonic styles, basin formation, and early rifting trine basins and their deposits organized according to

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 geologic time and paleogeographic position, called the time-lacustrine record from Mongolia and several other Global Geological Record of Lake Basins (GGLAB). papers outline sequences from Junggar and Kazakhstan. This ambitious project is iterative and based on volun Investigations by various teams continue well-represented tary participation. As new investigations and sum across the Iberian penninsula, while the interests in the maries are published, these should encourage studies South Atlantic marginal basins remain high. Figure of other sequences with improved standards. We lack shows the spatial distribution of the basin investigations2 standard or traditional conventions and classifications reported by chapter number in thepresent volume, reflect to describe lake deposits. Investigators for GGLAB are ing current research of contributing limnogeologists. given guidelines and suggestions to encourage coher Precambrian sequences are poorly represented, partly ent presentations (see for example, the GGLAB legend, as a result of ongoing controversy over marine versus Figure 1). As the GGLAB database grows, more infor lacustrine facies, for example, from the Belt series of mation will become available on the distribution and North America, and partly froma lack of awareness by paleoenvironmental reconstructions from sequences for researchers. Our earlier hypothesis is yet untested that certain time intervals and continental configurations. relatively undeformed rift sediments from the Pre The basic GGLAB questionnaire for the database cambrian are likely relicts of intrashield rifting, and thus Gierlowski-Kordesch and Kelts, 1994) requires for each(d. likely to contain significant lacustrine deposits. Some of lake deposit: geographic region (10 choices), country, the oldest source rocks, for example from the Nonesuch region, formation or member name, latitude/longitude, Shale of the Midcontinent or within the MacArthur maximum and minimum size and area estimate, dating River basin of north Australia,Rift, may be indeed lacustrine method, age of deposit (Ma), tectonic setting, salinity facies (Gierlowski-Kordesch and Kelts, 1994). ranges, typical facies types, and environmental index The large Permian Pangea and Cretaceous Gondwana features, biota, organic matter type and percent, sedi provide plate tectonic settings for widespread lacustrine mentology, mineralogy, any isotopic or geochemical deposition, particularly during phases of continental information, complete references, an index map, and breakup. New views of the Junggar Basin of western simplified litho-stratigraphic section of the lake deposit. China are highlighted by two papers (Zhao and Tang, The objective is not to create a quantitative reduction for Wartes et al., this volume). In recent years, the upper mapmaking or facies distribution, but rather to spur Permian deposits of western China have become recog syntheses and comparisons with a meta-database that nized as among the true lacustrine giants, as large as the searches unique lacustrine sequences by name, age, and modern Caspian Sea. Similarly, thick sequences on location in a simple code system; for example: Ebro opposing margins would predict the entire basin is Basin/Cz, Mio/EUR, E, for Miocene gypsum and chalk underlain by contiguous source rocks. The middle deposits of the Spanish Ebro Basin. Green River Laney Jurassic is another period with significant lacustrine Shale is coded simply as Cz, Eo/NA, This helps deposition in basinal facies (Green et al., this volume) cor WY. users zoom in on literature references because typically responding to times with widespread humid lake envi lacustrine studies are basin-oriented. Participating in the ronments across China (eg., Buatois et al., this volume). database concept helps guide investigators toward a Tanner (this volume) presents a stratigraphic view of coherent perspective. Because of the inherent dynamics the Fundy Basin as a representative of extensive lacus in lake environments, it is usually not possible to simply trine strata in numerous Triassic-Jurassic basins along assign a lake sequence a designation such as "fresh," the eastern North America and North Africarift to southern "organic-rich," or "evaporite." Such deposits may exist Europe. These are all linked with the early opening of the in many sequences, perhaps only centimeters apart. We North Atlantic. Early Jurassic alkaline lake deposits of strive to have consistent conventions. For example, we Namibia (Stollenhofen et al., this volume) add new evi have suggested lithologic/biotic symbols in the dence for the connection of flood basalts with rifting of GGLAB legend (Figure 1). Age designations follow the Karoo deposits across southern Africa. 1986 Geological Society of America DNAG time scale. The Early Cretaceous is an interval preserving wide The volume presents 60 new basin summaries, spread lacustrine deposits, particularly in relation to essentially volume of the Global Geological Record of the break-up of Gondwana. Lacustrine rift facies Lake Basins, following2 a similar format and organiza extend along the marginal basins of the South Atlantic, tion for the first volume compilation of 70 other basin and along southern Australia, India, and likely summaries (Gierlowski-Kordesch and Kelts, 1994). The Antarctica. In addition, oil exploration has given evi introductory chapter by Bohacs et al. (this volume) dence of widespread intraplate rift lakes across Africa reviews basic features of lake systems and presents a and South America that appear to cease activity around new unifying model to guide basin sequence and seis the late Aptian when ocean spreading was in full swing mic exploration. The intervening years between the in the South Atlantic. Many of the detailed reports on two volumes reflect the beginning fruits of exploration these lacustrine deposits have yet to be published, nor in central Asia. Sladen (this volume) synthesizes the do we have a comprehensive synthesis evaluating the

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 interconnections among these basins with similar patterns. Detailed investigations can critically evaluate lacustrine sequence stratigraphy in the Cretaceous or evidence and differentiation of solar, orbital, or tectonic Permian of Gondwana. A first such attempt correlates rhythms. New tools are needed for age dating, global the Permian in Namibia and Brazil (Stollhofen et al., correlations, and a better understanding of lacustrine this volume). Summaries for the Lower Cretaceous flora and faunal evolutionary processes, endemism, and Brazilian margin range from the NE Araripe-Potiguar paleoecological distribution. How important have lacus basins (Mabesoone et al., this volume), a study of deep trine giants been as incubators of evolution? Applications water lacustrine facies in the Reconcavo rift (da Silva et of environmental isotopes and organic biomarkers will al., this volume), and the more southerly Campos Basin be increasingly used to reconstruct paleoclimate, paleo stratigraphy and facies (Rangel and Carminatti; de hydrologic, and paleoenvironmental scenarios, but these Carvalho et al., this volume) are included. must still be carefully calibrated with understanding of Early Cretaceous lacustrine facies are also an important modernlake processes and sedimentologic facies context. part of the Iberian basins, for example Soria et al., Ostracodes are becoming the "foraminifera of the conti Melendez and Gomez-Fernandez, and Soria et al.,Liesa et nent" providing a mainly benthic microfossil that al., volume) and the unique lacustrine Lagerstatten archives precise environmental information with taxono fauna(this of the Hoyas Basin (Fregenal et al., this volume). my, shell structure, trace element geochemistry, and sta Late Cretaceous lacustrine deposits tend to be shallow, ble isotopes of carbon and oxygen. They are also excel calcareous faciesin Spain and southernFrance (Cojan, this lent archives of strontium isotopic ratios that can be used volume). Several have the potential of a section crossing to trace the hydrologic continuity of lacustrine giants. the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in a lacustrine facies, Each lake can be viewed as a natural experiment with one of the Holy Grails left to test for evidence of KIT lacustrine lessons (models) of clastic, chemical, and bio impact consequences. New sites are described from near genic processes. Much remains to be learned about the Hong Kong (Owen, th is volume), Argentina (Palma, this microbial processes, components, and diagenesis, for the volume), and Kazakhstan (Lucas et al., this volume). wide range of chemistry, concentrations, and pH values Cenozoic deposits are, of course, best represented in found in lakes. Many modern lakes present extreme the geologic record and extensive on all the continents, microbial habitats of interest to researchers of linked, for example, with the translational megashearing Precambrian origins of life, deep biosphere, methanogen of eastern China, transtension in southeast Asia, Basin esis, and Type I lacustrine kerogen. and Range tectonics of western North America, and Lacustrine sequence comparisons and correlations, nonmarine basins from active tectonic regions of the cir both seismic and drilled, provide critical insight into cum-Mediterranean across Turkey and through central the tectonic mechanisms, timing, and vectors of early Asia. These illustrate more diverse environments and stage continental rifting. Developments continue include smaller basins or even crater lake deposits. toward better facies models that differentiate tectonic Quaternary and modern lakes are of particular impor and climatic signals. A major goal continues to better tance for paleoclimate reconstructions, although they also tie nonmarine paleoenvironmental records closer to offer a wide spectrum of facies examples for petroleum coeval marine history and paleogeography. exploration, for instance the Lake Bogoria environment The record of lake deposits will see increasing utility of East Africa (Renaut et al., this volume). The study of to test global to regional climate models for past plate lacustrine sequences of the Olorgesailie Formation of the configurations. Surface paleohydrology patterns on the southern Kenya rift (Owen and Renaut, this volume) continents can be complex however. Confusion is illustrates a frontier direction of linking the evolution of bound to arise for situations such as in the modern hominids with oscillating environmental pressures. Caspian Sea, which sits in a rather extreme desert, sus Basic data-gathering is still progressing around the tained as a brackish water body only by the long dis world and will continue well into the next millennium. tance river input from the Volga River draining north The number of deposits awaiting further investigation is ern latitudes. The modern analogy extends to other awesome. The reader can imagine that the examples in examples in the Near East where large freshwater lakes this volume present only a small selection of the deposits such as Sevran coexist near large, shallow, saline lakes worldwide. We estimate conservatively that some 1500 such as Urmia and the largest and deepest soda-lake basins are known from literature, but only a limited Van. Their deposits thus archive the signatures of the number have adequate investigations for a coherent regional geology and topography. overview, including diagenesis studies. Viewed with an integrated, holistic, system perspec Parallel with the patterns emerging from regional tive, the investigation of modern and ancient lake basins basin studies, numerous basic geoscience questions can and sequences promises lively challenges to geoscien be pursued with an awareness and access to appropriate tists for the next century. We caution only to view these sediment sequences. Many lake sequences have charac deposits fully cognizant of differences in processes and teristic annual to rnillennial-scale rhythms and life-cycle principles between marine and lacustrine systems.

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdfv by guest on 26 September 2021 LITHOLOGIC SYMBOLS-SILICICLASTICS Pyrite Py LITHOLOGIC SYMBOLS-CARBONATES MINERALOGYAnalcime Ac Siderite Sd Shales Anhydrite Limestone (micrites, wackestones) Anh Sphalerite - Ankerite Ak Sulfur Zn Oil Shales � Limestones (packstones, grainstones) � Aragonite Ar - Sylvite Sys l authigenic Feldspar aF Tachyhydrite Siltstones � Limestones (algal bindstones, algal � authigenic Quartz aQ Thenardite Thy reefs, stromatolitic Is., bioherms) Barite Ba Trona The Sandstones c:=J. � Bischofite Bioclastic limestones Bis Uranium Tr Bloedite Blo 1:.:::,:�··::·,:11 Vivianite Vivu Mudstones, claystones � Burkeite Silty/sandy limestones Bur Zeolite Carnallite ern z Bioturbated mudstones c:::::=J Limestones breccias �. Celestite Ce Chert Ch Grain-supported conglomerates 555] Limestone conglomerates � Copper Cu Bentonite Ben . Corrensite Cor .c.J..AYS. Matrix-supported conglomerates �. Chlorite Chi Dolomite � Dawsonite Daw Illite Ill . J. Diatomite Diat Breccias � Tufa, travertine Kaolinite Kao � � Dolomite Dol Smectite Sm Chalk Epsomite Ep Sand 1��1 Sepiolite Sep Galena Gl Palygorskite ��ol Marlstone Gaylussite Gay Pgk Silt � � Glauberite Gla h>1�/l Soft carbonate ooze Gypsum Mud r:=J. � Gyp - (75-1 00% carbonate) Halite Hal Hard Coal HD Gravel .... high Mg-calcite h-cc QQAb � Marl (2 0-75% carbonate) � Anthracite AT � Iron Fe Humic Coal HU . . Lead Pb � � Sapropelic Coal, LITHOLOGIC SYMBOLS low Mg-calcite I-cc MISCELLANEOUS Cannel Coal, Boghead Magadiite Ma For more precise data- so ::: Magnesite Mag Crystalline basement Lignite, brown coal . add abbreviation of method Marcasite Mr plus classification value: Mirabilite Volcanics lm:ml Mir I= International System Coal Nahcolite Nah F= Fixed Carbon Nickel Ni B=BTU/lb. Tuff, ash Diatomite - Phosphate Ph C= Kcal!kg Pirssonite l0o0o0 I Pir Evaporites Halite � Varves (Example: Hard Coal - Class 7 of International System= HD 17) Gypsum � Loess �

Chert 1=�=1 ' 1:0�::1 .... Hal, Sy, Bis,� Tr, Gyp, Gla, Thy, etc. � Zeolite, Phosphate,E;3J Pyrite, Dolomite, e z Figure 1. GGLAB Legend: suggested legend symbols for lithology, sedimentary structures, fossils, and mineral abbreviations for use in geologic columns.

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Pyrite, marcasite nodules Figure Continued. SEDIMENTARY SYMBOLS concretions 1. & Siderite nodules concretions

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Figure Global distribution of lacustrine basins presented in this volume by chapter numbers. 2.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeo ecology, v. 151, no. 1-3, 239 p. This volume is a group effort to increase our Fleet, A., K. Kelts, and M. Talbot, eds., 1988, Lacustrine knowledge of the richness and diversity of lacustrine petroleum source rocks, Geological Society deposits preserved in the geologic record. The entire Special Publication, v.40, 391 p. compilation, reviewing, and editing depended on Gierlowski-Kordesch, E., and K. Kelts, eds., 1994, Global voluntary work without benefit of specific grants. We geological record of lake basins, v. 1, much appreciate efforts of the manuscript reviewers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 427 p. a long list that includes most authors. Further, we Gilbert, G.K., 1890, Lake Bonneville, USGS Monograph 1. gladly acknowledge the multiple review contribu Kelts, K., 1988, Environments of deposition of lacustrine tions of Keddy Yemane, Michael Talbot, Llufs petroleum source rocks: an introduction, in A. Cabrera, Paul Buchheim, Dorothy Sack, Greg Nadon, Fleet, K. Kelts, and M. Talbot, eds., Lacustrine Bill Last, John Parnell, Lisa E. Park, Martin Gibling, petroleum source rocks, Geological Society and Dan Textoris. Alan Carroll kindly compiled Special Publication, v. 40, p. 3-26. Figure 2. Thanks to everyone who contributed to the McKelvey, V.E., 1983, Wilmont Hyde Bradley, April 4, publishing costs. We are particularly grateful to the 1899-April 12, 1979, Biographical memoirs, help and encouragement of AAPG and their editors National Academy of Science, v.54, p. 75-86. Ken Wolgemuth and Anne Thomas. Noe-Nygaard, N., ed., 1998, Limnogeology-research and methods in ancient and modern lacustrine Elizabeth Gierlowski-Kordesch basins, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Kerry Kelts Palaeoecology, v. 140, no.1-4, 478 p. 2000 Talbot, M., 1988, The origins of lacustrine source rocks: evidence from the lakes of tropical Africa, in A. REFERENCES Fleet, K. Kelts, and M. Talbot, (eds.), Lacustrine Cabrera, Ll. and A. Saez, eds., 1999, Ancient and recent petroleum source rocks, Geological Society lacustrine systems in convergent margins, Special Publication, v. 40, p. 20-43.

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LAKE BASINS THROUGH SPACE AND TIME

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 About the Editors

Elizabeth H. Gierlowski-Kordesch Elizabeth H. Gierlowski-Kordesch is an associate professor of geological sci ences at Ohio University (1989-present). She received a B.A. honors degree (1978) in geophysical sciences from the University of Chicago and an M.S. degree (1982) and Ph.D. (1985) in geological sciences from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. She then spent some time in Germany learning the language as well as the geology of Europe and won a post-doctoral position at the Institut fiir Paliiontologie at the Freie Universitiit of Berlin from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1986-1988). Dr. Gierlowski-Kordesch's research has always centered on limnogeology, especially the sedimentology of lake basin deposits. Her doctoral research detailed the sedimentology of the East Berlin Formation of the Hartford basin (Newark Supergroup) while her post-doctoral research centered on the non marine carbonate deposits of the Weald (Lower Cretaceous) of central Spain. Her more recent research involves the lacustrine/palustrine limestones within the Pennsylvanian cyclothems of the northern Appalachian basin and the car bonates of the Newark Supergroup. As one of the founders of the International Association of Limnogeology (IAL), Dr. Gierlowski-Kordesch has been involved in the Global Geological Record of Lake Basins (GGLAB) database and book series project from its inception through ICGP Project 219: Comparative Lacustrine Sedimentology in Space and Time and IGCP Project 324: Global Paleoenvironmental Archives in Lacustrine Systems Kerry R. Kelts Kerry R. Kelts is a professor in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Minnesota and has been director of the Limnological Research Center from 1990 to 2000. He has a B.A. in geophysics from the University of California (1967), and a Diplom (1970) and Ph.D. (1978) in geolo gy from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH), where he developed a comprehensive program of lake sediment studies inspired by par ticipation in three Deep Sea Drilling Legs (33, 51, 53). Following postdoctoral research on the Gulf of California (Leg 64) with the Deep Sea Drilling Project (1978-1980) and a fellowship at the University of Paris (1982), he continued as lecturer at ETH-Ziirich where he initiated IGCP Project 219: Comparative Lacustrine Sedimentology in Space and Time. Dr. Kelts has been influential in recognizing the significance of lacustrine source rocks for hydrocarbon explo ration, first with studies of South Atlantic marginal basins, then by organizing a special conference of the Geological Society of London (1985) on lacustrine petroleum source rocks, and finally in spearheading a strategic industry report on exploration of lacustrine basins in Africa, in addition to regular research expeditions in China from 1984-1993. He was the director of the Geology Group at the Swiss Federal Institute of Water Resources (1985-1988) and the first director of the National Climate Program of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (1988-1990). Dr. Kelts is currently the W. H. Bradley fellow and President of the International Association of Limnogeology (IAL) and author of over 85 scientific publications. He received the 1993 outstanding publication award from the Association of Earth Science Editors for the book "Climate Our Future?"

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Preface iii ...... Section I Selected Topics Chapter l Lake-Basin Type, Source Potential, and Hydrocarbon Character: An Integrated Sequence-Stratigraphic-Geochemical Framework ...... 3 K. Bohacs , A. Carroll , J. E. Nede, and P. J. Mankirowicz Chapter Lake Development2 During the Evolution of Mongolia ...... 35 C. Sladen and J.J. Traynor .. . Chapter 3 Cenozoic Lacustrine Deposits of the IIi Basin, Southeastern Kazakhstan ...... 59 S. C. Lucas, B.Zh. Aubekerov, A.K. Dzharnangaraeva, B.U. Bayshashov, and L.A. Tyutkova

Section II Carboniferous to Permian Chapter 4 Temporary Desert Lakes in the Lower Permian (Rotliegendes) of Southern Scotland, U.K...... 67 M.E. Brookfield . .

Chapter 5 Late Permian Playa Lake Deposits of the Southern Permian Basin ...... 75 R. Gaupp, R. Cast, and C. Forster Chapter 6 The Gai-As Lake System, Northern Namibia and Brazil ...... 87 H. Stollhofen, I.G. Stanistreet, R. Rohn, F. Holzforster, and A. Wa. nke

Section III Permian-Triassic to Jurassic

Chapter 7 Lacustrine Deposits of Upper Permian Pingdiquan Formation in the Kelameili Area of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China ...... 111 Zhao Xiafei and Tang Zhonghua Chapter 8 Permian Lacustrine Deposits of Northwest China ...... 123 M. A. Wa rtes, A.R. Carroll, T.J. Greene, Chang Kerning,. and Hu. Ting. Chapter9 Triassic Lacustrine Sedimentation from the Tanzhuang Formation, Jiyuan-Yima Basin, Southeastern China ...... 133 M.G. Mangano, L.A. Buatois, Wu Xiantao, Sun Junrnin,and Zhang. Guocheng Chapter 10 Sedimentology and Paleogeography of the Middle Jurassic Qiketai Formation, Turpan-Hami Basin, Northwest China ...... 141 T.J. Greene, A.R. Carroll, M.S. Hendrix, Cheng Kerning,.. and Zeng Xiao Ming Chapter 11 The Todilto Salina Basin, Middle Jurassic of the U.S. Southwest ...... 153 S. C. Lucas and Anderson O.f.

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Chapter 12 Triassic-Jurassic Lacustrine Deposition in the Fundy Basin, Eastern Canada ...... 159 L.A. Tanner

Chapter 13 Early Jurassic Rift Valley-Related Alkaline Lake Deposits Interbedded with Karoo Flood Basalts, Southern Namibia ...... 167 H. Stollhofen, I.G. Stanistreet, and S. Gerschiitz

Chapter 14 Lacustrine Carbonates of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, Western Interior), East-Central Colorado, USA ...... 181 S. P. Dunagan . . .

Chapter 15 Jurassic Lake Deposits from the Anyao Formation, Jiyan-Yima Basin, Central China ...... 18 9 L.A. Buatois, M.G. Mangano, Wu Xiatao, and Zhang Guocheng . .

Section IV Early to Middle Cretaceous

Chapter 16 Late Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous Lacustrine Sequences in the Araripe-Potiguar Depression of Northeastern Brazil ...... 197 ].M. Mabesoone, M.S.S. Vianna, and V.H. Neumann

Chapter 17 Syn-Rift Lacustrine Deep-Water Deposits: Examples from the Berriasian Sandy Strata of the Reconcavo Basin, Northeastern Brazil ...... 209 H.T. F. da Silva, ].M. Caixeta, L.P. Magnavita, and C.P. Sanches . ...

Chapter 18 Rift Lake Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Feia Formation, Campos Basin, Brazil ...... 225 H.D. Rangel and M. Carminatti Chapter 19 Bioclastic Carbonate Lacustrine Facies Models in the Campos Basin (Lower Cretaceous), Brazil ...... 245 M.D. de Carvalho, U.M. Prac;a,A. C. da Silva-Telles, Jr., R. ]. ]ahnert, and ].L.Dias . Chapter 20 The Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Basin (Northeastern Spain) ...... 257 A.R. Soria, A. Melendez, C.L. Liesa, M. Aurell, N.Melendez, and ]. C. Gomez- Fernandez. . Chapter 21 Continental Deposits of the Eastern Cameros Basin (Northern Spain) During the Tithonian-Berrasian Time ...... 263 N. Melendez and ]. C. Gomez-Fernandez . . Chapter 22 A Coastal Lacustrine System in the Lower Barremian from the Oliete Subbasin, Central Iberian Range, Northeastern Spain ...... 279 A. Melendez , A.R. Soria, and M. Melendez . Chapter 23 Early Cretaceous Lacustrine Systems of the Aguilon Subbasin Central Iberian Range, Northeastern Spain ...... 285 N. Melendez, A.R. Soria, A. Melendez, M. Aurell , and.. C.L. Liesa· . . . Chapter 24 Lacustrine Evolution in a Basin Controlled by Extensional Faults: The Calve Subbasin, Teruel, Spain ...... 295 C.L Liesa, A.R. Soria, and N.M. Melendez.

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Chapter 25 The Lacustrine Fossiliferous Deposits of the Las Hoyas Subbasin (Lower Cretaceous, Serranfa de Cuenca, Iberian Ranges, Spain) ...... 303 M.A Fregenal Martinez and N. Melendez

Section V Late Cretaceous to Paleocene

Chapter 26 Upper Cretaceous and Early Paleocene Lacustrine Episodes in the Provence Basin, South France ...... 317 I. Cojan .

Chapter 27 Lacustrine Facies in the Upper Cretaceous Balbuena Subgroup (Salta Group): Andina Basin, Argentina ...... 323 R.M. Palma ......

Chapter 28 Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Continental and Lacustrine Basins of Hong Kong and Southeast China ...... 329 R.B. Owen

Chapter 29 Upper Cretaceous-Cenozoic Lacustrine Deposits of the Zaysan Basin, Eastern Kazakhstan ...... 335 S.G. Lucas, R.J. Emry, V. Chkhikvadse,. B. Bayshashov, L.A. Ty utkova, P.A. Tleuberdina, and A. Zhangara

Section VI Eocene

Chapter 30 Late Bartonian (Eocene) Lacustrine Limestones of the Touraine Basin, France ...... 343 L. Rasplus and F. Menillet .

Chapter 31 Lacustrine Limestone and Tufas in the Chadron Formation, (Late Eocene) Badlands of South Dakota, U.S.A...... 349 J.E. Evans and L.C. Welzenbach

Chapter 32 Lacustrine Facies in an Eocene Wrench-Fault Step-Over Basin, Cascade Range, Washington, U.S.A...... 359 J.E. Evans

Chapter 33 The Upper Eocene Bembridge Limestone Formation, Hampshire Basin, England ...... 369 B. Daley, N. Edwards, and I. Armenteros .

Section VII Oligocene-Miocene

Chapter 34 Lacustrine Oligocene Basins in Southern Provence, France ...... 381 D. Nury

Chapter 35 The Calcaire du Berry, Paris Basin, France ...... 389 F. Menillet and L. Rasplus

Chapter 36 Neogene Lacustrine Deposits of the North-Central Ebro Basin, Northeastern Spain ...... 395 C. Arenas and G. Pardo......

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Chapter 37 Sedimentology and Evolution of a Paleogene-Neogene Shallow Carbonate Lacustrine System, Ebro Basin, Northeastern Spain ...... 407 A. Luzon and A. Gonzalez

Chapter 38 The Oligocene-Miocene Calcaires de Beauce (Beauce Limestones), Paris Basin, France ...... 417 F. Menillet and N. Edwards

Chapter 39 Upper Eocene and Lacustrine Deposits of the Southeastern United States with Emphasis on the Creede and Florissart Formation ...... 425 D. Larsen

Section VIII Miocene-Pliocene

Chapter 40 The Middle Miocene Son Verdera Lacustrine-Palustrine System (Santa Margalida Basin, Mallorca) ...... 441 E. Ramos, I. Berrio, J.J. Forn6s, and L. Moragues

Chapter 41 Alluvial and Lacustrine Facies of Yeni<;ubukFormation (Lower-Middle Miocene), Upper Kizilirmak Basin, Tiirkiye ...... 449 I. Tiirkmen and I. E. Kerey

Chapter 42 Miocene and Pliocene Diatomaceous Lacustrine Sediments of the Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Central Kenya Rift ...... 46 5 R.B. Owen and R. W. Renaut

Chapter 43 The Shanwang Basin (Miocene) in Shandong Province, Eastern China ...... 473 Hong Ya ng

Chapter 44 Miocene-Pliocene Lacustrine and Marginal Lacustrine Sequences of the Furnace Creek Formation, Furnace Creek, and Central Death Valley Basins, Death Valley Region, U.S.A...... 481 L.H. Tanner

Chapter 45 Northern Teruel Graben (Neogene), Northeastern Spain ...... 491 A.M. Alonso-Zarza, ].P. Calvo, ]. van Dam, and L. Alcala

Chapter 46 Neogene Lacustrine Systems of the Southern Teruel Graben (Spain) ...... 497 P. Anad6n, F. Ortf, and L. Rosell

Chapter 47 Pliocene Lacustrine Deposits of the Tiberino Basin (Umbria, Central Italy) ...... 505 G. Basilici

Section IX Quaternary

Chapter 48 Pleistocene Carbonate Lacustrine Deposits: Sulmona Basin (Central Apennines, Italy) ...... 517 G.P. Cavinato and E. Miccadei

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3835698/9781629810713_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Chapter 49 Two Lacustrine Episodes During the Late Pliocene-Holocene Evolution of the Rieti Basin (Central Apennines, Italy) ...... 527 G.P. Cavinato, E. Gliozzi, and I. Mazzini

Chapter 50 FloodplainLake Deposits on an Early Pleistocene Alluvial Plain (Tiberino Basin, Central Italy) . . 535 G. Basilici ......

Chapter 51 A Lower-Middle Pleistocene Lacustrine System in Late Evolutionary Stages of the Sant' Arcangelo Basin (Southern It aly) ...... 543 L. Sabato

Chapter 52 Spatial and Temporal Facies Variations in the Pleistocene Olorgesailie Formation, Southern Kenya Rift Valley ...... 553 R.B. Owen and R.W. Renaut......

Chapter 53 Lake Baringo, Kenya Rift Valley, and its Pleistocene Precursors ...... 561 R. W. Renaut, J.-J. Tiercel in, and R.B. Owen

Chapter 54 The Laguna de Babicora Basin: A Late Quaternary Paleolake in Northwestern Mexico ...569 J. Ortega-Ramfrez and J. Urrutia- Facugauchi

Chapter 55 Quaternary Lacustrine Ostracoda from Northern Patagonia: A Review . 581 R. C. Whatley and G. C. Cusminsky ......

Chapter 56 Late Pliocene and Pleistocene Searles Lake, California, U.S.A...... 591 G.I. Smith

Chapter 57 Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Hydrochemistry of Bristol Dry Lake, California, U.S.A...... 597 M.R. Rosen

Chapter 58 Limnogeology of Lake Balaton (Hungary) 605 T. Cserny and E. Nagy-Bodor ......

Chapter 59 Sediment Records from Qilu Hu and Xingyun Hu, Yunnan Province, China: Late Pleistocene to Present . . . . . 619 M. Brenner, T.J. Whitmore, ...... Song Xueliang, and.... Long...... Ruihua ......

Chapter 60 Late Quaternary Deposition in the Chilean Altiplano (18Q- 28QS) ...... 625 B.L. Valero-Garces, M. Grosjean, B. Messerli, A. Schwalb, and K. Kelts

Index 636 ......

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