Middle Level
*rks. to make Skimming & to th* len Scanning n ber
OulSlC Jamestown’s Reading Improvement
Edward 13. Fry, Ph.D.
JAMESTOWN w PUBLISHERS
a division O/NTC/C'/OKem porary P u b l ish in g G r o u p Lincolnwooi, Illinois USA Contents
To the Student: Skimming 1 Lesson 1 Mammals in the Sea 3 fry Patricia Lauber 2 Energy from the Sun 7 fry Jeanne Bendick 3 Sleeping and Dreaming 11 by Alison Bell 4 Zoo 15 by Edward D. Hoch 5 Meet the President 18 by Paula N. Kessler and Justin Segal 6 The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe 22 by C. S. Lewis 7 Stargazing Basics 26 by John Mosley 6 The Strange Voyage of the Mary Celeste 29 by Stephen Mooser 9 Freshwater Fishing 32 with Jim Arnosky ie The Scientific Method 36 by Donna Voth
To the Student: Scanning 40 Lesson 1 Alphabetical Lists 43 2 Three-Letter Guide Words 45 3 Whole-Word Guide Words 47 Telephone Directories 49
!> Indexes 51
TV Listings 53
7 Bus Schedules 55 S Best-Seller Lists 57
9 Best-Seller Lists 59 10 Sports Tables 61 11 Buyer’s Guide Tables 63 12 Statistical Tables 65 13 Documents 67 14 Internet/Web Sites 69 IS CD-ROMS 71
Words-•per-Minute Table 72
Progress Graph: Skimming 73 1
*Ио the Student: Shimming
W hat 1$ Skimming? skinming; a skimming comprehension score oi 60 percent is a little better than average. Skimming is very fast reading. When you Speed Your skimming rate should be skim, you read to get the main ideas and a about twice as fast as your average reading few, but not all, o f the details. To skim rapidly, speed. If, for example, your average reading you must leave out parts o f an article or story. speed is 400 words per minute, you could Skimming is a very useful skill. It will allow achieve a skimming rate of 800 words per you to get information quickly from anything minute or better. you read. Knowing how to skim will make vou T he table below shows various reading a better reader. rate‘ o f a good reader. Notice that flexible Skimming versus Average Reading It is readers have three reading speeds: slow, important to note some basic differences a\erage, and fast. Each o f these speeds is between skimming and average reading. In ap'pi opriate for a specific type o f reading average reading you do not skip any material; matt rial. Note also that as reading speed you cover all o f the reading matter. In increases, comprehension decreases. skimming, however, it is fair to leave out material. In many cases you may leave out half or three-quarters of a paragraph if you H e w t о S k i m feel you’ve grasped the main idea. Comprehension Skimming also differs Wha: can you do to achieve an extremely fast from average reading in that your ra .e of skimming? What material should be left comprehension will be lower. In average oi.t? The following steps will help you increase reading you attempt to comprehend as much your skimming rate. as you can while reading at an average speed. Read the First Several Paragraphs. Suppose This usually means you will comprehend 70 you are skimming a factual article with several or 80 percent o f what you read. In skimming, thousand words. To get started, read all o f the your comprehension will be less. Fifty percent first several paragraphs in order to identify is a good average comprehension score for the topic o f the article, the subject, a little o f
Kind of Reading Adult Rate 5th Grade Rate Comprehension
Slow: Study reading speed is used 200 tc 75 to 80-90% when material is difficult or high 300 wpm 150 wpm comprehension is desired. Average: An average* reading speed is used 250 tc 125 to 70% for everyday reading of magazines, 500 wpm 250* wpm newspapers, and easier textbooks. Fast: Skimming is used when the highest rate 800+ 400+ 50% is desired. Comprehension is intentionally lower. wpm wpm * The fastest average rates are excellent reading rates and tend to occur after yoi have had some reading speed improvement training. 2 the author’s style, the author’s viewpoint, and for lost time. Note that the final paragraphs so on. Leave nothing out, but read at your often sumrr arize a story or article, so it may top speed. Frequently, an author will give an be worth while to read them more fully. introduction in the first few paragraphs; this Read Fast. Skimming must be done “against will help to give you an overall picture o f the clock.” That is, you must try to skim as fast the article. as you possibly can while leaving out large Leave Out Material. Once you have a general chunks o f material. Be careful to avoid getting overview of the article, you should begin to too interested in the subject or the story, since leave out material right away if you are to this might slow you down and cause you to achieve a high skimming rate. So, on the read unnecessary details. Remember that the fourth or fifth paragraph you may read only purpose of skimming is to get the author’s the key sentences to get the main idea and main ideas at a very fast speed. skip the rest o f the paragraph. Perhaps you will read the key sentences and let your eyes jump down through the paragraph, picking up one Hew tо U$e Vart 1: Skimming or two important words, phrases, or numbers. 1. Preview the selection by reading the title Find the Main Ideas. In skimming, try to get and no ;ing how it is organized. the main idea of every paragraph plus a few 2. Skim the selection. Look for main ideas facts. You cannot hope to pick up all the facts and details. in the article, but you might pick up some 3. Reccrd your reading time on the Reading facts, names, or numbers. Time line at the end of the selection. Sometimes the main idea will not be the 4. Concert your time to a words-per-minute first sentence in the paragraph. In some rate using the table on page 72. Record paragraphs the main idea is located in the your reading speed on the Reading Speed middle of a paragraph or at the end. You will line in the box. then have to spend some time looking for the 5. Complete the Comprehension Exercise. key sentence. Answer the questions without looking In addition, you may come to a paragraph back at the selection. Use the Answer Key that does not have a key sentence at all; that provided by your teacher to correct your is, the main idea is not summarized in any work. Record your score at the end o f the one sentence. You will have to look more lesson. closely to find several phrases or sentences 6. Record your comprehension scores and that give the main idea. You may even have to your r< wading speed on the Progress Graph read the entire paragraph in order to get its on page 73. meaning. However, if you read one paragraph 7. Pra( tic e daily. Make skimming a regular all the way through, you must then skim even part ofyour everyday reading activities. faster on the next few paragraphs to make up M am m al$ in the Sea by Patricia Lauber
Skim th is excerpt from Lauber’s nonfictioi book The Friendly Dolphine, looking for main ideas and a few details. When yo x finish, enter your reading time and speed in the box that follows the seleclloi.
dolphin looks more like a fish whalebone. The big whales strain their food than certain fish do. It has a smooth, out oi the sea through the baleen. streamlined body. It is an excellent swimmer. The other main branch o f the family is As its powerful tail moves up and down, the male up of Odontoceti, which means dolphin seems to flash through the water. “toothed whales.” There is only one giant in Like fish, dolphins are completely at home in this branch of the family— the sperm whale. the water. There they play, feed, sleep, and The other members are small whales, bear their young. Dolphins live in the sea and dolphins, and porpoises. can live only in the sea. Yet they are not fish. Dolphins and porpoises are very much If you watch a dolphin, you will see alike. In fact, they are so much alike that something that shows it is not a fish. A there is only one sure way to tell them apart. dolphin must come to the surface to breathe. That is by the shape o f their teeth. Porpoises Fish can take oxygen out o f the water. have spade-shaped teeth. Dolphins have cone- Dolphins cannot. Like us, they breathe with shaped teeth. lungs and must take their oxygen from the Because dolphins and porpoises are alike, air. And, like us, they are mammals. ma iy people call all o f them porpoises. (A Mammals are a large class o f animals second reason is that there is a large fish also with backbones. Mammals nurse their naned dolphin.) Other people prefer to use voung on milk. They are warm-blooded. both names—porpoise and dolphin. .Almost all mammals bear living young. And T1 ere are many kinds o f dolphins in the most o f them have hair. Dogs, cats, horses, sea, Anong the best known is the bottle cows, pigs, mice, monkeys, and bats are all nosed dolphin. This dolphin lives along mammals. We are mammals. So are coasts So it a familiar dolphin and one that dolphins and their close relatives, the scient sts have studied closely. whales and porpoises. A. bottle-nosed dolphin may be 7 to 11 feet Dolphins belong to a family that scientists Ion у and weigh 300 to 700 pounds. The call the Cetacea. The family has two main easies way to tell a bottle-nose is by its mouth. branches. When the mouth is closed, a bottle-nose One branch is made up of the world’s appears to be smiling. This is not a real smile giant whales. The scientific name for them is but ju>t a curve o f the mouth. The curving Mystacoceti, which means “mustache whales.” mo ith gives the dolphin a friendly look. And Mustache whales do not have teeth. Rather, bot:le noses are friendly. they have something like a huge mustache Like all Cetacea, dolphins are mammals of inside their mouths. This is baleen, or the se 1. Most mammals are land animals. So
3 4 perhaps it is not surprising to learn that selects the sheep with the shortest legs and dolphins and their relatives are descended breeds them. Their lambs tend to have short from land animals. Long ago, dolphin legs. Later :he farmer breeds the short-legged ancestors left the land for the sea. lambs ar d ^ets more lambs with even shorter We do not know why this happened. But legs. This vay the farmer can develop a race we do know that it happened 50 to 60 million of short-legged sheep. years ago. At that time the earth was very In the example, a person did the different from the earth we know today. The selecting. But such selecting also takes place land was different. Animals and plants were in nature. It is called natural selection. It different. And there were no human beings works this way. Among animals o f a kind, on Earth. some do better than others. They are better Among the animals was a kind that would fitted fcr life. In time, they come to be the becom e the dolphin we know. only an mils of their kind. The others have No one is sure exactly what kind o f animal died out. it was. But there is reason to think it was That is what happened with the dolphins. related to grass-eating animals like the cow. The dolphin ancestors were not all alike. Modern dolphins are fish-eaters. Yet their Some were better fitted for life in the water stomachs are like those of animals that eat than others. Perhaps they were slightly more plants. The makeup o f their blood is also like streamlined in shape; this is helpful for that o f grazing animals. moving, through water. Perhaps they had Nor is anyone sure what this early animal stronger rails; stronger tails are helpful for looked like. It may have looked a little like a swimming. pig— with four short legs, some hair, and a So :ertain dolphin ancestors were more head that came out into a snout. Set in the successful in the water. They swam better head were two small ears, two eyes, a nose, than the others. This meant that they caught and a mouth. more food and had fewer accidents. They The animal’s tail was probably like an lived longer and so had more young. The otter’s— thick and strong at the base. young tended to be like their parents. For some reason, this animal was drawn Little by little, the animal became the toward the water. It was drawn toward dolphin of today. swamps, rivers, and the sea, where it searched Here are just a few o f the changes that for food. Perhaps it was driven there by took pla:e. bigger, fiercer animals. We do not know. But The dolphin ancestor had four legs. But dolphin ancestors began to spend more and legs are not very helpful in the water. The more time in the water. The result was that modern dolphin has no legs. The front legs the animal form began to change. have become flippers, which are useful for This does not mean that any one animal steering. The flipper is a mitten o f flesh. changed. It means that the form o f the Inside, t hough, are the bones of a leg and animals changed over a very long time. foot. Hind legs were not needed at all. Only a The easiest way to understand what trace of them remains. The dolphin skeleton happened is to take a different example. has two bones that were once hip bones. Suppose a farmer wants short-legged sheep Kai" does not help a mammal that lives because they are easier to fence in. He or she only in the sea. Dolphins no longer have hair 5 on their bodies. Only one trace o f hair pinhole. The outside ear has disappeared. It remains. Baby dolphins are born with a few is no help in the water. bristly hairs on their snouts. These hairs soon With these changes, the mammal dolphin fall out. has become perfectly suited to a life in the The dolphin shape is now as streamlined sea. ■ as it can be. The tail is big, broad, and strong. The dolphin head has also changed. The \/ Record your reading time below. Then look head is drawn out into a beak. And the beak up your reading speed on the Words-per- is chiefly mouth— a fine fish-catcher. The Minute table on page 72. nose has become a blowhole on top of the Reading Time ______head. This makes it easier for a dolphin to breathe when it comes up for air. Dolphins Reading 5peed ______still have ears, but all that can be seen is a tiny 6
Comprehension. Put an X in the box next to the correct 8. According to the author, natural selection answer for each question or statement. Do means that not look back at the selection. EE i.. “people breed short-legged sheep.” El b. “all animals die sooner or later.” 1. Dolphins are animals that live ЕЕ с. “nature selects the animals best □ a. on land. fitted for life.” □ b. in the sea. □ c. in sea caves. 9. According to this selection, the ancestors 0 f the dolphins 2. Dolphins and porpoises are 1 a. never changed. □ a. mammals. Z b. were all exactly alike. □ b. fish. I <:. were each different in some way. □ c. reptiles. 10. Nowadays the body o f the dolphin S. Dolphins belong to a family of EE a. is perfectly suited to life in the sea. □ a. sheep. I b. needs to change to live better in the □ b. whales. sea. n c. cows. EE o. is changing back into a land animal. 4. The easiest way to identify a bottle-nose dolphin is by □ a. its mouth. Use the answer key provided by your □ b. the unusual shape o f its body. tsaoher to check your work. □ c. its larger size. ______Number of correct answers Ent?r your Reading Speed and your 5. A long time ago the dolphin’s ancestors Comprehension Score on the Progress probably lived Graph on page 73. □ a. only in the sea. □ b. only in lakes. □ c. on land all the time.
6. We know that dolphins were once probably grass eaters because o f the way □ a. their bodies are built. □ b. they make sounds. □ c. they eat.
7. The dolphin’s ancestors became dolphins ЬУ □ a. suddenly living in the water one day. □ b. spending more and more time in the water. □ c. growing into dolphins while on land. llnergу from th e $\xn by Jeanne dendick
Skim this chapter from a nonfiction book, looking for main ideas and a few details. When you finish, enter your reading time and speed in the boxes th at follow the selection.
Energy in one form or another Light energy from the sun was working on does all the work in the world. Where does all the beach too. It supplied the daylight. It lit this energy come from. Let’s find out. the earth and made the sand bright and the It’s a hot summer day, and you, vour water sparkling. family, and friends decide to drive to the The sun also supplied the energy’ that beach for a cookout. gre v the food you ate. When you get to the beach, the sand and Pk.nts use light energy from the sun to the rocks are so hot that they hurt your bare make food for themselves. The food is a kind feet. You put on sneakers in a hurry. The o f s agir. It is also a kind o f energy called water is so bright and shining in the sun that chemical energy. Green plants change light you can hardly look at it. energy from the sun into chemical energy. While the charcoal fire is starting to burn Pk nts use some o f that energy for in the cookout stove, everyone goes for a everyc.ay living and growing. They store the swim. The w^ater feels good— warm at the top, rest in their leaves and seeds, in fruit, roots, but cooler down around your toes. stens, and berries. A little wind is blowing when you come The salad and the corn, the rolls, fruit, out. The fire isn’t quite ready for cooking yet, and coffee all came from plants. You— and all so you play tag or read. animals— depend on plants for food. For lunch there are hot dogs, corn, salad, The charcoal you used for cooking began and rolls, sodas, fruit, and coffee for the as a plant too. Once, that charcoal was a adults. By the time the coffee water boils and living :ree that used sunlight to make food the corn and hot dogs are cooked, all the and then stored part of the food it made. The bathing suits are dry. So are the towels spread energy’ in this stored food remained, even out on the rocks in the sun. after tie tree died. You used that energy Lunch is good. Just as you are finishing, it when ' ou burned the charcoal. starts to rain, so you pack up and run. But The gasoline you used for driving to the nobody minds the rain. It will cool things off. bea :h began with energy from the sun too. It At the same time you were having fun at the was made from oil. beach, work was being done. Energy from the Oi is formed from the remains o f plants sun was doing the work. Heat energy from the and animals that lived on earth millions o f sun dried the towels. It heated the sand and the yeais e go. The remains o f ancient living rocks, the water, and the air. It even made the thir gs are called fossils. This is why oil is rain and the wind. Heat from the sun does call'd a fossil fuel. Coal and natural gas are small work and big work, all over the earth. foss.l fuels too.
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Oil. coal, and natural gas all hold the Suppose you were living in a cold place chemical energy that was stored in those and going to spend the winter in a cave. ancient plants and in the animals that ate the Would you choose a cave that faced the plants. When vou drive in a car it is that winter sun 01 a cave that faced away from it? stored energy that makes the car go. You might make the same choice if you Fossil fuels are easy to use. They are easy were building a house in a cold place. You :o store. They are easy to change into other would probably build the house so the winter forms of energy— heat, light, motion, sun would pcur in the windows to warm it. electricity’. They are so handy that people in People have been building houses that way many places around the earth use fossil fuels for a long time. to supply almost all the energy they need. Is it possible to catch still more of the Now fossil fuels are beginning to be used sun’s heat in a house? Yes. Some houses also up. That’s why people worry about running collect heat cn :he roof, move it indoors, out o f energy. store some, use some to make hot water, and But as long as the sun shines, the earth use the rest for heating. A house like that is will not run out o f energy. The sun pours called a solar house. more energy onto the earth than we can ever People who build solar houses have use. Most o f that energy comes to us as heat learned how to do those things by observing and light. Energy from the sun is called solar how the earth itself uses solar energy. energy. Remember the beach? Anything to do with the sun is called Remember the hot sand and the hot rocks? solar. The word comes from the Romans’ Some materials take in heat energy from word for sun and their god o f the sun, who the sun and hold it. They absorb the heat. was called Sol. Sand and rocks do this. So do some other Solar energy is a safe kind o f energy. It solid materials, such as metals. Water absorbs doesn’t make pollution or have dangerous the sun’s heat too. leftovers. That is why scientists and inventors Color can also be important. Dark, dull are experimenting with ways o f harnessing colors absorb heat. Light-colored, shiny the sun to do some o f the jobs fossil fuels surfaces reflect heat. They bounce it back. have been doing. That’s why dark clothes are warmer in the But to make the sun do work like that they winter and light-colored clothes are cooler in have to solve some problems. the summer. They have to collect the sun’s energy. The longer ;t takes something to heat up, Collecting sunshine isn’t easy, unless you are the longer that thing holds the heat. a plant. Materials thai heat up fast cool off fast. Sunshine isn’t easy to store, either. You If you go заек to the beach in the evening can’t fill a tank with it or put it in the after sunset, the sand and the rocks, which woodbox. You can’t move it through a pipe or heated up fast, 'vill be cool. But the water, a wire. You can’t just turn it on. which heated u э slowly, will still be warm. Still, people have been using solar energy It takes a ong time for the sun to heat the to help do their work for a long time. There water in a big lake or an ocean. But by the are old ways and new ways of catching end o f summer, a large body o f water will sunshine and putting it to work. have caught and stored enough heat from the 9 sun to last for a good part o f the winter. Тле l heat from the pot moved into the cool Water stores heat very well. water and heated the water. Heat moved out That’s why land near a large body o f water o f the water in the pot to heat the air. If you never gets quite as cold in the winter as land stop adding heat to the water in the pot, the far away from the water. The stored heat in water will go on giving off its heat until that the water keeps the land around it warm. water is the same temperature as the air Slowly, all winter long, heat from the water around it. moves out into the cold air. Heat always Once you understand how heat moves moves that way— from a warmer place or into things, through things, and out o f things, thing to a cooler one. Once you know which it is easy to see how a solar house works. ■ w ay heat moves, you understand how things get hot and how they lose heat. Record your reading time below. Then look Remember when the hot sand on the up your reading speed on the Words-per- beach burned your feet? Heat from the sand Minute table on page 72. was moving into your cooler feet! Reading Time ______Remember when you put the pot o f water on the hot cookout stove? Heat moved from Reading 5peed ______the stove into the pot and heated the pot. 10
Comprehension Put an X in the box next to the correct 8. People who build solar houses learn to answer for each question or statement. Do use solar eneigy by not look back at the selection. □ a. read: ng; books. □ b. going to school. 1. The author tells us that all the work in the □ c. seeir g how the earth uses it. world is done by □ a. energy. 9. How does со1эг act with the sun’s heat? □ b. stored fuel. □ a. Both light- and dark-colored things □ c. the wind. refle :t leat. □ b. Onl\ dark-colored things reflect 2. According to this story, all the energy we heat. use comes from □ c. Only light-colored things reflect □ a. the sun. heat □ b. coal. □ c. electricity. 10. In what wav does heat move? Z a. from a warmer place to a cooler 3. Oil, coal, and natural gas are called one □ a. solar energy. ~ b. from a cooler place to a warmer □ b. fossil fuels. one □ c. ancient plants. □ c. It doesn’t move. 4. Fossil fuels □ a. can be manufactured. □ b. are being used up. Use the answer key provided by your □ c. will last forever. teacher to ihe;ck your work. ______Nu -nber of correct answers 5. Energy from the sun is called Enter your Zexding Speed and your □ a. chemical energy. Comprehension Score on the Progress □ b. fossil energy. Graph on p.ag<; 73. □ c. solar energy.
6. Sunshine is □ a. easy to collect and store. □ b. not easy to collect or store. □ c. easy to collect but not to store.
7. If you build a house in a cold place, you will probably □ a. put in windows to catch the light from the winter sun. □ b. put in windows facing away from the winter sun. □ c. not put in any windows. Sleeping and D re a m in g by Alison Bell
Skim this nonfiction article, looking fo* main ideas and a few details. When you finish, enter your reading time and s pe ec in the box that follows the selection.
I n a way, you’re already an This may, in part, explain that scary expert on sleeping and dreaming. After all, feeling you may have experienced in a dream you do it every night! Before you start wh er you try to escape from someone or interpreting your dreams and the dreams of something, only to find you’re rooted to the your friends, take a few' minutes to learn spot. But maybe it’s a good thing you can’t about what happens every time you close move around freely while you dream. your eyes and sleep. Otherwise, one night in the middle o f a Nbn-К'ЁМ and 'R'EIM Sleep dream about your current crush, you might There are two different types of sleep: REM, aw akin to find yourself knocking at his or her or rapid-eye-movement sleep, known as front door in an effort to act out your dream! “dreaming” sleep; and non-REM sleep, TKe Sleep Cycle known as “quiet” sleep. During non-REM Even though you don’t always remember your sleep, your body is at rest. It is capable of dreams, you dream every night. Your brain is movement, but your brain stops sending a с ream machine, producing over two hours’ messages to your body to move, so you usually w ortl i of dreams during eight hours of sleep. lie still. Your heartbeat and breathing are So ш research shows that most people normal. The mind is also at rest during non- ex )e:ience anywhere from three to nine REM sleep. There is very little dreaming-, if dreams a ni^ht. any at all. When you first begin to fall asleep, you During REM sleep, your mind becomes are ir non-REM sleep. There are four stages very active. This is wrhen you do almost all o f to ю п -REM sleep: Stage 1 begins when you your dreaming. Your body also becomes more first f eel drowsy and start to fall asleep. You active. Behind closed eyelids, your eves dart then pass through stages 2, 3, and 4. Each back and forth rapidly as if you were watching sta^e puts you into a deeper and deeper a hyper-speed tennis match. Your heart rate sle :p and breathing speed up too. A ter reaching stage 4, the deepest stage Ironically, despite this increased activity, of ;le"p, you return through stages 3 and 2 your body is basically paralyzed during REM back r.o stage 1. You then enter REM sleep sleep. The most you’re able to do is twitch your and begin dreaming. hands, feet, and face. The rest o f your muscles RiM sleep is a light state of sleep. But are unable to move. The brain signals sent to eve n if your sleep is disturbed— let’s say the tell your muscles to move are blocked in the alarn clock goes off—you may not wake up spinal cord. (That’s why any sleepwalking you easily if you’re in the middle o f a really do is done during non-REM sleep.) interesting dream. Or, you may work the
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alarm clock into your dream before it finally example, if you’re anxious about an rouses you out o f your sleep. upcoming s:ience test and you dream that This entire non-REM/REM cycle takes your pen runs out o f ink in the middle o f an about 90 minutes and is repeated throughout important exam and you can’t finish it, the the night. dream is most likely a reflection o f the anxiety you're feeling. The exam in your Dreaming Time dream probably stands for the science test During the first few non-REM/REM cycles, you will soon be taking. you don’t spend much time dreaming. The But ofte a the messages of dreams are first REM period may last only five or ten more mystedcus. Your first thought is, What minutes. As the night progresses, however, does that dream mean ? Dreams have their own you spend more and more time in REM sleep logic, but it's almost always not the logic you and less in non-REM sleep. By the end o f the use when you’ re awake. This is wThy dreams night, you may be spending as much as an can be so conlusing. hour at a time in REM sleep. Adults spend 25 percent o f their nightly Dream Detective sleep in the REM state. Babies spend up to 50 To understand vour dreams, you’ll need to do percent in REM sleep. No one knows why babies a little detective work. And, like any good need more REM sleep, but experts believe that detective, that means asking a lot o f it somehow helps with a baby’s development. questions. I ol owing are six basic questions to Kids also spend slighdy more time in REM sleep ask yourself when you’re trying to interpret than adults. However, according to Richard the meaning o f a dream. Ferber, director o f pediatric sleep disorders at The answers to these questions may give the Children’s Hospital in Boston, by the you clues tc solve the mvsterv o f your dream. time you hit your teens, your dream time is 1. \\7ia are the main dream images? A 25 percent. dream image is a person, place, or ffhe Importance of "Dreaming thing that appears in the dream. Dreams can be important tools in examining 2. Wlia1 immediately comes to mind when you how you feel about yourself and the world. thinl about- each of these main dream Despite all the research done on sleep and imag°sc‘. dreaming, however, no one yet knows wrhv 3. Do а чу of the people or animals remind you people have REM sleep or why they dream. But of someone else— even yourself? Dream because everyone dreams every night, charac ers sometimes stand for people researchers conclude that REM sleep and other tian themselves. They may also dreaming serve some sort of important function stand for yourself or a part o f your in the human mind. What research has shown is personality. that if people go without REM sleep (alcohol 4. Do the places in your dream remind you of and some medications deprive people o f REM any pal ticular place? sleep), they become irritable, anxious, and have 5. How were you feeling in the dream? trouble concentrating. So it appears that 6. Are there any recent events in your life that everyone needs REM sleep and dreams. may have influenced the dream?Often the ever ts of the past few days are flaking Sense of Your Dream? reflected in your dreams. Some dreams are very straightforward. For 13
Take your time when answering these '' Vhile you are interpreting the objects in tttestions and pondering your dream. Some your dreams, you should not place too much sights may com e to you in a flash, while importance on any one object. Instead, try to : :hers can take hours, even days or weeks, look at your dream in general and how the to realize. O Djects relate to each other. tTniversal Sleep Symbols Coler$ CovlxA, 'tool You have a dream that you’re walking down a Sorr e dream experts believe that the colors in long road. In your hand, you’re clutching an your dreams have common meanings. So the old. battered suitcase, packed with all o f your nexi time you’re seeing red (or green or most cherished possessions. yellow) in a dream, check to see if any o f Your best friend has a similar dream of these meanings apply: walking down a road with a suitcase. Do these Black: If something is black in your dream, it images in the dream— the road, the may represent something dangerous or suitcase— mean the same thing in your dream something unknown or hidden. as they mean in your pal’s dream? Blue : If you have a dream in which blue is a In part, maybe. Carl Gustav Jung was the common color, it can mean that you’re first dream theorist to introduce the idea feeling sad. Blue can also signify openness. that dream images may stand for the same Вголт: Brown usually represents the earth. things in everybody’s dreams. Today, many Gret:n: When images in your dream are green, dream experts believe this to be true to a you nay feel that it’s time to make a positive certain extent. For example, one dream charge in your life— the green light for moving expert, Tony Crisp, examined thousands of is on! Depending on which dream images are dreams over 22 years and, in 1990, drew up green, this color can also stand for jealousy or his own book o f meanings for popular envy as well as health, growth, and healing. dream images in Dream Dictionary. He found Red: Anything red in your dream is usually to that images in one person’s dreams often be avoided. It means danger; proceed with mean the same as in the next person’s. caut on! These images and their meanings make up White: This color usually stands for peace, his dictionary. He also emphasized, purity, and cleanliness. however, the need for people to examine Yellow: Often this color is associated with dreams for their own personal meanings happiness and intellect. However, it can also as well. stand for cowardice, depending on which If you were to go to your local bookstore imag es in your dream are yellow. ■ and look in the “Dreams” section, you’d find many dream dictionaries. Most of the experts who write these books have come up with the »/ Record your reading time below. Then look same meanings for certain dream images. For up your reading speed on the Words-per- example, in most dream dictionaries, you’ll Minute table on page 72. find that a road in your dream generally Reading Time ______stands for your journey through life. Reading Speed ______14
Comprehension Put an X in the box next to the correct 7. Wbich of the following is an accurate answer for each question or statement. Do statem an с about dreams? not look back at the selection. □ a. The meaning of most dreams is straightforward and clear. 1. People do almost all of their dreaming Z b. The meaning of some dreams may during эе realized after hours or even days □ a. non-REM sleep. эг weeks of careful and deep □ b. REM sleep. consideration. □ c. neither of the above Z c. The meaning of most dreams can 2. According to some research, about how ie vTer be understood. many dreams do most people experience 8. The first dream theorist to introduce the a night? idea that dream images may stand for the □ a. two to five same thing in everybody’s dreams was □ b. three to nine Z a. Carl Gustav Jung. □ c. six to ten Z b. Tony Crisp. 3. The deepest stage o f sleep in the sleep Z c. Richard Faber. cycle is reached in 9. Accordirg to most dream dictionaries, □ a. Stage 1. what coes a road in som eone’s dream □ b. Stage 3. generally stand for? □ c. Stage 4. Z a. that person’s journey through life 4. How long does the entire non-REM/REM Z b. the way home for that person cycle of sleep take? Z c. th; way to a new but uncertain life □ a. 90 minutes f o ' that person □ b. 60 minutes 10. Accor ling to some dream experts, what □ c. 45 minutes comm or meaning may the color green 5. Which group spends more time in REM have i i } our dreams? sleep? Z a. You are feeling sad. □ a. adults Z b. There is something unknown or □ b. teenagers hidden in your life. □ c. babies Z c. It’s time to make a positive change in your life. 6. Based on this selection, you can conclude that dreaming is □ a. of no importance. ^ Use the «answer key provided by your □ b. somewhat important. teacher to check your work. □ c. very important. ______slumber of correct answers Enter yo jr Reading Speed and your Comprehension Score on the Progress Graph oti page 73. by ЕAward D. Hoch
5kim this short story, looking for main ideas and a few details. When you finish, enter your reading time and speed in the box th at follows the selection.
he children were always “Peoples of Earth,” he called into his good during the month of August. This was micrc phone. especially so when it began to get near the The crowd’s noise died down and he twenty-third. For every year on the continued. “Peoples of Earth,” he went on, twenty-third of August, Professor Hugo’s “this '-ear we have a real treat for your dollar. Interplanetary Zoo came to the Chicago Here are the little-known horse-spider people area. The great silver spaceship would settle o f Kaan— brought to you across a million down in a huge parking area. It would miles of space at great expense. Gather remain there during its annual six-hour visit. arcur d the amazing horse-spider people of Long before daybreak large crowds would Kaun. See them, study them, listen to them. gather. Lines of children and adults, each one Tell your friends about them. But hurry! My clutching his or her dollar, would wait restlessly spaceship can remain here for only six to see the Professor’s Interplanetary Zoo. hours'.” Everyone was eager to see what race of strange And the crowds slowly filed by, horrified creatures the Professor had brought this year. and fascinated by these strange creatures that In the past they had been treated to three- looked like horses, but ran up the walls o f legged creatures from Venus. Or tall, thin their cages like spiders. “This is certainly men from Mars. Or snake-like horrors from worth a dollar,” one man remarked. “I’m some even more distant planet. going home to tell my wife.” This year, as the large silver spaceship A1 day long it went like that. Finally, ten settled down to earth in the huge parking thousand people had filed by the barred area just outside o f Chicago, the children cages which were built into the side of the watched with awe. They saw the sides o f the spaceship. Then, as the six-hour time limit spaceship slide up to reveal the usual cages ran out, Professor Hugo once more took the made o f thick bars. Inside the cages were mic rophone in his hand. some wild, small, horse-like animals that “We must go now,” said the Professor, moved with quick, uneven motions and kept “but we will return again next year on this chattering in a high-pitched tone. date. And if you enjoyed Professor Hugo’s The citizens o f Earth clustered around as Interplanetary Zoo this year, phone your Professor Hugo’s crew quickly collected a friends in other cities. Tell them about it. We dollar from everyone in the audience. Soon will land in New York tomorrow. Next week :he good Professor, himself, made an we go on to London, Paris, Rome, Hong appearance. He was wearing his many- Kong, and Tokyo. Then we must leave for colored cape and top hat. other worlds!”
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He waved farewell to them. And, as the The little one ran up the wall o f the cave. ship rose from the ground, the Earth peoples “The place called Earth was the best. The agreed that this had been the very best Zoo creatures there wear garments over their yet.... skins, and they walk on two legs.” Two months and three planets later, the ‘ But isn’t it dangerous?” asked the she- silver spaceship of Professor Hugo settled at creatu'e. last onto the familiar jagged rocks o f Kaan. N o,” the he-creature answered. “There The horse-spider creatures filed quickly out are bars to protect us from them. We stay o f their cages. Professor Hugo was there to righ t i l the ship. Next time you must come say a few parting words to them. Then the with us. It is well worth the nineteen horse-spider creatures scurried away in a commocs it costs.” hundred different directions as they began The little one nodded. “It was the very seeking their homes among the rocks. bes : Zoo ever ....”■ In one, the she-creature was happy to see the return o f her mate and little one. She ^ Record your reading time below. Then look babbled a greeting in the strange Kaan up your reading speed on the Words-per- language. Then she hurried to embrace Minute table on page 72. them. “You were gone a long time,” she said. Reading Time ______‘Was it good?” The he-creature nodded. “Our little one Reading Speed ______enjoyed it especially,” he said. ‘We visited eight worlds and saw many things.” 17
Comprehension. Put an X in the box next to the correct 7. Professor H ugo’s next stop with his answer for each question or statement. Do } nterplanetary Zoo was going to be not look back at the selection. a. New York. I b. London. 1. Professor Hugo’s Interplanetary Zoo L_ c. Paris. came to the Chicago area _J a. once everv two years. 8. vVhen Professor Hugo had completed his b. twice a year. interplanetary tour, he went back to _ c. once a year. a. Mars. b. Venus. 2. What was the cost to see Professor H ugo’s __ c. Kaan. Zoo? _i a. one dollar 9. How long had it taken Professor Hugo to _! b. three dollars complete his tour? □ c. five dollars _ _ a. one year b. six months 3. What was the “treat” Professor Hugo had __ c. two months this year for the people of Chicago? □ a. tall, thin men from Mars 10. A horse-spider man and his child enjoyed L! b. horse-spider people of Kaan t ieir long trip during which they visited □ c. snake-like people from Venus a. eight wrorlds. b. six worlds. 4. As the crowds filed by and saw the c. four worlds. creatures that Professor Hugo had brought, the people □ a. were bored. % Lee the answer key provided by your □ b. felt cheated. t ?acher to check your work. J c. were horrified. ______Number of correct answers 5. Howr long did the spaceship remain in Enter your Reading Speed and your Chicago? Comprehension Score on the Progress □ a. one day Graph on page 73. □ b. twelve hours _J c. six hours
6. How7 many people had visited Professor Hugo’s Interplanetary Zoo before the spaceship left Chicago? □ a. 5,000 □ b. 10,000 □ c. 15,000 M eet tb e Vre$iden± by Paula N. Kessler and Justin Segal
Skim this nonfiction article, looking fo * main ideas and a few details. When you finish, enter your reading time and s peec in the box that follows the selection.
What Is a President? years) in office. Some countries allow Every four years, the American people elect a presidents to be elected over and over person to one of the most important jobs in again, or limit them to a single term. the world, president o f the United States. But • 1 he title and duties of president cannot just what is a president? be inherited, even though America’s In 1776, when America’s 13 colonies presidents have sometimes been related. declared themselves a new nation, they I i cases where the president is no longer needed a leader to help strengthen the cause able to carry out his (or, hopefully, of freedom and independence. Up until that s Dmeday her) elective duties, the role o f time, many leaders o f other countries were p resident passes to the vice president. kings and queens who had inherited their • A president is bound by the same lawrs as power or had taken control o f their countries every other American. If he breaks the by force. America, which had been ruled by 1 xw, he can be fined, arrested, or removed the King of England, King George III, was a from office. new nation with different ideas. .Americans needed their own system of government. . . Шtat are the three branches of American and a different kind of leader. The 13 government? colonies even wanted a new title for that /unerica’s system of government has three leader and chose the Latin word praesidens, branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. which means “to preside” or “to rule.” 'The president leads the executive branch, In 1787, the people chose representatives which includes many agencies and the to act as “delegates” at a Constitutional p ~endent’s Cabinet departments. Convention. At this meeting, it was decided The legislative branch contains the two that America’s new leader would be chosen houses of Congress— the House of according to the will of the people, and Representatives and the Senate. The House would govern by a written code called The of Representatives has 435 elected members representing each state in the nation Constitution, which we still live by today. a:cording to its population, with at least one How is our president different from other leaders? representative from each state. They are There are many ways in which America’s elec ted every two years. The Senate has 100 president is different from other world members, consisting o f two representatives leaders: from each state, who are elected to serve a • He is elected to office every four years, s x-' ear term. with a maximum o f two terms (eight
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The judicial branch is headed by the rc quired to report on any particular subject Supreme Court, which oversees the federal oj at any particular time during the year. judicial system and decides issues of Constitutional law. Ta Americans have always been proud to say — 1 he Presidential Oath of Office, Article II, Section I that “anyone can grow up to become of t ie U.S. Constitution president.” Our presidents have come in all This oath was first recited by George shapes and sizes. They have all had different Wash ngton, and has been repeated by each lives and experiences. Many were lawyers or president at his own inauguration. Becoming military leaders before being elected to the a president, however, has not always been so White House. Others have been teachers, straightforward. History has produced some shopkeepers, farmers . . . even movie stars. amazing stories about presidents taking the After leaving office, some of America’s oath of office. presidents have been forgotten, while others Ev erybody knows who America’s first are remembered all over the world. presic.ent wras— or do they? Inl781, while The rules for being able to run for George Washington was still fighting the last president are very simple. A president must bat :le; o f the Revolution, the 13 American be born a U.S. citizen, be at least 35 years old, colon es joined together under the Articles o f and have lived in the United States for at least Confederation and decided the new country 14 years. That’s it! nee de d a leader. The Continental Congress What are the duties of the president? thus elected Maryland representative John The duties and powers of a president, Hanson as “President of the United States in according to the United States Constitution, Cong) ess Assembled,” before America had are as follows: actually won its independence from England. 1. The president is Commander-in-Chief of Geneial Washington himself wrote a letter to the armed forces. President Hanson, congratulating him on his 2. He meets with theTeaders of foreign “appointment to fill the most important seat countries. in tie United States.” President Hanson 3. He has the power to make treaties with sen ec the nation honorably for one year other countries. before ill health forced him to resign. 4. He has the powrer to appoint ambassadors Эг .се America was recognized as its own and judges. natior, Washington became the nation’s first 5. He must make certain America’s laws are “ree l” president. However, not all Americans upheld. have forgotten this original president: Every 6. He has the power to grant pardons and year, in Maryland, at least, April 14th is reprieves to criminals. knowr as John Hanson Day. 7. He is required to report to Congress on President Washington was an awkward “the State of Union,” although he is not public speaker who preferred to be silent 2 О whenever possible. His second inauguration’s that single day. The vice president had acceptance speech was the shortest by any already resigned from the senate, so fellow president—only 133 words! Whenever senators ejected Missouri Senator David Rice Washington spoke, however, people listened Atchison t j fill his place! Today, on his with great respect and admiration, for our monument are carved the wrords: “Dave Rice nation’s first president was known as a man Atchison, 1807-1886— President o f the U.S. who spoke from the heart. one day.” In 1841, when President William Henry In 190 I, after President McKinley was Harrison became the first president to die in killed bv an assassin's bullet, Vice President office, there was nothing written in the Theodore Roosevelt was quicklv swrorn into Constitution that said the vice president office at a small ceremony witnessed by just a should then become president. It said, few newspaper reporters. One o f the instead, that the “power and duties” o f the reporters typed up his report o f the president “shall devolve on the vice inaugurat on as quickly as possible— perhaps president,” which means that the vice too quickiv, t seems, accidentally using the president has the duties o f president, but not letter “b ” nstead of “o ” in the word oath. the title. Vice president John Tyler, however, When printed the next morning, newspaper decided to call himself president anywav, and subscribers were told that: “For sheer every following vice president w7ho replaced a democrat с dignity nothing could exceed the president followed his example. moment whan, surrounded by the Cabinet It wasn’t until 1967, after President and a few distinguished citizens, Mr. Kennedy was assassinated, that Congress Roosevelt took his simple bath, as president of passed the 25th Amendment to the the United States.” Americans everywhere Constitution, which formally allows the vice were surprised to hear o f their new' president to replace the president in duty and president's first act in office, and it wasn’t name in case o f disability, death, resignation, until the ievt day’s paper that the mistake or removal from office. could be ex Mained and corrected. ■ Although William Henry Harrison served the shortest official presidential term, a man ^ Record y?ur reading time below. Then look named David Atchison was president for a up your reading speed on the Words-per- single day! How? In March 1849, Zachary Minuts table on page 72. Taylor was to be sworn in as president, but Reading Time ______because the inauguration wTas to take place on a Monday and the Constitution designated Reading Speed ______President Polk’s term had ended at noon the day before, neither man was president for 21 £dm preh.en$ion Put an X in the box next to the correct 7. What is one benefit of keeping the three answer for each question or statement. Do branches separate? not look back at the selection. □ a. It ensures that each state has at least one representative in the House o f 1. In what year was the Constitutional Representatives. Convention held? .H b. It helps keep too much power from □ a. 1760 being given to one person. □ b. 1776 .1 c. It ensures that the presidency □ c. 1787 cannot be inherited. 2. America’s president is different from 8. ''Vho was elected by the Continental other world leaders in that he Congress to be the first president o f the □ a. may be elected over and over again. United States? □ b. is limited to a single term in office. II a. George Washington □ c. is limited to a maximum of two Li b. Thomas Jefferson terms (eight years) in office. II c. John Hanson 3. Which of the following is not one o f the 9. The first president to die in office was duties or powers of the president? _I a. John F. Kennedy. □ a. to make certain U. S. laws are upheld II b. WTilliam Henry Harrison. □ b. to oversee the judicial system II c. William McKinley. !_ c. to make treaties with other countries l(i. Theodore Roosevelt was sworn into office following the sudden death o f President 4. Which branch of government contains □ a. William McKinley. the two houses o f Congress? □ b. David Rice Atchinson. G a. judicial □ c. Zachary Taylor. □ b. legislative □ c. executive 5. Members o f the United States Senate are ^ Use the answer key provided by your elected to serve for a term o f t.?acher to check your work. ______Number of correct answers Li a. two Jyears. □ b. four years. E iter your Reading Speed and your П c. six years. Comprehension Score on the Progress Graph on page 73. 6. Which branch of the government decides issues o f Constitutional law? □ a. judicial □ b. executive □ c. legislative T!h.e Ы on, the Witch., and th e Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis Skim this excerpt, looking for main ideas and a few details. When you finish, enter your reading time and speed in the box tha > fallows the selection. C^nce there were four children always made hir.i bad-tempered. “Don’t go on whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund, and talking like that.” Lucy. This story is about something that “Like what?’ said Susan, “and anyway, it’s happened to them when they were sent away time you were in bed.” from London during the war because of the “Trying to tdk like Mother,” said air-raids. Thev were sent to the house of an old J Edmund. “And who are you to say when I’m Professor who lived in the heart o f the going to bed" С о to bed yourself.” country, ten miles from the nearest railway “Hadn’t we ill better go to bed?” said station and two miles from the nearest post Lucy. “There s sure to be a row if we’re heard office. He had no wife and he lived in a very talking here. ’ large house with a housekeeper called Mrs. “No, there won’t,” said Peter. “I tell you Macready and three servants. (Their names this is the soi t o f house where no one’s going were Ivy, Margaret, and Betty, but they do not to mind wha\ we do. Anyway, they won’t hear come into the story much.) He himself w7as a us. It’s about tea minutes’ walk from here very old man with shaggy w7hite hair, which dow7n to that dining room, and any amount of grew over most of his face as w-ell as on his stairs and passages in between.” head, and they liked him almost at once; but “What’s tia ; noise?” said Lucy suddenly. It on the first evening when he came out to meet w7as a far larger house than she had ever been them at the front door he was so odd-looking in before and t le thought of all those long that Lucy (who was the youngest) was a little passages and row's o f doors leading into afraid of him, and Edmund ('who was the next empty rooms w as beginning to make her feel youngest) w'anted to laugh and had to keep on a little creepy pretending he was blowing his nose to hide it. “It’s only a bird, silly,” said Edmund. As soon as they had said good night to the “It’s an owl ” said Peter. “This is going to Professor and gone upstairs on the first night, be a wonder fu place for birds. I shall go to the boys came into the girls’ room and they bed now. I say, let’s go and explore all talked it over. tomorrow. You might find anything in a “We’ve fallen on our feet and no mistake,” place like this. Did you see those mountains said Peter. “This is going to be perfectly as we came along? And the woods? There splendid. That old chap will let us do might be eagle s. There might be stags. anything we like.” There’ll be na vks.” “I think he's an old dear,” said Susan. “Badgers! ” said Lucy. “Oh, come off it!” said Edmund, who was “Snakes! ” said Edmund. tired and pretending not to be tired, which “Foxes!” sa d Susan. 22 23 But when morning came, there was a wardrobe, even though she felt almost sure steady rain falling, so thick that when you that it would be locked. To her surprise it looked out o f the window you could see opened quite easily, and two mothballs neither the mountains nor the woods nor dropped out. even the stream in the garden. Looking into the inside, she saw several “Of course it would be raining!” said coats hanging up— mostly long fur coats. Edmund. They had just finished breakfast There was nothing Lucy liked so much as the with the Professor and were upstairs in the smell and feel o f fur. She immediately room he had set apart for them— a long, low stepped into the wardrobe and got in among room with two windows looking out in one the coats and rubbed her face against them, direction and two in another. leavirg the door open, o f course, because she “Do stop grumbling, Ed,” said Susan. “Ten knew that it is very foolish to shut oneself into to one it’ll clear up in an hour or so. And in any wardrobe. Soon she went further in and the meantime we’re pretty well off. There’s a founc. that there was a second row of coats wireless and lots of books." hanging up behind the first one. It was almost “Not for me,” said Peter. “I’m going to quite dark in there and she kept her arms explore in the house.” stretc.ied out in front of her so as not to Everyone agreed to this and that was how bump her face into the back of the wardrobe. the adventures began. It was the sort of house She took a step further in— then two or three that you never seem to come to the end of, steps— always expecting to feel woodwork and it was full of unexpected places. The first against the tips o f her fingers. But she could few doors they tried led only into spare not feel it. bedrooms, as everyone had expected that “This must be a simply enormous they would; but soon they came to a very long w ard ob e!” thought Lucy, going still further room full o f pictures and there they found a in anc. pushing the soft folds o f the coats suit o f armor, and after that was a room all asic.e о make room for her. Then she noticed hung with green, with a harp in one corner; tha there was something crunching under and then came three steps down and five her feet. “I wonder is that more mothballs?” steps up, and then a kind of little upstairs hall she thought, stooping down to feel it with her and a door that led out onto a balcony, and hands But instead o f feeling the hard, then a whole series o f rooms that led into sm C 'O th wood of the floor of the wardrobe, each other and were lined with books— most she fe t something soft and powdery and o f them very old books and some bigger than extremely cold. “This is very queer,” she said, a Bible in a church. And shortly after that and went on a step or two further. they looked into a room that was quite empty Next moment she found that what was except for one big wardrobe; the sort that has ruboing against her face and hands was no a looking glass in the door. There was longei soft fur but something hard and rough nothing else in the room at all except a dead and even prickly. “Why, it is just like branches blue-bottle on the windowsill. o f trees!” exclaimed Lucy. And then she saw “Nothing there!” said Peter, and they all that there was a light ahead of her, not a few trooped out again— all except Lucy. She inches away where the back of the wardrobe stayed behind because she thought it would ought to have been, but a long way off. be worthwhile trying the door o f the Something cold and soft was falling on her. A 24 moment later she found that she was standing In abov t ten minutes she reached it and in the middle o f a wood at nighttime with found that it was a lamppost. As she stood snow under her feet and snowflakes falling looking at it, wondering w7hy there was a through the air. lamppost i 1 the middle o f a wood and Lucy felt a little frightened, but she felt wondering w'lat to do next, she heard a very inquisitive and excited as well. She pitter-patter o f feet coming toward her. And looked back over her shoulder and there, soon after that a very strange person stepped between the dark tree trunks, she could still out from among the trees into the light o f the see the open doorw7av o f the wrardrobe and lamppost. ■ even catch a glimpse of the empty room from which she had set out. (She had, o f course, t / Record yojr reading time below. Then look left the door open, for she knew7 that it is a up your reading speed on the Words-per- very silly thing to shut oneself into a Minute table on page 72. wardrobe.) It seemed to be still daylight Reacini] Time ______there. “I can always get back if anything goes wrong,” thought Lucy. She began to walk Reacinc] Speed ______forward, crunch-crunch, over the snow and through the wood and toward the other light. 25 Comprehension Put an X in the box next to the correct ". Howr did Lucy feel about finding herself in answer for each question or statement. Do such a strange place? not look back at the selection. G a. a little sad L_ b. very disgusted 1. From what the children do in this story __ c. a little frightened who do you think is the most curious about things? 8. Howr do the children feel about the place □ a. Lucy tiey are staving? U b. Edmund _ a. They want to wait and see what □ c. Susan happens. _. b. They are very happy about it. 2. From the way it is written, what kind o f a c. They want to leave right away. story do you think this is? □ a. a funny story 9. What was the weather like in the place □ b. a very sad story beyond the wardrobe? □ c. an adventure story _. a. It wTas snowing. b. It was raining. 3. Where does the story take place? c. The moon was shining. G a. in a fishing village in England U b. in the countryside far from London 10. \лЪа1 did Lucy see near the lamppost? G c. in downtown London _ a. one of her brothers running down the path 4. The house where the children are _ b. the Professor peeking through staying is the wardrobe G a. large, dark, and damp. _ c. a very strange person walking G b. large and full of unexpected places. toward her G c. small and easy to get around in. 5. Who decided to try the door of the wardrobe before leaving the room? U 5e the answer key provided by your G a. I.ucv teacher to check your work. G b. Peter ______Number of correct answers G c. the Professor Enter your Reading Speed and your Comprehension Score on the Progress 6. Through the wardrobe Lucy came to a G-aph on page 73. G a. football field. Li b. pond. G c. wood. Stargazing 3a$ic$ by John Mosley Skim this science article, looking for main ideas m i a few details. When you finish, enter your reading time and speed in the bo>; that follows the selection. X f you do not know any Wh.at i$ a star? constellations, the sky can be a confusing The constell m :ms are marked by stars. We place. So, before you head outside to study think o f the stars as both tiny and faint the stars, read about what a constellation is because that is how they look to us, but they and how knowing the constellations can help are neither. Thev are enormous and you find your way easily around the sky. brilliant— ar d hey are very far away. What is a constellation? Stars are like our sun. Our sun is a globe of hot ras almost a million miles across— A constellation is not only a pattern of stars, о but it is also a specific area of the sky and so big that if th e earth were the size o f a includes everything that lies within its Ping-Pong ball, the sun would be the size o f boundaries. Think of a state (or province, your bedroc m If the sun were hollow, you if you are in Canada). Each state has its would need m ire than 1,000,000 Earths to fill boundaries, and everything within those it. The sun is certainly big compared to boundaries is part of that state. The anything else ve know, but it is just an boundaries o f the constellations were average-sized star. The stars look tiny only decided by a committee of astronomers in because thev- are so very distant. 1928. These boundaries are shown on some Like people, each star is different. Some star charts. Everything in the sky—whether a stars are many times the size and brightness star, nebula, or galaxy— is in one constellation of our sun, but others are much smaller. If we or another. put a giant star like Deneb, from the If you look at a star chart— especially an constellation Cygnus, next to our sun, it old one—you will see fancy figures like would outsliire the sun by 10,000 times. ladies in flowing robes and an animal that is Sirius, fro nr the constellation Canis Major, half-goat and half-fish. These figures were outshines cur sun by 23 times. The truly added long ago by artists who wanted to faintest stai s г re less than a thousandth as beautify their star charts, but you won’t find bright as our шп, but these stars are all so such fancy characters in the sky. Look dim that we с m not see any o f them without a instead for simple patterns of stars such as telescope. crosses, squares, triangles, circles, and bent Astronomers express distances to stars lines. These lines and patterns may not be with light-year;. A light-year is a unit o f distance, official, but using them makes it easy to not a unit of ime. It is the distance that a learn the constellations. You can even make beam of lk;ht travels in one year. Light travels up your own patterns if they help you find at the епогтэш speed of 186,300 miles per your way. second— fast enough to travel seven times 26 27 around the earth or almost from the earth to turn toward the west. We say that the stars rise the moon in only one second! A beam o f in tie east and set in the west, although we light travels to the earth from the sun or a know hat it is the earth that is turning. This nearby planet in a few minutes. In one year causes us to face different parts o f the sky at light travels almost 6 trillion miles— about different times o f the night. If you watch the 65,000 times the distance from the earth to sky foi several hours, you will see that stars (as the sun. well as the planets, the sun, and the m oon) The closest star we see from northern rise in the east, travel westward across the sky, North America is Sirius, which is a little over and eventually set in the west. Stars that are in eight light-years (50 trillion miles) distant. the east early in the evening are in the west The stars o f the Big Dipper are all about 100 late at night. light-years away. The most distant bright star At the same time, the earth is orbiting vou can see is Deneb, which is 1,600 light- around the sun. The stars wre see at night lie vears away. The most distant object you can in the opposite direction from the sun. see without a telescope is the .Andromeda (When stars lie in the same direction as the Galaxy, which is over 2 million light-years away. sun they are in the daytime sky and we If our sun were light-years away instead of canno: see them.) As the earth moves around light-minutes, it, too, would appear as faint as the sun, the part of the sky that lies opposite the stars in the night sky. Because it takes the sun changes month by month. The lime for light to travel, we see a star as it wras constellations we see at night change with the long ago, when its light began its journey to seasons. earth. We see old starlight. .\s the earth orbits the sun, it looks like the sun moves around the sky. The part of the How often, do th,e constellations meve? sky i h? t is hidden by the sun changes month The constellations are always in motion! by month. As the earth moves around the As you sit and read, the earth is carrying sun. the part o f the sky that is blocked by the ••'ou and this book in two directions at once. sun changes. Constellations become invisible The earth is constantly spinning and makes beh ncl the sun, only to reappear again a few : ne complete rotation every 24 hours. It months later. Remember: The earth’s orbital makes a complete trip around the sun once a motion causes us to see different ear. Although we do not feel these motions, conste lations throughout the year. ■ •• e see the result o f them in the sky. The spin :: the earth gives us night and day, while the г: ration around the sun gives us our different * / Record your reading time below. Then look reasons. Both o f these movements cause you up your reading speed on the Words-per- :: see different constellations throughout the Mirute table on page 72. liht and at different times of the year. Reading Time ______As the earth spins toward the east, : irrving you along with it, the sky seems to Reading Speed ______23 Comprehension Put an X in the box next to the correct 7. What does the author mean when he says answer for each question or statement. Do that we see old starlight when we look at not look back at the selection. the stars? Z a. The brightness o f the star’s light 1. The author compares the boundaries of a dims after traveling so far. constellation to the boundaries o f a Z b. Most stars are millions o f years old. □ a. galaxy. Z c. It takes time for light to travel, so □ b. state. we see a star as it was long ago. □ c. country. 8. What gives us night and day? 2. If the sun were the size o f your bedroom, Z a. the rotation o f the m oon around the earth would be the size of a the earth □ a. Ping-Pong ball. Z b. the rotation o f the earth around the □ b. basketball. sun □ c. marble. Z c. the spinning motion o f the earth 3. "Which o f the following is an accurate 9. The stars we see at night lie statement about stars? Z a. in the same direction as the sun. □ a. All stars are larger than the sun. Z b. in the opposite direction from the □ b. All stars are smaller than the sun. sun. Z c. Some stars are larger than the sun Z c. between the earth and the sun. while others are much smaller. 10. What causes us to see different 4. What is a light-year? cc nstellations throughout the year? □ a. a unit o f light Z a. the earth’s orbiting around the sun Z b. a unit of distance Z b. the sun’s orbiting around the earth □ c. a unit of weight Z c. the stars’ movement from east to 5. How far can light travel in one year? west □ a. approximately 65,000 miles U b. about 186,300 miles ^ Uf>e the answer key provided by your G c. almost 6 trillion miles teacher to check your work. 6. What is the most distant object you can ______Number of correct answers see from Earth without a telescope? Enter your Reading Speed and your Z a. the Andromeda Galaxy Comprehension Score on the Progress Z b. the Big Dipper <3*aph on page 73. Z c. the star Deneb *{Ъе Strange Voyage of tb e M a r y Cele$te by Stephen Mooser Skim this selection, looking for main lien s and a few details. When you finish, enter your reading time and speed in the box that follows the selection. ja ilo r s believe that it is bad luck cargD of alcohol was intact. Yet, for some to change a ship’s name. “Let her stay as she reason, the men were gone. They had left in a was born,” they say. Certainly the troubles hurry, too. A half-eaten breakfast was still on aboard the good ship Amazon began when the table. The ship's compass and other her name was changed to the Mary Celeste. valuables had been left behind. And in one o f Twice she ran aground. She sprang leaks. the ( abins was the beginning o f a letter: And her owners wrere always losing money Fo nry, my dear wife is all it said. on her. I he ship’s log was located, but it gave no But none of these incidents can compare clue; to the crewr’s fate. The last entry had with what happened to the Celeste in 1872. In be er, recorded a week earlier, and it made no November o f that vear, she set sail from New m :n ion of possible troubles. York on a routine trip to England. Beneath Almost everything was in order, but there her decks she carried a cargo o f wood we re a few exceptions. There were strange, alcohol. The alcohol was highly explosive. But bloodstained gashes on the rail. A hatch because it was safely stored in wooden barrels, Wes open. The lifeboat w7as missing. And no one gave it a second thought. Besides, the the SDunding rod was down. That meant seas were calm, and the weather was good. so ш one had been checking the depth of Everyone expected to be in England within the sea. the month. The Dei Gratia towed the Celeste to Two weeks later, in the middle of the Er glmd. Within a wreek, a hearing was held. Atlantic, the Mary Celeste was spotted by a ship The boat was checked again— for signs o f called the Dei Gratia. Though the Celeste was a lea c, a fire, or an explosion. None were under full sail, no one could be seen on deck. found. The crew1 o f the Dei Gratia was “Something is wTrong with that ship,” said ques ioned by the court. Finally, the judge Captain David Morehouse. “Lower a boat, ruieci. and we’ll board her.” “It’s a clear case o f murder,” he said. “The As soon as the boarding party reached the wav I see it, the crew got drunk. They killed Celeste, the sailors shouted for the crew. the captain and threw7 his body overboard. There was no answrer. Ther they climbed into the lifeboat, hoping They searched her from stern to bow. the Celeste would sink. She didn’t sink, but But no one was there. perh ips the lifeboat did.” What had happened to the crew? Where Few people believed the judge’s had everyone gone? The weather was good. exolanation. For one thing, the “blood” on There were no leaks in the ship. And the the nil turned out to be rust. Furthermore. 29 3 0 the Celeste’?, captain had been well liked. Men The men found a leak and thought the who had sailed with him reported that he was ship was about to sink. They took to the hard-driving but fair. And it simply didn’t lifeboi t. Then, either the lifeboat sank or the make sense for the crew to abandon ship. ship sailed away without them. (It is hard to Over the years, many people have tried to believe the captain would have made such a solve the mystery. Here are a few o f their grave error. He knew the ship and the sea well. explanations: He would have known that the danger was not The captain and the first mate were great. Besides, there was no sign of a leak.) swimming a race around the ship. The crew The captain thought the alcohol below- got out on a platform to cheer them on. dec СотртеЪегх$101ь Put an X in the box next to the correct 7. What finally happened to the ship? answer for each question or statement. Do _ a. It smashed into the rocks. not look back at the selection. Z b. It w7as given to a museum. _ c. It became a school for young 1. The selection you just read was about a sailors. ship that a. brought good luck to those wrho 8. Howt good are the explanations given in sailed it. the story for the crew’s disappearance? _i b. brought bad luck to those who _ a. All o f the explanations make sense. sailed it. _ b. None o f the explanations makes _ c. disappeared while sailing from New sense. York to England. _ c. Some o f the explanations make sense. 2. The selection is about something that happened in the 9. The cargo that the ship w7as carrying was □ a. 1800s. _ a. very heavy. Z b. 1900s. _ b. highly explosive. Z c. 1600s. _ c. completely safe. 3. Who was on the ship w'hen it was found? 10. Why do sailors believe that a ship’s name a. no one should not be changed? Z b. only the captain I a. They believe it costs too much !_ c. someone from another ship money. _ b. They believe it brings bad luck. 4. What did the ship look like when it was _ c. They believe the boat won’t be found? found if it is lost. Z a. The ship had leaks and w as sinking. i_i b. Things were broken as though there had been a fight. Use the answer key provided by your Z c. Almost everything wras in its place. teacher to check your work. 5. The judge at the hearing thought that the ______Number of correct answers captain’s death was a “clear case” of Enter your Reading Speed and your Z a. piracy. Sonprehension Score on the Progress Li b. murder. Sr.aph on page 73. □ c. suicide. 6. Over the years, w7hat interest have people shown in the story o f the ship? Z a. Everyone forgot about it until now7. Z b. A few7 people have solved the mystery. Z c. Many have tried to solve the mvsterv. freshwater fi$hing with Jim Arnosky Skim this magazine article, looking for main ideas and a few details. When you finish, enter your reading time and speed in the box that follows the selection. ave you ever seen a fish jum p bait. P at a nymph on a very small hook and in the middle o f a pond? Do you know w’hat squeeze a split-shot sinker on your line a it’s doing? It’s catching bugs and flies that foot abov e it. The weight will drift the bait float on the surface o f the water. A sparkle in along rhe bottom o f the stream, where the the water means a fish is feeding, too, fish normally look for nymphs. turning sideways to dislodge bits o f food While you are collecting nymphs, you from the bottom with its mouth. The sun might also find some caddis cases. These reflecting off the fish’s silvery sides makes rectangu' ar cases, made o f tiny pebbles or the sparkle. sticks, are constructed by caddis larvae. Safe If you see a fish tail splash in a shallow in their cases, the larvae cling to the stream’s stream, you’ll know that a trout is feeding on rocky bottom. But sometimes they lose their underwater insects that cling to the rocky hold a id are carried downstream by the bottom. A V-shaped wave through the water current, and hungry trout gobble them up— could be a large fish chasing a smaller one. case arid all. You can use a caddis case as And a loud glunk in a splashy circle may be a bait, drifting it along the bottom as you would big hungry fish gobbling up a frog or a a nymph swimming mouse. Fis l г Iso eat caterpillars, grasshoppers, It’s always a good idea to watch the water and beetles that fall into or swim on the for a while before you begin fishing. If you water. Ar d some fish will eat anything they can figure out what the fish are feeding on, can fit into their mouths. A shiny minnow offer it to them on your hook, and you’ll on voi r hook or a chunky crayfish plopped catch more fish. over the edge o f the grassy bank will interest a big bass or a sunfish lurking in the Bait fishing under;u;. All you need for bait fishing is a line on a Wt at ever bait you choose, remember to pole, a couple o f hooks, and some split-shot make it appear natural to the fish. If your sinkers. Most o f you who fish use earthworms sandwich leaped off the plate and danced as bait, but in their natural diet, fish eat very across the table, you would hesitate to eat it. few worms. There are more abundant foods, The same is true o f fish. They are wary o f any like the underwrater insects, living with them food that doesn’t look and act natural. in the pond or stream. Aiwa) s use a hook smaller than your bait, The next time you are fishing in a clear so the fish won’t see it. If you want the bait to stream, turn over some rocks and you will sink, squeeze a split-shot onto the line. If you find insects clinging to the undersides. want ii tc float, take off the sinker. Watch the These insects, called nymphs, are good fish 32 33 water and see how different insects behave; hollowTed front cups the surface water, then imitate them with your bait. making a loud pop that sounds like a frog When you are fishing, be as quiet as jumping. Nearby fish will inspect the noise possible. Fish can’t hear you talking, but they evei у time. .And getting a fish’s attention is can feel the slightest movement in the water the most important step in catching it. and the vibrations from any thumping sounds There are other plugs that are designed to you make on the bank or in a boat. Stav low cravl through the water as you pull them in. so the fish won’t see you, and try not to make A crawling plug looks and sounds like a any sudden movements. All o f these things swimming mouse. will alarm the fish and stop them from HTiatever kind o f lure you choose, just a feeding. fishing pole and string won’t do. You'll need Lure fi$hing a rod and reel. Cast your line and wait ten seconds to let the water calm dowoi. Then reel Artificial lures are designed to attract fish to your line by imitating the motions or it in slowly, without stopping. Keep reeling ever if you feel a tug on the line. Fish expect sounds o f foods they usually eat. There are their food to try and escape! metal lures that will wiggle, wobble, and flash Fishing with a lure is like working the like shiny minnow's when pulled through the strings o f a marionette. It’s tricky at first. But water. And there are wooden or plastic lures, the more you practice, the better you’ll called plugs, that will float on the w ater and becc me at making the lure— or the dive momentarily when you reel them in. A marionette— look like the real thing. plug acts like an injured fish— an easy, tempting meal that a hungry fish will rarely fly fishing pass up. Another w7ay to catch insect-eating fish is Some plugs are weighted inside, so they’ll to ш e a lure called a fly. Flies are made o f sink to the bottom and then swim back to the fe ithers and fur tied on tiny hooks. Tied light surface as vou reel in vour line. In this way ar d Dushv, they will float on the water like they imitate the movements o f crayfish, winged insects, and fish will jum p right out o f salamanders, and other bottom-dwelling the water to get them. This is called dry fly creatures. fishing. Tied w7oolly and heavy, they will sink Another popular lure is the rubber below the surface and swim along like worm. With only a little practice, you can ur de rwater insects. These ‘V et” flies catch make it swim through the water like an eel, th e r lost fish. curl up on the bottom like a drowned night You don’t need special equipment just to crawier, or slither over lily pads like a water trv fL fishing. You can buy some inexpensive snake. All o f these motions attract fish, so flies it a tackle shop and use them on your don’t be surprised if a huge, toothy pickerel ow n Dole or rod. Simply tie one to your line clamps onto your line and nearly pulls you and ( rouch by the edge o f the water. LowTer off the bank. th<; f у until it gently touches the surface and Lures that make sounds are good for let it float along. You’ll get a close-up view7 of fishing at dusk or at night, w7hen the w7ater is the fish, when it sips in the fly and tries to still and visibility is low. One o f the simplest o f swr m away with it. Or you can let the fly get these is the popping plug. A popper floats w7atei logged and sink. Fish will try and quietly until you give it a jerk. Then its swallow' it as it drifts to the bottom. 34 If you’re serious about this method of Whatever ;hc season, fishing can lead to a fishing, you may decide to buy a rod with a reel deeper understanding o f stream or pond full o f special heavy fly line. The tiny, life— not to rr er tion providing you and your lightweight fly is attached to a six-foot leader of family with man / delicious dinners! ■ thin transparent line called monofilament, which in turn is tied to the tip o f the fly line. \ / Record your reading time below. Then look The heavy line has the weight to flip the much up your readi ig speed on the Words-per- lighter leader and the fly onto the water. Minute table on page 72. Fishing time is anytime— rain or shine, day Reading Time ______or night. You can fish in the spring, when the waters are cold and the fish are scrappy. You can Reading Speed ______fish in the lazy days o f summer under the shade o f a willow' or in autumn when the big fish are feeding before the freeze-up. You can even fish in the winter through a hole in the ice. 35 Comprehei\$ion. Put an X in the box next to the correct 7. The most important step in catching a answer for each question or statement. Do fish is not look back at the selection. Z a. pulling it in. i_ b. getting its attention. 1. The best way to learn what fish are eating c. making sure the bait stays on the is to hook. □ a. ask someone you know. □ b. watch the water for awhile. 8. What are the two types of fly fishing the □ c. read about it in a book. author talks about? Z a. cold and hot 2. In this story you learn that there are three Z b. slow and fast ways to fish, with _ c. dry and wet Li a. hook, line, and sinker. □ b. bait, lure, and fly. 9. Fishing time is □ c. feathers, fur, and flies. _ a. anytime. _ b. only in good weather. 3. The author tells you that one of the best _ c. anytime but winter. baits to use for fishing is L a. a worm. 10. Fishing lures are made to D b. peanut butter. _ a. imitate the motions or sounds of □ c. an insect. foods that fish usually eat. _ b. lie quietly where you put them. 4. Whatever you use on your fishing hook, _ c. let the fish know that other fish are you should remember to make it look eating. L a. natural. С b. artificial. □ c. big. ^ tJsi? the answer key provided by your 5. WTiile fishing you should always teacher to check your work. ______Number of correct answers U a. frighten the fish so they will jump out of the wTater. Enter your Reading Speed and your Comprehension Score on the Progress L b. leave your fishing pole and go hide behind a rock or bush. (3raph on page 73. □ c. stay quiet and low so you won’t scare the fish. 6. The author tells you that lures are □ a. not very good for catching fish. □ b. artificial. □ c. live insects. 1C rfh e Scientific M e th o d by Donna Voth Skim th is excerpt fro m The Science Fair Handbook, looking for main ideas and a few details. When you finish, enter your reading tim e and speed in the box th at follows the selection. Science is based on wondering. Let’s tike some time to understand You begin to be a scientist when you ask the scientific method, the backbone of a questions: science project. The scientific method has four part;: • Why did that happen? O bservation • What would be different if I changed this You notice something in the world that you one thing? want to know more about. You then ask a • How did that happen? question about it. This question is what you try • When did that occur? to uncover an answer to in your science project. • How is this different from that? H y p o th e sis You become a scientist when you try to You predict wrhy, wThen, where, or how find answers to your questions by using the whatever yc u observed happened, based on scientific method. information you already have. Sometimes this When you follow the scientific method, takes the fcrm of an “if . . . then” statement. A your science project begins with a hypothesis— hypothe; is is often called an “educated guess” a question and your ow'n informed guess at because >'0 'i base your prediction on facts you an answer, which you test by following your already know’. procedure. A procedure is the steps you take to T estin g do an expeiiment or field work, which leads you You test ”our hypothesis with a procedure. You to confirm—or not confirm—your can do either an experiment, wiiere everything hypothesis. You look at the actual results, except the particular thing being tested is compare them with your expectations, and carefully controlled, or field w’ork, where you write your conclusion based on what you have study yo дг subject in the natural world. Careful found out. observations and measurements are recorded In your report, you describe how you in both ;esting procedures. followed the scientific method, step by step. CONCLLSION At the end of your report, you will mention You stati whether or not your hypothesis was new questions you would like to look into and correct, bi sed on the results of your testing. If things you would like to try based on what your hy X ) hesis is proven wrong, try to explain you have learned from your results. why. Abo, make any further predictions your results could point to, and describe any changes to your procedure you think would give more accurate results or be helpful to further research. 36 37 P r o c e d u r e ______F ield W o r k The procedure is the practical part of the In field work, a scientist goes into an scientific method— it’s the steps you take to uncontrolled environment, a specific place in test your hypothesis. the vorld, and records exactly what is The purpose of science is to discover observed there at the time. Because you are things about the world with accuracy, truth, studying a unique situation every time, field and objectivity. Scientists work is almost alwavs new and original. • test ideas The tricky part with field work is that • weigh evidence carefully while you are recording your observations, • come to conclusions cautiously yo л must make sure that you vourself are not • make conclusions based on facts. inierfering with your subject simply by being An important part of the scientist’s there. For instance, you cannot count birds in process of discovery is the procedure a tree if you scare any (or all!) away while you followed. A procedure is like a recipe— it’s a tr\ tc count them. list of steps. The steps vou plan to take to test Variab l e s , C o n t r o l s, G r o u p s , and T rials your hypothesis must be clearly written out so Saertists are like detectives— they try to solve that anyone could repeat what you have m\stt ries. Experiments are part of a done. Your procedure sci;n list’s detective kit. When you want to • gives step-by-step directions on what to prove a theory true or false, create an do experiment that will test one thing you can • lists all the materials and equipment observe. you use You have an idea— that if you set up a • provides any instructions you need to controlled situation and purposely change build or use equipment. on у one thing, this alteration will cause some :hing else to happen. The thing you E x p e r im e n t and F ield W o r k ______purposely change is called the changing Scientists test their hypotheses either through variable. If your change causes something else experiment or field work. to happen, this “something else” is called the E x p e r im e n t responding variable, because it is responding to Experimental observations are made in a the change. controlled environment that you create. How? Ycu must plan your procedure carefully to You make a simpler, smaller-scale version of be sure that you change only one thing in the part of the real world you want to study. yovr experimental group. You focus your attention on just a fewr things, instead of on everything that can happen. Sufpo ;e you want to know what would happen if In an experiment, a scientist tries to look you played music for an experimental group of at how just one thing affects a subject. The plants You will play music, your changing variable, tricky part is creating an environment in anc w itch for any signs of a responding variable, which only that one thing changes. That is whi :h you expect to be bigger or faster growth. why you often see scientists using test tubes, Bu t how will you know if any growth is a petri dishes, and other small, enclosed change? How will you know what is bigger settings for their experiment. It is much anc faster growth? You need a wav to easier to control things in such environments. compare the rate of growth. You need to hjive 36 something to compare your experimental For example, if you tested only one or two plants to— something to show what normal plants ard :hey both died, you could not be growth is. So you need a control group. You sure that their death resulted from your need to raise some other plants in exactly the experimen:, or if they were weak before being same way as you raise your experimental part of the experiment and were about to die group, except that they will not experience anyway. B u : if you tested a group of 25 subjects the changing variable. You will treat them and only two died, you could more confidently exactly the same as you do the experimental conclude that those two plants had been weak group, but you will not play music for them. or ill before the experiment began. To be reasonably sure that nothing Your experimental group—Give these plants x happens randomly (by chance) , you also amount of food, у amount of water, and play should run at least three trials— do your music for them. experiment three times. For example, if you Your control group— Use the same kind and age ran youi experiment once and correctly used a and size of plants, give them the same group o f a least 25 subjects, but they all died, amounts of food and water, but do not you cou d lot be sure their deaths were the expose them to any music. result of vc ur experiment. Perhaps they had all You can measure the growth of the plants been weak or ill before they were affected by that you expose to music against the growth your expei iment. If you have at least three of the plants that you don’t. trials, arid ihe results are similar each time, you Still, you need to consider some other can feel m эге confident that уюиг results are things. Can you think of anything that could accurate. If one of the trials gives results that affect the plants? How about diseases or are inconsistent with the others, you can pests? Could some of the plants have been suspect a problem with the odd trial. ■ healthier than others before you even started the experiment? That is possible, even Record your reading time below. Then look though you looked them over carefully up узи * reading speed on th e Words-per- before you began. To ensure that any Minute table on page 12. recorded change is from your changing Reading Time ______variable, and only from your changing variable, you should test in groups of at least Reading 5 peed ______25 subjects. 39 Comprehension. Put an X in the box next to the correct 7. When should you use a controlled answer for each question or statement. Do environment? not look back at the selection. G a. when doing an experimental observation 1. You begin to be a scientist when you ___ b. when doing field work G a. ask questions about things you G c. before stating your hypothesis wonder about. □ b. find answers to questions you 8. Which of the following statements is true wonder about. of both an experimental observation and U c. do experiments to prove why fie Id wrork? something happens. _ a. It is almost always newT and original because you are studying a unique 2. When doing a science project following situation every time. the scientific method, you should first _ b. You focus your attention on just a L_ a. write a report describing how you few' things, instead of on everything will follow' the scientific method. that can happen. G b. do an experiment or field work. _ c. Careful observations and С с. state your hypothesis. measurements are recorded. 3. What is a hypothesis? 9. In a controlled experiment, when one _i a. the steps you take to do an change causes something else to change, experiment or field work •he1 “something else” that changes is called _J b. a comparison of the actual results he of an experiment with your a. changing variable. expectations G b. constant variable. L_ c. a question and your own informed G c. responding variable. guess at an answer 10. How many times should you do an 4. How mam' parts are there to the scientific experiment (run trials) to be reasonably method? sure that nothing in the experiment G a. three happens by chance? G b. four G a. two G c. five L _ b. three 5. The author compares the procedure used c. four in the scientific method to a !_; a. report. ^ Use the answer key provided by your lj b. recipe. G c. guidebook. tea ;her to check your work. ______Number of correct answers 6. In testing your hypothesis with a Entsr your Reading Speed and your procedure, you should do Comprehension Score on the Progress G a. an experiment. Graph on page 73. G b. field work. G c. either of the above 4 О to the Student: Scanning What 1$ Scanning? Scanning is a reading technique you use Whatever the reference you are using, you when you want to locate a single fact or a can be sure ii is arranged in some logical way. specific bit of information without reading In order to save reading time and to prepare every word. You use scanning many times in for scanning, you need to take a few minutes your daily activities. For example, you scan to become familiar with the organization of the television listings of a newspaper or a the material. Following are several types of magazine to find the time and channel of a common arrangements. TV show. You scan a telephone directory 1. Alphabetical. Much of the resource when you need to find an address or material i he t you scan will be arranged telephone number. When finding a name in a alphabetica ly. x\ dictionary, the index of a directory, it is not necessary to read every book, a z p :ode directory, as well as name and number on the page. You simply numerous guides and reference listings, move your eyes quickly down the page until all are ar aitged alphabetically for quick you locate the name, address, and number understanding and easy location of and then look no further. Scanning is a fast informat on. way to find information. It must also be 2. Nonalphabet leal. Not all material is accurate if you want to see a specific TV show' arranged alphabetically. Television or get a correct phone number. listings, far example, are arranged by day and time. Historical data and tables may to Scan be arranged by month and year. The How sports pages of your newspaper list scores Note the arrangement of information. by category— baseball, football, tennis, Unlike skimming, in which vou usually know and so o i. A listing of the 40 most little or nothing about the material popular songs often is arranged beforehand, often scanning is done with numeric ill' according to the number of material that you do know something about. In copies sc Id of each song. the case of a telephone directory, for example, 3. Prose. Newspaper and magazine articles, you already know the name of the person. You encyclop ec ias and other reference also know that the directory is arranged materials, textbooks, and nonfiction trade alphabetically according to last names. So if books aie materials that have varying you wish to locate the phone number of Katie types of organization. In order to scan Nahrwold, you know' that it will be listed quickly ;.nd efficiently, you must become alphabetically with names that begin with N. familiar wi :h the arrangement of the First use the guide words at the top of the material, lake a few minutes to read directory pages to locate the correct page the title and subheads, look at the quickly. Then begin immediately to scan the illustrations, and read the first and last alphabetical arrangement of names. paragraphs. This reading will give you a 41 general idea of the order of ideas and words, start to read more carefully to find the topics. Once you understand the specific information you need. arrangement of information in a Mat e accuracy your goal. selection, you will have a better idea Accuracy is just as essential as speed when where the information you want may be sc anning. Since you are looking for specific located, and you can quickly turn to that ir fo mation, it is important that it be accurate. section of the material. Cnee you have scanned to find the information Keep clue words in mind. you aeed, check to be sure that it is correct. When you have found the section most likely Scar ning at a high rate of speed is useful only if to contain the information you need, you are you and the exact information you need. Your ready to begin scanning. Have in mind some goal should be 100 percent accuracy. clue words or phrases associated with the specific facts you want to find. For example, when scanning the telephone directory, your How to Complete the Scanning clue wrord would be the person's last name. In Drills the case of a newspaper sports page, your 1. F.ead the introduction to each drill. Take clue words for locating the baseball scores a fewT minutes to become familiar with the would be baseball, runs, the names of the organization of the material to be teams that played, and the cities the teams scanned. Record your starting time in the represent. box at the bottom of the page. Clue words also are useful when scanning 2. Complete the drill by reading each magazine articles and ency clopedias. If vou question and scanning for the answer. If want to know the population of New York you are timing each item, you may want to City, for example, you would locate the use a stopwatch. Start the watch as soon as section of the encyclopedia that discusses you begin to scan and stop it when you New York City. Your clue words when locate the answer. scanning this section would be population, 3. Record the time you finish the entire drill census, inhabitants, and, of course, any ai the bottom of the page. numbers. 4. Si ibtract the start time from the finish Scan quickly. ti ne to determine your scanning time. Since the purpose of scanning is to locate W rite your scanning time in the box at the information quickly, a high rate of speed is bottom of the page. essential. With clue words in mind, try to scan 5. Use the Answer Key provided by your as much of the printed matter as you can in teacher to correct your answers. Record the least amount of time. Remember that you the total number of correct answers in are searching for specific words; don’t allow the box. yourself to become distracted by words or 6. Pi actice daily. Apply scanning techniques ideas unrelated to the information you are to materials you use in school and out. scanning to find. If you find yourself beginning to read sentences or paragraphs, stop reading and begin again to move your eyes in a scanning pattern. Once you have located the clue filphabetical Li$t fracture frontier future gave fragile frontiersman fuzz gay fragrance frost fuzzy gaze fragrant frostbite gab gear frame frosting gabby gearshift frank frosty gadget geese frankfurter frown gag gem frankness froze gaily general frantic frozen gain generally frantically fruit gal generate fraud fruity galaxy generation frazzled fry gallant genius freak fudge gallery gent freckles fuel galley gentle free fulfillment gallon gentleman freedom full gallop gentlemanly freehand fullback galoshe > gentleness freely fullness gamble gently freeman fully gamble ■; genuine freeze fumble gambling geographer freezer fume game geographical freight fumes gander geography freighter fun gang geologist frequent function gangster geolog)' frequently fund gangway geranium fresh funds gap germ freshen funeral garage get freshly funnel garbage getaway freshman funnies garden getting freshness funniest gardener ghost fret funny gardenia ghostly friction fur gargle giant fried furious garlic gift friend furiously garment gifted friendless furnace garter gigantic friendlier furnish gas gigg!e friendliness furnishings gash gill friendly furniture gaslight gin friendship furred gasoline ginger frighten furry gasome ;er gingerbread frightful furs gasp gingersnap frill further gasse s gingham fringe furthermore gass} giraffe frisbee furthest gate girdle frisk fury gate Dost girl frisky fuse gate wav girlhood frog fuss gather girlish frogman fussbudget gather ng give from fussier gauge giver front fussv gau'e gives 42 Alphabetical Li$t$ Some materials you will want to scan are arranged alphabetically. A solid understanding of the rules of alphabetical order will enable you to scan these materials quickly. The words in the following exercise have similar beginning lette-s and so will give you practice in alphabetical order up to the sixth letter. Look briefly at the Alphabetical List on page 42. Notice that the words are in alphabetical order, that the first word begins with /a n d that the last word begins with g. Scan the word list to find each of the words in the first column below. As vou locate each word, write the word that fol ows it in the second column. 'Word to fin d The following "Word Wcrd to find 'fh.e following "Word 1. fuzzv 14. frequently 2. frv 5. furniture 3. getting : 6. gatepost 4. gaze ] 7. gasoline 5. ghostlv 18. frog 6. fumes 19. frost 7. galoshes 20. fragrance 8. geese 21. geranium 9. gingham 22. fussy 10. gaP 23. funnies 11. geology 24. frill 12. gargle 25. ginger 13. gigantic S ta rt: Scanning Time: Finish: N i\m?er Correct: 43 "Dictionary 74 opp-ori orn- jut 75 72 old-onl oni-opo 73 70 obn-odd ode-oin 71 68 nou-num nun-obl 69 66 neu-nip nit-not 67 64 nar-nea nec-net 65 62 mum-mut muz-nap 63 60 mot-mov mow-mul 61 58 mob-mon moo-mos 59 56 mir-mis mit-moa 57 54 mew-mid mie-min 55 52 men-mer mes-met 53 men*di*cent (men'd-vkont) adj. 1. Begging; mc*sa (ma'so, Sp. ma'sa) n. A high, flat depending on alms for a living. 2. Pertaining te bieland descending sharply to the surround- to or like a beggar. —n. 1. A beggar. icg plain, common in the SW U.S. (< Sp. < 2. A begging friar. (< L mendicut needy] L menta table] —meii'dt*c«n*cy n. mt*sa!*U*ance (ma-xal'enns, Fr. m a-la men’hfden (raen-had'n) n. A fish of North gans') n. A marriage with one of inferior Atlantic and West Indian waters, used as a pttition; misalliance. {< F] source of oil, as fertilizer, and as bait. mes*d«mes (madam', Fr. ma-dam') Plural (Alter, of Aigonquian munnawhal fertiliser] Oi MADAME. me*ni*il (me'ne-al, men'yol) adj. 1. Pertain mis*de*moi*seUes (mad-mwa-zei*) French ing to or appropriate to servants. 2. Servile; P Ural of MADEMOISELLE. abject. —n. 1. A domestic servant. 2. One m< s*en*tcray (mes*on*ter,e) n. pi. ‘ter*ies who has a servile nature. (Ult. < L mantio A nat. A membrane that connects an bouse) — mc'nbiMy adv. ir testine witk^*--^»*texifir abdominal Ат Л т 2 'fh.ree-Letter druide 'Words Many books that are arranged alphabetically, sich as dictionaries or encyclopedias, have two guide words at the top of each page. Guide words may be only the first three letters of each word or they may be two complete words. They represent the first and last words or entries on the page. If the word you are looking for comes between the guide words, you will find the word on th a t page. To do this drill, first look at the word you want to locate. Then look at the guide words on page 44. Decide on which page tie word would appear and write down the page number. 'Word to Look Vp Vage Number Wirnl to book Up Vage Number 1. muffin 16. November 2. might)' 17. midnight 3. naming 18.' onion 4. northwest 19. mustard 5. mitt 20. moldy 6. multiply 21. ourselves 7. oblong 22. old-fashioned 8. message 23. nearby 9. offer 24. nolasses 10. mosquito 25. nickel 11. neighbor 26. mountain 12. o ’clock 27. orbit 13. mice 28. nisty 14. newspaper 29. nurse 15. operate 30. mummy S ta rt: ______Seaming Time: Finish: ______Number Correct: 45 D ictionary 54 endanger-equip equity-erase 55 52 dunk-elbow elder-end 53 50 ditch-downtown downward-dungeon 51 48 dewdrop-disapprove disarm-disturbance 49 46 declaration-demolish demon-dew 47 44 crab-cyclist cyclone-deck 45 42 condemn-contribute contribution-cozy 43 40 clear-coming com na-concussion 41 38 certainly-chilly chim-j-cleanser 39 36 caif-carnival ca -ol -certain 37 34 buried-buy buzz-caiendar 35 32 bronze-buffalo buffer- bt rial 33 bronie (broox) n. 1. Meiaii. a A reddish bufber1 (buf'or) n. One who or that which brown alloy essentially of copper and tin. buffs or polishes. (< вог?1, v | b A similar alloy of copper ana some other buff*er* (buf'ar) n. 1. One whc or i\at which metal, as aluminum. 2. A reddish brown diminishes shock or conflict. ?. A substance color or pigment. 3. A statue, bust, etc., that stabilizes the degree af .acidity or done in bronie. —t ?.». bronied, alkalinity of a solution, brons*ing To make or become bronie in buf’fet* (boo-fa*) n. 1. A side Dord for china, color. |< Ital. bronio, brontino] —broni'y glassware, etc. 2. A counte* or table for adj. serving meals or refreshments. 3. К meal set Bronte Age Archeol. A stage of prehistory out on a buffet table. (< Fj following the Stone Age and preceding the buMet* (buf'it) *.<. 1. To sUike эг cuff, as Iron Age, during which weapons, etc., were with the band. 2, To striie repeatedly; made of bronie. knockabout —t.i. 3.Tof^‘ fjrmrrh) n. An ornament llowo) 46 3 Wh.oIe-’Word duide \ford$ The pairs of guide words used in this exercise ar? whole words. Guide words for pages 32-cc are shown on page 46. In this drill the word you ,are looking for will be alphabetically betwee- one pair of guide words. Decide on which page you would find ez.ch of the following words and write the page number on the line provided. ‘Word to Look l/p Vaqe Number Word to Look T7p Vaqe Number 1. darken 16. elevator 2. button 17. chase 3. drizzle 18. Duild 4. circus 19. coastal 5. camera 20. Drush 6.castle 21.donkey 7.equator 22.conquer 8. destroy 23. eel 9.computer 24.dinosaur 10. crank 25. deerskin 11.dunk 26.content 12. brother 27.:abin 13. downy 28. endear 14. cycle 26. burden 15. elegant 3C. disagree Start: Scar ning Time: Finish: Nl m ?er Correct: 'Telephone D irectory GRAPHIC-GREIWE Graphic Warehouse 3189 AirwayAv CMsa . 549-1100 Gray Virginia 2475 NapoliWy CMsa ...... 645-652S Gr* эпЬегд Harry & Evelyn Grap's Antiques 782 W20thSt C M s a ...... 548-1905 Graybill Evelyn 2700-8B PetersonP! Cmsa . . 546-0812 i -AnchorageWy NptBch ...... 675-1184 Graser Steve & Linda 421 OrchidAv CDM 675-1093 Gravdon С 1112-3 WBalboaBI Bal ...... 675-7182 Gn enberg Irwin Grasmehr Jas M 1517 MonroviaAv NptBch . 642-0125 Grayon Corp 359-202 SanMiguelDr NptBch . . 640-6255 » 910 WOceanFront NptBch ...... 642-3692 Grasmehr Wm 313 Broadway CMsa ...... 646-5773 Grayson S F 375 Rochester CMsa ...... 645-4765 Gr^nberg Lee W 1906 CourtAv NptBch . . . 675-3383 Grasso S J (Sue) 4832 RiverAv NptBch . . . 642-3157 Grazer Frederick M Inc Gn ?nberg Leslie Gratias Gregory 2272-C PamelaLn CMsa . . 548-6975 1401 AvocadoAv NptBch ...... 644-1240 910 WOceanFront NptBch ...... 642-1783 Gratias Insurance Agency Graziano Anthony 443-201 FairDr CMsa . . . 545-6288 Grf ?nberg Marty 110 Sonora NptBch . . 548-3740 3848-121 CampusDr NptBch ...... 549-8993 Greaney Richd 679-C W18thSt CMsa .... 645-5721 Gr< ?nburg Robert L M D Gratz Wiles H (Lucille) Great American Marketing Endeavor : 55-300 PlacentiaAv NptBch ...... 631-4811 984 PaularinoAv CMsa ...... 540-2339 4590 ParkNewport NptBch ...... 760-0661 Grt ?nburg Robt M D Gratza J В 1928 OrangeAv CMsa ...... 548-9405 Great American Printing Co The 55-300 PlacentiaAv NptBch ...... 631-4811 Grau Mel (Mary) 215 ViaGenoa NptBch . . . 675-8248 3190 AirportLoopDr CMsa . .-...... 549-0963 Gn ene Bernard В 2506 VistaDr NptBcn . . . 631-1595 Graubart Jami 403 NorthBayFront Bal Is 675-7659 GREAT COVER UP Grt ?ne С A 2480-A OrangeAv CMsa 645-1159 Grau-Englander Design Corp 1 8011-SteE SkyPark Irv ...... 557-2212 Grt >ne David M 2917 ChestnutAv CMsa . . . 557-1962 3822-215 CampusDr NptBch ...... 979-2900 Great Earth Discount Vitamins Grt ?ne Diane L 2485 IrvineAv CMsa . . 631-3570 Graul John & Esther 370 E17thSt CMsa ...... 646-0534 Grt -*ne Donald Monroe 635-Y203 WBaker CMsa ...... 979-7784 Great Expectations ; 567 WestminsterAv CMsa ...... 548-0752 Grave Melvin D (Hazel) 369 E19thSt CMsa 548-7569 4100-102 Birch NptBch ...... 955-2831 Grt 3ne Donald R Graveline Wilma 426 BelvueLn Bal ...... 675-5718 Great Pacific Yogurt Co . 555-2H MesaVerdeDrEast CMsa 751-8384 Gravelle G E 327 WWilson CMsa ...... 642-2587 211 MarineAv Bal Is ...... 673-7632 Greene Douglas W 255 Prospect NptBch . 646-4092 Graven Tim 665-54 ParkDr CMsa ...... 646-5565 Great Rallye E 1132 EICaminoDr CMsa . 751-7341 Gre?ne Eva H 340-112 Victoria CMsa . . . . 642-3687 Graves A A 2731 SanCarlosLn CMsa 557-7310 Great Republic Life Insurance Co Grf »ne G L-Skip 635-L204 WBaker CMsa , . 751-5348 Graves J E 870 Deepcreek CMsa ...... 751-2754 1401-660 Dove NptBch ...... 752-2975 Grf >ne Geo R 3108 SumatraPI CMsa 751-4112 Graves Jack A (Jean) 2316 PrivateRd NptBch 646-1733 Great Southwest Realty & Investment Grt >ne Joe 207 19thSt NptBch ...... 675-8342 Graves Janine 2506 BaysideDr C D M ...... 675-7747 3822-217 CampusDr NptBch ...... 545-9911 Grf j ne Lorri 227 CoralAv Bal Is ...... 675-5962 Graves John W (Kath) 326 AnadeAv . . .Ba 673-2208 Great Things 3333 Bristol CMsa ...... 751-0510 Grf 3nfield Bruce & Ingrid Graves К E 1300-26J AdamsAv CMsa ____ 754-1624 Great Things Unlimited : 62 BaywoodDr NptBch ...... 640-5091 Graves L G 2592 CirdeDr NptBch ...... 645-6040 4000 RiverAv NptBch ...... 673-2558 Grf >nfield E Graves Larry A Great West Enterprises ; 250-J248 VanguardWy CMsa ...... 957-4009 610 NewportCenterDr NptBch ...... 644-5940 3822-211 CampusDr NptBch ...... 979-6953 Grf infield J Arth (Pauline) Graves Lemuel 421 PoppyAv CDM ...... 673-4361 2546-B SantaAnaAv CMsa ...... 646-8510 224 WOceanFront NptBch ...... 675-0868 Graves Nancy L 1107 DolphinTer CDM 644-9617 Grebe С S 1922 MeyerPI CMsa ...... 645-4569 Grf sngard R L (Neva) Graves Robt Clark Greco Gary L 2280-B PamelaLn CMsa 642-5593 814 LighthouseLn CDM ...... 644-8125 2207 PortHarwickPI NptBch ...... 759-0040 Greco Peter L 200 NewportCenterDr NptBch 640-7494 Grf jnia Michl F 440 CostaMesa CMsa . . . . 642-1861 Graves Ronald 314 Broadway CMsa ...... 642-3468 Greek Isle The 3333 WCoasthwy NptBch . . 645-3918 Grf >nkeeper 3440 ViaOporto NptBch . . . . 673-4720 Graves Steve 2686 SantaAnaAv CMsa 548-8463 GREEK RON STATE FARM Grf ;nlee David 1935 SantaAnaAv CMsa . . . 646-3405 Graves Timothy L 1005 -C EBalboaBI Bal . . 673-2115 INSURANCE Grf mly Jack R (Margt) Graves Tre 2530-3A SeaviewAv CDM ...... 673-8547 18662-440 MacArthurBI Irv ...... 883-8968 ; 033 HofidayRd NptBch ...... 548-8070 Graves Valerie 866 WWilson CMsa ...... 645-6593 Greek's Nautical Decors & Artifacts Gre *nman Jeni Lee 361-6 ElSthSt CMsa . 548-6172 Gravis Michl 2270 OrangeAv CMsa ...... 548-6265 2140 NewportBI NptBch ...... 673-4508 Grf >n's Landscape Maintenance Grawburg Russell A (Helen) Greeley Alan 260 Flower CMsa ...... 541-8428 c 76 TrabucoCir CMsa ...... 548-5412 447 GloucesterDr CMsa ...... 645-8021 Greeley Cortland D Gre Tiwood Gary В 928 CarnationAv CMsa . 546-9131 Gray & Gray Inc 4500 CampusDr NptBch . . 979-0373 2323-11 EldenAv CMsa ...... 631-4352 Gre 2nwood Industries Gray Alan R 2426 LesparreWy CMsa ...... 548-7542 Greeley E 300-38 ECoastHwy NptBch ...... 675-6487 < 87 62ndSt NptBch ...... 642-7204 Gray Anna 2731 ECoastHwy CDM ...... 673-0877 Greelev John Jr 907 CitrusPI NptBch ...... 644-0986 Greenwood Ins Serv Gray Bruce (Jackie) 1721 PalomaDr NptBch 645-7898 Greeley Louise S Mrs 16 SwiftCt NptBch 631-1475 ; 397 EllesmereAv CMsa ...... 545-5614 Gray Chas R 240% Walnut C M s a ...... 548-0756 Greeley Michl 2410 SantaAnaAv CMsa 548-1476 Gre >nwood Sandra Gray Chas W 4527 HampdenRd CDM 706-1888 Greeley Robt G (Floris) 943 G o v e rn o r CMsa 548-4525 Э67-В AnaheimAv C M sa...... 642-8397 Gray Chris M (Christine) Greeley Sharon Gre >r Bruce M (Thelma) 1140 Carson CMsa ...... 557-3592 1525-G4 PlacentiaAv NptBch ...... 646-9017 ; 400-101 HarborBI CMsa ...... 540-4484 Gray David 1607 HavenPI NptBch ...... 631-0291 Green Alma Mrs 398 UniversityDr CMsa . . . 548-3771 Grf *r Jaime M 209-A Walnut NptBch 646-5406 Gray David E 844 BaywoodDr NptBch 640-7793 Green В D 3160 BrayLn CMsa ...... 540-2625 Gre>r Jay 1207 NorthBayFront Bal is , 673-3756 Gray Dorothy P 301 Esperanza NptBch 759:0489 Green Billie 2700-66A PetersonPI CMsa , . . 754-1747 Gre югу Eric J 1826% WBalboaBI NptBch . . 673-0262 Gray E A 2315 FairhillDr NptBch ...... 631-3528 Green С L 328-A MargueriteAv CDM ...... 673-0898 Gre jory Ina 2452 EldenAv CMsa ...... 646-3583 Gray Elly A 238 PoppyAv CDM ...... 760-0842 Green Chas 119 EmeraldAv Bai Is ...... 675-1209 Gregory J H Construction Co Gray Gary 2077 SwanDr CMsa ...... 751-2237 Green Charles В PhD . 187-G.AirwayAv CMsa ...... 751-3840 Gray Glenn 1980-P309 16thSt NptBch ____ 548-8433 567-301 SanNicolasDr NptBch ...... 759-1740 Gregory Jas H 2301 TustinAv NptBch 642-8270 Gray Goose Apts 423 EEdgewaterAv Bal . . . 675-6491 Green Stuart 1 DDS Inc Gre jory Lloyd H (Edna) Gray J A 3152 SumatraPI CMsa ...... 540-8844 2740 SBristol SA ...... 556-7000 1018 AfturaDr CDM ...... 673-1522 Gray Jas J (Joan) 213 ViaMentone NptBch . . 673-7094 Green Tim 3140 CountryClubDr CMsa 957-0160 Gre jory R M 1300 WBayAv NptBch ...... 675-8054 Gray Jas L 2001 BaysideDr CDM ...... 673-6912 Green Tree Acceptance Corp Gre jory Robt 1807 WBalboaBI NptBch . 673-6453 Gray Jas W (Beatrice) 1601-295 Dove NptBch ...... 752-8931 Gre jory Ron 833 SaintClair CMsa ...... 556-1276 655 PromontoryDrWest NptBch ...... 675-9438 Green V M Gre jory Rose M 1102 SandiLn CMsa . . . 645-1593 Gray John A 2701 OceanBI CDM ...... 673-5552 4230-204 ParkNewport NptBch ...... 640-6654 Gre jory Sami К 1406 LincolnLn NptBch . . . 646-7335 Gray M E Jr 2208 VistaDorado NptBch .... 640-1402 Green Wm С (Patricia) Gre jory Scott 121 YorktownLn CMsa , . . . 556-8407 Gray Marty 234% E 19thSt CMsa ...... 631-2387 2912 AltaVistaDr NptBch ...... 640-6755 Gre jory W Clifton 405-106 FairDr CMsa . . 751-4384 Gray Mary Ann 2786 LorenzoAv CMsa . . . 546-2360 Green Witer С Gre пег С M 2805 LorenzoAv CMsa ...... 751-0469 Gray Michl С 914 BaywoodDr NptBch .... 640-0962 1895-T208 SheringtonP! NptBch ...... 548-6178 Grf ner Floyd С (Eleanor) Gray Mike 2106 SantiagoDr NptBch ...... 642-3595 Greenbaum Leonard E 629-D CorianderDr CMsa ...... 557-4369 Gray Nelson A 829 HarborislandDr NptBch 673-9039 1945 PortBristolCir NptBch ...... 759-1089 Gre ner J 555-N101 PaularinoAv CMsa . . . . 556-0595 Gray Paul 227 CarnationAv CDM ...... 675-4129 Greenberg Birthe 756 ViaLidoNord NptBch 675-3670 Gre ner Leonard 2853 HickoryPI CMsa . . . . 557-6483 Gray Perry С (Neva) 1110 ValleyCir Cmsa . . 548-0410 Greenberg Chas Gre sch Xina M 406 EBayAv Bal ...... 673-0345 Gray Ralph J 407 EveningStarLn NptBch , . . 646-6403 521 PromontoryDrEast NptBch ...... 673-5218 Gre tzer Stanley (Trena) Gray Raymond L 302 EBalboaBI Bal .... 675-5471 Greenberg Geo (Marian) : 206 WOceanFront NptBch ...... 548-1707 Gray Raymond L Jr 249 AlbertPI CMsa .... 548-2897 1824 PortRenwickPI NptBch ...... 644-6918 Gre ve Floyd (Iciphene) Gray Richd F 1010 LindenPl C M s a ...... 645-4932 Greenberg H 2238 PortLerwickPI NptBch . . 759-0868 <■ 03 Magnolia CMsa ...... 548-6243 Gray Sales & Leasing Greenberg Harry & Evelyn Gre we Emmett (Helen) 2076 PlacentiaAv Cmsa ...... 646-5930 25 Drake NptBch ...... 675-3826 ; 30 Rochester CMsa ...... 548-7287 46 'telephone Directories You probably use a telephone directory frequently. Here are some hints to help you save time: (1) Memorize the spelling of the name. Look carefully at the spelling of the name to make sure you have it correctly memorized. (2) Memorize the telephone number. When you find the number take a moment to memorize it by repealing it slowly to yourself. Say the first three digits, pause, then say the last four digits. Look briefly at the telephone director}- за^e on page 48. Notice that the entries are in alphabetical order according to last names. Scan the listings to locate the numbers of the people or companies lis eel below. Name or Telephone Nair.e or Telephone Business Number B is ness Number 1. The Greek Isle 14. Robert L. Greenburg, M.D. 2. Raymond L. Gray, Jr...... 1 c. (Greenwood Industries 3. W. Clifton Gregory If. Jaime M. Greer 4. Great Thinps 17. Charles B. Green, 5. Steve & Linda Graser Ph.D. Marv Ann Grav 6. 18. ( .rav & Gray, Inc. 7. Stuart I. Green, IS. К. E. Graves D.D.S., Inc. 20. Mrs. Louise S. Greeley 8. J. H. Gregory Construction Co. 21. L. A. Gray 9. Bruce Sc Ingrid 9 9 Jeni Lee Greenman Greenfield 23. J эе Greene 10. Gravon Corp. 24. Xina M. Greisch 11. Eleanor Greiner . . ___ 25. ( ireat West 12. J. B. Gratza Enterprises, Costa Mesa 13. Greenkeeper ... . S tart: ______Sc an ling Time: Finish: ______Nu nker Correct: 49 I n d e x Fence viewers, 317-318 Franklin stove, 38 Good Lessons for Children, in Ferries, 333 French Orators, The, 183 Verse, 304 Fescue, 140 Funerals, 301 Gcody Two Shoes, 174 Finlay, Hugh, 335 Fustian, 262 Goose-picking, 201-202 Fire back, 28 Gourds, 51, 213 Firedogs, 32 О offer Two Shoes, 183 Gi ains, methods of Fire-hunting, 56 Gage, Governor, 15 cooking, 46; see also Fire-making, 24-25 “Gallus frames,” see Tape Corn Fireplaces, see Chimneys looms Gi ammar and grammars, Fire room, 4 Gambrel roof, 11 145-147 Fires and fire-fighting, 8-9 Garnish of pewter, 45 Grammar of the English Fishing, 64-69 Garter looms, see Tape Tongue, 147 Flails, 215 looms Grant, Mrs. Anne, quoted, “Flanders babies,” 192-193 Geese, 201 124 Flannel sheet, 100-101 Geneva Bibles, 298 Green, Boston printer, 98 Flapper, 131 Geography, teaching of, Greene, General Flatbush, Long Island, 155 Nathanael, 127 119-120, 133-134, 135, Georgius Rex jugs, 51-52 G eene, Polly, hand reel 141 Germantown, Pennsylvania, of, 217 Flax: bleaching, 234; 243 G 'less Again, 175 culture, 229-230; laws, Gibbs, Robert, 282-283 Guess books, 175-176 236; manufacture in Girls: complexions of, “Guinny wheat,” 71 Virginia, 238; processing, 278-279; in church, 289, Gulliver’s Travels, 171,183 230-233; rippling, 230; 290; dress of, 277-279, spinning, 233-235 280; education of, Hackling, 232-233 Flax brake, 231-232 123-129; hairstyles of, Hadley, Massachusetts, Flower seeds, old list of, 278; importance of erect 212, 318 327-328 bearing, 126-127; Hairstyles, 278 Flowers, old-time, 326-327 knitting, 225; Hancok, John, 46, 158, 271 Food: availability of, 89-90; occupations, 190-206, Hancock House, 14—15 serving, 54-55 211-212; see also Children Hand distaff, 236 Food for the Mind, 175 Glass, uses of, 5, 12, 24, 49, Hand reel, 249; legend of, Football, Indian, 190 120,129 quoted, 217 Foote, Abigail, 199-200 Gloucester, Massachusetts, Hap-harlot, 264 Foot mantle, 272 314 Harpsichords, 128 Footpaths, 332-333 Gloves, gifts at funerals, L Harris, Richard, 42 Foot stoves, 290, 295-296 275 Harvard College: Forks, 42 Go-cart, 101 curriculum, 112; Form (bench), 52-53 Goldsmith, Oliver, 172, establishment, 115, Franklin, Benjamin, 27, 38, 173-174, 178-179 etiquette, 109; standing 98,147-148,181, 307, Good Child’s Little Hymnbook, salt, 42; wooden 336-338, 344 The, 308 trenchers, 44 50 s I n d e x e s Many nonfiction books such as textbooks include indexes. By scanning the index you can find out whether the book discusses a particular topic and, if so, on what pages the information is located. Index entries are listed alphabetically by mah topic. For example, suppose you want information about the education of girls. You w?uM first look up girls; then the subtopic education of. Names in indexes are arranged as they are in the telephone book, with the last names first. Look up each topic below in the index on page 50 and write the page number(s) on which you would find the information. Informal:ion to Locate Vage(s) Information to Locate Vaqe($) 1. spinning of flax 16. etiquette at Harvard CollegeО 2. how girls were educated 17. geese 3. a quotation of Mrs. Anne Grant 18. Hugh Finlay 4. fishing 19. laws about flax 5. methods of cookinp crains 20. guess books 6. the curriculum at Harvard . ___.... 21. к lifting done by girls College 22. Fooa for the Mind 7. Goody Two Shoes 23. fire-naking 8. how food was served 24. funerals 9. the legend of the hand reel. __ _ 25. Germantown, Pennsylvania 10. Indian football 26. grammar and grammars 11. Gloucester, Massachusetts 27. Hancock House 12. General Nathanael Greene 28. forks 13. teaching of geography 29. ferries 14. hairstyles 30. go-carts 15. Guess Again ____ ------Scanning Time: ------Number Correct: 51 TV bisting SATURDAY EVENING Prime Time 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7 00 17:30 о Hard Copy CBS News News Siskel & Ebert Ec rty Edition о News NBC News Access Hollywood Pr Jtender о Mews *BC News JeopQKty Wheel ot Fortune Anertca's/Vld. Movie; My Famlly/MI Famllla о Earth: Final Conflict Friends Illinois' Luckiest В rffy the Vampire Slayer m This Old House Hometime Chicago Week In McLaughlin Grouf N)va Review © Trallside Yank. Workshop Illinois Outdoors Anyplace Wild B irtWolf | Traveling Lite т M Movie: The Art of Dying Motown Live WWF Wrestling 8 0 News Simpsons I Seinfeld С )ps | Cops QD Eight Is Enough Flipper U tie Men CD Placos AXN WCW Wrestling @0 The Nanny The Nanny ER ft ovie: Naked In New York Net Cafe Today/Horseman Woof! it's Dog Pets: Fomify OiBirdg. Trail Senior Focus © Midwest Outdoors Infomercial Hoosler Mill. Ministry Post Time m Duro у directo I footiclos Fiesta gigante fcibado gigante BASIC CABLE CHANNELS (Ш) City Confidential i Mysteries of the Bible Bography (Ж) Movie: Norma Rae № ovie: My Bodyguard (BED Teen Summit 1 Plonet Groove S'undStaae д а Good Eating [Around Chlcagolond News W) Tim Russerf Olympic Show Weekend Squaw* U >huaia: The Ultimate Adventure (Ш 1 News Reliable Sources Capital Gang Sports Tonight World Today I Moneyweek w Daily Show Daily Show The Man Show Strangers/Condy MarkTwaln Prize (Щ) Crime Stories Crime Stories H >micide: Life on the Street ЙВВ Secrets of the Great Wall Storm Warning! Suvage Paradise ПГП Fashion Em. I Fashion Em. Tolk Soup Weekend Tue Hollywood Story (Ш) NASCAR PitStop SportsCenter MLS Soccer: Colorado 3t D.C. J P 2 > Hydroplane Racing RPM2Night Auto Racing: CAR Гpole qualifying | Bicycling (F ffl Little Drummer Uttte Drummer Santo Clous is Coming to Town ft ovie: Christmas Every Day (TO FoxWkend. NewsWatch Drudge 0 Reilly Factor СЕЮ ««Volleyball Special Olympics V*Mox I Auto Racing: ASA Pon lac Excitement 250 (7Ю M*A*S*H M*A*S*H Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular Movie: Best of the Best 2 (HSD All in Good Taste SavoirFaire At the Auction ICoil.Treas. К Bartholomew I Decorating Cents _ а д ) Port Chlcogo Mutiny Secrets of World War II G jttysburg: Victory at All Cost (HP Movie: Dead by Sunset (MS® Weekend Magazine with Stone Phillips Time and Agoin С lartes Grodln ®DD Road Rules Road Rules Rood Rules Tom Green T<>m Green Celebrity Dmch. (EBD Oh Yl Cortoonsl Doug Hey Arnold! Angry Beavers R jgrats Ail That Щ) Real Things from Coca-Cola 1 i Karat Gold (Щ) < Movie: Biggies: Adventures In Time i M ovie: tt Come from Outer Spoce II (Ш) WCW Wrestling* ft ovie: Quigley Down Under * е д а M Movie: Stage Fright AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies Movie: TheCapttve City (Щ) Life After Death Lite After Deoth V ortds/Rescues OBH) ^WSLRollerJam This Week In Country Music 0 ну Bockstage 1 Grand Ole Opry (Ш) Movie: Coogon's Bluff ft (ovie: The Shawshank Redemption TO M The TV GUIDE CHANNEL: Listings, interviews, previews, updotes. ЙЩ) < Movie: Almost on Angel M ovie: 'Crocodile'Dundee II (TFT) Rock Across Am. | Befofe/Stars Rock Jeopardy! 1 Rock Jeopardy! 1 H story of Rock & Ron PREMIUM CHANNELS j p ? ) M Going Wlid ] Flash Forward • | Backstreet Boys in Concert ftlovle: Meet the Deedles (Ш) Movie: Reality Bites* ftiovl в: Cop Land (H5® Movie 1 Movie: The Fifth Element * w o Movie: Still Breathing fttovie: The Road Khters &НФ < Movie: Close Encounters of the Third Kind Movie : Sour Grapes L ® Movie: Touch 1 Movie: Palmetto Program started before 5 P.M. ’ Program starts within the half-hour. 6 *ГУ bi$ting$ This drill involves something you might do eve у day. When you use the TV program listing to find out when a particular program is being shown or when a special topic will be presented, you are using scanning skills. Answer the questions quickly by looking at the TV program listings. Look up the answer to each question belo.v in the TV listings on page 52 and write it on the space provided. 1. What time does "Siskel & Ebert” start? Time for Each Item 2. If you like country music, v h; t channel would 1. seconds you watch at 6:00' 2. seconds 3. What time is ‘Jeopardy!" on? 3. seconds 4. How long is the show “Earta: Final Conflict”? 4. seconds 5. When is a show called “Crime Stories” on? 5. eecor\de 6. Which channel shows the most cartoons? 6. seconds 7. What channel has a show abo it the Olympics, at 6:00? 7. seconds 8. Do you need cable TV to see Tie Shawshank seconds Redemption? 9. s econds 9. What channel has Chicago news at 6:00? 10. seconds 10. What channel is showing “Teen Summit”? 11. seconds ______11. What show is on just before ‘Jeopardy! ”? 12. seconds 12. What non-cable T \ movie ends at 13. eeconde 6:00? 14. seconds 13. What is showing on CNN at 7:30? 15. 5ecor\d<5 14. What is showing on MTV from 5:00 until 6:30? 15. At 6:00, what shov is about a dog? S ta rt: ______Scanning Time: Finish: ______Number Correct: 53 3x1$ Schedule ROUTE 50 SAT WESTBOUND Orange to Anaheim to Stanton Mall Katella Katella Katella W e s : S : Katella Katella of & & & & & & Orange Glassell State Haster Disneyland Brookhurst Beach College Entranca • • • • • • • • • • • • 5:30 a.m. 5:39 a.m. 5:45 a.m. 6:10 a.m. 6:16 a.m. 6:21 a.m. 6:25 a.m. 6:30 6:39 6:45 7:10 7:16 7:21 7:25 7:30 7:39 7:45 8:10 8:16 8:21 8:25 8:30 8:39 8:45 9:10 9:16 9:21 9:25 9:30 9:39 9:45 10:10 10:16 10:21 10:25 10:30 10:39 10:45 11:10 11:16 11:21 11:25 11:30 11:39 11:45 12:08 p.m. 12:14 p.m. 12:21 p.m. 12:24 p.m. 12:30 p.m. 12:39 p.m. 12:45 p.m. 1:08 1:14 1:21 1:24 1:30 1:39 1:45 2:08 2:14 2:21 2:24 2:30 2:39 2:45 3:08 3:14 3:21 3:24 3:30 3:39 3:45 4:08 4:14 4:21 4:24 4:30 4:39 4:45 5:08 5:14 5:21 5:24 5:30 5:39 5:45 6:08 6:14 6:21 6:24 6:30 6:39 6:45 7:08 7:14 7:21 7:24 7:30 • • • • • • 8:08 8:14 8:21 8:24 8:30 • • • • • • Help Conserve Our Natural Resources — Ust' Public Transportation 54 7 Ъи$ Schedules Knowing how to scan bus, train, or airline schedules accurately is an im portant skill. These schedules contain a variety of travel information Ъ j s schedules are directional. For example, the schedule on page 54 is for westbound buses only. Reading across the line of numbers gives the time a bus arrives at each successive stop. Reading down the column of numbers gives the time different buses leave for a particu ar location. The three dots ( • • • ) mean that the bus does not stop at that location. Look carefully at the headings in the schedule. Notice the destinations of the various buses. Read each of the following questions and scan the schedule to locate the answer. Write your answers on the lines provided. ______1. What time does the first bus leave Disneyland? Time for Each Item ______2. WTiat time does the 12:14 p.m. bus from Katella 1. seconds & Glassell arrive at Katella & Brookhurst? 2. seconds ______3. What time would you catch the bus at Katella & Haster to get to Disneyland at 10:5'0 A.M.? 3. seconds ______4. When does the last bus leave the M ill of Orange? 4. seconds ______5. How many buses run between the Mall of 5. eeconde Orange and Katella & Beach? 6. seconds ______6. If you catch the 5:30 P.M. bus at Disneyland, how long does it take to get to Katella & Beach? 7. eeconde ______7. When does the last bus arrive at Disneyland? &. seconds ______8. If you miss the 3:21 P.M. bus at Kitella & State 9. eeconde College, when is the next bus? 10. seconds ______9. Which stop has the most buses stopping there? 11. eecor\de ______10. When does the first bus arrive at Fatella & Beach? 12. eeconde ______11. When does the 1:14 p.m. bus from b Patella & Glassell arrive at Katella & Haste:? ______12. If you catch the bus at Katella & Master, how many stops is it to Katella & Brockkurst? S ta rt: ______Scanning Time: Finish: ______Number ^o^rect: 55 Be$i-Seller tii$t Fiction Hardcover______HANNIBAL 1 By Thomas Harris (Delacorte $27.95) Sequel to Silence of the Lambs. WHITE OLEANDER 2 By Janet Fitch (Little, Brown $24) A girl is put in foster care after her mother is imprisoned. STAR WARS: EPISODE 1 -TH E PHANTOM MENACE 3 By Terry Brooks (DelRey/Lucasbooks $25) Companion book to the new blockbuster riovie from George Lucas. MOTHER OF PEARL 4 By Melissa Haynes (Hyperion $23.95) A look at love and prejudice in a Mississipoi community in ______the 1950s.______THE TESTAMENT 5 By John Grisham (Doubleday $27.95) A Washington litigator goes to Brazil in se arci of a billionaire’s heir, his long-lost daughter. THE GIRL WHO LOVED TOM GORDON 6 By Stephen King (Scribner $16.95) A girl lost in the woods has only her radio and broadcasts of baseball games to comfort her. CERTAIN PREY 7 By John Sandford (Putnam $24.95) Minneapolis cop Lucas Davenport investigates a professional hit gone awry. WE’LL MEET AGAIN 8 By Mary Higgins Clark (Simon & Schuster $25) A TV reporter investigates the murder of sn ex-classmate’s husband. THE GIRLS’ GUIDE TO HUNTING AND F4SHING 9 By Melissa Bank (Viking $23.95) A collection of stories chronicles a young woman's search for love. ______^ Л EAST OF THE MOUNTAINS I w By David Guterson (Harcourt Brace $25) A doctor with cancer contemplates suicide. 56 A list of best-selling books tells which books are most popular. Many people, including librarians and booksellers, refer to these lists, wu'ch appear in many local newspapers and national magazines. Other information given и bsst-seller lists includes the author, the publisher, the price, a brief description of what tie book is about, and, in some cases, how long the book has been on the list. Take a moment to become familiar with the organization of the information contained in the fiction hardcover best-seller list on page 56. Read each question and scan for the answer. When you scan, strive for speed and accuracy. Record your answers on the lines provided. 1. Who wrote the Number 5 book?______Time for Each Item 2. If you were interested in a collection of stories, which book might 1. seconds you b u y ? ______2. seconds 3. What title is Number 8 this w e e k ? ______3. seconds 4. Who is the publisher of White O leander}______4. seconds 5. Wbat books cost $ 2 5 ? ______5. seconds 6. seconds 6. Which book is the companion book for a blockbuster movie? 7. seconds 5. seconds 7. Which book is least expensive? _____ 9. seconds 8. Which book is a sequel? ______10. seconds 9. WTiich book did David Guterson write? 11. seconds 12. seconds 10. Which book takes place in the 1950s?______ 11. Who is the author of Certain Prey? ______ 12. Which book tells the story of a girl lost in the woods? S ta rt: ______Ъсгпг'щ Time: Finish: ______Number Correct: 57 B estseller List Nonfiction Hardcover___ THE GREATEST GENERATION 1 By Tom Brokaw (Random House $24.95) A celebration of the generation that came of age during ______World War II.______SHADOW 2 By Bob Woodward (Simon & Schuster $27.50 Journalist Woodward traces the impact of Watergate through five presidencies. TUESDAYS WITH MORRIE 3 By Mitch Albom (Doubleday $19.95) A journalist shares what he learned about life during visits with a dying professor. EVERY MAN A TIGER 4 By Tom Clancy, with retired Gen. Chuck Home* (Putnam $27.95) The latest volume in Tom Clancy’s series on military commanders. THE CENTURY 5 By Peter Jennings, Todd Brewster (Doubleday $6Ю) A history of the 20th Century as experienced by ordinary men and women. THE MAJORS 6 By John Feinstein (Little, Brown $25) The writer continues his look at pro golf and its psrsonalities. CINDERELLA STORY 7 By Bill Murray, with George Peper (Doubleday $'9.95) The comedian traces his obsession with golf. 1 AIN’T GOT TIME TO BLEED 8 By Jesse Ventura (Villard $19.95) Life story of the wrestler-turned-governor. ______CO M RADES 9 By Stephen E. Ambrose (Simon & Schuster $21) The historian looks at male friendship with examples from his family and excerpts from his books. ______*| Л SUZANNE SOMERS’ GET SKINNY ON FABULOUS FOOD I w By Suzanne Somers (Crown $24) The follow-up to “Eat Great, Lose Weight.” ______All best-seller lists contain a large amount of information, as you probably discovered while completing Drill &. The Nonfiction Best-Seller Jst on page 53 is the second part of a Reader’s Guide National Best-Sellers list. In the newspaper, the fiction and nonfiction lists are divided into two parts. Therefore, the organization of ■she Nonfiction Hardcover List will be the same as the Fiction Hardcover List found in Prill &. Read the following questions and scan for the answers. As you find each answer, record it in the blank provided. 1. What title is Number 6 this w e e k ? ______Time for Each Item 2. Which book is the latest in a series on military commanders? 1. seconds 2. seconds 3. Which book is about the impact of Watergate?______3. eeconde 4. Who is the author of Shadow ? ______4. seconds 5. What is the title of the book written by Stephen E. Ambrose? 5. seconds 6. eecor\de 6. Which book is the most expensive?______7. seconds 7. Who is the publisher of this week’s Number 1 book? <3. seconds 9. seconds 8. If you were interested in the history of ordinary эеэр1е in the 20th 10. eecor\de century, which book would you b u y ? ______11. seconds 9. Who wrote the book that is Number 1 0 ? ______12. seconds 10. What do the books ranked Number 6 and Number 7 have in c o m m o n ? ______ 11. How many books on the list are diet books?______ 12. What three books are the same price?______ S ta rt: ______Scanning Time: Finish: ______Number Correct: 59 $port$ fable? MARATHON HOME Sunday, November 1, 1998 PRIZE MONEY MEN PI. Name Country Tim e Prize $ Time Bonus Total $ 1. John Kagwe Kenya 2:08:45 $50,000 $35,000 $85,000 2. Joseph Chebet Kenya 2:08:48 $25,000 $35,000 $60,000 3. Zebedayo Bayo Tanzania 2:08:51 $12,500 $35,000 $47,500 4. German Silva Mexico 2:10:24 $ 7,500 $10,000 $17,500 5. Vanderlei Lima Brazil 2:10:42 $ 5,000 $10,000 $15,000 6. Roberto Barbi Italy 2:10:55 $ 2,000 $10,000 $12,000 7. Simon Chemoiyo Kenya 2:11:08 $ 7,000 $ 7,000 8. Peter Githuka Kenya 2:11:20 $ 7,000 $ 7,000 9. Shem Kororia Kenya 2:11:27 $ 7,000 $ 7,000 10. Jonathan Ndambuki Kenya 2:11:30 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 11. Leonid Shvetsov Russia 2:11:50 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 12. Robert Stefko Slovakia 2:12:52 $ 3,000 $ 3,000 WOMEN 1. Franca Fiacconi Italy 2:25:17 $50,000 $25,000 $75,000 2. Adriana Fernandez Mexico 2:26:33 $25,000 $15,000 $40,000 3. Tegla Loroupe Kenya 2:30:28 $12,500 $12,500 4. Ludmila Petrova Russia 2:31:09 $ 7,500 $ 7,500 5. Franziska Rochat-Moser Switzerland 2:32:37 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 6. Libbie Hickman USA* 2:33:06 $ 2,000 $ 2,000* $ 4,000 * US citizens finishing in the top six get double the existing prize mone y. MASTERS MEN 1. Martin Mondragon, 44 Mexico 2:18:16 $ 3,000 2. Dominique Chauvelier, 42 France 2:22:24 $ 2,000 3. Dick Hooper, 42 Ireland 2:22:46 $ 1,000 MASTERS WOMEN 1. Joan Benoit Samuelson, 41 USA 2:41:06 $ 3,000 2. Antonella Bizioli, 41 Italy 2:46:30 $ 2,000 3. Gillian Horovitz, 43 USA 2:46:36 $ 1,0)0 60 1C Sport$ Т!аЫе$ A table is an orderly arrangement of information that usually includes numbers. Tables are usually not read completely; they are scanned to find specific information. To avoid making errors when reading a table, it is necessary to se ect information from the correct line and column. Notice that the 1998 New York City Marathcn on page 60 is divided into Men’s and Women’s places. The information is organized in columns marked Name, Country, Time, Prize Money; Time Bonus, Total Mon<‘y. Read each question and scan to find the answer. 1. The most prize-winners came from which country? ______Time for Each Item 2. What was the total amount Franca Fiacconi won?______1. seconds 3. WЪat was the winning time in the m en’s r a c e ? ______2. eeconde 4. In the m en’s race, how much slower was the seconc-place runner 3. eeconde than the first-place ru n n e r? ______4. eeconde 5. Which male runner in the top 12 was from Mexico? ______5. eeconde 6. eeconde 6. WЪere is Libbie Hickman from ? ______7. eeconde 7. What woman won in the Masters c a te g o r y ? ______b. eeconde 9. eeconde 8. How old was the winner of the Masters men’s race? ______10. eeconde 9. How many U.S. men won prize m oney?______11. eeconde 10. How many U.S. women won prize m oney?______12. eeconde 11. Which runners won only $1,000 dollars e a c h ? ______ 12. What was the Time Bonus for each of the male rur ncrs who placed seventh, eighth, and ninth?______ S tart: ______Scannhg Time: Finish: ______Number Correct: 61 о to The Lowdown: Mountain Bikes Manufacturer Price Frame Fork Components Shifters/ Pedals *Singletrack ^Liveliness Last Word and Model Material # of Gears Capability of Ride Raleigh М-80 $ 5 4 5 aluminum R ock Sh ox STX-RC/LX A liv io /24 clips and 2 1 Low-priced hut not Jett С straps low-end; far racier than o th e r sul>- $ 6 0 0 steeds. Kona Lava Dome $ 5 9 9 steel R S T 381 STX/LX STX-RC :/21 clips and 1 . 2 Thoughtful sizing yields straps a great lit for small riders. Schwinn Moab 3 $ 6 9 9 aluminum R ock Sh ox Acera/STX-RC A liv io /24 clips and 3 S A rugged, feature-lilied Ju d y С straps bargain for intermediate riders of all shapes and sizes. Trek 6500 WSD $ 7 5 0 „ aluminum R ock S h ox S T X /2 4 clips and 3 3 Frame designed for Judy C. straps women; clipless pedals would be nice. Gary Fisher $ 8 5 0 steel R ock Sh ox LX/XT . L X / 2 7 clips and 2 3 Geometry shines on sleep й Hoo Koo E Koo Ju d y С straps descents; steel is forgiving. Cannondale F500 $ 9 0 0 aluminum I IcadS hok Alivio/CODA/XT A liv io /24 CODA clipless 3 3 Aluminum frame is way stiff; t > HeadSlmk won’t get squirrely. VX Mongoose $ 9 9 9 aluminum M anitou LX/XT L X / 2 7 Mongoose 4 For first-time racer or Pro NX 7.3 SX-K clipless serious off-made r— live ly, й maneuverable, speed-lovin’. м« (amis Dakar Comp $1,000 aluminum M anitou STX-RC STX-RC ’/ 2 1 Wellgo 1 3 finally, full-suspension <ь full suspension SX-K clipless pluslmess for smaller rides. Giant XtCSEl $ 1 ,2 2 5 aluminum R o c k S h o x LX/XT L X / 2 7 Time clipless 1 4 Spunky aluminum frame Judy X ( : lloats up hills; disc makes grab in the m ud. Specialized $ 1 ,5 0 0 aluminum M anitou LX/XT L X / 2 7 Specialized 5 4 Rare full-suspension steed Stumpjumper full suspension SX-K Comp clipless that isn’t marshmallowy soft. FSRXC G TXCR2000 $ 1 ,9 6 0 aluminum M arzocchi LX/XT : L X / 2 7 Shimano SPD 5 2 ' / 'y Pillowy soft on descents, a bit full suspension Z3 clipless mushy when hammering out of the saddle. titespeed $ 5 ,3 0 0 titanium R ock S h ox ШШШтШ: X T R /2 7 not included 5 MiMSM Lighte r than most road bikes; ТеШсо SID SL nimble as a chimp; just plain delicious. J *1= average, 5= excellent , |'ц у, -fiif Buyer'$ druide Т!аЫе$ The table on page 6 2 includes information th a t helps buyers compare mountain bikes. It is important to know what information is given in each row and column of a table before beginning to scan. There are 10 columns in the table. Read the column heads to find what information is included. Notice the asterisks beside Singletrack Capability and Liveliness of Ride. You will find the meaning of the asterisk at the bottom of the table. 1. Which mountain bike costs $ 9 9 9 ? ______Time for Each Item 2. What kind of fork does the Schwinn Moab 3 have2 1. eeconde 2. eeconde 3. Which bike is described as “nimble as a chimp” and “just plain 3. eeconde delicious”? ______4. eeconde 4. WTiich bikes have steel frames? ______5. eeconde 6. eeconde 5. Which bike does not come with pedals?______7. eeconde 6. Which bike has Acera/STX-RC co m p o n e n ts?______b. eeconde 7. What was the Cannondale FoOO’s “Liveliness of Ride ’ score? ___ 9. eeconde 8. Which bike’s frame is designed for w o m en ?______10. eeconde 9. Which bikes are rated “excellent” for their singlefack capability? 11. eeconde 12. eeconde 10. If you wanted a bike that cost about $600 which one would you c h o o s e ? ______ 11. How many bikes have full suspension fra m e s ? ______ 12. If you wanted a bike that was good for hills and muddy conditions which would you choose?______ S tart: ______Scann щ Time: Finish: ______Humber Correct: 63 Statistical fable The 10 Most Dangerous Occupations Employment Employed % % J atality Fatality Leading Occupation (in thousands) Men Women Count Rate* Fatal Events Timber cutters 79 97.0 3.0 121 128.7 Felled tree Fishers 47 95.7 4.3 5o 123.4 Drowning Water transportation 52 96.6 3.4 4') 94.2 Fall from ship Aircraft pilots 120 98.8 1.2 1(0 83.3 Air crash Structural metal 66 100.0 0 45 68.2 Fall workers Mining and other 145 98.7 1.3 7) 51.7 Vehicle- extractive occupations related Construction laborers 811 95.4 4.6 3! 3 41.1 Fall Taxicab drivers 248 91.7 8.3 1(0 40.3 Homicide Truck drivers 3,075 94.3 5.7 8 :7 27.9 Highway crash, jackknifing Farm occupations 2,177 78.4 21.6 6* 5 27.5 Tractor- related *per 100,000 workers Source: Bureau of Labor Staticstics. Data are from 1997. 64 12 Statistical Т?аЫе$ This drill will give you practice in reading number? and in understanding how a statistical table is arranged. The table on page 64, like many -;afcles, is complicated because information is in categories and subcategories. Study the table ' irst and read the heads and subheads. Answer the questions as quickly as possibly Memorize each answer so that you will not have to look at it again while writing it down. 1. What is the fatality rate for timber c u t t e r s ? ______Time for Each Item 2. When a fisher dies on the job. what is usually t;ie fatal event? 1. seconds 2. seconds 3. What is the fatality count in mining occupatioi s? ______3. seconds 4. Which occupation listed on the table employs he most women? 4. seconds 5. seconds 5. According to the table, which two professions ha\e fatality7 counts 6. seconds of 1 0 0 ? ______7. seconds 6. Which occupation has the highest fatality count? 3. seconds 9. eeconde 7. Based on the fatality rate, which group holds tl e nore dangerous 10. seconds job, fishers or truck drivers?______11. seconds 8. Among which group of workers will you find only men? 12. seconds 9. Which occupation employ s the fewest w o rk e rs ? ______ 10. How many people work as construction laboreis? ______ 11. What percentage of aircraft pilots are w o m en ?______ 12. In which job is homicide the leading cause of dea h ? ______ S ta rt: Scz nr та Time: Finish: Number Correct: 65 D ocum ent Declaration of the Rights of Children о Principle 1 <> All children are to enjoy all rights in this Declaration regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, place of birth, or family’ background. <> Principle 2 <> Every child is to be given a chance to grow physically, mentally, morally, spiritually, and socially in a healthy and normal manner. <> Principle 3 <> Every child from birth has the right to a name anc a nationality. <> Principle 4 <> Every child has the right to the food, housing, anc medical care that he or she needs. <> Principle 5 <> Every child who is handicapped in any way is to be g ven special education and care. <> Principle 6 <> Every child has the right to grow up with affection, lov e, and understanding. <> Principle 7 <> Every child has the right to receive free elementary education. Every child is to have the chance for play and recreation. <> Principle 8 <> Every child is to be among the first to receive protection and help in times of disaster. <> Principle 9 <> Every child is to be protected from cruel treatment from others. No child is to be forced to work before a suitable age. No child s to be forced to work where his or her health or education may be in dг nger. <> Principle 10 <> Every child is to be brought up in a spirit oi tolerance, peace, and brotherhood of all peoples. D o c u m e n t ? A document is a formal piece of writing often of a legal nature, such as a set of laws, principles, or rules. The United Nations Declaration of the Rights o f Children on page 6 6 is an example of such a document. Often the paragraphs or sentences in a document are numbered. Notice that each Principle in the Declaration is numbered. Do not read any more of the document than is necessary. Read each question and scan for the answer. Work quickly, being care ul to put the number of the correct Principle on the line provided beside each phrase. P hrase Principle Time for Each Item 1. right to a name ______1. seconds 2. right to a free elementary education ______2. eeconde 3. right to protection from dangerous w o r k ______3. eeconde 4. right to food and housing ______4. eeconde 5. right to special care for handicapped children ______5. eeconde 6. equal rights regardless of race or c o l o r ______6. eeconde 7. right to be first to get help in times of d is a s te r______7. eeconde 8. right to protection from cruel t r e a t m e n t ______a eeconde 9. right to be brought up in the spirit of ______9. eeconde peace and brotherhood 10. eeconde 10. right to grow up with love and u n d erstan d in g______11. eeconde 11. right to a chance to grow in a healthy ______12. eeconde and normal manner 13. eeconde 12. right to a chance for play and r e c r e a t i o n ______14. eeconde 13. right to a name and a nationality ______15. eeconde 14. equal rights regardless of family background ______or place of birth 15. right to medical care ______ S ta rt: Scanrin^j Time: Finish: Number Correct: 67 Internet /Web Site ULTIMATE ROlLEiKOA^Vf* Home e M \ 19S9 could easily go down in h sto у as one of the greatest years for new roller cc asters and this latest creation is going to be no exceDtio i. In just a few weeks the bull that hs 5 been lurking around Six Flags Great America w I be unleashed once and for all. when park off cial unveil their latest state-of-the-art thrill ride Racing Bull. Introducing the worlds first steel "■ yper-twister” roHer coaster. This brand new >tat- -of-the-art thrill ride will certainly deliver one о the wildest rides on earth. Raging Bull will be the %st roi! эг с >aster in the world to combine the thrills of a traditional hypercoaster with the tight, inte ise twists and turns of a traditional twister, thus creating the term ''hyper-twister." The 2 minute, 30 second ride begins with a climb up the towering 200 too -plus lift hill, before it begins it's descent down a 200-foot initial plunge at 65 degre 3s. /\t the bottom of the descent coaster riders will soar through an underground cavern w ile eaching speeds of up to 73 mph. Raging Bull wii: also feature si; me ined loops, steel high-soeed turns oanked as m Those interested in challenging the bull will board one of three specially designee. sir eless trains, designed to seat 36-passenge: в in a four per row arrangement, The Raging Bui! rair 3 will be unique since riders will be seated high up ;o their feet will barely touch the floor beneath. Sin-ole t-bar style restraints will extent from the f! эог jetween each rider's feet, with the oar restjnc acr 3ss the rider’s lap. Raging Bull is named after a ferocious beast that terrorized the citizens of the old Southwest Territory until they fled the town and built the beautiful courtyards and mission seen today. The raging bull still lurks in the ruins of the old mission, which today serves as the loading station for this unpredictable, wild roller coaster. This multi-million dollar attraction will span the entire length of the Park's Southwest Territory, wrapping behind the Stunt Show Arena, paralleling the guest parking lot and rising over the queue for the Viper roller coaster, The track will be painted a bold orange, while the supports will be wir e-c< Iored. Standing at just over 200 feet tall, Raging Bull will tower above the park's nine otl er i Dller coasters and change the skyline of Six Flags Great America. Raging Bull is designed and manufactured for the park by Swiss coa? ter Jesigners, Bolliger and Mabillard. This will be the third roller coaster designed by this firn at Six Flags Great America. So after reading this you can’t wait to ride? Weil fortunately, the time s a most here for us to stake our spot in line, and be one of the first riders to face the...R/ GIN G BULL! http://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/new99/ragingbuil.htmi 60 14 In te rn e t/“Web Sites This drill will give you practice in scanning for answers in a selection from the Internet. The Internet can provide you with access to a multitude of resources. The World Wide Web (WWW) allows the user to search for interesting sites from huge databases of information. Start by looking at the organization of t he web page on page 68, but do not read the entire page. Read the first question. Then scan the Internet reference for the answer, and so on. Write your answers on the lines provided. 1. According to this article, why might 1999 go down in history? Time for Each Item 1. seconds 2. What is the name of the roller c o a s te r? ______2. seconds 3. How long does a ride on the Raging Bull l a s t ? ______3. seconds 4. What does the term hyper-twister m e a n ? ______4. seconds 5. seconds 5. How long is the ride’s initial p lu n ge?______6. seconds 6. How fast will the roller coaster g o ? ______7. seconds 7. What color is the track?______8. seconds 8. Who designed and manufactured the Raging Bui ? 9. seconds 10. seconds 9. How did Raging Bull get its name? 11. seconds 12. seconds 10. How many loops does the roller coaster have? 11. Where is the Raging Bull roller co a ste r? _____ 12. How many passengers can ride the Raging Bull? S ta rt: ______S cain ng Time: Finish: Nun'ber Correct: 69 CV'KOM. HOME SPECTRUM COMPASS ONLINE HELP Search ф .ARTICLE О INDEX О DICTIONARY 10 popcorn, a variety of corn (maize), the kernels of which, when exposed to heat or microwaves, are exploded into large fluffy masses. The сэгл used for popping may be any of about 25 different varieties of Zea mays; the two major types are rice popcorn, in which the grains are pointed at both base and apex, and pearl popcorn, in which the grains are rounded and compact. A popcorn kernel has an extremely hard hull and hard outer endosperm, and wit hi: 1 there is a mass of moist, starchy, white endosperm. The moisture is optimj.lh about 13.5 percent. When such kernels are heated to about 400° F (about 200е C), the moisture in the starch turns into steam and builds up pressure until the kernel explodes inside out into a white fluffy, irregular mass, about 20 to 40 times the original size. Popcorn is native to the Western Hemisphere. Thousand-} ear-old kernels of popcorn have been found by archaeologists in Peru and Utah. The first European explorers of the New World described the toasting of popcorn by the Indians for food, for scattering in religious ceremonies, and for wearing as decoration in the hair. Today the United States growTs almost all the world's popcorn. As a snack food, popcorn is commonly buttered and saited. It may instead be glazed with variously flavored and colored candy syrups that harden, or be mixed with peanuts or almonds, or be coated with melted cheese, Related Spectrum Topics Food and drink Liliopsida (monocots) Cereals Cereals, cereal products, and other starch products Copyright ® 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. © ENCYCLOPEDIA BRIT ANNICA CD 9 8 TOP 1 5 C D -R O M S Many reference books such as Encyclopedia Britan lica, are available on CD-ROM. CD-ROM programs store large amounts of text in small г mounts of space. When you use a printed encyclopedia you can look up your topic alphabetically in the volume devoted to that letter, or you can use the index. When you use the keyworc-st?arch option of a CD-ROM, the program will find every mention of your topic in the entire encyclopedia. The topic for this drill, “Popcorn,” has already been searched and narrowed to one article. Remember, do not read the reference first. Read the first question, then scan the CD-ROM article on page 70 for the answer. Write your answers on the lines provided. 1. What happens when popcorn kernels are exposed to heat or Time for Each Item microwaves?______1. seconds 2. What do grains of rice popcorn look l i k e ? ______2. seconds 3. How many varieties of popping corn exist?______3. seconds 4. At what temperature does a popcorn kernel explode? ______4. seconds 5. Where is most of the wrorld’s popcorn grown?______5. seconds 6. How is popcorn commonly served?______6. seconds 7. How did European explorers describe Indians use for popcorn? 7. seconds S>. seconds 8. What is another word meaning “corn”? 9. seconds 9. What are the two major types of popcorn? 10. seconds 11. seconds 10. How big does the kernel get after it has exp lo d ed ? ______12. seconds 11. What percent of moisture is best to pop a kernel?______ 12. How old were the popcorn kernels found by archaeologists? S ta rt: ______Scannirg "ime: Finish: ______Number Correct: 71 \for&$ per Minute: Skimming Directions: Using the Minutes and Seconds selection. In the columns under the selection column or the Seconds column, find the time titles, find th e 'vords-per-minute rate that closest to your actual skimming time for each corresponds tc each skimming time. tc tc ^ tc сЯ s 1 | й ' v: 7 ;> 2 r. tc tc 5Г- tf = ^ s ^ ■3 1 'jTu $ § "p: u j£ QJ Mammals in the Sea СЛ Minutes and Seconds and Minutes Tr. s; й j ~r Words 1245 1402 1573 708 1374 ! 1016 1064 1016 1340 1360 01:30 830 935 1049 472 916 677 709 677 893 907 90 01:40 747 841 944 425 824 610 638 610 804 816 100 01:50 679 765 858 386 , 749 554 580 554 731 742 110 02:00 623 701 787 354 687 508 532 508 670 680 120 02:10 575 647 726 327 634 469 491 469 618 628 130 02:20 534 601 674 303 589 435 456 435 574 583 140 02:30 498 561 629 283 550 406 ; 426 406 536 544 150 02:40 467 526 590 266 515 381 ! 399 381 503 510 160 02:50 439 495 555 250 485 359 376 359 473 480 170 03:00 415 467 524 236 ! 458 339 355 339 447 453 180 03:10 393 443 497 224 434 321 336 321 423 429 190 03:20 374 421 472 212 i 412 305 319 305 402 408 200 03:30 356 401 449 202 393 290 I 304 290 383 389 210 03:40 340 382 429 193 375 277 290 277 365 371 220 03:50 325 366 410 185 358 265 278 265 350 355 230 04:00 311 351 393 177 344 254 266 254 335 340 240 04:10 299 336 378 170 330 244 255 244 322 326 250 04:20 287 324 363 163 317 234 246 234 309 314 260 04:30 277 312 350 157 305 226 236 226 298 302 270 04:40 267 300 337 152 294 218 22b 218 287 291 280 04:50 258 290 325 ' 146 284 j 210 22C 210 277 281 290 05:00 249 280 315 142 275 203 215 203 268 272 300 05:10 241 271 304 137 266 197 206 197 259 263 310 05:20 233 263 295 133 258 191 20( 191 251 255 320 05:30 226 255 286 129 250 185 19- 185 244 247 330 05:40 220 247 278 125 242 179 18b 179 236 240 340 05:50 213 240 270 121 236 174 181 174 230 233 350 06:00 208 234 262 118 229 169 17: 169 223 227 360 06:20 197 221 248 112 217 160 m 160 212 215 380 06:40 187 210 236 106 206 152 160 152 201 204 400 07:00 178 200 225 101 196 145 151: 145 191 194 420 07:20 170 191 215 97 187 139 14:. 139 183 185 440 07:40 162 183 205 92 179 133 13(> 133 175 177 460 08:00 156 175 197 89 172 127 13:; 127 168 170 480 08:20 149 168 189 85 165 122 12.‘< 122 161 163 500 08:40 144 162 182 82 159 117 12 > 117 155 157 520 09:00 138 156 175 79 153 113 ll-S 113 149 151 540 1 72 "Progress чз ce .= о СЛ а 0, > я 2 5 « 2 > о и CQ №г2 «Я 2- I И ьл '■О bJD с- 1> С а I с С .2 « I 5 •с 'SL ■S сл u с "5 ^ -а о С о о g -о В W N £ g сл Ё *8 Comp. С о т р . Scores Scores 750 750 725 725 700 700 675 675 650 650 625 625 600 600 575 575 550 550 525 525 500 500 475 475 450 450 425 425 400 400 375 375 350 350 325 325 300 300 275 275 250 250 225 225 200 200 175 175 150 150 125 125 100 100 73vas about to explode. He opened a Sharks ate the swimmers. At the same hatch to air out the hold. Then everyone moment, the platform fell into the sea, and took to the lifeboat to wait for the danger to everyone drowned. (Very farfetched!) pass but suddenly a wind sprang up. The The ship came upon the lost continent o f Celeste sailed away by herself. The lifeboat Atlantis. The crew sailed into a little harbor sank, and evervone drowned. (This doesn’t and dropped the sounding rod to test the explain why the sounding rod was down. But depth o f the water. Everyone got off the ship othenvise it makes the most sense.) to look around. Suddenly, Atlantis sank back Nc trace o f the crew was ever found. We into the sea, and everyone drowned. (This, may n ever know their fate. We do know, too, seems farfetched. No one has ever however, what happened to the Mary Celeste. proved that Atlantis exists.) Hei fi ial days were spent under a cloud of A giant squid attacked the ship. Everyone suspic on and mistrust. No one wanted to sail was eaten. (A few giant squids have been on liei'. Few people wanted to own her. sighted, and this might explain the gashes Fir ally, in 1884, the Mary Celeste set sail for on the rail. However, such an attack would the la‘ t time. On a cloudless day, off Haiti, have caused more damage. And there she smashed into the rocks. The wreck had certainly would have been some signs o f been staged. The captain had set up the a struggle.) whole thing so that he could collect the Everyone died o f a mysterious disease. insurance money. In due time the truth came (Where were the bodies?) out and the captain was thrown in jail. He The sailors were all killed by pirates. (As was the last person trapped in the web o f bad far as anyone knew, there were no pirates in luck spun by the ill-fated Mary Celeste. ■ the area at the time. Besides, nothing o f value was missing.) ^ Record your reading time below. Then look The Dei Gratia crew killed the sailors to jp your reading speed on the Words-per- collect the salvage money for recovering the Mhute table on page 72. Celeste. (The men didn’t seem like killers. heading Time ______And the amount o f money they got was pitifully small.) heading Speed ______31