EnergyEnergy -- WhatWhat areare thethe Technical,Technical, Economic,Economic, andand PoliticalPolitical ImplicationsImplications ofof MeetingMeeting ourour BasicBasic EnergyEnergy

Eric M. Stuve Needs?Needs?

Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington http://faculty.washington.edu/stuve/

Use Use

How Do We How Do We

Energy? Energy? Industry Industry Commercial

Transportation Residential

http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/

Energy Come From? Energy Come From?

Where Where

Does Does

Our Our Oil FossilFossil FuelsFuels

Natural Gas

Coal http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/

and solar, too! and solar, too!

Nuclear Nuclear http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/ Hydro Hydro

Wind Wind

Renewables Renewables http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/ Biofuels Biofuels

Review, 2003 US DOE, Annual Energy

How Much Energy Do We Use? How Much Energy Do We Use? 98 Quads Total Renewables Renewables Nat. Gas 23% Nat. Gas 23% Nuclear 8% Nuclear 8% 23% Coal 23% Oil 40% Oil 40% 6% 6% = 10 = 1 Quadrillion Btu 1 Quad 15 Btu 98 Quads Total Renewables Renewables Nat. Gas 23% Nat. Gas 23% Nuclear 8% Nuclear 8% Coal 23% Coal 23%

Oil 40%

Oil 40%

Supplying Our Needs Supplying Our Needs 6% 6% US DOE, Annual Energy Review, 2003 Transport. 27% Industry 33% Commercial 18% Residential 22% Good energy diversity • … Diversity: the ability to Energy •

– Benefits the environment (see energy efficiency) Benefits – Increases national and worldwide stability – Is politically neutral – new resource development Promotes – efficient energy usage Promotes – competition among energy providers Promotes – Allows the market to optimize energy costs – Supply an application by all energy sources – Use an energy source for every application –

Energy Diversity Energy Diversity

Energy is inherently political, • … with loss of energy people will Threatened • is essential in sustaining life Energy •

The Importance of Energy The Importance of Energy And dealing with energy can to strange – energy from any and all sources Scavenge – in extreme business practices Engage – Go to war – Second only to food in importance – behaviors • People need to conserve energy People • We must stop using fossil fuels • We are running out of oil • – People can waste energy, and ought to stop! People – machines do use energy; people’s don’t People – Use the fossil fuels now and develop next energy – And how will we supply 85% of our energy needs? – We will abandon oil when it costs too much – will never happen, BUT This –

resource

Energy Myths Energy Myths

• Poor energy diversity for transportation Poor • energy diversity for… Good •

Return to Our Problem 95% of transportation energy comes from oil – 66% of energy from oil used for transportation – Industrial – Commercial – Residential – Return to Our Problem

… … Oil Nat. Gas Coal Renew Nuclear 39.08 22.51 22.70 6.10 7.97 Source

Sector

Residential 21.47

Commercial 17.59

Industrial 32.54

Transportation 26.75 Vehicles designed to run on transport. fuels • Oil has the highest fraction of these fuels • fuels (gasoline, diesel, Transportation • Why the extreme dependence of •

kerosene) optimized for oil? transportation on

Oil & Transportation Oil & Transportation

The Weakest Link: The Weakest Link: Select a Fuel

Fuel \ HHV kJ/mol MJ/kg MJ/liter* kJ/mol CO2 H2 286 142 1.73 ∞ CH4 890 55.5 0.04 / 24.0 890 CH3OH 638 19.9 15.8 638 C2H5OH 1235 26.8 21.2 618 Glucose 2814 15.6 24.3 469 Gasoline 46.8 34.1 ≈ 600 Kerosene 45.9 37.6 ≈ 600 Coal, bit. 27 21 < 600

*H2: at 2200 psi; CH4: at STP and as LNG; Glucose: solid HHV (LHV): Higher (lower) heating value [water as liquid (vapor)] Renewables • Nuclear energy • • •Coal

Used in wartime, but otherwise uneconomical – synthesis to liquid fuels Fischer-Tropsch – –Biofuels reforming energy for natural gas Provide – Steam reform methane to synthesis gas (CO & H – gasification to synthesis gas (CO & H Coal – – Gas-to-liquids (GTL) fuels processing (see coal) processing (see (GTL) fuels Gas-to-liquids –

Other Sources for Other Sources for

Transport Fuels Transport Fuels 2 ) 2 ) • Two possible fuels: Two • For optimum energy diversity we seek •

Hydrogen – Electricity – A means to use that fuel in transportation vehicles – A fuel that can be made from all energy sources –

Develop a New Develop a New

“ “

Fuel Fuel

” ” • Gas-electric or diesel-electric hybrids are good Gas-electric • Electric cars limited by battery technology • electrical distribution network exists Good • All energy sources, current and future, can • bridge technologies produce electricity – Current batteries too heavy (Pb acid) or too batteries too heavy (Pb Current – But needs expansion to handle transportation –

expensive (Li-ion)

Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicles

Toyota Toyota

Prius Prius http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/ technology still expensive • Keep existing liquid fuels network • no H Essentially • All energy sources can be used to make •

10–20% losses to pumping/compression – But could use re-tuned internal combustion engines – fuel or H liq. has choice of Consumer – Install reformers at filling stations – $1–2 million per mile of H –

Hydrogen Vehicles Hydrogen Vehicles 2 distribution network 2 pipeline 2 FuelFuel ProcessingProcessing

Hydrogen from… Fossil Fuels: Extraction (oil, coal, nat. gas) Sulfur removal Reforming (energy intensive) CO removal (< 50 ppm for PEM) Current 2010 Electrolysis $/gge H2 $/gge H2 Bio-derived fuels Nat. Gas 5.00 1.50 Biomass gasification/pyrolysis Electrol. 2.57 1.86 (Effic.) (62%) (75%)

gge: gallon of gasoline equivalent Bio-fuels 6.70 3.60

U.S. Department of Energy, “Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Biomass 2.10 1.75 Infrastructure Technologies Program Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan” (2005). to fuel cell H 2 Reformate

Raw Fuel

Fuel Reforming Fuel Reforming Vaporizer removal (liq. fuels) (liq. CO removal Low T Sulfur shift Reformer High T shift Ballard Bus (250 hp)

www.ballard.com Excide fuel cell “Racer”, 1960 Excide fuel cell from the Science Service Historical Images Collection Historical Images Science Service

Collection Allis-Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959 from the Allis-Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959

Karl

Karl

Union Carbide

cell motorcycle, Union Carbide cell motorcycle,

his alkaline fuel his alkaline fuel

Historical Images

Science Service

Kordesch Kordesch Collection

from the

1967 1967

’ ’

& &

s s

http://www.shell.com/static/hydrogen-en/downloads/pictures/new_york_large.jpg

Hydrogen Refueling Hydrogen Refueling

http://www.utcfuelcells.com/transportation/index.shtm

UTC Fuel Cells - Hyundai Sante Fe UTC Fuel Cells - Hyundai Sante Fe

http://www.utcfuelcells.com/transportation/index.shtm

UTC Fuel Cells - Nissan X-Trail UTC Fuel Cells - Nissan X-Trail http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/STORY/0,1299,SI9-CH177-LO3-TI707-CI550-IFY-MC109,00.html

system Fueling battery Storage stack Fuel cell Motor Vehicle

Nissan FC X-Trail Specs Nissan FC X-Trail Specs atr yeLithium-ion battery UTC Fuel Cells (UTCFC, (MPa) pressure Max. charging Battery type 58 Supplier (kW) Max. power 125 reported to the (speed Top (km/h) speed Fuel type Compressed hydrogen Compressed gas hydrogen electrolyte Solid polymer Fuel type Coaxial motor with Fuel cell Type 5 Seating capacity (mm) Overall length/width/height 35 USA) Transport) Infrastructure and MinistryLand, of type gear reduction integrated speed 1,790 1,765 x 4,465 x

http://www.utcfuelcells.com/transportation/index.shtm

UTC Fuel Cells - BMW (APU) UTC Fuel Cells - BMW (APU) HH22 ProductionProduction andand FuelFuel CellsCells

GM fuel cell trailer at Dow Freeport Texas facility. This trailer is rated for 75 kW, but the system will be expanded to produce 35 MW of electrical power, enough to satisfy about 2% of Dow’s Texas operations. http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/500_stationary/index.html

California California

http://www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov/

’ ’

s Hydrogen Highway s Hydrogen Highway • • •

www.fuelcells.si.edu Hal Wallace, Smithsonian Institution Review, 2003 US Dept. of Energy, Annual Energy www.nrel.gov/data/pix/ Picture Exchange National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Acknowledgements Acknowledgements