Science & Military 2/2011

MEDIUM TO INCREASE THE SAFETY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HUMAN FACTOR, SIMULATORS & TRAINERS IN AIR FORCES

Matúš GREGA, Tomáš SCHÓBER, Tomáš BAŇAS

Abstract: Virtual simulation is the latest and most dynamic area of training and therefore also to air Visual Information System (LETVIS) are and will be placed high demands, especially as regards the extension of additional functionality, as regards the introduction of new security features and also interconnection with virtual flight simulators MiG-29, TL-39 and Mi-17 and the reconfigurable simulators. Interconnection of simulator LETVIS with air units, reconfigurable simulators, virtual control tower and training center of central ground controlled interception is possible to create a platform for building a federation of simulations that will permit not only joint training of all air traffic controllers and pilot training, but also increase the safety of flight personnel and thus the safety of air traffic services operators.

Keywords: simulators, safety, air traffic control, virtual simulation, trainers, pilots.

1 INTRODUCTION Training that is still being not preferred kind of training within the SAF. It is aimed at keeping the Air traffic control (ATC) is a specific field of high standard (respective at elimination of bad activities requiring both, precise and fast reactions. routines) of an ATC during the period of low flights To meet the mentioned qualities, there is a demand frequency, not talking about practising procedures for a kind of comfort that enables to all the ATC for special flight situations and other activities that members maximal concentration on responsible and may occur during “live” operations rarely, but it is safe accomplishment of the job. really difficult to simulate them without the violation There is a need to realize all kinds of training of flights safety. using the ATC on credible and certified simulators of the type “real High – fidelity Simulator” (R Hi Fi Sim) or similar ones. That is crucial for the ATCs in 2 INCREASING THE SHARE OF TRAINER’S order not to catch or get bad habits, as well as not to TRAINING FOR AVIATION SPECIALISTS acquire skills that are different from the real PREPARING situation. A multimedia laboratory equipped with a Air safety has a priority role that is confirmed by projector, a computer that is able to process the opinion of the International Civil Aviation multimedia data in real time, and an internet access Organization, which calls for improving the quality to watch the real Air Traffic is enough to meet the of the educational process and highlights the goals of ATCs´ theoretical preparation. Specialized authority of aviation training centers, that in its subjects can be taught in the classrooms primarily view, have an irreplaceable role in enhancing flight determined for those subjects. safety, noting: "If the human factor involved in 80 % More difficult is to manage the practical of air accidents, then this issue to participate in value preparation. That cannot work without a flight from 25 to 30 % gaps in professional training", and simulator. (SAF) are using as attributed this state shortfall, lack of technological a flight simulator Air Visual Information System facilities as well as failure to appreciate the (LETVIS). Also, LETVIS is being used – via its professional training aviation professionals. various modules – for the ATC itself. The system is Generally, a person within the system ergatic primarily being used for radiolocation data seems weakest. Errors pilot controlling the aircraft capturing, their processing and distribution in order are closely linked to the incident or condition to it. to commission tasks of the Air Traffic Services, and On the basis of analysis of much air traffic situations the ones that are related to command and control of can be concluded that pilot error may or may not active means of both, the Air Force and the Air immediately lead to the accident. That the flight Defence (AD). ended in an accident, must satisfy several conditions. It is clear that no simulator is able to replace a Accident in most cases was not the result of only real training. However, and undoubtedly, it has one defective intervention in the management of become its integral part. Basic and following aircraft, but a series of bad acts on the one hand and training of an ATC are the first moments of using inadequate defence mechanisms and stop the the simulator as a teaching device. The ATC is accumulation of errors becomes a second (Figure 1). memorizing and adopting real phraseology, as well as he or she is getting routine that will simplify his or her transition to real operation conditions. We can depict the importance of the Maintaining Simulation

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Lack of Pilot decisions knowledge

Adverse Little experience Accident conditions and skills

Fig. 1 Chain pilot errors

The first element of errors in decision-making providing staff (air traffic controllers, technical skills are inadequate due to poor preparation, lack of staff). In this case, may be incorrect chain reaction interest or by the student. Correct and the quality of of all cells and the resulting control error is the sum training affects not only knowledge but also the of all errors (Figure 2). ability to acquire the right experience and skills, and Internal mechanisms of control in training and thus indirectly affects the decision in this case the learning phase for all cells involved in the pilot. If, on the beginning of the preparation process preparation and operation of aeronautical products errors occur due to insufficient or incorrect training may be the creation and accumulation of training chaining error probability will be that much higher errors minimized. It is therefore necessary to and the process will be exponential. More chaining optimize the process of preparing aviation specialists errors occur under adverse conditions cause for the needs of conscripts, so that was good and by the human factor such as for example sustainable.

Lack of Pilot decisions knowledge

Adverse Little experience conditions and skills Accident Little experience and skills

Lack of knowledge providing staff

Fig. 2 Chain errors Articles manage

Taking into account generally valid theory of processes that are practiced in it but the return in didactic education, expressed system (Figure 3) is terms of perception so plausible that the largely the efficiency of the systém (E) function of the contribute to a true addiction, and ultimately the case optimal functioning of all elements that are to the pilot’s or air traffic controller’s correct determinants (without considering system features) decision. We conclude that the trainers training, (Table 1) and transform this system to the increasing which usually takes place in one location and one or demands placed on aviation specialists when you a pool of technical resources to increase technology need to meet all the objectives should be raising the level of training, thus contributing to improving level of individual determinants of the teaching aviation safety. function. Generally, each trainer as a practical way of teaching and training increases the effectiveness E EfxCOMFPPS= ( , , , , ršš, , ) (1) of points in 3, 4 and 5, and directly affects the point 6, which represents 57 % of the determinants,

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Time OBJECTIVE HOW? WHY?

CONTENT WHAT? WITH WHAT? METHODS FORMS MEANS

SUBJECT OBJECT EDUCATION EDUCATION TEACHER STUDENT WHICH FORM?

WHOM? PSYCHESTRUCTURE SOCIOSTRUCTURE WHERE?

Space

Fig. 3 Didactic system

Tab. 1 Elements and determinants of a didactic system Element Determinant Symbol 1. Goal Why teach C 2. content of the curriculum What teach O 3. Teaching method How teach M 4. Type of course Which form of teaching F 5. Teaching material resources With what to teach Pr 6. Psychestructure teaching Whom teach Pš 7. Sociostructure Where (Which soc. environment) to Sš teach Subject –– S 8. System creative elements Object –– O

3 CURRENT POSSIBILITIES • 1 station for radar data display (RDD), • 1 station for instructor, where is implemented 3.1 ATC TRAINING pseudo-pilot module. Nowadays simulator is in basic version, work The existing choice of simulators being used for stations are not set into working tables and there is training ATC: no modul for after action review (AAR). Present

configuration is appropriate for the Faculty fully FACULTY OF AERONAUTICS KOSICE satisfactory, but does not meet the conditons of the Simulator LETVIS (Air Visual Information simulator by standards of ATC. In the future should System) administrated by Faculty of Aeronautics, be designed to upgrade the previously established Technical University Kosice, that was directly simulator and link these two systems, which would conceived as a simulator for ATCs. Training of the be largely to provide training possibilities expanded Air Forces ATCs was running there till 2006. ATC. Regarding only limited upgrade since that simulator construction it has become morally out of date. GROUND CONTROL INTERCEPTION ZVOLEN According to its history and grading demands to There has been a local eventuality for training at provide complex training of ATCs is nowadays, the the Ground Control Interception (GCI) in the town use of that simulator restricted to a certain extent. In of Zvolen since 2004. The existing training system is this year the Faculty expand their possibilities and being used at all kinds of the operational air purchased new ATC simulator, the configuration is: campaign radio navigation commanders training. It

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enables the simulated flights management at both, • ATC at the workstation Tower (TWR), autonomous and manual modes, via emphasizing the • Radar and Approach Controllers at the Radar individual navigation methods. There is no vision of Centre (RC), future perspective on more extensive upgrading of • Intercept Controllers at the Ground Control the equipment itself. Interception (GCI). The Centre provides one workplace for each of ARMED FORCES ACADEMY LIPTOVSKY mentioned ATC centres with the possibility of a MIKULAS radio communication using voice communication In 2010 there was installed an ATC simulator via aeronautical locations simulated air radio (Sim Mil) at the Armed Forces Academy of Gen. networks, as well as an alternate device, type M. R. Stefanik and its construction was divided into Frequentis. several stages, so that the final phase would meet the Simulated air situation is being generated by the conditions of the simulator type R Hi Fi Sim. This simulator, where, except the simulation server, the (Sim Mil) simulator will provide complex functions following modules are available: for the SAFs Air Force staff training. Among the • pseudo-pilots modules staff there are not only Intercept Controllers, Tower • instructors modules, and Radar controllers, air command and control • modules for planning military air traffic operators and, of course, the pilots themselves. The operations, goal of above mentioned activities is based on • modules for completion of an objective creation of a complex workstation to provide high documentation, regarding the process of the level training for the SAFs ATCs. The centre will exercise with the voice communication allow practicing a variety of trainings while keeping evaluation included the valid international regulations in compliance Also, the additional goal of Training Simulation with the Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) norms. Centre (TSC) is to provide a kind of supplementary Also, it will guarantee a high quality and functions for LETVIS workstations, that are being complex training, oriented to the local conditions, used within the Slovak Air Forces, as follows: with short-term courses aimed at practical training, • data examination at the system configuration that would become the base of an ATC preparation. upgrading (e. g. air traffic service airspace The main task of simulation on Sim Mil is to allocation), so as at changes in both, radar data obtain basic practical, pre-qualified, qualified and processing and planned flight data, and software maintaining training. The simulation of unusual and customizing – all that preceding the extreme situations to broaden and sustain practical implementation of skills of the SAFs ATC staff is being included, too. the above mentioned into the real operations, To keep controllers´ routines and their following • upgrading, it is necessary to take a kind of practical • development and checkout of user interface training, that is crucial not only from the point of changes, view of their own experience. We cannot skip that • engineering simulation, technical and reliability step, due to the recommendation of the tests, and verification of the functionality of the programmes, concerning Air workstations, while being upgraded and Traffic Control safety. innovated. The architecture of the Sim Mil system is modular, in order not to restrict the number of 3.2 PILOT TRAINING pseudo-pilots, parallel independent exercises or modes of data input/output. At present, to learn to fly on a particular type of The system configuration enables to conduct the jet plane is not allowed without appropriate training training of: on an aircraft simulator. Despite improved aicraft • 16 pseudo pilots reliability and advanced technology, pilots judgement, reaction time and decision making • 2 independent exercises. process remain the key causal factor to most of There is a facility of aerial accidents and catastrophes. To put it simply, • 250 system targets simulator helps the pilot earn the needed experience • 8 radars to fly safely and prevents serious accident. There are for each exercise. dozens of scenarios pilots have to pass before they Sim Mil is designated for training at the can advance to real plane. Besides the take off, following types of ATC and ground control landing, basic navigation and communication with workstations within the AFs of the Slovak Armed ATC the missions focus mainly on crash landings, Forces: flying under bad weather conditions and various • ATC of the Operational Air Traffic (OAT) sector types of extraordinary and emergency at the Area Control Centre (ACC), situations. Since these kinds of scenarios cannot be

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practiced in real traffic, the simulators are efficient firing cannon rounds, unguided rockets and dropping and cheap substitutes of real training. small bombs with the noise corresponding to those In short, main mission of flight trainers is to in the real aircraft. All possible emergencies and simulate aircraft`s behaviour under similar or safety procedures can be launched by instructor. comparable conditions to those in a real aircraft Simulator was originally installed on air force while saving the money and service life of a real academy base in Kosice occupied mainly by pilot aircraft. students and „White albatroses“ aerobatic team members. The workstation was mounted on FULL MISSION SIMULATOR FMS-M29 a moving platform with 180 degree panoramatic From basic navigation flights to complex modern view. Right after closure of the university, simulator warfare missions – those are the essential demands was relocated to Sliač air force base, where is for today's Full-Mission Simulators (FMS). In situated only on static ramp. A few years ago, L-39 principle, the goal of the system is to configure, AFS underwent a partial modernisation concerning monitor, evaluate and record the task being trained. new navigation equipment and transition to anglo `s fighter pilots are using the jet saxon units to be fully compatibile with the real trainer L-39 Advanced Flight Simulator (L-39 AFS) aircraft. In Slovak air force conditions, combat pilots and the supersonic fighter MiG-29 FMS-M29 widely use the simulator especially during non- simulator. Whereas the L-39 FMS is designated to flying days or in cases the flying activity is cancelled train pilots from the basic flight level up to the i.e. due to bad weather or technical maintenance. weapons-handling, combat and advanced tactical level exercises, the FMS-M29 provides a complex COMPLEX AIR SIMULATOR TV-17 training and combat tool for the Mig-29 pilots. The The most recent acquisition of advanced variety of missions is huge. From elementary basic simulation technology by the Slovak Air Force is a and advanced piloting techniques training, new complex flight simulator designed for training navigation flights to formation flying and higher the flight crews of the upgraded Mi-17 M medium piloting techniques. Simulator is also capable to transport and multiple-purpose helicopters. The TV- fulfill various air-to-air and air-to-ground missions, 17 Complex Helicopter Flight Simulator is installed dogfights and is invaluable in planning, creating and at Prešov. The simulator is designed as a static tool evaluating new combat tactics. A mater of course is with vibration seats and without a moving platform. the possibility to change all of the flight conditions The simulator is installed and designed to train like daytime, visibility, clouds, wind, temperature efficient helicopter pilots and to improve their and near the ground pressure. The very important skills. The simulator is the only one of its kind that part of simulator is the instructor's station, designed enables the crew to be trained in combat activities as an independent subsystem working in several under all kinds of weather conditions in daylight or modes as an independent flight simulator. The night environment, except for training flights using instructor can follow the task being practiced, night-vision device. Possibility to install this update interactively change some parameters of flight or to the simulator depends on financial resources. The actively enter into the task using his own controls simulator consists of a fully functional cockpit, functionally equal to those in the cabin. Moreover, advanced visualization and full-fledged audio he is able to conduct another virtual MiG-29 to fake system. Pilot´s perceptions inside the cockpit are the enemy plane or simply to practice formation very similar to those in the cockpit of the real flight. Modular architecture makes the simulator helicopter, because the device, signalling, switches possible for upgrade and addition of specific and control correspond with the real situation. functions and promptly react to changes like it Unlike a real helicopter, simulator provides happen during the modernisation of real MiG-29`s. additional features and extra options. First of all, the This product can also be used for a post flight simulator allows training of basic and advanced debriefing system of a real aircraft. Finally, the piloting techniques without the risk of human or simulator has a technological capability for future material losses as well as training of non-standard unification to a simulation network together with L- and emergency situations, training group 39 AFS, Mi-17. coordination and air combat manoeuvres.

ADVANCED FLIGHT SIMULATOR TL-39 4 HOW TO ACHIEVE INTERACTIVITY OF This simulator is capable to fullfil wide scale of ATC TRAINING PROCESS AND PILOTS missions pilots have to pass to qualify to supersonic jets - from basic flight level up to combat and Air traffic control simulators are ranked among advanced tactical level exercises. Realistic fire high level financial investments. Thus, it is crucial to control and weapons-handling systems plausibly divide the new modules incorporation, as well as the simulate the real L-39 and all of its armament – enhancement and interconnection with other

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simulators, that are using virtual reality, to several mentioned interconnection regarding pilots, such as stages. Consequently, step by step, a so called “Air training of new navigation methods or applying the training centre” would be established as a complex Avionic Weapon Systems. These are normally not system. We might divide into several stages: being used, because of no extra time or resources to • 3D display installation to perform tower realize them. controllers training, • interconnection of ATC simulator at Ground o the above mentioned stage would not deal Control Interception (GCI) in Zvolen in order with tower approximation; the TWR would to provide common training of ATCs. be supplied by a 3D display view via huge o as stated above, the GCI in Zvolen is using an LCD screens that would enable to simulate LETVIS simulator, however it has been view from any of predefined Control towers. upgraded by GCI function. All that is Such interconnection would be able to working at Department with Special simulate both, day and night modes, the Capability. Thus, the real time simulation for sunset, low visibility as well as wide range of several self-sustaining or simultaneously weather conditions, such as rain, fog and cooperating groups of ATCs, participating at snow. The training at the above mentioned a complex training with one or more training type would be up to standard according to the targets completion. fact, that the aircraft, being controlled from • the interconnection of the TSC with the Ground the Control Tower are in the TWR vicinity. Control Interception units, equipped with Also, the controller is disposing by Automated Management and Command Radiolocation information. Thus, there would Systems of Active Air Defence (Astra and be created a unique workstation that would be Tatrapan AD) to provide both, ATCs and Air identical with the Tower Controller real Force Operators´ training, as well as the AFs acting. Nevertheless, there is nowadays no and the AD cooperation. workstation within the SAFs disposing with o by means of the final stage of the above that kind of simulator. The flight simulation mentioned, the AF or the SAFs would training of the Tower Controllers (besides the capitalize on a complex and fully-fledged procedural one) practically does not exist. training, accomplished via interconnection of Therefore, the extension of the kind of Flight all actives of the AD within a distributed Simulator might represent an immense interactive simulation. Nowadays the systems contribution to the training of ATC; not of AD Command and Control of active talking about cost economies. means are equipped by simulation modules. • the centre interconnection with the AF units These ones are capable of ground line and o such interconnection would be followed by radio connections with real air information. existing Operational Systems extension as to However, that is possible only on an the possible simulation aimed at providing autonomous level. MNTN training of Air Traffic Controllers • interconnection of pilot training simulators for 5 MODERN SIMULATION CENTRE FOR common training of ATCs and pilots AIR PERSONELL o in some AF units of the SAFs are installed pilot virtual simulators. The centre network Through the interconnection of Sim Mil in interconnection with the MiG-29 (FMS-M29) Armed Forces Academy of Gen M. R. Stefanik in and L-39 (TL39) flight simulators would be Liptovsky Mikulas, the GCI in Zvolen and virtual definitely an outstanding contribution to the simulators FMS-M29, TL-39 and TV-17 located at combat operations training improvement. Air Wing in Presov is established the Distributed Especially, the immediate feedback would have Interactive Simulation (DIS) (Figure 4). DIS is enormous importance for Intercept controllers of representing a Live collective training environment. combat engagement. The ATC would get radar and All functions are satisfied with common hardware voice information exactly just like at real Navigation and software that are compliant with industry and Control, instead of data given by a pseudo-pilot practices and standards. The provision of this (with time delay), which are pre-calculated with training package is in higher level of participants minimal possibility to influence the flight data. interaction in order to meet the common goal of the Thus, the information would be transferred without exercise; all that regardless the participants different any time delay. Time delay is a very important locations. All TSC simulations and exercise factor. Nevertheless, it has negative impact on development tools are DIS compliant. Intercept Controllers of Combat Engagement and it By means of DIS the Slovak Armed Forces is highly restricting their inter-operability. We would gain a complex and modern system that cannot omit the significant benefit from the above would enable practicing wide range of missions. The

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total contribution would not stop at the level of • superseding the AD of the simulated enemy and partial exercises. Actually, it would help to point vice versa and operations of AD against aircraft out any Command and Control inadequacies in the and helicopters, field of interoperability, concerning any of both, • the Air Force and Air Defense actions, aimed at Control and Command levels. We can depict several their interoperability, of possible scripts: • simulation of complex flight situations within all • COMAO (Composite Air Operation) – the ATC workplaces, pointing at special cases, employment and cooperation of higher number of that might occur during the flight maneuvers, and both, aircraft and helicopters from various Air replaying the problem situations, bases under the common Operational Control and • simulation of an intervention against Command with the support of AD means, RENEGADE regarding all the elements of the • SAR (Search and Rescue) – practice exercises federation simulations involved. upon the execution and coordination at natural disasters conditions, where the fast decision making process is emphasized,

Fig. 4 Interconnection LETVIS to flight Simulator

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Connecting system LETVIS to One Semi pilot and air traffic control staff will be preserved. Automated Forces Tesbed Baseline constructive Based on the connection of constructive and virtual simulation system, so called OTB 2.5.1 including its simulations, it is possible to carry out extension of 3D visualization of synthetic environment the TWR workplace where the 3D imaging system subsystems seems to be a cheaper alternative to of constructive simulation would serve as a live achieve the above-mentioned wide range of view of the airport from the TWR and the OTB missions. Currently the system is linked with OTB would be used to control the ground forces, which Reconfigurable Virtual Simulators (RVS) that were are practically controlled by the TWR. This recently purchased by the Armed Forces Academy connection would be financially more effective (AFA) (Figure 5). The AFA has 10 RVS in the alternative, especially as the LETVIS, RVS and configuration of ground and air units (Mi-17, Mi-17 OTB simulators are directly implemented at the weapon). The next step of planned RVS expansion is AFA and thus the potential problems with the to purchase licenses for fighter combat units. RVS is synchronization of systems that are deployed a cheaper variant of FMS, AMS or BFS, elsewhere should be minimized. Instructor, in the functionality of which is somewhat limited role of the exercise director could immediately compared to basic flight simulators. However, the analyse the situation and call a de-briefing with functionality is adequate in terms of ensuring the full pseudo pilots and air traffic controlers. training of air traffic control staff, especially given the fact that the interaction between pseudo pilot-

Fig. 5 DIS in AFA

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6 CONCLUSION [3] ANDRASSY, V., NEČAS, P.: Komunikačné a informačné systémy v konštruktívnej The existing and evolving TSC can be more simulácii, 5. vedecká konferencia s advanced through the incorporation of other virtual medzinárodnou účasťou, Akadémia ozbrojených simulators within the SAFs, as indicated above. síl generála M. R. Štefánika, Liptovský Mikuláš, Thus, the flight and the other units training Slovak Republic, 2009, ISBN 978-80-8040- integration of virtual and live simulations would 376-8 expand. [4] PETZ, I.: Communication protocols in Qualification and education, as well as exercises distributed simulation; SCYR 2010: 10th being performed via virtual simulation, are Scientific Conference of Young Researchers of fundamental at safety precautions. Aviation and Faculty of Electrical Engineering and ground personnel should be subject to special Informatics Technical University of Košice: common rules. These ones are concerning their May 19th, 2010, Košice, Slovak republic, 2010, qualifications, obtained along with the specific ISBN 978-80-553-0423-6 training that is most reliable to real conditions. [5] KELEMEN, M., LAZAR, T., KLECUN. R.: Many articles are dealing with ineligible Ergatické systémy a bezpečnosť v letectve. influence of the virtual reality, such as field of view, Liptovský Mikuláš, 2009. 7 s. ISBN 978-80- the level of perceptions or display influence. We 8040-383-6 have to admit that the technical equipment and [6] KELEMEN, M., LAZAR, T., KLECUN. R.: information technologies development is Ergatické systémy a bezpečnosť v letectve. progressing really rapidly – in quantum leaps. We Liptovský Mikuláš, 2009. 81 s. ISBN 978-80- cannot omit mentioning the vast positive acquisition 8040-383-6 during the training via virtual reality simulation, [7] JANEČEK, V.: Ekonometrie a elektronika emphasizing the following: reaching faster and v didaktice vysokých vojenských. Liptovský measurable results, increasing effectiveness of the Mikuláš : VVTŠ ČSSP, 1985. In: KELEMEN, training at the rate of low investments, individual M. – LAZAR, T. – KLECUN. R.: Ergatické pace of training, possibility of intervention during systémy a bezpečnosť v letectve: Liptovský the training, as well as high level of safety and many Mikuláš, 2009. 314 - 315 s. ISBN 978-80-8040- others. These positive features are, not only in my 383-6 opinion, far above the simulation inadequacies. Supposing that, there will be no resources stagnation from the perspective of several years, we will be able to speak about establishment of the Simulation Dipl. Eng. Matúš GREGA Federation. That would consist of individual types Armed Forces Academy of General M. R. Štefánik of simulation interconnection (constructive, virtual Demänová 393 simulation and Instrumented Maneuver Training) As 031 01 Liptovský Mikuláš Slovak Republic a desired result, there would be the creation of a E-mail: [email protected] hugevirtual setting, where both, flight (ATCs, pilots, aircraft maintenance), and ground personnel with Dipl. Eng. Tomáš SCHÓBER other support units, would interoperate at common GCI, Operational Centre tasks and goals completion. As the final result of the Borovianska cesta 1 above mentioned federation we can depict meeting 960 01 Zvolen the conditions of high level of interoperability and Slovak Republic compatibility. E-mail: [email protected]

Dipl. Eng. Tomáš BAŇAS, PhD.

Armed Forces Academy of General M. R. Štefánik Demänová 393 References 031 01 Liptovský Mikuláš Slovak Republic [1] ANDRASSY, V., JASENOVEC, J.: Ochrana E-mail:[email protected] prvkov kritickej infraštruktúry a možnosti jej optimalizácie, vedecká konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou, Žilinská univerzita, Žilina, Slovak Republic, 2010, ISBN 978-80- 554-0204-8 [2] RYBÁR, M.: Modelovanie a simulácia vo vojenstve, Ministerstvo Obrany SR, , Slovak Republic, 2000, ISBN 80-88842-34-4

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