A SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION • FRIDAY, APRIL 6, 2018 • VOLUME 5 Holocaust Remembered

ANTISEMITISM THEN & NOW

BERLIN, 1938 CHARLOTTESVILLE, 2017 2 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

Sincere thanks and gratitude Antisemitism Surges Donors: Thank you to all the previous donors, as well as to the Columbia his is the fifth edition of disparaging pictures of Jews. Jewish Federation, the Columbia Holocaust Remembered, The contributors of this edi- Holocaust Education Commission, the S.C. Council on the Holocaust, and a publication distributed tion – from academia, the clergy, the Anita and Jerry Zucker Family by the McClatchy papers survivors of the Holocaust – were Tin South Carolina but compiled and asked to discuss antisemitism as Foundation. Sincere appreciation goes to our anonymous corporate sponsor edited by the Columbia Holocaust it related to their topics and expe- for making this edition possible. Education Commission. After re- riences. The articles are an open viewing the topics of the past four view of each of the contributors. Contributing authors: A special thank years, I felt it important to tackle the They are powerful. We know that you to all the contributors who spent root of all of there are references in the New hours researching and writing this the supple- Testament that do not paint Jews historical narrative. ments: an- in a good light, and I thank the au- Survivors, liberators, eyewitnesses: tisemitism. thors for recognizing this at the Thank you for telling us your stories. This was a outset and explaining how this has We have the deepest respect and tough deci- contributed to the preservation of gratitude to all of you who trusted us sion, since it antisemitism today. This is not an with your story and allowed us to tell is not easy to exercise in blame, but an attempt the world. Only by hearing your testi- hear about to get to the root of the problem monies and narratives can we continue antisemitism and try to understand where we go to tell the truth about the Holocaust. LILLY FILLER, M.D. or talk about from here. Honest discussions with And to the families of the survivors, it. When Dr. clergy and their parishioners and liberators and eyewitnesses, you have Co-chair, Columbia Deborah historical understanding of how honored your loved ones by keeping Holocaust Education Lipstadt of certain events were perceived can their memories alive. Commission Chair, S.C. Council Emory Uni- help us move forward to eliminate Find us online: All previous Holocaust on the Holocaust versity (and the hatred of Jews. Remembered supplements can be viewed Retired physician the protag- The term “antisemitism” was online at thestate.com/holocaust. onist in the coined in 1879 to replace “Ju- The opinions expressed in this supple- movie “Denial”) spoke at USC on denhass” – Jew hatred. A working ment are solely those of the Columbia Jan. 28, 2018, she spoke of “hard- definition of antisemitism was Holocaust Education Commission. core” and “soft-core” antisemitism, ARTIFACT PHOTOGRAPHED BY MAX REID - U.S. HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM adopted on May 26, 2016, by the and I realized that she has adeptly International Holocaust Remem- Above, an antisemitic Send us your story: We invite those identified the key concepts of the brance Alliance as “a certain per- terms and their implications. poster depicts a stereotypic ception of Jews, which may be with experiences from the Holocaust caricature of a Jew peering to send their stories (600 words Hard-core antisemitism is ap- expressed as hatred toward Jews. or fewer), along with three to four parent to anyone who hears or through British, American Rhetorical and physical manifes- original photographs, to Barry Abels, sees it. Hard-core anti-Semistism and Soviet flags with the tations of antisemitism are direct- [email protected]. is what Adolf Hitler incited and words, “Behind the enemy ed toward Jewish or (non-Jewish acted upon during the Holocaust: powers: the Jew.” It was individuals) and/or their property, denouncing Jews and their right published in Germany toward Jewish community institu- Columbia Holocaust Education between 1933 and 1939.. At Commission to exist, refusing services to Jews tions and religious facilities.” only, closing Jewish businesses, left, a swastika was spray- The Columbia Holocaust Edu- www.columbiaholocausteducation.org herding Jews out of their homes painted on a Lexington, S.C., cation Commission is a committee Lilly Filler CO-CHAIR and into ghettos, and forcing Jews road sign in December. of Jews and non-Jews interested Lyssa Harvey CO-CHAIR into crematoriums to exterminate THE STATE FILE PHOTO in educating and discussing the Barry Abels them. It is what Iran, Syria and oth- lessons of the Holocaust. We want Rachel G. Barnett Mary Burkett er Middle Eastern countries are it is also easy to identify. Dr Lip- dresses as Hitler and enjoys the to stem the tide of rising intoler- Esther Greenberg saying when they threaten to drive stadt says, “It is soft-core denial reaction; it is when one generaliz- ance, bigotry, racism and hatred Justin Heineman Israel into the sea, to terminate that is thriving right now, espe- es that all Jews are smart; Jews are by showing where this could lead Dawn Miller Heineman the state of Israel and annihilate cially on social media. It is phrases (another Holocaust) and how to money-savvy; and Jews have dark Donna Magero the Jewish people. It is Holocaust like, ‘Gaza is genocide,’ or that the stop it before it reaches that cre- Hannah McGee denial. It is the neo-Nazis and right- Hamas tunnels are like the ones hair and large noses. It is the omis- scendo. As George Santayana, a Minda Miller wing extremists and the white su- of the Warsaw ghetto. It is not a sion of the Holocaust when dis- 20th-century Spanish-American Cheryl Nail cussing World War II. It is writing Marlene Roth premacists. denial of what happened but a re- philosopher, stated, “Those who Patty Tucker Soft-core antisemitism is less writing of history.” It is Holocaust swastikas in yearbooks, painting cannot remember the past are Selden Smith (OBM) apparent – but once understood, distortion. It is when someone one on a public sign, or drawing condemned to repeat it.” APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 3

INDEX Antisemitism Surges...... 2 Great Is Peace Great Is Peace...... 3 Antisemitism: Paving the Path to hat is antisemitism? Is it the same as Genocide...... 4 any prejudice or bigotry? Is there What is the Holocaust? ...... 6 Wanything that differentiates it from A Light for the Nations ...... 6 other forms of hatred? Why has it persisted Blood Laws: Nuremberg and Jim throughout the ages? Was it inevitable that it Crow ...... 7 would lead to the Holocaust? What follows Theological Arrogance...... 8 is an attempt at answering these questions. Why the Holocaust Story Matters Today ...... 9 Item: Fewer than one He Defeated Hitler by Surviving out of every 500 people in ...... 10 the world is Jewish. That is Deadly Procession, or the Last 0.02 percent of the world’s Way ...... 11 population. Holocaust Heroine and a Boy This means that She Saved...... 12 chance meeting with a Butterfly Project to Butterfly Jew is slim. Further, since Memorial...... 14 the vast majority of Jews are not immediately A Survivor’s Tale by the RABBI identifiable as Jews, the Stepsister of Anne Frank...... 15 JONATHAN CASE One Account of Kristallnacht... 16 chances of consciously Complicated Memories ...... 17 Rabbi at Beth Shalom meeting a Jew are even Conservative slimmer. How can such a The Fragility of Dutch Liberalism Synagogue ...... minute, often unidentifi- 18 Columbia, S.C. 2017 AP FILE PHOTO Antisemitism and Israel: An Old able, portion of the world Hatred Revived...... 20 attract such vitriol? Rabbi Joshua Bolton of the University of Pennsylvania’s Hillel Center surveys damaged headstones A Theology of Hubris...... 21 at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Philadelphia. More than 100 headstones were vandalized at the Item: For roughly 400 years, no Jews living Jewish cemetery less than a week after similar vandalism in Missouri, authorities said. The Story of the Beloved...... 22 are known to have lived in England. In 1290, The Notoriety of World War II: King Edward I expelled all Jews. Until 1656, Jews The Holocaust...... 23 control the world while others have called we are moral messengers to the world. And were not allowed to return. During all those us rootless wanderers. Some say God has no one wants to have it pointed out to them Holocaust Education Resources centuries, significant anti-Semitic literature has damned us and some say that we are the cho- that they are wrong...... 24 been documented in sermons and writings all sen elect. Jews who live in a Jewish state are Or. Perhaps it is part of human nature to during this period when there were no Jews! The told they are racist. Jews who live in diaspora abhor what is different and succeeds de- most famous example of this is the Bard. Shake- ON THE COVER are indicted for having dual loyalty. Jews have spite (because of?) those differences. After speare fashioned Shylock, a vile character in the been accused of Deicide, killing God, and all, the Jewish people are still here while the LEFT: Firefighters walk past “Merchant of Venice” as defining what his con- need to be eradicated. Others have viewed nations that coexisted with us throughout the Fasanenstrasse synagogue, temporaries thought of the ruthless Jew. And yet, us as the key to ultimate redemption. Berlin’s biggest house of Jewish Shakespeare never met a Jew! the millennia have been swept away. Some accuse us for being too wealthy and Scholars have documented many instanc- worship, after Nazis set fire to it It takes no great leap of imagination to think controlling. Others accuse us of being filthy on Nov. 9, 1938, “Kristallnacht.” es where the dicta of Judaism have demand- that even if there were no Jews there would leeches; taking away valuable resources or ed different attitudes and observances from 1938 AP FILE PHOTO still be antisemitism. bringing dreaded diseases. We are at once the rest of the world. Such observances as Maybe if there were no Jews they would inherently inferior and superior being too Sabbath, adherence to laws of what can be RIGHT: White supremacists have to be invented. conspicuous in the echelons of learning. and members of the alt-right Can you imagine this with any other group? eaten, and devotion to learning have been movement march Aug. 11, 2017, Throughout the long ages and including Would white supremacists step down their present day the Jewish people have been the source of enmity. By being faithful to through the University of Virginia rhetoric on African-Americans if there were God we are meting out our destiny and cov- campus in Charlottesville. One the object of derision, expulsion and ulti- none? Would the Catholic and Protestants mately death citing all these reasons. enant while becoming the object of hatred of the slogans they chanted was, for being different. “Jews will not replace us.” of Northern Ireland fought with the other Two questions emerge. First, how can during their decades of warring if one of them such vastly different and contradictory ste- I suggest that when antisemitism is no more PHOTO BY ZACH D. ROBERTS, TRIBUNE NEWS SERVICE had not been present? Could hatred exist be- reotypes exist? Don’t the anti-Semites real- the final redemption will be at hand. It is the tween one group and another that was not ize that accusing Jews of being Communists plague that has dogged humanity through The views or opinions expressed in this present? It seems absurd. Of course not. and capitalists is non-sensible? Second, why more than three thousand years. When the supplement, and the context in which the images are used, do not necessarily reflect the views or We have been accused of being commu- this obsession with the Jews? nations of the world no longer find reason to policy of, nor imply approval or endorsement by, nists while charging that we are avowed cap- There is no definitive answer but there are vilify and destroy the Jewish people they will the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. italists. Some have said we have a plan to some responses. Some have suggested that have learned to live peaceably. 4 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

Antisemitism: Paving the Path to Genocide ast year, 2017, delivered a hard blow to American Jews’ sense of security and belonging. The year opened with a massa- cre plot against congre- Lgants of Temple Emanu-El in Myr- tle Beach by a white supremacist, and it climaxed in August with the infamous neo-Nazi march through Charlottesville, Virginia, where the whole country and the world heard Amer- ican far-right extremists loudly chant 1941 AP FILE PHOTOS “Jews will not replace us!” Jews in Yugoslavia were required to display a yellow cloth badge with the The An- star of David on their chest and back at all times. ti-Defamation F.K. CLEMENTI League es- timates that Director, Jewish Studies program, University anti-Semitic of South Carolina incidents in- Associate professor creased 67 of English and Jewish percent last studies, USC year. World Author, “Holocaust Mothers and Daughters: War II and the Family, History, and Holocaust are Trauma” long over, but Columbia, S.C. events such as those in Charlottesville remind us that an- tisemitism, which already paved the way once to a Jewish genocide, is not. UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM, COURTESY OF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS By examining the history of an- 1941 AP FILE PHOTOS ti-Jewish hatred, we can disabuse An antisemitic cartoon by Seppla (Josef Plank) shows an octopus with a ourselves of the illusion that an Jews line up to draw water at a well in the ghetto in Lublin, Poland. Star of David over its head and its tentacles encompassing the globe. event like the Holocaust is a freak accident of history. When we talk of illness to be eradicated by any and Martin Luther, in 1543, bellowed of distinguishing the Jews, in or- into smithereens and burnt to the Holocaust, we need to frame it all means, the Nazi party had tapped against the “damned” Jewish race, der to humiliate and better harass the ground all over Germany and within the 2,000 years of history that into a time-tested propaganda. advising his followers to burn their them, was not invented in 1941. Austria – pogroms had plagued the go with it. So many of the methods In the fourth century, John synagogues, destroy their homes, In 1215, Pope Innocent III had de- history of the Jews in Europe since used by the Nazis to persecute the Chrysostom, father of the Church, confiscate their prayer books, deny creed that the Jews wear distinctive the Middle Ages, occasioning thou- Jews were part of an old repertoire had already thundered in his hom- them traveling permits and restrict badges (often yellow) to be told sands of dead. that had serviced quite effectively ilies against the Jews of Antioch, their every movement. Jews – a apart from the Christian popula- When the great German Jewish the secular and religious rulers of calling them dogs and the “com- parasitic people, according to the tion, a measure long in use in France poet Heinrich Heine wrote in 1823 Europe for hundreds of years. mon disgrace and infection of the reformer – had to be forced to work and the Muslim world. that where books are burnt sooner whole world,” instigating physical and earn their food “by the sweat of While the best-known riot against or later people will be burnt too, he Time-Tested Propaganda hostility against them in the Chris- their noses” (Luther’s words). the Jews is probably Kristallnacht, was only in part prophetic. Perhaps, In artfully constructing a scary tian masses. Before him, the bibli- We are all familiar with the yellow “The night of broken glass” – when, more than guessing the future, image of the Jew as an ugly, revolt- cal writer John had associated the star worn by Jews in Nazi-occupied in 1938, hundreds of Jewish syna- Heine was drawing upon what the ing creature, a parasite, an infectious Jews with the devil. territories during the war: this way gogues and shops were shattered past had already amply demon- APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 5

1945 AP FILE PHOTO As Gen. Alexander Patch’s 12th Armored Division forged its way through Germany toward the Austrian border, it uncovered a Nazi camp at Schwabmunchen, southwest of Munich. Soldiers found the bodies of prisoners burned alive by guards, who set fire to their crude huts while they slept, shooting any who tried to escape.

millennia were not a prelude nor an ulation there stands a not-too-nar- the political apparatus gave them exemplification of the Holocaust row gap which only the conver- the green light and, as in the case 1938 AP FILE PHOTO but they were, philosophically gence of the ripe political circum- of Nazi Germany, the government speaking, its necessary and suffi- stances can bridge. provided the technical resources to A young man with a broom clears broken glass from shop windows on cient condition. The long history of One question I always ask stu- carry them out. the morning of Nov. 10, 1938. The night before, the Nazis had demolished hatred did not turn every European dents at the start of my Holocaust From which it follows that it is just thousands of Jewish facilities in what came to be known as Kristallnacht. into a genocidal murderer, but it seminars is: What makes a genocide as important to pay attention to au- accounted for the indifference that possible? Hatred, intolerance, lack tonomous acts of hate-motivated strated. If it is true that a century by which they were designated: some were able to adopt in regards of empathy for the fellow human violence committed by one person later, in 1933, the Nazis would burn ghetto. In 1516, the Jews of Venice to the disappearance of the Jews. being combined with a ripe histor- or an organized group, as it is to be books by Jewish authors on the had been the first to be forced to live Centuries of antisemitism had ical, social and political alignment watchful of the ideological under- public squares of Berlin, it is also in an enclosed quarter (with guard- normalized hatred against the certainly constitute the ideal condi- tones of the political discourses sur- to be remembered that the Inqui- ed gates) labeled “ghetto.” The old Jews to the point that laws restrict- tion for genocide. rounding us – especially when they sition had sequestered, censured ghettos were not the antechamber ing all their liberties (passed as ear- But ultimately, the disarmingly are clearly hateful and incite bully- and burned Jewish books on the to extermination, to be sure. None- ly as 1935) seemed acceptable to simple answer as to how genocides ing and intolerance. Under the rule public squares of France (1242 and theless, the idea, and even the name, millions of people. As restrictions happen is that they are allowed. of law, the former are criminal and 1244) and Italy (1553) many times was already in place for the Nazis to turned into massacres, most Chris- The Holocaust was allowed. Myan- hence punishable acts. But the latter before: The Inquisitors had then recycle. tians could find no compelling rea- mar today is allowed. Rwanda was hold a far more devastating power: proceeded to burning the Jews son to object. allowed. Massacring the Bosnians, it is ruling parties, governments or themselves, together with “witch- No Reason to Object Hate toward a group must be- systematically raping women and leaders who can potentially nor- es” and heretics. While it is true that Jew-hatred come, through time and relentless killing their babies, torturing inno- malize the exceptional and turn ille- And lastly, the technique of cram- morphed to fit morphing eras, propaganda, second nature to the cent men in Guatemala, Cambodia gality into legitimacy thus, through ming Jews into restricted areas, and it is a complex, shifting phe- thinking of the majority for a geno- or Auschwitz were first and fore- governmentally or nationalistically where they could be more easily nomenon, it was also undeniably cide to happen. However, from most allowed. The perpetrators sanctioned violence that relies on controlled, was also not a Nazi in- a co-factor of the Holocaust. The hating to actively implementing knew that there would be no con- well-established patterns of hate, vention and neither was the name anti-Jewish measures of the past the annihilation of an entire pop- sequences for their acts because trail new bloody paths to genocide. 6 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

What Is A Light for the Nations the Holocaust? hen I arrived in Columbia in 1987, As defined in 1979 by the I had no idea what President’s Commission on the to expect. Having Wgrown up in New York, in predom- Holocaust: inantly Jewish neighborhoods, “The Holocaust was the I would now be a minority in the systematic bureaucratic annihi- Bible belt, lation of 6 million Jews by the the home Nazis and their collaborators of Leo as a central act of state during Frank, Jim the Second World War. It was Crow and THE STATE FILE PHOTOS the KKK. a crime unique in the annals of Above, the late S.C. Sen. Isadore Everyone human history, different not only Lourie. At left, Rabbi Hesh up north in the quantity of violence – the Epstein speaks at the menorah told me to sheer numbers killed – but in its lighting at the S.C. Statehouse in be careful. manner and purpose as a mass December 2005. One inci- criminal enterprise organized by RABBI HESH dent early the state against defenseless ci- EPSTEIN adopt a survival mentality that on made argues, “Being Jewish is about vilian populations. The decision Director, Chabad it clear to to kill every Jew everywhere in of South Carolina being a victim, so we do the best me how we can to be as least overtly Jew- Europe: the definition of Jew as Rabbi, Chabad Aleph House antisemi- ish as we can and hope for the target for death transcended all Columbia, S.C. tism would best.” boundaries … affect my Or we can adopt Sen. Lou- “The concept of annihilation Jewish life in Columbia. In Decem- rie’s approach that the world will of an entire people, as distin- ber 1987, I was planning a public respect us most when we are who guished from their subjugation, Hanukkah menorah lighting at G-d directed us to be: a light to the was unprecedented; never Columbia Mall. Very excitedly, I nations, a blessing to all humanity before in human history had shared my plans with community and the messengers of G-d’s word genocide been an all-pervasive leaders, hoping to engage their to the world. interest and support. government policy unaffected Chapter 13 of the book of Num- The response was unenthusi- by territorial or economic ad- bers describes the spies sent by astic. Fear was the issue: “Oy, that Moses to reconnoiter Canaan vantage and unchecked by moral could be dangerous.” “We could prior to the Israelites’ advance. or religious constraints … making ourselves into a target.” They returned from the mission “The Holocaust was not “What will Santa think?” with good news and bad news. simply a throwback to medieval But then, I met with S.C. Sen. ish community centers, and the They said G-d is in the syna- The good news was that the land torture or archaic barbarism, but Isadore Lourie. He told me some- Anti-Defamation League’s 2017 gogue; he said no. In the school, was “flowing with milk and honey.” a thoroughly modern expression thing I have never forgotten: audit of anti-Semitic incidents in no. So where is G-d? they asked. The bad news was, “We are unable of bureaucratic organization, “Rabbi, I am a proud Jew and a the U.S. G-d, he said, is where you let to defeat the people, for they are industrial management, scientific proud American, and I let every- For many members of our Him in. stronger than us… We appeared achievement, and technological one I meet know it. Non-Jews will community, growing up in Colum- Anti-Semites are among us. like grasshoppers in our eyes, and sophistication. The entire appa- respect Jews who respect them- bia meant experiencing con- They are in the colleges, the that’s how we were in their eyes.” selves. They will not respect Jews ratus of the German bureaucra- stant reminders of the ugliness media, and the workplace. The Do you see the point the Bible who do not respect themselves. of antisemitism. Name-calling, question is, how do they affect is making? The spies’ own low cy was marshalled in the service Let’s light that menorah.” thrown pennies, limits on where our lives? And for me, the answer self-esteem led the Canaanites to of the extermination process … Now please don’t misun- you could live and play. is, wherever we let them in. have equally poor estimation of “The Holocaust stands as a derstand. I am not saying that But the question is not “Is there Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, the for- the Jews’ ability. tragedy for Europe, for Western antisemitism does not exist in the antisemitism in the U.S.?” but mer chief Rabbi of the United Our job is to do the right thing, Civilization, and for all the world. U.S. That would be ridiculous. rather, “How does it affect Jewish Kingdom, once asked, when did irrespective of anyone else. We must remember the facts We saw the white supremacists life?” we go from defining ourselves as We’re on a mission from G-d of the Holocaust, and work to in Charlottesville, the anti-Semitic A rabbi once asked his students, the Nation that G-d loved, to the and can’t afford the time or trou- understand these facts.” rhetoric spewed on campuses, “Where is G-d?” They said, “Easy, people that the Gentiles hate? ble to even worry what the spec- the bomb threats against Jew- G-d is everywhere.” He said, no. We have a choice – we can tators will do or say. APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 7

Blood Laws: Nuremberg and Jim Crow

he American ambassador to Nazi cial value” of every individual seeking to mar- Germany, William C. Dodd, sent ry. Mississippi showed the way to quash dis- copies of the Nuremberg Laws of sent by threatening to fine and imprison any- 1935, to Secretary of State Cordell one who prints, publishes, or circulates “writ- Hull, with the message not to wor- ten matter urging or presenting for public ac- Try, “The anti-Jewish legislation should be suf- ceptance or general information, arguments ficiently severe to please Party extremists for or suggestions in favor of social equality or of some time.” intermarriage between whites and negroes.” Little did he know. Leaving no social crevice to chance, Okla- The Nuremberg laws consisted of two an- homa forbade whites and blacks to fish from ti-Jewish measures and an addendum de- the same boat or to use the same telephone fining who is a Jew and who is not. The Re- booths; Louisiana warehoused blind peo- ich Citizenship Law restricted political rights ple by race in separate group homes and – voting, office-holding, even showing the legislated separate ticket lines and entranc- German colors – to members of the German es to circuses; North Carolina forbade white Volk. One could no lon- and black workers from looking out of the ger be Jewish and Ger- same windows in the textile mills, prohibited man. schools for whites and schools for blacks from The nefarious “blood exchanging books, and made it a crime for the law” – “Law on the Pres- so-called races to use the same hearses. ervation of German Race consciousness reared its head in Ne- Blood and German braska in 1943, when lawmakers outlawed mar- PHOTOS COURTESY OF THEODORE ROSENGARTEN Honor” – barred mar- riage between “persons of the Caucasian race” riages as well as sexual A woman, left, holds a sign that translates to, “I’m the biggest pig in the area, and I only get involved and anyone with “one-eighth or more Negro, intercourse outside of with Jews.” The man’s sign translates, “As a Jew boy, I only take German girls to the bedroom.” Japanese, or Chinese blood,” utilizing,” says THEODORE marriage between Jews Benvenuto, “a similar sort of racial arithmetic” ROSENGARTEN and Germans. and fixation on the “blood quantum” that ob- The student of his- sessed the framers of the Nuremberg Laws. Zucker/Goldberg Chair tory flinches from rec- Someone had to think up these laws, write of Holocaust Studies, ognizing how similar them down, and bring them up for debate in College of Charleston the German laws are to state legislatures and city councils. Analogous- Associate professor of the citizenship statutes Jewish studies, College Nazi lawyers studied American immigration and ly, local Nazi officials were ordered to separate of Charleston and legislation forbid- citizenship laws, regarding “America as the inno- and isolate Jews from the rest of the popula- Charleston, S.C. ding marriage between vative world leader in the creation of racist law.” tion and to examine how the Americans did people of different rac- the same to blacks. They responded eager- es in America, particularly, but not only, in the place,” was not the same as the lead up to the declared the insurgent leader, because “they ly by enacting laws expelling Jews from all so- South. Could the American model have influ- Holocaust. “It isn’t about finding equivalen- rested upon the assumption of the equality cial, professional, and sports clubs; forbidding enced the Nazis? In fact, Thomas Q. Whitman cies in terms of sameness,” instructs historian of races. This was an error.” The Confederacy them to run retail shops or work as indepen- reports in his persuasive new book of un- Jeffrey Benvenuto. “Rather the goal is to anal- was the first country in the world, he boasted, dent craftsmen; taking the keys to their cars comfortable truths, “Hitler’s American Mod- ogize, or to draw parallels.” founded on the principle of racial supremacy. and cutting off their telephones; excluding el: The United States and the Making of Nazi For a window onto the thinking that evolved His German heirs were listening. “It is well- them from movie theaters and concert halls. Race Law,” that Nazi lawyers “regarded Amer- into Nuremberg, look no further than the Prus- known,” they wrote, “that the southern states They barred them from public beaches – just ica as the innovative world leader in the cre- sian Memorandum of 1933, a guide to turning of North America maintain the most strin- as black people were barred from the beach- ation of racist law.” They studied American the criminal legal system into Nazi law. The gent separation between the white popula- es at Sullivan’s Island, Isle of Palms, and Folly immigration and citizenship laws, not only trained eye and ear are drawn to American tion and colored in both personal and public Beach; excluded them as witnesses in court as they affected “Negroes,” but also Asians, precedents. When, for example, the authors interactions.” They commended the Amer- cases against Germans; banned them from American Indians, and other people of col- of the Nazi document ridicule “the fundamen- icans’ resolve while pointing to the mistake public libraries. (I recall visiting a library in ru- or. It was well known that Hitler admired the tal principle of the egoistic past that everyone of counting Jews with the white population. ral Alabama 50 years ago where the chairs decimation of the indigenous tribes and the who bears a human countenance is equal,” we To the Nazis, criminalizing race mixing was “a had been removed to block whites and blacks placement of their remnants on remote res- hear echoes of the Cornerstone Speech deliv- burning necessity.” from sitting at the same tables.) ervations. ered in Savannah, Georgia, on the eve of the Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act of 1924 must The more degrading the rule, the better. To compare, however, is not to equate. Jim Civil War by Confederate Vice President Al- have warmed the hearts of Nazi lawmak- “That too,” remarked the late Israeli novelist Crow, the system of enforcing white suprem- exander Stephens. The ideas of the Constitu- ers who dreamed of establishing heredi- Aharon Appelfeld, “was part of the wicked- acy and keeping African-Americans in “their tional founders “were fundamentally wrong,” ty courts to confirm the whiteness and “ra- ness” of the oppressor. 8 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

Theological Arrogance he most obvious examples of intoler- ance in contempo- rary America are the obnoxious bigotry of the Westboro Bap- Ttist Church (of “God Hates Jews and Fags” fame) and the hate- filled prejudice of other white nationalist and neo-Nazi groups. Fear, paranoia, and clannishness are the usual culprits, resulting in a worldview of Us versus Them. Such hostility has been largely outside my ecclesiastical sphere, except when I see it on televi- 1943 AP FILE PHOTO sion. Though A 1943 file photo shows the rubble after German forces razed the ghetto in I’ve been to Warsaw, Poland. thousands of Christian World War II. They were sickened slightly uncomfortable when they meetings over by what they heard. Maybe they lis- realize there would be no Christi- my 70 years, tened to the horror stories and saw anity unless there had first been I’m grate- the videos from the liberators of the Judaism. It might dawn on them ful I have no concentration camps. They would that not only are Abraham, Sarah, REV. DR. MARION memory of quickly disavow any relationship of Moses, and Miriam Hebrews, but ALDRIDGE hearing overt their Christian faith to such cruelties. so also are Mary, Paul, and Jesus. anti-Jewish Retired coordinator, Yet they slip back into the habit Nevertheless, they compart- political pro- Cooperative of accepting, never challenging, the mentalize their lives – Jews Baptist Fellowship paganda at cruel, deadly doctrines concerning (Them) over there and Christians of South Carolina any of them. the perpetual punishment of Jews (Us) over here. Columbia, S.C. I read about they were taught as children. Some Christians build sophis- obsessed 1945 AP FILE PHOTO Some well-traveled Christians ticated theological arguments fanatics and the events in which Townspeople of Nuremberg, Germany, were ordered to attend services have visited the sites where the ter- around acknowledging Jews were they’re involved only when they and provide pallbearers for the 161 Polish Jews killed by SS troops. The rible events of the Holocaust oc- God’s first “chosen” people. But, emerge from the dark corners of hu- burial took place in a Catholic cemetery on May 11, 1945. curred – Buchenwald, Auschwitz, according to their worldview, manity, committing some newswor- or Dachau. There are no words to Christians are now God’s favorites. thy atrocity against their neighbors. describe what they saw there. They The bottom line is that those who Anxious, angry individuals, not and Muslims) who have not con- Many of those same individu- returned home and mentioned the are not selected for inclusion as full part of any organized movement, verted to Christianity are going als will read Anne Frank’s “Diary experience to their friends when partners into God’s Kingdom are also qualify as xenophobic and an- to spend an eternity tortured by of a Young Girl” or Elie Wiesel’s they attended church the next secondary, not valued, worth less. ti-Semitic. Hidden from public view, their Creator in a horrifying hell. “Night” and be appalled that such Sunday. They might have even felt That sounds like the dictionary these shriveled spirits go unnoticed This is fundamental to the theol- events actually happened. They uneasy when the preacher insisted definition of antisemitism. until they write anonymous letters ogy of many evangelical Christians. may visit the Holocaust Museum in that everyone who is not a born- Making decisions about the to say something like, “Your type They thoughtlessly accept this belief Washington, D.C., and genuinely be again Christian is going to hell. eternal destiny of other people is doesn’t belong in our club.” as temporarily harmless dogma con- moved by the displays there, find- But their brutal theology never cerning a far away future. This doc- ing it beyond comprehension that wavered. They had been taught, above my pay grade. Casual Contempt trine, however, is a social malignancy, 6 million Jews were slaughtered and so they believed, that Jews What can I do? Unfortunately, however, there a casual contempt for our neighbors during the reign of Nazi Germany. were not destined for heaven. “(God) has told you, O mortal, is a subtler path that results in an- who do not share our faith. It is not a Then they return, time and time what is good; and what does the tisemitism, one not based on fear benign belief when a segment of the again, to a hostile, hellish, and hu- ‘Walk Humbly With Your God’ Lord require of you but to do or paranoia, but on theological population contends that God con- manity-diminishing theology. They may remember that over justice, and to love kindness, and arrogance. It is created from the demns all Jews or Muslims, casting A survivor from a Nazi death half their scripture consists of to walk humbly with your God.” cavalier assumption that all Jews them into eternal torment because camp may have visited their class- the Hebrew Bible – from Genesis (Micah 6: 8, New Revised Stan- (as well as all Buddhists, Hindus, they are not “saved.” room when they were studying through Malachi. They may feel dard Version.) APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 9

Why the Holocaust Story Matters Today

ome years ago, I helped REV. DR. idential election, tracking 1,094 in to lead a Christian-Jew- HERMAN YOOS the first month alone. The orga- ish conversation in nization also says the number of Charleston. The con- hate groups in the U.S. increased Bishop, South versation centered Carolina Synod for a second year in a row in 2016. around the book, “The of the Evangelical In April, the ADL reported anti-Se- Cup of Wrath: A Novel Based on Lutheran Church in mitic incidents in the U.S. rose 86 S America Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Resistance percent in the first quarter of Columbia, S.C. to Hitler,” featuring the life and 2017.” work of the German Lutheran pas- Why remember the Holocaust? tor and theologian Bonhoeffer. Because whenever a majority ticularly deplore the appropria- I will never forget the question I of people are willing to look the tion of Luther’s words by modern was asked by a Jewish man: “Yes, other way when a group different anti-Semites for the teaching of Bonhoeffer and others did some from themselves are under at- hatred toward Judaism or toward heroic things, but are you aware as tack, the whole of society suffers a Lutheran pastor of the hate-filled the Jewish people in our day.” and becomes more susceptible writings of Martin Luther, which So why is it so important to to increasing acts of hostility and were used by the Nazis to help fan me as a Lutheran bishop today aggression. Hate is a virus that is the flames of antisemitism?” to remember the Holocaust and contagious and feeds on the fear Immediately, I answered, “Yes, I the more than 6 million peo- of those who seem different and am aware of these writings and am ple killed in Nazi concentration deeply sorry for their tragic im- camps? The simple answer is counts on the indifference of oth- pact upon the Jewish people both this. I am compelled to add my ers. Yet at the same time, love is then and now. I also want you to voice to the voices of count- a powerful antibiotic that helps know that the Evangelical Luther- less religious leaders who stand communities develop healthy an Church in America has publicly against the growing number of patterns of living. Love also deep- apologized for these writings to hate groups and crimes that are ens respect for one’s neighbor the Jewish community in a resolu- happening in our communities and those who are the most vul- tion adopted in 1994. today. nerable. Love is not passive and “In the spirit of that truth-tell- In the July 10 edition of USA AP PHOTO ARCHIVE does not give up. ing, we who bear his name and Today was an article titled, “The The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in 1994 publicly apologized At the heart of the Jewish, heritage must with pain acknowl- State of Hate in America Today.” for the antisemitic writings of its founder, Martin Luther. Christian and Muslim faiths are edge also Luther’s anti-Judaic dia- The Southern Poverty Law Cen- the commandments to love God tribes and the violent recommen- ter and Anti-Defamation League “In its most recent hate crimes ous year, and showed that attacks and to love your neighbor. May dations of his later writings against documented an increase in the in- report, the FBI tracked a total of against Muslims surged. The SPLC we all learn, with humility, how to the Jews. ... In concert with the Lu- cidences of hate and bias over the 5,818 hate crimes in 2015, a rise of documented an uptick of hate practice what we preach. theran World Federation, we par- past two years. about 6.5 percent from the previ- and bias incidents after the pres- Amen.

South Carolina Council on the Holocaust Eastern European Travel/ Holocaust Education Institute for Teachers www.scholocaustcouncil.org Study Tour of the Holocaust An intensive summer study, “Civic Awareness and Dr. Lilly Filler, CHAIR Dr. Selden K. Smith The S.C. Council on the Holocaust will Choosing to Participate: Lessons from the Holocaust,” Paul Garfinkel, VICE CHAIR (OBM) sponsor a trip to Eastern Europe from June taught by Facing History and Ourselves instructor Dr. Emily Taylor, SECRETARY Anne Shealy and Elizabeth King 16-26, 2019. The first 10 South Carolina- Mary Johnson, includes four weeks of online study and Margaret Walden, TREASURER SC DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION certified teachers to register will receive a two and a half days at Columbia College in Columbia. Leah Chase Minda Miller $1,000 subsidy. Three graduate credit hours Three graduate credit hours are awarded upon Joe Engel CHAIR, SELDEN K. SMITH FOUNDATION from Columbia College will be awarded upon successful completion of the course, July 16-18, 2018. Dr. Carl Evans FOR HOLOCAUST EDUCATION successful completion of the course. The Registration fee is $125. Room, board and study credits Dr. Kevin Lewis Dr. Christine Beresniova tour is open to the public, but South Carolina are underwritten by the S.C. Council on the Holocaust. Amy Vaz EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR teachers have first priority. For information, Apply online at www.scholocaustcouncil.org. For Eileen Chepenick Barbara Parker contact Leah F. Chase of Chase Inc., leahlfc@ further information, contact Dr. Christine Beresniova, Dr. Jesse Scott RETIRED ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT gmail.com, (843) 556-0525. [email protected]. 10 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

He Defeated Hitler by Surviving FELIX GOLDBERG STORY

y dad, Felix Goldberg was great with us kids as far as telling us most of his Holo- caust stories and answer- ing questions. I know that it was difficult – I heard his Mnightmares – but he was better than most in sharing his memories. I know, however, that there were some that he carried to his grave in November 2000. Dad was a Polish Jew Clockwise from left, born in 1917. Most of Henry Goldberg you are familiar with as a baby with his the brutal treatment parents, Felix and of the Jewish people Bluma Goldberg; by the Nazis in World from left, Bernard, War II. Most are familiar Leon and Felix with the horrific beat- Goldberg; Felix and ings, torture, starvation, Bluma Goldberg with medical experiments Bluma’s sister, Cela, HENRY GOLDBERG and complete and and her husband, unspeakable crimes David Miller, on the Son of Holocaust against humanity. day of their double survivors I prefer to give a PHOTOS COURTESY OF HENRY GOLDBERG wedding. Business owner glimpse of a man who was able to make it home. Some of his family Columbia, S.C. was wily, courageous, remained in the house, including his brother- intelligent, mentally in-law Avram and his brother Bernard. strong and God-fearing in that he kept Hit- As it was the largest house available, the ler from defeating him, thereby avoiding the Nazis took the front half over as the police fate of 6 million other innocent men, women station, and the family lived in the back. Avram and children. Even though Dad possessed asked Bernard to help him sneak into the attic these qualities, he still could not have made right in front of the SS to retrieve some leather it without many small miracles, which in total hidden there. Leather was worth its weight in constituted a major miracle, as was true with gold. Bernard refused saying, “No way.” Avram most survivors. then asked Felix, who, of course, said, “Let’s barefoot in the snow. Giving in to frostbite given a candy bar by a liberating American sol- Dad was drafted into the Polish army in go.” They went into the attic three times and and falling would get you shot. ider. Many Jews died after liberation from eat- 1938. The Germans overran Poland in three successfully brought out the leather wrapped Dad locked arms with his future brother- ing too much. Felix avoided the temptation. weeks’ time in September 1939. During one in old shirts, right under the Nazis’ noses. in-law, David Miller, to stay up. He procured He met and married his beautiful wife Bluma air raid, a bomb burst near Dad, burying him After several work camps, Dad ended up some rags (schmattes) prior to the march and in Landsberg, an American displaced persons up to his neck. In the midst of the confu- in Auschwitz. He was tattooed and went tied these around his waist. He used them as camp. I was born there in 1948. We came to the sion and battle, one fellow soldier saw what through the infamous Dr. Josef Mengele line socks as one pair dried each day. states in late 1949. Dad went from being a jani- happened and dug him out. After the Nazis’ three times. Menegele pointing left meant to They passed by a potato farm, and the tor to building a large, successful company. military victory, the captured Polish soldiers, the gas chamber and right meant live anoth- farmer took pity on them and cooked some Fast forward 40 years. I visited Dad at his Dad included, were taken to a prisoner of war er day. Luckily, he was able to secure a job in potatoes. The Nazis said each person could home one night. I complained that my busi- camp. Here, Jews were treated like the rest of Birkenau, a part of Auschwitz, where he ran have one potato. Anyone going through the ness was bad, someone had beaten me out the prisoners and according to Geneva Con- the elevator bringing up bodies and coal cars. line more than once would be shot. Dad of money, etc., etc. Dad looked at me and vention. Only later were the Jews separated He survived an air raid where every other said to himself, “I’m going to die anyway, so I said, “What is the matter with you? Don’t you out for the nightmare to begin. train car was bombed and half of the inmates might as well die on a full stomach.” He went have a nice house? Don’t you have a good Dad was put on a train to the Warsaw ghet- were killed. After having been in Auschwitz through the line six times. car? Your kids go to camp. No one is shooting to, but he jumped out. He was caught and se- for a while, the Russians were closing in from They got to Buchenwald. They heard fire at you because you are Jewish. You live in a verely beaten by the SS, then put on another the east. Dad was part of the death march in the woods. Dad hid under the barracks for free country. What’s the matter?” train to Warsaw. He jumped out again and toward Berlin. Most inmates literally walked three days. He wasn’t caught, and later, was I said, “Gosh, Dad, you’re right.” APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 11

Deadly Procession, or the Last Way MOISEY ARONOVICH GERCHKOVICH STORY

ur father, Moisey Aronovich Gerchkovich, was from Yanov, a very ancient town in the Kalininskiy District of the Vinnitsa region in cen- tral Ukraine. The town had Oa very rich and interesting history, until the German occupation. By July 16, 1941, all of central Ukraine was occupied by Germans and Romanians. The occupation was brutal to the town and the surroundings. LARISA AGINSKAYA AND RAISA RABINOVICH The day May 30, 1942, has a special signifi- Daughters of Holocaust survivor Moisey Gerchkovich cance to us. That day, the Jews of Yanov, Ka- Columbia, S.C. lininskiy District of Vinnitsa, were murdered. On the previous day, the Jewish population was moved into an area designated as a “ghetto.” The SS carried out a house-to-house search to be sure all the Jews were seques- tered. After a few hours, additional troops arrived, and all the ghetto inhabitants were placed in locked stables. Under the safety of darkness, our grandfather, Aron Josifovich PHOTOS COURTESY OF THE GERCHKOVICH FAMILY Gershkovich threw himself out of the stable window to try to escape. He crossed the Bug Above, an River but was shot by the enemy. undated As more and more people were crowded The authors’ father, The authors’ aunt, photo of into the stable, the level of anxiety grew. The Moisey Gerchkovich Anna Gerchkovich Moisey room was very crowded. Aronovich On Saturday, May 30, everyone in the sta- leave the pit and seek help, but the SS shot Gerchkovich’s ble were herded into the street and placed in anyone who tried to escape. Nearly 1,200 family. At columns. Neighbors and friends from the area innocent people were slaughtered on May left, a group came to see what was happening and seemed 30, 1942, in Yanov, Kalininskiy District of the at the Yanov to know that this was a “goodbye” to them all. Vinnitsa region of Ukraine. monument in The death procession began toward a Pol- On that day, 25 members of our family 1987. ish cemetery, where a large ditch had been were killed. dug. The marchers’ heads were bowed as if Our father escaped this fate since he was they were ashamed and knew their destiny. already in the Russian army, and our aunt There was obvious hatred toward the enemy. Anna Aronovna Gerchkovich had previous- The order was given that everyone un- ly evacuated to central Russia. dress, but initially, no one obeyed. SS offi- In Yanov today stands a monument cele- cers repeated the order, threatening people brating the life of the 1,200 people murdered that their eyes would be poked out. Reluc- on May 30, 1942. Our parents and a few scat- tantly, everyone began to undress, and the tered relatives visit this monument every year As sisters, we often heard this story from ward and heard of the vicious way his family bloody massacre began. to remember the good and innocent people our father. This terrible event happened sev- died. He wrote a book, “Deadly Procession, Onlookers watched in horror as the march- of the town and our precious relatives. eral years before our births, but we were very or the Last Way.” ers were shot and fell into the pit. Blood cov- On June 16, 1942, the Romanian occupiers familiar with the story. After the war, we re- We read the story to our children and will ered the streets and the ditch. The sun did shot another 15,000 residents. Ultimately, al- turned with our parents to Kharkov, Ukraine. keep the memory of our family and others not absorb so much blood quickly, and the most half of the original population of 93,000 After their deaths, Raisa came to the U.S. on alive. And our children and grandchildren earth and sun became an eternal witness of inhabitants were murdered during the occu- June 7, 1994, and Larissa came on Feb. 4, 1997. will read that sad story and will remember the mass killings of innocent people. pation, and thousands of others were forced B.C. Blekherman, a Jewish man who lived that people were killed because they were For two days, wounded people tried to to work in Germany. The town was decimated! in the town before the war, returned after- Jewish! No more Holocaust! 12 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

Holocaust Heroine and a Boy She Saved RESCUING CHILDREN FROM GURS CAMP

rom the Gurs internment camp in the ers relief agency to rescue children from the French Pyrenees mountains, Alice Holocaust, feed them and teach them French. Resch Synnestvedt rescued 48 Jew- Though the oppression was evil, Alice, even in ish children from Hitler’s evil reign of the darkest challenges, saved lives. terror and systematic genocide of the Alice married her French husband, Magnus, in FJewish people during the Holocaust. November 1943. Magnus was deeply involved in She took them to safety, the orphanage Mai- the Résistance. Magnus died in 1950 after only son des Pupilles near Toulouse and taught them six years of marriage. French so they could go to school. Courageous, Though she had no children of her own, Alice dedicated, creative and open to adventure, Al- is survived by many of her “children,” including ice was able to talk her way through and around Hugo Schiller of Myrtle Beach, whom she res- Nazi regulations. cued from Gurs. With his parents’ permission, She also rescued more so that he might receive food, medical care and than 200 Jewish artists, education, she escorted him and 47 other chil- musicians, and members dren to live in Maison des Pupilles orphanage in of the Resistance, help- Aspet, France. ing them escape over the After the war and her husband’s death, Alice mountains into Spain and left Toulouse. She managed an orphanage run Switzerland. by the Swedish Red Cross for Jewish children Born Dec. 14, 1908, in the outside Paris. Later, she worked for the Ameri- United States to Knut and can Hospital in Paris. Frida Resch of Norway, Al- Alice spent the last 40 years of her life in Co- ice lived for 99 years. She ARIELLE A. AARON penhagen, Denmark, where she and Holbaek died in Denmark on June organized the Voluntary Visitor’s Service, now Project and campaign 1, 2007. 1998 SUN NEWS (MYRTLE BEACH) FILE PHOTO run by the Red Cross. director, Permanent Alice spent her child- Butterfly Memorial In 1983, the Israeli ambassador in Denmark ABOVE: Hugo Schiller, right, meets Alice Resch Synnestvedt at the Myrtle Beach airport on Dec. 10. 1998. Synnestvedt Monument, a hood in Norway, where Holocaust memorial presented Alice and Helga with medals of honor helped save 48 children, including Schiller, from the Nazis during World War II. BELOW LEFT: Synnestvedt during her her father, an engineer, was trip to Myrtle Beach. BELOW RIGHT: Synnestvedt and Schiller speak at a Myrtle Beach City Council meeting. Author, “In the Presence manager of a power sta- from the state of Israel. of Butterflies” and “I tion in Tyssedal in the Har- In 1984, a tree was planted for both Alice and Remember Singing: Helga beside the Avenue for the Righteous Gen- A Boy Survives the dangerfiord region. There, Holocaust” atop her mountains, Alice tiles in Yad Vashem Memorial Park in Jerusalem. Myrtle Beach, S.C. dreamed of experiencing In Denmark, Alice met Aase Ingerslev; they everything. collaborated on the writing and publication of After high school, she traveled to Germany, “Over the Highest Mountains,” a memoir about then to Paris, where she trained as a nurse at the Alice’s life. America School. She loved France and spent 30 In 1998, some of Alice’s rescued children years of her life there. Later, she became a phys- brought her to the United States to celebrate iotherapist in Norway, worked in Vienna, then her 90th birthday. Ingersley accompanied her returned to Paris. Because she had studied in to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in German and French universities, she spoke five Washington, D.C., where Alice saw her photo on languages fluently. the Memorial Wall. Thanks to her “children,” Al- In 1939, she joined the Quakers for six years, ice received rewards from The Jewish Founda- helping feed and care for French children. When tion for the Righteous in New York. Paris became occupied, making her return to As a child atop mountains in Norway, Alice Norway impossible, she assisted refugees who Resch Synnestvedt daydreamed about her fu- had come to the free zone in Southern France ture. Because of her loving care and heroic cour- and helped doctors in camp clinics. age, many of her “Jewish children” still get to In Toulouse, she and Helga Holbaek, a Dan- dream their own dreams – in peace and safety – ish woman, worked with the American Quak- and enjoy beautiful families of their own. 1998 SUN NEWS (MYRTLE BEACH) FILE PHOTO COURTESY OF THE SCHILLER FAMILY APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 13

Holocaust Heroine and a Boy She Saved ‘HE WOULD HAVE A BETTER CHANCE’

runsfeld was a beau- ory the address of an uncle in Amer- tiful town of 2,000 ica (538 W. 158th St., New York City). people in the hills of After several letters, his parents southern Germany. told Hugo that he would be leav- Hugo Schiller was ing the school and traveling to visit born on Aug. 18, 1931, his family in America. Alice and the Gto Selma and Oskar Schiller; he was Quaker agency arranged for Hugo to their only living child. travel to Marseilles, France, then to Selma’s family had lived in Casablanca, Morocco, then to Amer- Grunsfeld since the 1540s and owned ica. Additionally, Alice arranged that a dry goods store. Oskar was the may- Hugo’s parents be able to visit him in or of Grunsfeld, and the family en- Marseilles prior to his trip. That vis- joyed an idyllic home life until all Jews it was wonderful for Hugo, but it was were banned from retail ownership the last time he saw his parents. and their store Within weeks of this visit, his par- was “sold” to ents were placed on transport train Gentile owners. No. 17, bound for Auschwitz, and in On Nov. 9, 1945, Hugo learned of their murder. 1938, Kristall- On July 10, 1942, 10-year-old Hugo nacht, Jewish traveled with more than 800 Europe- shop windows an immigrants on the steamship Nyas- were smashed, sa from Casablanca to Baltimore. Hugo the synagogue 1942 AP FILE PHOTO traveled by bus to New York, where he was destroyed, The neutral Portuguese steamer Nyassa arrives in Baltimore on July 30, 1942. was met by a cousin at 62nd Street. 1998 SUN NEWS (MYRTLE BEACH) FILE PHOTO HUGO SCHILLER and Jews were Among the passengers was Hugo Schiller, who now lives in Myrtle Beach. Hugo lived with his relatives, at- ABOVE: Hugo Schiller, right, meets Alice Resch Synnestvedt at the Myrtle Beach airport on Dec. 10. 1998. Synnestvedt AS RELAYED indiscriminately tended and graduated high school TO LILLY FILLER hour to pack a few things and were France. One of the Quakers, Alice helped save 48 children, including Schiller, from the Nazis during World War II. BELOW LEFT: Synnestvedt during her beaten. Despite in 1949 and was drafted in the Army. then trucked to Wiesbaden, where Resch, was assigned to Hugo’s group. trip to Myrtle Beach. BELOW RIGHT: Synnestvedt and Schiller speak at a Myrtle Beach City Council meeting. the fact that Os- After basic training, he was sent to Child Holocaust survivor kar Schiller had they were forced to march toward Alice discussed transporting Hugo to Iceland and joined the boxing team. Retired industrial engineer received the Iron the train. It was an overcast day as a school in the south. He attended the Fashion Institute of Myrtle Beach, S.C. Cross for brav- the Schiller family was placed on a “He would have a better chance Technology on a scholarship, earn- ery in World War train for the Gurs internment camp there,” she told Hugo’s parents. ing a degree in industrial engineering. I, he was arrested and taken away, but in the Pyrenees mountains. They agreed that this might be the In Baltimore, he met and married returned in six weeks. The family traveled with others for best hope for Hugo and his survival. Eleanor Cohan. They had two chil- Soon after his return, Oskar felt it two days, unsure of where they were In February 1941, he became one of dren and three grandchildren, and best to entrust the family jewelry, in- to be taken. On arrival, the family 48 children removed from camp and they have lived in Myrtle Beach for cluding a ring given to Oskar from was separated, with 9-year-old Hugo transported by truck to Aspet, France. more than 50 years. Selma’s father, to a local jeweler. living with his mother. Once month- At La Maison des Pupilles in Aspet, In 1972, a beautiful surprise await- Life was changing for the family. ly, he could visit with his father. Hugo the children had a feeling of safety. ed Hugo. A cousin returned the ring Many of Hugo’s friends were no lon- recalls the cold and the persistent There was a “normal” schedule with that Oskar had entrusted to the jew- ger allowed to play with him, and he hunger that consumed him. Straw school, playtime, and activities, but eler in Grunsfield, Germany. Selma’s was barred from attending school. On mattresses were on the floor, and Hugo yearned for his parents. brother Max had retrieved the ring Sept. 1, 1939, the war officially started. people around Hugo were dying. Many smaller children would cry and had held it for many years. Upon Since 7-year-old Hugo could no During this time, the camp allowed for their mothers, and Hugo would Max’s death, his daughter Hella came longer attend school, he went to live letters and packages, and Quak- sing lullabies to them. Letters be- upon the ring while organizing his with relatives in Offenbach, Germa- ers could enter the camp to help tween Hugo and his parents were personal effects and remembered it ny. On a return visit home during a feed the children. While there, they sent. An excerpt from one letter re- as belonging to her Uncle Oskar. school break in October 1940, the would speak to parents about sign- veals the quiet concern that his par- She brought the ring to the U.S. Nazis banged on the door at 5 a.m. ing the children over to them to be ents had for Hugo and his future. and returned it to Hugo at his Myrtle COURTESY OF THE SCHILLER FAMILY The Schiller family was given one moved to a children’s home in Aspet, They asked that he commit to mem- Beach home. 14 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

Butterfly Project to Butterfly Monument

t was the first day in January The next day, the display idea Opening day, Thursday, April 1998, the day before school got more positive backing from 22, 1998, was one of alternating was to begin for the spring my students. By this time, it was rain and sunshine. It was decided semester, when our upper determined that the butterflies to keep the display up until Mon- school faculty gathered along were to be paper. Paper was cho- day, April 26. Iwith other teachers from private sen since it was inexpensive and The indoor display had a lot of and public schools in our area. easy to find. special butterflies, such as two The purpose of the meeting The class was enthusiastic but very large butterflies about 20 was to teach these educators how soon realized our small school inches across. One was made by to teach the Holocaust. Our state, could not color and cut out such women from our Indian commu- as well as a number of publishers, a large number of butterflies. We nity, covered with seeds. And an- has prepared materials of this needed help! other large one was a jigsaw puz- same subject but geared toward With a notice in our local Myr- zle put together by my daughter high school tle Beach Sun News and the help and her youngest child. students. We of the paper’s religion reporter, Each butterfly was to represent were teach- Johanna Wilson, we let the town the life and death of one child. ing this in know about the display. Ms. Wil- There were no headstones for language son was with us every step of the any of these children. My students arts to the way, and more communities and accepted the display as the head- fifth-graders. more newspaper notices followed. stones for our lost children. Then As the par- “Time for Kids,” a classroom one of my students, Becky, ex- ticipants were newspaper, gave the butterfly plained that butterflies have short arriving, each project a boost with pictures as lives just as the children murdered ELLIE SCHILLER person got a well as including a page with two in the Holocaust. manila fold- butterfly patterns that could be The days following the Butterfly Retired teacher er decorated reproduced. display involved clean up as our Wife of Holocaust with a color- The word of our plan went from butterflies were “flying” all over survivor Hugo Schiller ful butterfly teacher to teacher, newspaper town. In the school, we had to clear Myrtle Beach, S.C. sticker. Using to radio talk shows, to any place all the walls and windows. Some of a variety of where people could gather to the butterflies were packed away materials including a pamphlet put make butterflies. And so the news and stored for future use. out by the Council on Social Stud- rolled across America. 2016 SUN NEWS (MYRTLE BEACH) FILE PHOTO When the butterflies had orig- ies Teaching, I began to introduce The special bits of paper came Hugo and Ellie Schiller attend the Permanent Butterfly Memorial Monument inally arrived, the students re- various aspects of the Holocaust. back to our school, a few at first, dedication ceremony on May 1, 2016. trieved the return addresses and About halfway through my ma- then the flood. We had a deadline as an important lesson, thank you terials, the subject turned to the for them to arrive at the beginning mail and then a second truck with and others were stapled to hun- notes were written to each con- numbers that were murdered and of April to give us time to mount the the butterflies. dreds of yards of material donat- tributor of the Butterfly project. otherwise lost. They spoke of the butterflies for the display and time People came to volunteer to ed by a manufacturer in Conway. A dedicated group of adults came 1.3 million children killed in the to count them as they came in. mount them on Popsicle sticks, Putting the butterflies out, the to help stuff the “thank you” notes Holocaust. The question then be- Even the U.S. Postal Service week with a tiny butterfly. In the end, came, “How do we show what that came to our aid as the number of be- we sent thank you notes to over number means?” envelopes, bags and boxes, fore 3000 locations. Since I was an “A-V” teacher, I stuffed with paper butter- April Years later, when Joy Glunt of said, “Wouldn’t it be wonderful if flies increased. Our postman 22, Myrtle Beach began the process we could gather 1.3 million some- delivered the school’s regular 1998, of fundraising, designing and thing and display them?” we had erecting a memorial, it seemed At that point, I saw the but- help and fitting that the focus would be the terfly stickers on the folders ideas from children of the Holocaust and the – and so the project began to a local con- butterfly was the logical symbol of form. Our paper butterflies struction com- “short lives” but everlasting beau- fluttered, in my mind’s eye, pany, the city of tiful memories. on the empty lot next to the Myrtle Beach, the The Memorial was dedicat- school, and the idea took hold. whole school, my ed in May 1, 2016. It is located at The attendees all seemed positive DETROIT husband Hugo 1011 Crabtree Lane, Myrtle Beach, with this idea. FREE PRESS Schiller and others. SC 29577. APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 15

A Survivor’s Tale by the Stepsister of Anne Frank ‘EVA’S STORY’

va Schloss’ story is an On July 6, 1942, Heinz received amazing example of orders to report for deportation to a survival, determination, labor camp. It was time for the fam- and persistence. While ily to hide. Erich felt that it would be not nearly as known as too dangerous for the four of them the story of her stepsis- to stay together, so Eva and Fritzi Eter, Anne Frank, it is just as compel- sought refuge in one hiding place and ling. I was lucky enough to spend a her father and brother in another. weekend with Mrs. Schloss as she Over the next two years, the “made the rounds” at the Univer- family remained in hiding, stepping sity of South Carolina, the Chabad out only occasionally to see each House, and other surrep- Koger Center titiously. This 1963 AP FILE PHOTO for the Arts. was a very After their spouses were killed, Otto We found difficult time Frank, left, married Elfriede “Fritzi” time to tour for a young Geiringer, Eva’s mother. Columbia girl, who was and especial- isolated with ly Memorial her mom and Park, where saw few other I proudly people. showed her EVA SCHLOSS On May 11, the Holocaust AS RELAYED 1944, Eva’s Memorial, TO LILLY FILLER 15th birthday, her family received a which was terrible surprise. Unbeknownst to Holocaust survivor dedicated in the family, Eva and her mom had London, England 2001. Eva was been followed after a clandestine very gracious visit to her father and brother. The BEBETO MATTHEWS - AP in her praises of the memorial and of hiding places were discovered. Eva The “New Dimensions in Testimony” exhibit at the Museum of Jewish her reception in this Southern city. was shocked to see her dad and Heritage in New York features a virtual presentation of Holocaust survivor COURTESY OF DOYLE STEVICK Eva was born in Vienna, Austria, brother at the Gestapo headquar- Eva Schloss that answers spontaneous questions based on many hours of One of the final photos taken of on May 11, 1929, the second child of ters, where they were all interrogat- her recorded interviews. Anne Frank. Erich and Fritzi Geiringer. Their older ed, then taken to a Dutch prison. son was Heinz Felix. The family was Three days later, they were taken to In Birkenau, Eva and Fritzi were see them. Presumably, they were months on the move with the Rus- “well to do” and were surrounded Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration “processed” and assigned to a work transferred to another camp. Days sian army, the return to Amsterdam by extended family. Erich owned a camp. detail, “Canada.” This was known as were cold, and hunger permeated with her mother and finding out shoe factory, which was eventually Just prior to the arrest, Fritzi had an elite work assignment, shifting the thoughts of all the inmates. The about the deaths of her father and moved to Holland in early 1938. purchased a long coat and large hat through the clothing of all the new fear of death hung over the camp as brother. She remembers the reunion Soon, the anti-Semitic rhetoric for Eva and insisted, despite the heat, prisoners and separating the cloth- inmates came and left, some alive, with Otto Frank as Fritzi lamented and actions started to explode. The that Eva wear it when interrogated. ing – shoes, coats, dresses, etc. – for some dead. about losing her husband and son, family moved to Belgium and then Eva wore the coat and hat on the Nazi use. But it allowed the inmates On Jan. 17, 1945, the camp emp- and Otto mourned the death of his to Holland, seeking refuge from the journey to the concentration camp, to rummage through the pockets tied of the Nazis, and the Russian two daughters and wife. German invasion. However, on May and because the hat was big and the to find desired objects, like candy, liberators entered. Although the lan- The sadness and misery brought 10, 1940, the Germans invaded Hol- coat long, Eva appeared older than food, utensils – a bonus for them! guage was very different, everyone Otto and Fritzi together. They were land, and Eva and her family found she was and was selected to move to It was during her confinement seemed to understand that this was married in 1953 and moved to Swit- themselves living in a ghetto in Am- the “right” which meant life. in Birkenau that Eva and her mom liberation from the German Nazis. zerland to work on the publication sterdam. Here, Eva met and played “Many mothers had lost daugh- were reacquainted with Otto Frank, Over the next few days, as the pan- of the Anne Frank diary. with another young girl, Anne Frank, ters of my age. Ridiculous though Anne’s father. They would occa- tries were raided by the inmates and Thus, Eva became the stepsister who was about her age. The families it had looked on me, that hat and sionally see the men, including her warm clothing secured, the thought of Anne Frank, a name synonymous became close and shared their fears the long coat had saved my life,” father and brother. However, after of liberation filled everyone’s minds. with the Holocaust. Eva’s story, too, about the war and their situation. Eva said. a while, Eva no longer was able to Eva eloquently describes the is now told to the world. 16 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

An Account of Kristallnacht KURT JESSELSON STORY lthough my parents’ lives were completely disrupt- ed by the Holocaust, their stories are not the tragic Holocaust stories of death Acamps and brutality. Instead, this is the story of families that had felt totally integrated into their German society, and very proud of their background and history. This is another dimension of the Holocaust history. Both of my parents’ families had a long history in Germany, tracing PHOTOS COURTESY OF ROBERT JESSELSON back to 1500 – I will tell the story From left, the author’s parents, Ilse and Kurt Jesselson, in the Canary Islands in 1977; Kurt Jesselson, with the U.S. Army in 1945 in Bremerhaven, of Kurt Jesselson, Germany; and Samuel Jeselsohn in 1932 in Kohlhof, Germany. my father. My father’s family lived for SAMUEL JESELSOHN STORY generations in According to my family, the Jews wards he came back and took me home a neighbor told me that it the NB area were for the most Neckarbishof- and Germans got along well there. to the Synagogue, where other had been ordained to destroy the part decent and friendly to Jews. sheim (NB), of- However, on Kristallnacht, Nov. policemen and about 25 SA peo- Synagogue and Religious school. The Jews that still remained in ROBERT JESSELSON ten described to 9-10, 1938, the synagogue and ple, most of whom I knew, waited This was begun immediately. With NB in November 1940 – about me as a Garden school were destroyed. My great for me. The oldest policeman told an eagerness (passion) they ful- 14 souls- were taken to the rail- Son of Holocaust of Eden. Jews uncle Samuel Jeselsohn, the head me that he had the responsibility filled the order. In the afternoon road station on a cold Novem- survivors Kurt first started living and Ilse Jesselson of the congregation, witnessed to search the Synagogue. I an- the oldest policeman came again ber night with not more than an in NB in the 17th Carolina Distinguished the destruction, describing it in a swered that he could do that, but and demanded that I prepare my- hour’s preparation and brought Professor, University century, and my document called “The End of Our that there was nothing dangerous self to be brought immediately to the concentration camp in of South Carolina ancestors were Holy Congregation Neckarbishof- to the state inside. He demanded to Heidelberg. What awaited me Gurs. There they languished un- School of Music there almost Columbia, S.C. sheim.” I translated this descrip- that I open the Torah shrine, and was rather clear – concentration der the worst imaginable living from the begin- tion, which Uncle Samuel wrote in he took the scrolls and lay them camp. They brought me and the conditions, until they entered a ning of Jewish 1942 after emigrating to Israel. on the floor. Then the SA leader Gabbai and teacher Jakob Bloch better world. life. One of my prized treasures is After a life of many hundreds came. I was brought with the po- to the train station at NB. There Where for hundreds of years the 1750 Haggadah inscribed by my of years, our holy community liceman to the religious school came a telephone call to bring me a holy Jewish life existed, where great-great-grandfather in 1832, which found a sad end in the year 1940. building, and there he left me. But back to NB, where because of my in the daily community prayers we use every Passover. His family had As the last Head of the commu- first I had to see that the SA man, age (60 years old) I was left. the minds turned to their Fa- several houses in town, a dry-goods nity I led the congregation for 25 who was not from the town, be- The synagogue and religious ther in heaven, where the calm store, and even a distillery. years… Then came the events of gan to destroy the Torahs with a school were destroyed; chairs Shabbos peace lifted the souls, My father left Germany for America November 10, 1938. That morning heavy axe. burnt, Torahs taken away, prayer and the old melodies of the High in 1936. In order to get his American shortly after 6 am I was called out We had been having services shawls and prayer books as well Holidays illuminated and trans- citizenship faster, he joined the Army, of bed. Below stood a policeman, in the School building, because as all the items for the service figured, only the stones could and was sent to work in Intelligence who demanded that I bring the it was easier to heat than the ac- stolen or destroyed… I didn’t speak. I hope that all those who interviewing German POWs. My father Synagogue keys to him immedi- tual Synagogue. Three Torahs open my store any more, and are now scattered in all parts of returned to NB during the war, and a ately. I answered – they are in my were there. The School was also two days later I sold my stores the world will never forget the Christian neighbor who had rescued a store in the next building, and I searched, and then I was told to and wares all together to a non- old homeland, and teach their holy Torah from the synagogue, gave would get dressed and get them. go home. And now the person- Jew. In other areas people threw children all the good and beauti- it to him. It was given to Uncle Samuel, I had no idea what was intended. al danger to me became clear, the wares of Jewish shop owners ful things that were to be had at who then brought it to safety in Israel. The policeman took the keys and though I escaped it through help onto the street, stole and de- home. Then the old community My father died on March 5, 1987. told me to go home. Shortly after- from the Almighty. On the way stroyed them, but the people of will not have lived in vain.” APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 17

Complicated Memories

iving in Berlin for two weeks forced me to con- front my emotional and spiritual baggage. I came to witness the remnants Lof Jewish memory from what Elie Wiesel once called, “The Kingdom of Night.” Second, I came to grips with just how complicated memory is when tracing footsteps from Ber- lin’s Jewish past. Finally, Germany is also learning how complicated embracing one’s national memory can be, as well as accepting their moral duty to resurrect those memories for future generations. Those memories invaded my soul. One COURTESY OF BRAD BLOOM 1938 AP FILE PHOTO evening we attended a At left, Brad Bloom and his wife, Linda, visit the Berlin Wall, which divided East Germany from West Germany between 1961 and 1989. At right, inmates at Mozart con- the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin stand in line during attendance check in December 1938. RABBI BRAD cert in the BLOOM 18th century women. the concrete staging area beside ry from Harvard University and stories about the destroyed Charlotten- On another day trip, I stood the tracks testified to each of the became one of the world’s lead- Jewish communities all over Eu- Rabbi, Congregation burg Palace. inside a replica of the Jewish transports, the dates they left and ing historians of the Nazi period. rope, as well as to the survivors’ Beth Yam Reform The setting barracks in the Sachsenhausen the concentration camps they He would also one day be my accounts and, of course, to the Synagogue and the mu- concentration camp, about 40 took Jews to until almost the end beloved history professor at the dead. Hilton Head, S.C. sic were minutes by train to the northwest of the war. University of Wisconsin, where I I have taught the Holocaust for enthralling of Berlin. Sachsenhausen gained And Germans would later say received my degree in history. years in my synagogue classes and when suddenly my mind took me infamy as the prototype and ad- after the war ended that they did That Jewish refugee, George in the universities, church groups somewhere else. ministrative center of all concen- not know? We all know better. Mosse, taught me to love history, and in the military. I imagined it was Kristallnacht – tration camps. Its specialty was One day, we visited West Ber- which led me to become a rabbi. I resisted going to Germany all Nov. 9-10, 1938 – and I was sitting political prisoners. lin’s old city hall. This was the site Berlin is a city that has made an these years, yet this unique trip in the same seat listening to the Even though the Nazis de- of President John F. Kennedy’s earnest effort to memorialize the provided me the opportunity to same music. As synagogues and stroyed the gas chambers in both famous speech when he said in Jewish Holocaust. The copper get close to the memories in a way Jewish stores burned, Jewish Ber- places, I stared into the ovens, and German; “Ich bin ein Berliner,” or ornamental plaques hammered that I had never done before. liners were sent to Dachau con- still I could feel the resonance of “I am a Berliner.” onto the city’s pavements with the I feel the urgency of the hour centration camp. I could hear that the indescribable suffering, fear There was an exhibition inside engraved names of Jewish fami- with the last generations still tell- horrid and infamous German po- and death that overshadowed about the neighborhood and pic- lies who lived in these neighbor- ing their stories. lice siren racing down the street, every footstep I took in those ture albums about Berlin Jewish hoods, the Jewish museums and It is, in fact, all about the sto- taking Jews to the Gestapo for blood-curdling death centers. notables – Albert Einstein, for ex- the monuments to the murder of ries that reminded me why the questioning. Memory is powerful, Many Germans contended that ample, who once lived in this area. the Jewish people are all exam- world must remember the Holo- inspiring, and even frightening, all they had no idea of what was hap- I came upon one album with a ples of what the next generations caust and every other example of at the same time. pening in their backyard to Jews picture on the front of a teenag- of Germans have created to own genocide. I traveled by train to Ravens- – which is why I stood at railroad er. This teen came from a promi- up to that horrific past. Our children and grandchil- bruck concentration camp, about station track 17 leaving from the nent Berlin family whose parents Yes, they, too, albeit from a dren must know and must see for an hour and a half north of Berlin. upper-class neighborhood of sent him to America before the different perspective, are facing themselves the remnants of the Ravensbruck was the death camp Grunewald in Berlin. The golden war broke out. As a young man, memory and its pain as well. Kingdom of Night so that it will solely devoted to murdering copper plaques hammered onto he completed his Ph.D. in histo- Memory leads us to so many never happen again. 18 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

The Fragility of Dutch Liberalism ANTISEMITISM IN THE NETHERLANDS

n June 2012, during a nation- Jewish sentiment, then difficult ally broadcast soccer match questions emerge: between the Dutch teams Isn’t Holland supposed to be Ajax (representing Amster- the tolerant one in Europe’s di- dam) and its arch rival Fey- verse family of nations? enoord (Rotterdam), thou- Isn’t it the place where Jews Isands of hooligans in the stands found a home after the 1492 Span- began shouting “Hamas, Hamas; ish expulsion, where the largest Joden aan het gas,” or “Hamas, Sephardic synagogue in the world Hamas; Jews to the gas.” When- emerged in 1675, where Jews ever Ajax players got close to the could be Jews and thrive? goal line, Feyenoord supporters Isn’t Amsterdam (Mokum) a ha- hissed ominously, mimicking the ven for pot-smoking hippies, gays sound of escaping gas that rever- and lesbians, people of all colors berated throughout the stadium. and creeds, and aren’t we proud Seven- of that legacy? ty years af- That the answer is simultane- ter the Nazi ously yes and no, and that there regime sys- are clear limitations to Dutch tol- tematical- erance is not always easy to ac- ly murdered knowledge. millions of The fragility of Dutch liber- Jewish men, alism, particularly when under women, and duress, became painfully clear children in a in the immediate postwar peri- SASKIA COENEN state-orga- od. Seventy-five percent of the SNYDER nized geno- Dutch-Jewish population (an esti- cide, Dutch mated 102,000 men, women, and 2017-2018 Fellow- soccer fans children) had been deported and in-Residence, Netherlands Institute reminded the murdered during the war – a num- for Advanced Study public that ber significantly higher than that in the Humanities any atone- of other Nazi-occupied countries and Social Sciences ment for this in western and northern Europe. Associate professor of modern Jewish crime against While Belgium lost 60 percent, history, University humanity – France’s horrid statistic came to 26 of South Carolina or at the very PHOTO COURTESY OF SASKIA COENEN SNYDER percent and Denmark’s at a little least a shared over 1 percent. Even in fascist Italy, sensitivity to its horrors – was Fans of the Feyenoord soccer team, based in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, give a Nazi salute. Jews had a higher survival rate than merely skin-deep. in Holland (20 percent of Italian The association of Ajax with antisemitism from its own support- the actual game, the incident disap- Muslims who are responsible for Jews did not survive the Holocaust). Amsterdam Jews has its roots in ers (many of whom were Muslim peared from the news within days. the rise in anti-Semitic incidents. For a country that had long the location of the team’s former but not exclusively so), Feyenoord While current waves of an- It is an easy form of finger-point- prided itself on its liberal atti- stadium, which stood near the officials denounced the actions of tisemitism in the Netherlands ing that conveniently prevents a tudes, tolerance, and resistance Jewish neighborhood and con- the spectators but quickly attribut- (and western Europe at large) deeper reflection on the part of toward inequality, the near anni- sequently attracted many Jewish ed the incident to the typical she- have clear links to the Israeli-Pal- Dutch citizens and their behavior hilation of the Dutch-Jewish pop- soccer fans. nanigans of rowdy hooligans that estinian conflict and to growing toward their Jewish neighbors. ulation made tragically clear that But not one Ajax player on shouldn’t be taken too seriously. tensions emerging from sizable under certain conditions, all those the field that June afternoon It was unacceptable, yes, but Moroccan and Turkish communi- The Long-Term View of Holland principles gave way to self-preser- was of Jewish descent, nor were not anything that pointed to a larg- ties living in predominantly sec- When we do take a long-term vation, fear, and passivity. their coaches or team directors. er problem in Dutch society as a ular societies, it would be a mis- view and fold the Feyenoord inci- This is not to deny the brave Stunned by this public display of whole. Eager to refocus attention on take to assume that it is merely dent into a longer pattern of anti- actions of the Dutch Resistance, APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 19

PHOTO COURTESY OF SASKIA COENEN SNYDER AP FILE PHOTO A shelter at a bus stop is defaced with swastikas and other antisemitic symbols. Nazi officers round up Dutch Jews during a raid in Amsterdam in this undated AP photo. Dutch bounty hunters, paid by the Nazis to track down or of the Dutch Communists who Resisting antisemitism and persecution ... Jews during World War II, captured thousands of fellow countrymen, organized the February 1941 strike including children, and sent them to their deaths. to protest Nazi legislation targeting could come at a great cost. Most people Amsterdam Jews, nor to under- To this observer, Jews remained ideology, and fear – such lingering rate the courage of families who were unable or unwilling to take the risk the Other. They may not have “de- resentment can turn lethal. hid people, sometimes for months served” this kind of persecution, but The Ajax-Feyenoord incident, or years, in their attics and base- and consequently adjusted to ... their suffering did not enrage him the hissing sounds of which echoed ments. Indeed, many more would Nazi policies – a process that Dutch enough to trigger a response. through the soccer stadium, as well have died had it not been for these There is an argument to be as the quick dismissal of its severi- acts of empathy and courage. historians ... refer to as ‘accommodatie.’ made about the particular threat ty by Feyenoord officials, revealed of inconspicuous, unspoken that antisemitism in Holland (and Maintaining Tolerance antisemitism as opposed to its elsewhere) didn’t end in 1945. What it does indicate, howev- nation of factors explained the dam Jewish community; and geog- shamelessly blatant variety. New geo-political realities may er, is the difficulty of maintaining unusually high percentage of Jew- raphy (a flat country on the North The latter often provokes a re- have altered the narratives, the tolerance and ethical behavior at ish victims: the already high con- Sea that shared an eastern border action, a repudiation by liberal manifestations, and the actors in- a time when those very principles centration of Jews in Amsterdam with Nazi Germany, which made voices who remind the public that volved, but the core sentiments are being severely challenged. (where over half of the country’s hiding or fleeing difficult). we should continue to be vigilant remain the same – like old wine in Resisting antisemitism and per- population lived); a civil (rather Added to this list should be and speak out against expressions new bottles. Our task, therefore, secution were atypical precisely than military) administration under muted anti-Jewish sentiments of bigotry, racial stereotyping, and is not only to publicly oppose an- because it could come at a great the authority of Reichskommisar which, in the minds of many hatred. tisemitism wherever it raises its cost. Most people were unable Arthur Seyss-Inquart, which left Dutch Christians, rendered Jews ugly head, but to also help pre- or unwilling to take the risk and much of the prewar bureaucracy – however well acculturated – still Quiet Antisemitism vent the socio-political conditions consequently adjusted to the Nazi intact and functioning “normally”; different from their neighbors. Quiet antisemitism, on the that allow it to thrive. Taking stock presence in Holland and to Nazi a culture of compliance and high One 1943 diary entry by a traveling other hand, lingers and thereby of 2017 alone, both in Europe and policies – a process that Dutch regard for hierarchy; a meticulous salesman, who recorded the events remains unchallenged. In combi- the United States, it appears that historians of Nazism and the Ho- and efficient municipality that unfolding in Amsterdam, confided nation with other factors – such we haven’t been particularly suc- locaust refer to as accommodatie. provided the Nazi authorities with that while Jews “were people . . . they as conditions of war, occupation, cessful and that the task remains In the Netherlands, a combi- complete records of the Amster- were not really pleasant people.” militant authoritarianism, racial monumental indeed. 20 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

Antisemitism and Israel: An Old Hatred Revived

ntisemitism is arguably as isolated as its opponents de- the longest collective scribe it, and it has an array of pro- hatred in recorded hu- ductive relationships with over 150 man history, and that states in the world. fact in itself means, that Third, there are those who man- Athere is no connection between age to put a distinct wedge be- this old plague and the modern tween their opposition to certain state of Israel. policies and practices of Israel, and Antisemitism existed when the sheer, blatant antisemitism. Roman Empire destroyed the then However, there are so many hat- Jewish state with the Temple in ers. They come from both the right Jerusalem in 70 A.D. The Roman and left wing; they are members of historian of the period Tacitus re- almost every religious community ferred to the Jews in terms which in the world. They are vocal; they today would be defined as An- are sincere in their motivation; and tisemitism. they are dangerous. Antisemi- The fact is that Israel is the only tism existed state in the world whose very exis- during the tence is called into question. This is Crusades, pure antisemitism. when entire So, it is incumbent upon Israelis, Jewish com- Jews abroad and all people of good munities in will to take seriously the screams Germany and of anti-Semites in Charlottesville, France were the threats of Iran to ‘’erase’’ Israel destroyed by off the map – and also those who DR. JOSEF OLMERT the Crusaders pretend to be only anti-Zionist, not on their way anti-Semites. Adjunct professor PHOTOS COURTESY OF DR. JOSEF OLMERT To be anti-Zionist is to deprive of Middle East Studies, to the ports University departing A protester holds up a caricature of Jewish stereotypes at a 2014 anti-war rally in Stuttgart, Germany. On July 8, Israel the Jews the God-given universal of South Carolina to the Holy had launched Operation Protective Edge in response to Hamas launching rockets toward Israel, according to ABC News. right to exercise their national and Columbia, S.C. Land. religious existence in their home- Israel’s very existence then be- Antisem- land. comes illegitimate in the eyes of the itism existed when the Catholic THEN the Jews had nowhere to haters, and when put in an historic Church in Spain unleashed the In- go in times of impending and actu- quisition against the thriving Jew- context, this state of affairs is not an al calamity. ish community there. aberration. Rather, it is the norm, as NOW they have. It is called Israel. Antisemitism existed when it follows 2,000 years of recorded antisemitism. Martin Luther, the founder of the Terms to know Reformation, called to “burn” the That said, there are three very schools and synagogues of the significant points to be empha- Zion Jews. sized, so that we can fully assess synonymous with Jerusalem, He said – and centuries later, Hit- the current state of affairs. the hill of Jerusalem on which ler did. First, antisemitism has never Judaism teaches the city of On many occasions, Antisemi- been a universal phenomenon. Not David was built. tism existed also in Muslim-domi- ALL Catholics during the Inquisi- nated lands. tion, not ALL Protestants during Zionism We can go on and on, but the Protesters destroy a poster depicting the Israeli flag with a swastika the Reformation, not ALL Muslims an international movement begun in the 1890s for the historic picture is clear: Antisemi- in place of the star of David. The rally in support of Hamas occurred in during the Al-Muwahhidun atroci- January 2009 in Barcelona, Spain. ties in Spain, hated the Jews. Not All return of the Jewish people to tism is endemic, and its logical out- Zion, the land of Israel. come is, therefore, that the very the Germans during the Nazi period existence of a collective of Jews independent statehood in their about the Jews – in sum, some- hated the Jews, and far from ALL antisemitism who define themselves in national, historic homeland is an anathema thing that is unnatural – should be the Muslims, including Palestinians, a perception of Jews expressed ethnic and religious terms, hence to the “right” order of things. resisted and, in the end of the day, hate the Jews today. as hatred. claim their indisputable right for A challenge to long-held notions be eliminated. Second, the state of Israel is not APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 21

A Theology of Hubris

t is story time at Beth Israel Synagogue. The students eagerly rush to hear Rabbi Chai Kholonick relate one of his tales. Seated at his desk, he watches as the Iyoung cheder (Hebrew) students file into the classroom. A hush falls upon the room as the Rebbe carefully settles himself in his chair. The lined, hoary face looks up. In it one sees the Old Testament prophet Isiah crying out for social justice. In a resonant, mellifluous voice, the Rebbe begins. “Today we remember 6 million Jews who were mur- dered in Europe in a pogrom known as the Holocaust. It was in the Holocaust that man- kind lost its innocence and the Christians lost their way. It was a time when Christians made a mockery of the Ser- mon on the Mount, the most famous of all speeches whose JOSEPH J. LIPTON major message is the supremacy of love. In Retired attorney this sermon, Jesus pro- 2010 AP FILE PHOTO for S.C. state legislators nounced the rule that Residents in the village of Oberammergau in southern Germany have performed a passion play once every 10 years since 1634. In the most Columbia, S.C. governs human rela- recent performance, in 2010, the director eliminated several antisemitic elements that had raised concerns among Jewish groups in the past. tionship and the role of the Christian in that relationship. Jesus basin. It so happens that various religious Thomas Jefferson in 1850 referred to as roguery, the original Catholic hierarchy and thus gave to those who assume the calling parties – Christians, Jews, pagans, and oth- “this loathsome combination of church and the bureaucracies thereafter inflicted upon of Christian, the most onerous burden to ers brought unrest and uncertainty to the state.” In the Holocaust, 6 million Jews were the Jew, every humiliation and every crim- carry. The class was spellbound. A lonely Empire with their proselytizing activities. murdered. inal offense known to man. The 15 Jewish tear entered a furrow in the old Rabbi’s face. This disturbance resulted in an intolerable Indeed, such prolonged concentration on bishops made sure their brethren tasted It was as though he were in mourning for situation which forced Constantine to take the Jew gives a sane person pause. There is a their interpretation of the wrath of G-d. An the followers of Jesus who committed the action. It was in the year 313 A.D. that the dichotomy in the body of Christianity. While ancient saying characterizes the Catholic greatest betrayal. Edict of Milan permanently established reli- Christianity preaches love, some Christians hierarch. “Decipimur specti recti” (we are This afternoon we will examine the gious toleration for Christianity and assured practice hatred. So, tell me, how did this deceived by the righteous). Fifteen Jewish questions: Why the Jew? How did the Jew Christians of legal rights in the Roman long strange romance between the Catho- men shaped, formed and executed a Cath- become the world’s scapegoat? And how Empire. Who could have predicted that the lic church hierarchy and the Jew start? Who olic church’s attitude toward the Jew that did the word Jew become an anathema? It act alone presaged the future destiny of perpetrated it? And how was it nourished so has been utilized with dedication and pas- is said that hatred of the Jew is the longest the Jewish people – a destiny of isolation, that its ardor and inventiveness has never sion for 1,800 years. It was Titus Lucretius hatred. But when one looks back over the harassment, humiliation, exclusion, exile, diminished? The answer, my young friends, Carus (99-55 B.C.) who warned, “Tantum centuries and ponders the carnage; how torture and murder? In that fatal year, at that is so fantastic, so unreal, so ironic, that even religio potuit suadare malorum.” (How great Christians have insulted G-d’s image, how fatal moment, anti-Semitism was born. The Shakespeare could not have thought of it. are the evils religion has managed to inflict.) Christians have betrayed the command- antipathy was not labeled anti-Semitism In the lore of the Catholic Church is the Hear the words of Dr. James Parkes, an ment of Jesus. NO! It is not the longest until 1897, when Wilhelm Marr, the German deep secret that the first 15 bishops of the English theologian: “In our own day and within hatred. It is the longest shame. agitator, coined the hyphenated oppro- church hierarchy were young, eager cir- our own civilization, more than 6 million mur- Now I ask: How did the ancient world of brium to designate then-current anti-Jewish cumcised Jews and they refused tolerance ders are the consequence of the teaching Christianity get to the modern world of the campaigns in Europe. to Jews who practiced the Mosaic law. And about Jesus for which the Christian Church is Holocaust? Once upon a time there was an When religion, any religion, becomes they introduced a new hatred to the world, ultimately responsible, and of an attitude to Emperor named Constantine the Great. He nationalized and operates under the aus- religious anti-Semitism. Emboldened by Judaism which is not only maintained by all ruled a vast territory known as the Roman pices of the State, intolerance and hubris the Emperor Constantine’s protection and Christian Churches, but has its ultimate rest- Empire which bordered the Mediterranean inevitably follows. It is a marriage that bedecked in their new regalia, ritual and ing place in the New Testament itself.” 22 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

The Story of the ‘Beloved’

am not Jewish. I have each one so ents. To the German Nazis, they in 1942. Tragically, however, she er. She survived the war, immigrat- not experienced beautiful, so were not beloved children; they was discovered in 1944 and died ed to the United States and lived antisemitism on a person- special, cap- were “useless eaters,” meaning at Auschwitz a few days later. Her her remaining years in New York, al level. I view it through tured in a sin- that they consumed calories, but parents survived to rebuild a life surviving her little Samuel by al- the lens of a small group gle moment did no work. without their beautiful little girl. most half a century. Iof children who died a decade of life. Tiny little Alida, just 4 months Sweet little Fani died at Aus- The Beloved are just 27 of the or more before I was born. They These chil- old, died in the gas chamber at chwitz in 1942 also, but wheth- 1.5 million children who died are the Beloved, 27 children of dren were Auschwitz in 1942 with both of her er she had been taken from her at the hands of the Nazis and the 1930s whose portraits I have loved just parents. That same year, Rachel mother, as thousands of children their allies. They were powerless drawn in the past year. They range MARY BURKETT as we love and Abraham and Hanna died were, we don’t know. against the virulent hatred of the in age from 4 months to 7 years, our children with their mothers at Auschwitz Hersch and Gyorgy were from Jews that existed in Europe, and and they are unique and delight- Retired pediatric nurse today. The as well. Romania and Hungary respective- their little lives were crushed as if ful in the way only children can be. Commissioner, little outfits After the war ended, the guards ly and survived until 1944. they meant absolutely nothing. There is little Alida who reminds Columbia Holocaust Education Commission so careful- at Auschwitz reported how ten- Samuel, with his beautiful black Hatred has existed in some form everyone of the Gerber baby and Columbia, S.C. ly chosen, derly mothers murmured to their curls, lived in a Jewish ghetto in Po- on every page of the history of Samuel of the beautiful curls. There and the curls children as they carried them to land for two years, despite critical mankind, and our time is no excep- is Fani, who sparkles like a tiny jew- carefully ar- their deaths. shortages of food and water. On tion. Each of us is presented with el, and Rachel and Abraham, two ranged testify to the attention and Edith was from the Nether- March 27, 1944, the Nazis rounded the eternal dilemma – we must de- very serious little people. There devotion of their parents. lands, as were Alida, Rachel, Abra- up the remaining 250 children in cide whether we stand for good or is Gyorgy with the sweet little tan That love and devotion could ham, and Hanna. Edith and her the ghetto and took them to their for evil, for hatred or for love. line left behind by his baby T-shirt. not save them, however, for they parents were fortunate to be hid- deaths at Auschwitz. Samuel was May we always remember the There are Hersch, and Edith, and had committed the unpardonable den in two safe houses when most 5 years old on the cold spring day Beloved children and choose Albert, and little Hanna Samson – sin of being born to Jewish par- Jews were deported from Holland when he was taken from his moth- wisely.

PHOTOS COURTESY OF MARY BURKETT Three of the Beloved, from left: Alida, who died in 1942 in the gas chamber; Samuel, who was separated from his mother on March 27, 1994, when the Nazis took the remaining 250 children from a Polish ghetto; and Edith, whose family was arrested after their hiding place was discovered in 1944. All three died at Auschwitz. APRIL 6, 2018 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION 23

The Notoriety of World War II: The Holocaust

Editor’s note: The Teacher’s Advisory Committee, an ad hoc committee of the S.C. Council on the Holocaust, established a scholarship essay program for high school seniors, awarding $1,000 toward the South Carolina college of their choice. The prompt given students for the scholarship essay contest in spring 2017 was: “In 2011, the S.C. Superintendent of Education proposed cutting the funding for the S.C. Council on the Holocaust. Write a convincing argument about the importance and relevance of Holocaust education to S.C. today.” This is the winning essay.

he term Holocaust was historically de- go left untaught or un- fined as the sacrificial offering burned heard of. Most people on an altar, originating from the Greek view the Holocaust as words “holos” (meaning whole) and simply the horrific mass T“kaustos” (meaning burned). However, after killing of the Jews un- the abhorrent acts undertaken by the German der the control of the Nazi regime during World War II, the term has Nazi regime. However, obtained a new horrid definition: the genocide its lesson and its cau- of 6 million innocent European Jews and mem- tionary message on hu- bers of other persecuted groups. This horri- man behavior should by ble piece of human history revealed the dark- PATRICIA COGDILL no means whatsoever est side of mankind and showed the immorality Winner, the Teacher’s be treated as something and cruelty of society. The Holocaust is some- Advisory Scholarship trivial. It is much more thing we must not forget or fail to produce Contest than just a heartbreak- awareness of. It is an event in our history that Lexington, S.C. ing, cruel event in man- serves as a reminder that we are all human and kind’s history. The Holo- all deserve equality; we all have the right to be caust is one of the most effective subjects for heard and listened to and ultimately, we all have examining basic moral issues. It provides an in- the right to live. The South Carolina Superin- sight on how important democracy is and how 1945 AP FILE PHOTO tendent of Education’s proposal of cutting the it is truly a liberty that one should not take for funding for the South Carolina Council on the granted. Holocaust education is pivotal and it A Polish youth, right, cries at the grave of his grandmother at the German concentration camp Holocaust prevents the spread of awareness is important that we instill the knowledge of Nordhausen in April 1945. American troops, background, liberated the camp and ordered the and remembrance of such an atrocious event. what can take place if we allow prejudice, ha- townspeople to bury the dead, but the boy insisted on burying his grandmother himself. As stated on the website for the South Carolina tred, and ultimately mass murder to occur. Council on the Holocaust, the program was es- Studying the Holocaust has the potential to one’s knowledge on the Holocaust can truly edgment. It needs to be taught and learned tablished “to develop an educational program open the minds of hundreds and thousands give students a new perspective of their free- here in South Carolina. The South Carolina to prevent future atrocities” and is “designed to of South Carolinian students. Many social doms and liberties. It can also teach them the Superintendent of Education should not cut honor the survivors of the Holocaust and their studies professors find that a structured inqui- roots and ramifications of prejudice, racism, the funding for the South Carolina Council descendants and the South Carolinians and ry about the Holocaust can spark many differ- and stereotyping within society; it can teach on the Holocaust because it is a program that their descendants who participated in the liber- ent critical lessons on human behavior and it them how important it is to accept diversity sets out to teach the importance of the rejec- ation of the concentration camps.” Without re- can address what it means to be a responsible and the value of pluralism. tion of racism and oppression and the value ceiving proper funding, this program could be- citizen. There is no doubt that studying this Holocaust education relays a significant of acceptance of others no matter their race, come discontinued and the mission of the pro- atrocity can prevent another from happening. moral and historical lesson for today’s society. ethnic background or religious views. gram will not be achieved. This is not a program It can teach South Carolinians the importance Thus, it makes one ponder the question as to The Holocaust was not an accident in his- that deserves to be cut from funding. This is a of speaking up and stopping such cruelty. The why the South Carolina Superintendent of tory. It was something that could have been program that must stay in existence in order to Holocaust is certainly a hard piece of history Education proposed cutting the funding for prevented and stopped. It occurred because relay the message that oppression should not to mull over, but it is well worth it. It is here to the South Carolina Council on the Holocaust. individuals, organizations, and governments be tolerated. serve as a reminder to mankind that we have Something as vital educationally should not made cruel and inhumane choices that al- Why should we educate and inform South an evil and nefarious side, but it does not have be defunded. It is necessary that South Car- lowed prejudice, hatred, and ultimately mass Carolinians about the macabre events of the to be exposed or used. The silence and in- olinians reflect and give consideration to murder to occur. It was a dismal time in hu- Holocaust? It is without a doubt a complicated difference to the suffering of others can be the history of the Holocaust. Its importance man history, but it does not have to happen and sometimes difficult topic to discuss. It can stopped. The cruel and vicious treatment to from an educational standpoint should not again. Through the education and teachings be trying and gruesome. But nonetheless, the those who are simply different does not have be ignored and should not be left behind. It of the Holocaust and its importance in to- intellectual and moral principles brought forth to be interwoven into typical human behavior. is a piece of human history that needs much day’s society, a tragedy like itself can lose its from this tragedy are far too indispensable to Researching, studying, and simply furthering more than our sorrow and heartfelt acknowl- ability to occur ever again. 24 HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED SUPPLEMENT CREATED AND PAID FOR BY THE COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COMMISSION APRIL 6, 2018

HOLOCAUST EDUCATION RESOURCES COLUMBIA HOLOCAUST ■ Mini-Grant Program for Holocaust Ed- ModuleId=10005202 ■ “The Siege,” Conor Cruise O’Brien. EDUCATION COMMISSION ucation: Funding is available for Ho- ■ Module: “Racism,” www.ushmm. ■ “Trials of the Diaspora: A History of ONLINE RESOURCES locaust education projects. Teachers www.columbiaholocausteducation.org org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId= Anti-Semitism in England,” Anthony are encouraged to apply. Subsidies 10007307 ■ Yad Vashem: Promotes awareness of the Holo- Julius. www.yad-vashem.org may also be granted for teachers to ■ Module: “Anti-Jewish Legislation caust and fosters education in grades Robert S. ■ Facing History participate in the above-mentioned in Prewar Germany,” www.ushmm. ■ “A Lethal Obsession,” K–12 throughout South Carolina. An and Ourselves: educational opportunities. Project org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId= Wistrich. outgrowth of www.facinghistory.org goals must coincide with the ob- 10005681 the campaign Centropa: jectives of the Holocaust Council. Scholarly presentation: “Antisemi- RECENT PUBLICATIONS ■ to erect the ■ www.centropa.org For further information, contact Dr. tism: Special Two-Part Presentation,” ■ Ivo Goldstein and Slavko Gold- Columbia Ho- ■ Anti-Defamation League locaust Me- Christine Beresniova at cberesnio- including Part I, “German Churches, stein, “The Holocaust in Croatia” [email protected]. Antisemitism, and the Holocaust,” and (University of Pittsburgh Press). Hate Symbols Database: morial, the www.adl.org/education/ ■ Teachers’ Advisory Committee: This Part II, “How Deep Are the Roots? An- Deborah Lipstadt, “Holocaust: commission ■ references/hate-symbols sponsors the group of teachers from around the tisemitism, the Holocaust, and Now,” An American Understanding” (Rut- ■ American Jewish “Holocaust Re- state has developed a PowerPoint www.ushmm.org/research/scholarly gers University Press) Committee: www.ajc.org membered” presentation and script available to -presentations/presentations-and- ■ Joel E. Dimsdale, “Anatomy of FBI statistics on hate exhibit, includ- teachers and holds educational con- panel-discussions/antisemitism ■ Malice: The Enigma of the Nazi War crimes: http://ucr.fbi.gov/ LYSSA HARVEY ing teacher ed- ferences to assist with teaching the Ho- ■ Lecture text: “Past Revisited: Re- ucr-publications#Hate ucation guides, locaust. Daylong educational work- flections on the Study of the Holo- Criminals” (Yale University Press). Co-chair, Columbia ■ Holocaust Denial Holocaust Education and provides shops are held in the fall. For more caust and Contemporary Antisemi- ■ Robert K. Wittman and David Commission grants to edu- information, contact Emily Taylor, tism,” by Steven J. Zipperstein, J.B. Kinney, “The Devil’s Diary: Alfred on Trial: www.hdot.org Teacher, therapist, artist cators and in- [email protected], or visit www. and Maurice C. Shapiro Annual Lec- Rosenberg and the Secrets of the ■ Human Rights First: www.humanrightsfirst. stitutions to scholocaustcouncil.org. ture, 2003, www.ushmm.org/m/ Third Reich (HarperCollins). org provide innovative, quality Holo- pdfs/20031204-zipperstein.pdf Mark Glicksman, “Stolen Words: US HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL ■ ■ Middle East Media caust education. ■ Photographs: At http://collections. The Nazi Plunder of Jewish Books” MUSEUM: ON ANTISEMITISM ushmm.org/search, enter “antisemi- Research Institute: (Jewish Publication Society). SELDEN K. SMITH FOUNDATION ■ Podcast: “Voices of Antisemitism,” tism.” Under “filter your search,” se- www.memri.org FOR HOLOCAUST EDUCATION www.ushmm.org/confront-anti sem- lect “images,” then “photographs.” ■ Michael Bazyler, “Holocaust, ■ The Nizkor Project: www.holocausteducationfoundation.org itism/antisemitism-podcast ■ Bibliography: See USHMM resourc- Genocide and the Law: A Quest for www.nizkor.org Named in honor of the longtime ■ Public radio special: “Confronting es at www.ushmm.org/collections/ Justice in a Post-Holocaust World” ■ Simon Wiesenthal chair of the South Carolina Council Hatred: 70 Years after the Holocaust,” biliography/antisemitism. (Oxford University Press). Center: on the Holocaust and a retired his- www.ushmm.org/confront-antisemi- ■ Jeremy Black, “The Holocaust: www.wiesenthal.com tory professor from Columbia Col- tism/confronting-hatred-70-years-af- TOP 5 BOOKS ON ANTISEMITISM History & Memory” (Indiana Uni- ■ Southern Poverty Law ter-the-holocaust/podcast-special From Abraham Foxman, emeritus di- Center: lege, the foundation provides funds versity Press). to schools, colleges, churches, syn- ■ Module: “Antisemitism,” www. rector of the Anti-Defamation League. www.splcenter.org Guenter Lewy, “Harmful and agogues, civic groups and individu- ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php? ■ “Constantine’s Sword,” James ■ ■ U.S. Department als for research, student field trips, ModuleId=10005175 Carroll. Undesirable: Book Censorship in of State Special Envoy teacher training and workshops, ■ Module: “Nazi Propaganda,” www. ■ “The War Against the Jews, 1933- Nazi Germany” (Oxford Universi- to Monitor and Combat classroom supplies, Holocaust ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php? 1945,” Lucy S. Dawowicz. ty Press). Anti-Semitism: speakers, exhibitions, and related ed- www.state.gov/s/rga/ ucational programs. Donations can seas/index.htm be made via the website or mailed to Community Yom HaShoah Commemoration ■ World Jewish Congress: The Selden K. Smith Foundation for www.worldjewish Holocaust Education, c/o Minda Mill- Sunday, April 15th at 5:00 pm congress.org er, Chair, P.O. Box 25740, Columbia, Beth Shalom Synagogue ■ Yale Program for the SC 29224. 5827 North Trenholm Road Study of Antisemitism: http://ypsa.yale.edu SC COUNCIL ON THE HOLOCAUST ■ UN General Assembly www.scholocaustcouncil.org Featuring Holocuast Survivor resolution condemns ■ Graduate opportunities for teach- Dr. Susan Cernyak-Spatz Holocaust denial: ers: The council provides two excel- https://news.un.org/en/ lent graduate opportunities for South story/2007/01/207002 Carolina-certified teachers: the East- with Mary Burkett’s BELOVED Sketches and the -un-assembly-condemns ern European Travel/Study Tour of Columbia Holocaust Education Commission’s -holocaust-denial- the Holocaust and the Holocaust Ed- HOLOCAUST REMEMBERED Exhibit consensus-iran ucation Institute for Teachers. See the -disassociates-itself bottom of page 9 for details. Visit www.jewishcolumbia.org for more information