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The Postwar Czech-Jewish Leadership and the Issue of Jewish Emigration from Czechoslovakia (1945–1950)

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The Postwar Czech-Jewish Leadership and the Issue of Jewish Emigration from Czechoslovakia (1945–1950) The Postwar Czech-Jewish Leadership and the Issue of Jewish Emigration from Czechoslovakia (1945–1950) Jan Láníček On 28 July 1948, the newly appointed Israeli minister to Prague, Ehud Avriel (Überall), presented his credentials to the president of Communist Czechoslovakia, Klement Gottwald. In his short inaugural speech, Avriel stressed his joy at serving as the first Israeli minister to the country that tra- ditionally had a friendly attitude towards Jewish national aspirations. He also expressed his conviction that both countries would be able to continue with close relations in the future. Several decades later, in his memoirs, Avriel recol- lected his service in postwar Czechoslovakia as follows: During the period immediately following World War II, the Czechoslovak government, having just re-established its authority in its liberated home- land, showed understanding for the problems and struggle of the Jewish underground liberation movement in Palestine. It also demonstrated willingness to help the Jews rebuild their lives in the Jewish homeland. After the establishment of the state of Israel, the Czechoslovak authori- ties showed great understanding in helping Jews incapable of adjusting to the Communist regime to emigrate to the Jewish [h]omeland.124 Avriel’s memoirs present a dominant historical narrative of the relations between Czechoslovakia and the state-in-the-making, Israel, dealing with the attitudes of the respective political representatives. Available historiography predominantly analyzes the attitudes of the Czech non-Jewish population towards the survivors of the Holocaust, or presents the official policies of the Czechoslovak political representations concerning the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine and later the initial support of Communist Czechoslovakia * This article was written as part of the grant project GAČR 13-15989P: “The Czechs, Slovaks and Jews: Together but Apart, 1938–1989.” 124 Ehud Avriel, “Prague and Jerusalem: The Era of Friendship,” in Jews of Czechoslovakia: Historical Studies and Surveys, ed. Avigdor Dagan, vol. 3 (Philadelphia and New York: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1984), 554, 562. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���4 | doi ��.��63/9789004�77779_007 The Postwar Czech-Jewish Leadership 77 for the State of Israel.125 In contrast, this article examines the so-far neglected part of Czechoslovak-Jewish postwar history and enquires into the attitudes of the official Jewish representatives in liberated Czechoslovakia towards the Jews settling in postwar Europe. It analyzes their attitudes towards the soul- searching of Jewish survivors on whether to stay in the traumatic area, the territories where during World War II the Nazis attempted to exterminate the entire Jewish population, or to leave for another country. As Avriel emphasized in his memoirs, one of the main issues the new Jewish state intended to negoti- ate with Czechoslovakia was the possibility of extensive Jewish emigration to the Middle East. The Jewish national territory was to offer a homeland to all Jews who wanted to settle there, but the Jewish state also needed new immi- grants who would help in the creation of a stable national economy and safe- guard the territorial integrity of the independent state. 125 For available historiography, see Petr Brod, “Židé v poválečném Československu,” in Židé v novodobých dějinách: Soubor přednášek FF ÚK, ed. Václav Veber (Prague: Univerzita Karlova, 1997), 177–89; Ivica Bumová, “The Jewish Community after 1945: Struggle for Civic and Social Rehabilitation,” in Holocaust as a Historical and Moral Problem of the Past and the Present: Collection of Studies from the Conference, ed. Monika Vrzgulová and Daniela Richterová (Bratislava: Dokumentačné stredisko holokaustu, 1998), 253–78; Helena Krejčová, “The Czech Lands at the Dawn of the New Age (Czech Anti-Semitism 1945–1948),” in Anti-Semitism in Post-totalitarian Europe, ed. Jan Hančil and Michael Chase (Prague: Franz Kafka Publishers,1993), 115–24; id., “Czech and Slovak Anti-Semitism, 1945–1948,” in Stránkami soudobých dějin: Sborník statí k pětašedesetinám Karla Kaplana, ed. Karel Jech (Prague: Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR, 1993), 158–73; Yeshayahu Jelinek, “Zachraň sa, kto môžeš: Židia na Slovensku v rokoch 1944–1950: poznámky a úvahy,” Acta Judaica Slovaca 4 (1998): 91–119; Kurt Wehle, “The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: 1945–1948,” in The Jews of Czechoslovakia: Historical Studies and Surveys, vol. 3, ed. Avigdon Dagan (Philadelphia and New York: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1984), 499–530; Petr Bednařík, “Vztah židů a české společnosti na stránkách českého tisku v letech 1945–1948,” PhD diss., Univerzita Karlova, Prague, 2003; Anna Cichopek- Gajraj, “Jews, Poles, and Slovaks: A Story of Encounters, 1944–48”, PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2008; Monika Hanková, “Kapitoly z poválečných dějin židovské komunity v Čechách a na Moravě (1945–1956),” M.A. thesis, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, 2006; Hedvika Novotná, “Soužití české společnosti a Židů v letech 1945–1948 ve světle různých pramenů,” M.A. thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, 2003; Petr Sedlák, “Poté: Postoj a přístup k Židům v českých zemích po druhé světové válce (1945–1947/1953),” PhD diss., Institute of History, Masaryk University, Brno, 2008; Blanka Soukupová, “Židé a židovská reprezentace v českých zemích v letech 1945–1948 (mezi režimem, židovstvím a judaismem),” in Židovská menšina v Československu po druhé světové válce: Od osvobození k nové totalitě, ed. Blanka Soukupová, Peter Salner and Miroslava Ludvíková (Prague: Židovské museum v Praze, 2009), 55–80. .
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