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Backing up Linux and Other Unix(- Like) Systems
BACKING UP LINUX AND OTHER UNIX(- LIKE) SYSTEMS There are two kinds of people: those who do regular backups and those who never had a hard drive failure — Unknown. 1. Introduction The topic of doing backups of a (live) Un*x (mostly Linux) system regularly comes up on Linux mailing lists and forums and invariably the advice to simply do tar cvfz backup.tgz /bin /boot /etc ... is given. Unfortunately, a good backup takes more effort than that. In this article I will outline a great deal (but not necessarily all) of the pitfalls and details you will have to be watchful of when making backups. Note that this is not an application how-to, so you should not use the given examples verbatim, nor does it give an exhaustive list of backup programs and examples. It also doesn't give step-by-step instructions. It is meant to create awareness for people who already have a general understanding of Un*x systems. Reading all of the documentation of the tool itself is and remains important, for it may make you think of things you wouldn't otherwise have considered. Also note that this article mostly describes the process of making backups to an external device or location. If data protection is important to you, I also highly recommend using RAID. While RAID offers no protection against fires, earthquakes, data corruption or humans, it does offer protection against failing disks. It has saved me more than once. Additionally, I'd advice you to consider using a UPS. Although my personal experience is limited to Linux, the issues I'll discuss should (could) work as well on all or most Un*x systems. -
Freebsd File Formats Manual Libarchive-Formats (5)
libarchive-formats (5) FreeBSD File Formats Manual libarchive-formats (5) NAME libarchive-formats —archive formats supported by the libarchive library DESCRIPTION The libarchive(3) library reads and writes a variety of streaming archive formats. Generally speaking, all of these archive formats consist of a series of “entries”. Each entry stores a single file system object, such as a file, directory,orsymbolic link. The following provides a brief description of each format supported by libarchive,with some information about recognized extensions or limitations of the current library support. Note that just because a format is supported by libarchive does not imply that a program that uses libarchive will support that format. Applica- tions that use libarchive specify which formats theywish to support, though manyprograms do use libarchive convenience functions to enable all supported formats. TarFormats The libarchive(3) library can read most tar archives. However, itonly writes POSIX-standard “ustar” and “pax interchange” formats. All tar formats store each entry in one or more 512-byte records. The first record is used for file metadata, including filename, timestamp, and mode information, and the file data is stored in subsequent records. Later variants have extended this by either appropriating undefined areas of the header record, extending the header to multiple records, or by storing special entries that modify the interpretation of subsequent entries. gnutar The libarchive(3) library can read GNU-format tar archives. It currently supports the most popular GNU extensions, including modern long filename and linkname support, as well as atime and ctime data. The libarchive library does not support multi-volume archives, nor the old GNU long filename format. -
TAR(5) BSD File Formats Manual TAR(5)
TAR(5) BSD File Formats Manual TAR(5) NAME tar —format of tape archive files DESCRIPTION The tar archive format collects anynumber of files, directories, and other file system objects (symbolic links, device nodes, etc.) into a single stream of bytes. The format was originally designed to be used with tape drivesthat operate with fixed-size blocks, but is widely used as a general packaging mechanism. General Format A tar archive consists of a series of 512-byte records. Each file system object requires a header record which stores basic metadata (pathname, owner,permissions, etc.) and zero or more records containing any file data. The end of the archive isindicated by tworecords consisting entirely of zero bytes. Forcompatibility with tape drivesthat use fixed block sizes, programs that read or write tar files always read or write a fixed number of records with each I/O operation. These “blocks” are always a multiple of the record size. The maximum block size supported by early implementations was 10240 bytes or 20 records. This is still the default for most implementations although block sizes of 1MiB (2048 records) or larger are commonly used with modern high-speed tape drives. (Note: the terms “block” and “record” here are not entirely standard; this document follows the convention established by John Gilmore in documenting pdtar.) Old-Style Archive Format The original tar archive format has been extended manytimes to include additional information that various implementors found necessary.This section describes the variant implemented by the tar command included in Version 7 AT&T UNIX,which seems to be the earliest widely-used version of the tar program. -
Linux CVM Operation Manualproduct Introduction
Cloud Virtual Machine Linux CVM Operation Manual Product Introduction Linux CVM Operation Manual Product Introduction Copyright Notice ©2013-2017 Tencent Cloud. All rights reserved. Copyright in this document is exclusively owned by Tencent Cloud. You must not reproduce, modify, copy or distribute in any way, in whole or in part, the contents of this document without Tencent Cloud's the prior written consent. Trademark Notice All trademarks associated with Tencent Cloud and its services are owned by Tencent Cloud Computing (Beijing) Company Limited and its affiliated companies. Trademarks of third parties referred to in this document are owned by their respective proprietors. Service Statement This document is intended to provide users with general information about Tencent Cloud's products and services only and does not form part of Tencent Cloud's terms and conditions. Tencent Cloud's products or services are subject to change. Specific products and services and the standards applicable to them are exclusively provided for in Tencent Cloud's applicable terms and conditions. ©2013-2017 Tencent Cloud. All rights reserved. Page 2 of 61 Linux CVM Operation Manual Product Introduction Contents Documentation Legal Notice ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Linux CVM Operation Manual ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Mounting Data -
The Virtualization Cookbook
z/VM and Linux on IBM System z The Virtualization Cookbook A cookbook for installing and customizing z/VM 5.2 and Linux SLES 10 on the mainframe Marian Gasparovic, Michael MacIsaac, Carlos Ordonez, Jin Xiong . Contents Preface . ix Summary of changes to August 2006 version . ix Summary of changes to February 2007 version . ix Conventions . .x The team that wrote this trilogy . xi Comments welcome. xi Notices . xii Trademarks . xiii Part 1. z/VM . 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to z/VM and Linux . 3 1.1 What is virtualization? . 4 1.2 A philosophy adopted in this book . 4 1.3 Choices and decisions made in this book . 4 1.4 IBM Director and z/VM Center Extension . 5 1.5 Infrastructure design . 5 1.6 Usability tests performed for this book . 6 1.7 The chapters in this book . 7 Chapter 2. Planning . 9 2.1 Bill of materials . 9 2.1.1 Hardware resources . 9 2.1.2 Software resources . 10 2.1.3 Networking resources . 10 2.2 z/VM conventions . 10 2.2.1 Volume labeling convention . 11 2.2.2 Backup file naming convention . 11 2.2.3 The command retrieve convention . 12 2.3 Disk planning. 12 2.4 Memory planning. 13 2.5 Password planning . 13 2.6 Planning worksheets . 14 2.6.1 z/VM resources used in this book . 14 2.6.2 z/VM DASD used in this book. 15 2.6.3 Linux resources used in this book. 16 2.6.4 Linux user IDs used in this book . -
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Customizing Anaconda
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Customizing Anaconda Changing the installer appearance and creating custom add-ons on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Last Updated: 2021-09-29 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Customizing Anaconda Changing the installer appearance and creating custom add-ons on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Legal Notice Copyright © 2021 Red Hat, Inc. The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, the Red Hat logo, JBoss, OpenShift, Fedora, the Infinity logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Linux ® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java ® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS ® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. MySQL ® is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States, the European Union and other countries. Node.js ® is an official trademark of Joyent. -
Review NTFS Basics
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(7): 325-338, 2012 ISSN 1991-8178 Review NTFS Basics Behzad Mahjour Shafiei, Farshid Iranmanesh, Fariborz Iranmanesh Bardsir Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bardsir, Iran Abstract: The Windows NT file system (NTFS) provides a combination of performance, reliability, and compatibility not found in the FAT file system. It is designed to quickly perform standard file operations such as read, write, and search - and even advanced operations such as file-system recovery - on very large hard disks. Key words: Format, NTFS, Volume, Fat, Partition INTRODUCTION Formatting a volume with the NTFS file system results in the creation of several system files and the Master File Table (MFT), which contains information about all the files and folders on the NTFS volume. The first information on an NTFS volume is the Partition Boot Sector, which starts at sector 0 and can be up to 16 sectors long. The first file on an NTFS volume is the Master File Table (MFT). The following figure illustrates the layout of an NTFS volume when formatting has finished. Fig. 5-1: Formatted NTFS Volume. This chapter covers information about NTFS. Topics covered are listed below: NTFS Partition Boot Sector NTFS Master File Table (MFT) NTFS File Types NTFS File Attributes NTFS System Files NTFS Multiple Data Streams NTFS Compressed Files NTFS & EFS Encrypted Files . Using EFS . EFS Internals . $EFS Attribute . Issues with EFS NTFS Sparse Files NTFS Data Integrity and Recoverability The NTFS file system includes security features required for file servers and high-end personal computers in a corporate environment. -
Cisco Small Business RV320 Open Source Document for Firmware
Open Source Used In RV320 1.0.1.x This document contains the licenses and notices for open source software used in this product. With respect to the free/open source software listed in this document, if you have any questions or wish to receive a copy of the source code to which you are entitled under the applicable free/open source license(s) (such as the GNU Lesser/General Public License), please contact us at http://www.cisco.com/go/smallbiz_opensource_request. In your requests please include the following reference number 78EE117C99-35811668 En ce qui a trait au logiciel gratuit ou à exploitation libre figurant dans ce document, si vous avez des questions ou souhaitez recevoir une copie du code source, auquel vous avez droit en vertu des licences gratuites ou d'exploitation libre applicables (telles que licences GNU Lesser/General Public), veuillez communiquer avec nous à l'adresse http://www.cisco.com/go/smallbiz_opensource_request. Dans vos demandes, veuillez inclure le numéro de référence 78EE117C99-35811668 Contents 1.1 802.1x 2.6.0.0 1.1.1 Available under license 1.2 accel-pptp 0.8.5 1.2.1 Available under license 1.3 bind 9.5.0 :P2-2 1.3.1 Available under license 1.4 busybox 1.2.1 78-21134-01 Open Source Used In RV320 1.0.1.x 1 1.4.1 Available under license 1.5 dhcp 4.1.1-P1 1.5.1 Available under license 1.6 dhcpcd 1.3.18-pl8 1.6.1 Available under license 1.7 dnsmasq 2.40 1.7.1 Available under license 1.8 ethtool 5 1.8.1 Available under license 1.9 executive n/a 1.9.1 Available under license 1.10 Ez-ipupdate 3.0.11b7 1.10.1 Available -
NTFS - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia File:///Data/Doccd/Specs/Filesystems/NTFS.Html
NTFS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia file:///data/doccd/specs/filesystems/NTFS.html NTFS From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia NTFS Developer Microsoft Full name New Technology File System Introduced July 1993 (Windows NT 3.1) Partition 0x07 (MBR) identifier EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 (GPT) Structures Directory B+ tree contents File Bitmap/Extents allocation Bad blocks Bitmap/Extents Limits Max file size 16 TiB with current implementation (16 EiB architecturally) Max number 4,294,967,295 (232-1) of files Max 255 characters filename size Max volume 256 TiB with current implementation (16 size EiB architecturally) Allowed Unicode (UTF-16), any character except "/" characters in filenames Features Dates Creation, modification, POSIX change, recorded access Date range January 1, 1601 - May 28, 60056 Forks Yes Attributes Read-only, hidden, system, archive File system ACLs permissions Transparent Per-file, LZ77 (Windows NT 3.51 onward) compression Transparent Per-file, encryption DESX (Windows 2000 onward), Triple DES (Windows XP onward), AES (Windows XP Service Pack 1, Windows 2003 onward) Supported Windows NT family (Windows NT 3.1 to operating Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows systems XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista) NTFS or New Technology File System is the standard file system of Windows NT and its descendants: Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista. NTFS replaced Microsoft's previous FAT file system, used in MS-DOS and early versions of Windows. NTFS has several improvements over FAT such as improved support for metadata and the use of advanced data structures to improve performance, reliability and disk space utilization plus additional extensions such as security access control lists and file system journaling. -
Advanced Administration of the Gnulinux Operating System, February 2010
Local administration Josep Jorba Esteve PID_00148465 GNUFDL • PID_00148465 Local administration Copyright © 2009, FUOC. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License" GNUFDL • PID_00148465 Local administration Index Introduction............................................................................................... 5 1. Distributions: special features....................................................... 7 2. Boot and run levels........................................................................... 9 3. Monitoring system state.................................................................. 12 3.1. System boot ................................................................................. 12 3.2. kernel: /proc directory ................................................................ 13 3.3. kernel: /sys .................................................................................. 14 3.4. Processes ...................................................................................... 14 3.5. System Logs ................................................................................. 15 3.6. Memory ....................................................................................... 17 3.7. Disks and -
Comparing NTFS File System with ETX4 File System
Comparing NTFS File System with ETX4 File System Valbona Dhjaku Nevila Xoxa Albion Bame Igli Tafa Natural Science Faculty Natural Science Faculty Faculty of Information Polytechnic University Informatics Department Informatics Department Technology of Tirana valbona.dhjaku@banka [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] credins.com Abstract Disk Layout This paper presents a study and analysis of ETX4 file system and data structures comparing them with 2. Related Works the NTFS File System of Windows Operating System. It includes descriptions of ETX4 File With NTFS and ETX4 file system is been done various System Features, ETX4 Disk Layout and ETX4 work and some of them inspired me write this article. extent tree. All the components that we mentioned The information I had about this two file systems after above will be in comparison with the adequate working for almost four years with Windows and Ubuntu features of Windows Operating System that operating system helped me the most. I saw the need to expand my knowledge about this operating systems and corresponds to the Features of ETX4 File System. the file system that both of them use seemed a good Here we will talk about the volum size that support starting point for me to do this. For getting more each of the file system and the speed of each file knwoledges for this file systems i had to read a lot off system including their performance. articles and some of them are listed in references and others not. I have read o lot of information on different Keywords: NTFS, ETX4, performance, cluster, forums to and i do not regret it because it was very helpful iNode, hard drive sector, filesystem, features, to me. -
Exadata ACFS Snapshots & Sparse Clones
Exadata ACFS Snapshots & Sparse Clones Database Clones for Development and Test April 2021 Database Clones on Exadata • Many organizations use Exadata for Production, DR & Dev/Test • Single solution platform for all production and test/dev databases use cases • Exadata is the best platform to run Oracle Database Test/Dev Use Cases Oracle’s Solution Full End-to-End performance testing Non-Sparse Exadata Identical or comparable system as primary Testing with simple snapshot use cases and Exadata smart Exadata Sparse features Advanced snapshot capabilities similar to third party copy- ACFS Snapshots on Exadata on-write but no Exadata offload features required Copyright © 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates Comparing Sparse Clones vs. Storage Snapshots Sparse Clone (copy-on-write) Snapshot (preserve prior block versions) The master of a sparse clone is read-only The master of a snapshot is read/write Sparse clones contain changed blocks Snapshots preserve older block versions Blocks accumulate as the clone changes Blocks accumulate as the master changes Data Guard Data Guard Source Source Read-Only Read-Only Read-Only Read/Write Read/Write Read/Write Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Full Sparse Sparse Sparse Test Test Test Clone Snapshot Snapshot Snapshot Standby Master Master Master Standby 100% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 100% Copyright © 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates Exadata Sparse Clones Integral Part of Exadata • Fully compatible with Exadata storage features (SQL offload, I/O prioritization, etc.) Space Efficient Sparse Clones • Uses copy-on-write