Weblinks

 http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/35bronfebrenner94.pdf  https://my.vanderbilt.edu/perkins/files/2011/09/MatonPerkinsSaegert.2006.CPatCrossro ads-Prospects-for-interdisciplinary-research.AJCP_.pdf  http://www.answers.com/topic/community-psychology

Suggested Readings

 Iscoe, I. Bloom, B. L. & Spielberger, C.D. (1977) Community in Transition, USA: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation

 Korchin, S.J. (1986) Modern Clinical Psychology: Principles of Intervention in the Clinic and Community. Delhi: Nazia Printers

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.16 : Community Psychology Know More MODULE No. 3 : Ecological levels of analysis

 Mann, P.A. (1978) Community Psychology: Concepts and Applications, NY: The Free Press

Interesting Facts

Description Image McLeroy, Bibeau, Steckler & Glanz proposed an ecological model for health promotion which focuses attention on both individual and social environmental factors as targets for health promotion interventions. It addresses the importance of interventions directed at changing interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy, factors which support and maintain unhealthy behaviours. The model assumes that appropriate changes in the social environment will produce changes in individuals, and that the support of individuals in the population is essential for implementing environmental changes.

Ecological levels of analysis could be applied to child abuse stress psychological disturbance in parents, abuse- eliciting characteristics of children, dysfunctional patterns of family interaction, stress-inducing social forces, and abuse-promoting cultural values. A conceptual framework that integrates these viewpoints is proposed to show that much of the theoretical conflict that has characterized the study of child maltreatment is more apparent than real. The framework conceptualizes child maltreatment as a social- psychological phenomenon that is multiply determined

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.16 : Community Psychology Know More MODULE No. 3 : Ecological levels of analysis

by forces at work in the individual (ontogenic development), the family (the microsystem), the community (the exosystem), and the culture (the macrosystem) in which the individual and the family are embedded.

Glossary

A

Adaptation - Something, such as a device or mechanism, that is changed or changes so as to become suitable to a new or special application or situation.

B

Dysfunctional adaptations – unable to adapt suitably to a new situation.

E

Ecological (ecology) - the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment

G

Guidance counsellors - person who is employed, usually in a school, to offer advice on problems, help troubled students and assist students in making career or college plans.

I

Intra individual processes - Occurring within an individual

P

Parental style – standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing

Prevention – initiatives aimed at inhibiting or altering the course of events that may lead to negative outcomes.

Prioritizing – To arrange or deal with in order of importance.

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.16 : Community Psychology Know More MODULE No. 3 : Ecological levels of analysis

S

Social Vacuum – A state of being sealed off from external or environmental influences; isolation

Socio-cultural forces – factors that characterize the relationships and activities of people in a specific region or area. They include: child rearing practices, cultural change and cross cultural differences.

Biographies

Description Image

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.16 : Community Psychology Know More MODULE No. 3 : Ecological levels of analysis

Harold Harding Kelley

Harold Harding Kelley, professor emeritus of psychology at UCLA and a distinguished pioneer and contributor to , died on January 29, 2003 of cancer at his home in Malibu, California. Harold Kelley was born in Boise, Idaho on February 16, 1921. At the age of ten, he moved with his family to California, where his father established a vineyard in Delano. It was there that he met and married his high school sweetheart, Dorothy, his dear companion for 61 years. There are three Kelley children, Ann, Sten, and Megan, and five grandchildren.

Kelley received his B.A. and M.A. degrees in psychology in 1942-43 from the University of California, Berkeley. He then performed his military service in the U.S. Air Force Aviation Psychology Program, assisting in the construction and validation of selection tests and analyzing air crew behavior.

With the war over, Kelley continued his graduate work in the new Research Center for at MIT, then headed by , receiving his doctorate in group psychology, and continuing with the Center when it moved to Michigan. In 1950, Kelley accepted an assistant professorship at and became part of the Communications and Attitude Change program, out of which he developed a landmark publication, Communication and Persuasion (1953

Harold Kelley’s long-term relationship with John Thibaut, from 1953 until Thibaut’s demise in 1986, is considered an exemplary model of scientific collaboration. It began with their being invited to write a major chapter on group problem-solving and process for the Handbook of Social Psychology (1954).

Source: http://www.foundationpsp.org/kelley.php

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.16 : Community Psychology Know More MODULE No. 3 : Ecological levels of analysis

Bronfenbrenner

Bronfenbrenner was born in Moscow on April 29, 1917. When he was six, his family moved to the United States, first to Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, and then a year later to a rural part New York state. His father worked as a neuropathologist at a hospital for the developmentally disabled called Letchworth Village, located in Rockland County, N.Y.

Bronfenbrenner went to Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, and graduated with bachelors in psychology and music in 1938. He earned a master's in education from Harvard in 1940, and a doctorate in developmental psychology from the in 1942. He entered the U.S. military the day after receiving his doctorate, going on to serve as a psychologist in various military bodies during World War II. After the war, he briefly obtained a job as an assistant chief clinical psychologist for the newly founded VA Clinical Psychology Training Program in Washington D.C. After that, he served as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan for two years, and then moved to Cornell University as an assistant professor in 1948. At Cornell, his research focused on child development and the impact of social forces in this development for the rest of his career.

He was appointed to a federal panel about development in impoverished children around 1964 and 1965, with this panel helping in the creation of the Head Start program in 1965.

Bronfenbrenner wrote over 300 research papers and 14 books in his lifetime, and achieved the title of Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Human Development at Cornell University. He married to Liese Price, and had six children. He died at his home in Ithaca, NY, on September 25, 2005 at the age of 88, due to complications with diabetes.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urie_Bronfenbrenner

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.16 : Community Psychology Know More MODULE No. 3 : Ecological levels of analysis