2007 Yakima Conference September 25-28 2007 Joint Conference Planning Committee
Jim Hansen, Co-conference Chair Jim Wiggins, Co-conference Chair Gary Smith, Technical Programs Chair Jake Jacobson, Conference Organization
Planning Committee: The roles and responsibilities of these committee members are so many and varied that it is impossible to adequately capture them all here Jon Bates Ralph Garono Jodi Schoenen Elizabeth Binney Mike Gregg Nancy Shaw Paul Cereghino Doug Gresham Phil Shephard Leandra Cleveland Sonia Hall Chuck Slaughter Allen Cox Jake Jacobson Katrina Strathmann Paul Crane Becki Kniveton Yvonne Vallette Janet Cray Bob Korfhage Tim Walls Janelle Downs Scott Luchessa Katie Walter Tom Elliott Janice Martin Stacy White Steve Erickson Tina Mirabile Ali (Alicia) Wick Vicky Erickson Scott Moore Marjorie Wolfe Adrianne Fox Frank Reckendorf Berta Youtie
Welcome to the 2007 SERNW/ Table of Contents SWSPNW Joint Regional Conference SERNW Greeting...... 2 We hope you enjoy your visit to the Columbia Basin, PNW SWS Greeting...... 3 and we’re glad you came. We have developed an exciting Program At A Glance...... 4–6 program for this conference, covering traditional critical Special Events & General Info...... 7–8 area and wetland studies to innovative restoration of Plenary Speakers...... 9 our semi-arid shrub-steppe. And you will learn more about these through our interesting workshops and field Technical Program–Tues...... 10–13 trips! For many of you, this will be a unique opportunity Technical Program–Wed...... 14–18 to become familiar with these fascinating and often Technical Program–Thurs...... 19–21 overlooked ecosystems in this region. Relax and enjoy! Abstracts & Authors‑—Concurrent Sessions...... 22–69 This will be a productive time for all! Poster Numbers...... 70 Jim Hansen & Jim Wiggins Abstracts & Authors—Poster Sessions...... 71–80 Conference Chairs Workshops...... 81–84 Field Trips...... 85–86 Sponsors...... 87–89 Presenter Contact Information ...... 90–97 Poster Presenter Contact Information...... 98–99 Author Index...... 100–102 Acknowledgments Sponsors � $1,000 Sponsors � $500 Anchor Environmental Earth Design Consultants David Evans Associates ESA Adolphson Environ International Corporation J.S. Jones & Assoc. GeoEngineers Landau Assoc. Herrera Environmental Consultants Parametrix Otak Perteet Shannon & Wilson, Inc. Wetland Resources, Inc. Snohomish County Surface Water Management The Jay Group The Watershed Co. Truax Company, Inc. Exhibitors AMEC Earth & Environmental Services Shannon & Wilson, Inc. Anchor Environmental Society for Ecological Restoration International Columbia Land Trust Society for Wetland Scientists PNW Chapter Environ International Company Sunmark GeoEngineers The Jay Group Herrera Environmental Consultants The Nature Conservancy Island Press The Watershed Company J.A. Brennan Associates Truax Company Inc. Native & Xeric Plants U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Native Seed Network USDA Agricultural Research Service Otak USDA Forest Service Plant Conservation Alliance WACD Plant Materials Center Washington Native Plant Society SERNW Greeting
Welcome to Yakima! It’s been almost 18 months since our As you can see, there are a lot of good people on that list. last conference, which was held in Vancouver, Washington. It’s not easy to find folks who will edit a newsletter, or pay A little background - SERNW has been active since 1995, bills, or keep minutes. Heck, it’s hard to find folks who and in that 12-year span of time has sponsored regional will pay dues from year to year much less serve in leadership conferences in Tacoma, Bellevue, Portland, Seattle, positions. Those, along with other mundane board jobs, Vancouver, Washington, and now Yakima. We’ve also are usually thankless jobs that we’ve just got to do if we want conducted several symposia and twice offered our Design to to continue. My thanks to you folks who make SERNW Dirt Workshop series. Our membership should be proud successful. Also, thanks go to all the many employers out of what we’ve accomplished. But the job is not done. We there who support their staff in this work. still have so much to learn and so much learning to share. And it’s important to note that a whole lot of people, And then there’s even more people to thank - our conference agencies, and businesses have pulled together to make these committee members of the past. These conferences are conferences happen. usually produced by a coalition of the willing (and not just SERNW members). As an example, over 35 different people SERNW is very pleased to be co-hosting this conference from many different organizations have worked hard to with SWS, and in partnership with The WNPS, the produce just this conference. To all of you, Thanks! Yakama Nation, the USDA, the WNC, PNNL, and others. Personally, one of the best parts of this collaborative effort Now that you’ve been thanked, it’s your turn. To keep us happens as we meet and work with a whole lot of different going the SERNW Board needs new blood. Please consider folks all pulling for the same end–the restoration and helping out by volunteering to serve on the board or our protection of Cascadia, our home! next conference committee. We need your continuing support. It’s been a lot of fun putting this new conference together. We’ve made new friends, and learned much already as we’ve Jake Jacobson reviewed the abstracts and organized the sessions. Hopefully SERNW President by the end of the week, we will all have an even greater understanding and appreciation for the Cascadia bioregion. That will be because of you, the 175 presenters and the many more conference attendees that have shown up to learn and share. Thanks to you, this conference and all its symposia, technical sessions, plenary, and especially the social will have provided great learning.
On another, but related topic, I’ve scoured our records for the names of all SERNW board members (past and present) and want to thank them for their help. What with our office moves, and changes in personnel, our records might not be complete, but here goes.
SERNW says to the following people (past and present SERNW board memebers) - Thanks for all your help!
Steve Link, Melissa Keigley, Debra Whitall, Mark Wilson, Leslie Ryan-Connelly, Steve Moddemeyer, Dean Apostol, Sono Hashisaki, Sarah Suggs, Marianne Edain, Tom Smayda, David Ross, Peter Hummel, Angie Kimpo, Coowe Moss, Celeste Botha, Tim Meikle, Will Hall, Bill Mast, Mike Pellant, Deb Lev, Deb Whitall, Jack Williams, Lane McIntosh, Mark Wilson, Paul Krueger, David Chapin, Chris Davis, Christine Perella, Michael Williams, David Wooster, Adrienne Fox, Tim Walls, Jim Hansen, Nancy Shaw, Paul Crane, Bob Korfhage, Frank Reckendorf, Tom Elliot, Cara Ritchie Nelson, Steve Erickson, Jake Jacobson, Bob Hansen, K. Koski PNW SWS Greeting
We would like to welcome you to the Society for Ecological The mission, goals, and vision of the SWS are synonymous Restoration Northwest Chapter and Pacific Northwest with SER’s and this similarity allows us to share the pursuit Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists conference. of learning ecological principals, best science and the We believe that cosponsoring this conference with the protection of valuable habitat. Society of Ecological Restoration, a society concerned and We trust that your attendance at this meeting will provide actively involved with the restoration of PNW ecosystems, is an opportunity to learn and better comprehend scientific an honor and an opportunity to share common goals. principles, update yourself on current thought and activities The mission of the SWS is to promote understanding, regarding wetland and restoration science, and renew your scientifically based management, and sustainable use of friendships and make new connections with your colleagues, wetlands. The vision of the SWS is to: and, of course, have fun. Have a good meeting!
• Form the basis of the public’s understanding of the Jim Wiggins, PNW SWS, Program Vice President and important functions and values of wetlands; Co-conference Chair • Advance as a rigorous interdisciplinary body of Ralph Garono, PNW SWS, President endeavor and knowledge;
• And to provide the foundation for management, conservation, and policy.
The mission and vision are incorporated into seven goals:
•Promote basic and applied wetland research of high quality; •Support wetland education and public awareness of wetlands; •Provide forums to disseminate the latest scientific results; •Promote science-based stewardship of wetlands; •Encourage incorporation of sound wetland science into policy; •Foster the international scope of wetland science and SWS; •And ensure that the growth and evolution of SWS are sustainable.
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0:30–1 1 1 Y Y 4–F A A D D Special Events & General Infomation
Tuesday Luncheon Speaker General Information John Lombard will be the guest speaker during lunch in Registration Desk Ballroom C/D, Tuesday, September 25. He is the author of Saving Puget Sound: A Conservation Strategy for the 21st The Registration Desk will be in Lobby 2 starting at 7:30 am Century, published in late 2006 by the American Fisheries Tuesday, then 7:45 am for Wednesday and 8 am Thursday. Society and the University of Washington Press. Saving Puget Sound develops a practical proposal to conserve the Puget Name Badges Sound region’s most important ecosystems in the face of Badges will be required for entrance to the reception, long-term population growth and climate change, drawing posters, exhibits, breaks, and technical sessions. No badges lessons that are relevant across the Northwest and other will be required to attend the Wednesday evening sessions parts of the country. Mr. Lombard’s talk, Saving Puget Sound: open to the public. A Practical Proposal, will focus on the two most important arguments in his book: what is an ecologically viable vision Lunch for conservation across the region, looking out over the next century; and how to pay for it. Lunch will be provided for all registrants each day of the conference, in Ballrooms C/D. Wednesday Luncheon Speaker Refreshment Breaks Andy Stepniewski will present Bird Communities of Washington’s Shrub-steppe. Washington’s arid Columbia Basin, Refreshment breaks will take place in Lobbies 2 and 3. shielded from storms by the Cascades, is grown to a desert- Coffee and tea will be available each morning before the like flora called the shrub-steppe, a northward extension session begins and during each of the scheduled breaks. of the Great Basin. Roughly 60% of the original shrub- A continental breakfast will be provided on each day of steppe has been converted to agriculture and other uses, or the conference from 7:30 to 10:30 am. Beverages and light fragmented into small parcels. Nearly all of what remains has snacks will be provided during afternoon breaks. been altered by livestock grazing and exotic species. However, this landscape is still critically important to a variety of flora Speaker Ready Room and fauna dependent upon shrub-steppe. Speakers can review PowerPoint presentations in Conference Room 1 located off Lobby 2. This talk will focus on birds tied to the shrub-steppe. On a wet-to-dry continuum and based on recognized plant zones, there are nine distinct bird communities in the Columbia SERNW Chapter Meetings Basin. Several predominate in southern areas and are The SERNW awards meeting will follow the Luncheon characterized by weedy invasives. Shrub-steppe areas to the Speaker Tuesday afternoon and will be held in Rooms 300 north and west are wetter, in better condition and are critical and 400. The business meeting will be held 7:30 to 8:15 am, sites in efforts to preserve Columbia Basin shrub-steppe. Wednesday September 26, in Room 200. Andy is author of Birds of Yakima County. By vocation he is PNW SWS Chapter Meetings involved in packaging and distribution of apples and pears. By avocation he is an avid naturalist. His contributions to The ethics meeting will be held after the Luncheon shrub-steppe conservation include baseline bird studies Speaker presentation on Tuesday, September 25 and will (1996) on the former Saddle Mountain NWR and Wahluke be in Room 500. The business meeting will be held after Slope Wildlife Area for The Nature Conservancy. These lunch Wednesday, September 26, in Rooms 300 and 400. sites are now part of Hanford National Monument. He Breakfast meetings will be held from 7:30 to 8:15 in Room completed a similar study on the Yakima Training Center 400 for the old board on Wednesday and for the new board (1999), a project for the US Army conducted by The Nature on Thursday. Conservancy. This project assesses that areas important role Sign up sheets for all chapter meetings will be available at the in conserving biodiversity in Washington’s shrub-steppe. He, registration desk first thing Tuesday morning. You must sign along with his wife Ellen, conduct classes on shrub-steppe up by Noon on Tuesday. birdlife and conservation to state Audubon chapters and other groups.
Special Events & General Information Reception and Poster Session The opening reception will be done with the poster session in Lobbies 1 and 2 between 6:30 and 9:30 pm on Tuesday night, September 25. A no-host bar with light hors d’oeuvres will be available and poster authors will be present during this time. Exhibits Exhibits will be located in Lobbies 1, 2 and 3 and will be open Tuesday through Thursday during conference hours. Silent Auction A table featuring silent auction items will be set up in the lobby area. Please visit the table and place your bids. Local Information A table will be set up at the junction of Lobbies 2 and 3 to provide information and guidance to local activities and attractions, including restaurants.
Workshops All workshops will be held Thursday. Workshops #4, 7 and 8 will start at 9:00 am. The remaining will begin after lunch. Consult the at a glance schedule for times and locations. Field Trips All field trips will be conducted Friday and will include a box lunch for each participant. Meet on the far side of the parking lot across from the Howard Johnson’s Hotel. Please consult individual field trip descriptions for departure and arrival times.
Plenary Speakers
Invocation Jay Manning, Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA Russell Jim, Manager, Yakama Nation Environmental Restoration and Waste Mitigation Reform; Now or Never Management Program. Jay Manning was appointed as director of the Washington Russell Jim will open the conference, which is occurring State Department of Ecology (Ecology) in February within the historic territory of the Yakama people, with 2005. The Department of Ecology is the state’s primary an invocation and will speak on traditional and cultural environmental agency, with programs addressing water perspectives on conservation and ecological restoration. quality and quantity, air quality, solid, hazardous and nuclear As the manager of the Environmental Restoration and waste, oil spill prevention and response and shoreline and Waste Management program of the Yakama Nation, Mr. wetland protection. The Department has approximately Jim addresses nuclear and hazardous waste problems and 1,500 employees and an annual operating budget of $429 cleanup activities on the Hanford Nuclear Reservation million. Site so that the Yakama people are protected in their use of natural foods and medicines, as guaranteed under the Before coming to Ecology, Manning spent six years in private treaty rights of 1855. In 1984 he became manager of the law practice, most recently as the managing partner of tribe’s first Nuclear Waste Program as a result of the Act, Brown, Reavis and Manning PLLC. Before that, he spent which worked to prevent storage of additional high-level 15 years working as an assistant attorney general, including nuclear waste at Hanford. In addition to his long history of nearly six years as head of the Ecology Division. Jay is advocating for health, safety and cultural rights of his people, married, with three children and lives in Olympia. Mr. Jim is an elder and religious leader in a tribe of the Yakama nation. Eugene Hunn Ph.D., University of Washington, Seattle, WA Plenary Speakers The Value of Shrub Steppe Habitats for Native Charlette Geffen Ph.D., Pacific Northwest American Subsistence in the Columbia Plateau National Laboratory, Richland, WA Eugene Hunn is Professor Emeritus, Department of Climate Change Predictions in the Pacific Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, where he Northwest has taught since 1972. He received his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973. His Dr. Geffen is the Director for the Atmospheric Science primary research interests are ethnobiology, ethnoecology, and Global Change (ASGC) Division at the Pacific and cognitive anthropology. He has conducted field work Northwest National Laboratory. The mission of the in Mexico and with Native North American communities. division is to conduct research required to understand and Previously, Sahaptin-speaking Indians now enrolled with the mitigate the effects of the production and use of energy Yakama Nation and the Confederated Tribes of the Warm on the atmospheric environment, and to understand the Springs and Umatilla Indian Reservations made their homes transport, dispersion and chemical transformation of along the Columbia River east of the Cascades and along its airborne contaminants and how that may affect regional tributaries to beyond the Yakima River. Their winter tule-mat and global earth systems. This research addresses one of long houses were sheltered in side canyons at low elevations. the key missions of the Department of Energy, namely to In the spring they dug roots on the wind-swept hills, then ensure that the nation’s energy system is economically and followed the spring flowers up into the mountains ringing environmentally sustainable. As nearly all energy-related the basin. In summer they fished the salmon runs and emissions enter the environment via the atmosphere, harvested early ripening fruits in the riparian corridors of the research on atmospheric processes and their impacts on Columbia tributaries. Their knowledge of the shrub steppe human health and the environment, over a variety of flora and fauna was finely detailed and provided a diversity temporal and geographic scales, are critical to understanding of foods, material, and medicines. Hundreds of villages, these consequences. Dr. Geffen will present predictions camps, and fishing sites were named in their native language, of regional climate change models that apply to the Pacific since the time of Coyote. Coyote’s travels through the land Northwest, including model uncertainties and potential provide memorable lessons for Indian children during winter implications for natural resource management. story sessions.
Technical Program Tuesday, September 25
7:30–5:00 Lobby 2 100/600 Registration PS.1 Performance Monitoring in Urban and Recently Restored Environments 8:45–10:15 Ballroom C/D Opening & Plenary Moderator: Ella Elman, Ecologist, Seattle Urban Nature This wide-ranging session addresses the current state of Invocation: Russell Jim, Yakama Nation Environmental Restoration and and Waste Management Program monitoring science in urban and recently restored areas. Topics include new methods of managing and storing monitoring data, Plenary: Climate Change Predictions in the Pacific Northwest, Charlette Geffen, Pacific Northwest National applying existing performance standards to riparian restoration Laboratory projects, monitoring water quality, stream macro-invertebrates and amphibian populations, and involving students in restoration monitoring. Concurrent Sessions 10:30–12:00 Green Seattle Partnership’s Urban Forest Restoration Ballroom A Database (PS.1.1) SS.1 Restoration of Shrub-Steppe in the Presenter: Katie Moller, Seattle Parks and Recreation Columbia Basin of Washington Salmon Fund Program Restoration Project Monitoring and Moderator: Mike Gregg, Wildlife Biologist, US Fish & Wildlife Assessment (PS.1.2) Presenter: Ella Elman, Seattle Urban Nature Service Chemical and Biological Assessment of Water Quality at the This two session symposium will provide an overview of End Creek Restoration, Union County, Oregon (PS.1.3) restoration projects and research in the Columbia Basin. Presenter: Karen Antell, Eastern Oregon University The Conservation Reserve Program in the Washington Evaluating Urban Impacts and Mitigation Effectiveness Steppe: A Historic Review (SS.1.1) on Stream Macro-invertebrates and Wetland Breeding Presenter: Mark Stannard, USDA Plant Materials Center Amphibians at Two Planned Developments in King A Short History of Upland Restoration at Columbia NWR County, WA (PS.1.4) (SS.1.2) Presenter: Jo Wilhelm, King County Department of Natural Presenter: Randy Hill, USFWS Columbia NWR Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division Restoring Sagebrush After Wildfire: Shrub Planting as 200/500 a Viable Tool in the Rehabilitation of Shrub-Steppe WL.1 Wetland Restoration on the Yakama Ecosystems (SS.1.3) Presenter: Jim Evans, The Nature Conservancy Reservation Shrub-steppe Restoration on the Yakama Reservation Moderator: Tracy Hames, Waterfowl Biologist, Yakama (SS.1.4) Nation Presenter: Katrina Strathmann, Yakama Nation Description: This session will address the issues involved with Ballroom B the planning and implementation of large scale floodplain SO.1 Beneath the Surface: Physical Processes restoration in the agricultural setting. Attendance at this and Current Methodologies in Wetland Soils session is recommended for those who will be participating in workshops FT01 and FT12. Moderator: Sara Young, Manager of Planning and Environmental Services, Port of Skagit County Understanding Geomorphic Processes Critical For Lower Soils are often referred to as the long-term record of hydrologic Yakima River Floodplain Restoration (WL.1.1) conditions in the study and identification of wetlands. This Presenter: Donald Reichmuth, Geomax, P.C. session will examine the physical processes and morphological Rock Grade Control Structures-Design and Construction development of soils in wetlands and transitional habitats, as (WL.1.2) well as current field methods and terminology used to identify Presenter: Donald Reichmuth, Geomax, P.C. and describe hydric soils. Using Rock Grade Control Structures to Restore the Floodplain/Irrigation Interface (WL.1.3) Alpine Wetland Soils (SO.1.1) Presenter: Chane Salois, Yakama Nation Presenter: Susan Garland, Portland State University Restoring Floodplain Wetlands on the Yakama Reservation Near-surface Hydrologic Processes in Soils with Restrictive (WL.1.4) Subsoil Horizons (SO.1.2) Presenter: Tracy Hames, Yakama Nation Presenter: Sara Young, Port of Skagit County Hydric Soil Terminology: A Discussion of Semantics and Current Standards (SO.1.3) Presenter: Daniel Ufnar, Pacific Rim Soil & Water, Inc.
10 Technical Program Tuesday, September 25
12:00–1:30 Ballroom C/D Fine-Scale Variability of Soil Morphology Types on the Conference Luncheon, John Lombard, Guest Zumwalt Prairie, Northeastern Oregon (SO.2.3) Speaker, Saving Puget Sound: A Practical Presenter: Heidi Schmalz, The Nature Conservancy/University of Idaho Proposal Effectiveness of Post-fire Rehabilitation Treatments After the 12:45–1:30 300/400 2005 School Fire (SO.2.4) Presenter: Peter Robichaud, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain SERNW Business Meeting Research Station 12:45–1:00 500 100/600 SWS Ethics Committee Meeting PS.2 Raising the Bar for Performance Standards & Monitoring Concurrent Sessions 1:30–3:00 Moderator: Scott Luchessa, Senior Manager, Environ Ballroom A International Corporation SS.2 Restoration of Shrub-Steppe in the This is the second of two sessions on monitoring using Columbia Basin of Washington performance standards. Three of the four presenters have taken a critical look at rethinking traditional ways of assessing Moderator: Howard Browers, Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish performance standards, such as plant survival, and propose and Wildlife Service, Mid-Columbia National Wildlife Refuge alternative methods for monitoring projects. The fourth speaker Complex will present a new, comprehensive approach that considers cost- Symposium (continued) effectiveness monitoring. The South-central Washington Shrub Steppe Partnership Cost Effectiveness by EcoRegions (CEBER System): A (SS.2.1) Comprehensive Approach for Mitigation Effectiveness Presenter: Michael Livingston, Washington Department of Fish Monitoring (PS.2.1) and Wildlife Presenter: Shawn Jones, Consultant Restoration of Sagebrush and Herbaceous Vegetation by Methods for Monitoring Roadside Revegetation Projects Seed following Wildfire in South-central Washington (PS.2.2) (SS.2.2) Presenter: David Steinfeld, US Forest Service Presenter: Don Larson, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Effective Wetland Mitigation Site Management: Plant Establishment to Closeout (PS.2.3) Spatial Considerations for Managing Sagebrush Ecosystems: Presenter: Cyndie Prehmus, WSDOT Heterogeneity and Scale (SS.2.3) Presenter: Rick Miller, Oregon State University Rethinking Plant Survival Performance Standards (PS.2.4) Presenter: Fred Bergdolt, WSDOT Steppe Restoration, preparing for success - A 30 year review (SS.2.4) 200/500 Presenter: Jerry Benson, BFI Native Seeds WL.2 What’s New in Washington: a Wetland Ballroom B Mitigation Guidance and Banking Update SO.2 Soil Ecology and Restoration Processes Moderator: Christina Merten, Washington Department of at the Landscape Level Ecology Moderator: Tami Stubbs, Research Associate, Washington State This symposium provides an overview of a two-part interagency University guidance document developed by Ecology, the Seattle District of the Corps of Engineers, and Region 10 of the Environmental Soils display a remarkable degree of physical and biological Protection Agency. The presenters discuss the wetland diversity when studied at the landscape level. This session will mitigation guidance and banking and encourage discussion and examine soil health, microbial population dynamics, soil-plant questions from the audience. The symposium panel discussion ecology, and restoration and rehabilitation techniques in will include: landscape settings. Dana Mock, Washington Department of Ecology Soil Quality Changes with No-Till Management and Gail Terzi, US Army Corps of Engineers and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Take-out (SO.2.1) Christina Merten, Washington Department of Ecology. Presenter: Tami Stubbs, Washington State University Ectomycorrhizae Communities Found on Pinus ponderosa in Two Moisture Regimes (SO.2.2) Presenter: Helen Lau, Central Washington University
11 Technical Program Tuesday, September 25
3:00–3:15 100/600 Break PE.1 Professional Ethics and Certification/ Licensing Symposium Concurrent Sessions 3:15–4:45 Moderator: Suzanne Bagshaw, Wetland Ecologist, OTAK Ballroom A Engineering SS.3 Range Restoration in Oregon’s High The symposium will feature an interactive discussion on Desert Province “maintaining consistency within the wetlands industry, identifying the issues, and certification.” Particular emphasis Moderator: Jon Bates, Rangeland Scientist, USDA Agricultural will be on the Society of Wetland Scientists’ Code of Ethics Research Service and Practice for Professional Activity, the status of Wetland This session provides results of basic and applied research for Delineator Certification Programs or Professional Licensing restoration of native plant communities in Oregon High Desert and the process of getting a Soil Scientist licensing legislation. Ecological Province. (PE.1.1) Understanding and Mitigating the Impacts of Fluctuating Panel Mambers: Janet Morlan, Oregon Department of State Environmental Conditions on Seedling Establishment in Lands, Jim Wigins, ATSI, Scott Luchessa, Environ International the Great Basin (SS.3.1) Corporation, Lisa Palazzi, Pacific Rim Soil & Water, Inc. Presenter: Jeremy James, USDA-ARS Increasing Native Plant Diversity in Crested Wheatgrass 200/500 Stands (SS.3.2) WL.3 Understanding, Protecting, and Presenter: Jane Mangold, USDA-ARS Optimizing Functions of Wetlands and Other Revegetation Success of Medusahead-infested Rangelands with Plateau® and Prescribed Burning (SS.3.3) Aquatic Ecosystems Presenter: Kirk Davies, USDA-ARS Moderator: Clayton Antieau, Senior Watershed Planner, Seattle Long-term Herbaceous Response to Juniper Debris Burning Public Utilities (SS.3.4) This session explores the habitat, hydrologic, and water-quality Presenter: Jon Bates, USDA-ARS functioning of wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems. How Ballroom B are these functions evaluated, what are the mechanics behind EX.1 Examples of the good, the bad, and the the functions, and what are the impacts of impaired or lost functions? ugly of exotic species in Northwest habitats Wetland Buffers: Customizing a Critical Areas Ordinance to Moderator: Tom Unruh, Research Entomologist, USDA Local Conditions and Best Available Science (WL.3.1) Agricultural Research Service Presenter: Paul Adamus, Adamus Resource Assessment, Inc. Four authors variously describe how to measure the risk posed Wetlands as Regulators of Lake Water Quality (WL.3.2) by exotic weeds, remote sensing methods to remediate an exotic Presenter: N. Stanley Geiger, Aquatic Scientific Resources weed, measure negative effects a pathogen shared by a weedy Relationships Between Plant Attributes and Wastewater grass and native grasses, and possible beneficial uses of a native Treatment in Constructed Wetlands (WL.3.2) plant in agricultural landscapes. Presenter: Carrie Taylor, Montana State University Garden Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris), a Spreading Threat Prioritizing Stream Daylighting Opportunities in Highly in Pacific Northwestern Waterways (EX.1.1) Urbanized Areas (WL.3.4) Presenter: Katie Messick, King County Presenter: Katherine Lynch, Seattle Public Utilities Cheatgrass Facilitates Pathogen Spillover onto Native Grass 4:45–5:00 Species (EX.1.2) Break Presenter: Julie Beckstead, Gonzaga University Monitoring and Mapping Post-fire Invasive Species Spread Using Remotely Sensed Imagery (EX.1.3) Presenter: Sarah Lewis, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Multi-floral rose: A Great Basin Riparian Habitat Element that Enhances Sustainability of Commercial Pome Fruits (EX.1.4) Presenter: Thomas Unruh, USDA-ARS
12 Technical Program Tuesday, September 25
200/500 Concurrent Sessions 5:00–6:30 WL.4 Steam Evaluation Symposium: Ballroom A Methodologies for Assessment and Design SS.4 Hanford Restoration and Mitigation Moderator: Barry Southerland, Fluvial Geomorphologist, West Moderator: Janelle Downs, Sr. Research Scientist, USDA Forest National Technical Support Center, USDA-NRCS Sercvice Pacific NW National Laboratory Practitioners will discuss their methodologies for stream Current issues and restoration practices related to protection assessment and design. Common parameters among methods and mitigation for sagebrush habitats at the Hanford Site in currently used will be assessed and considered in establishing southeastern Washington. standardized guidelines for stream assessment and design. Revisiting Restoration at Hanford: A Summary and Review Opportunities for audience input will be provided to add other (SS.4.1) parameters and value of the guidelines. Presenter: Janelle Downs, Pacific NW National Laboratory Stream Evaluation For Assessment and Design: What Are Sagebrush Habitat Restoration on Hanford: Lessons Minimum Requirements? (WL.4.1) Learned (SS.4.2) Presenter: Frank Reckendorf, Reckendorf and Associates and Presenter: Michael Sackschewsky, Pacific NW National Portland State University Laboratory A Quick and Simple Stream Assessment Procedure to Ramifications of Sage Sparrow Habitat Relationships on Provide Basic Planning Information (WL.4.2) Shrub Steppe Restoration (SS.4.3) Presenter: Chris Hoag, USDA NRCS Presenter: Corey Duberstein, Pacific NW National Laboratory Data – Data – Data: Why Do You Need Data and Where/ Quantifying Sagebrush Canopy Cover: Model Development How Do You Get Data? (WL.4.3) Using Fine-Scale Imagery and Field Measures (SS.4.4) Presenter: Russ Lawrence, PACE Engineers Presenter: Jerry Tagestad, Pacific NW National Laboratory Speaker’s panel discussion: Speakers will discuss Ballroom B methodologies and requirements for standardizing steam evaluations and seek audience input in defining parameters SS.11 Advances in Restoring Native Plants, and practical application of methods. History, and Culture 6:30–9:30 Lobbies 1 & 2 Moderator: Ali Wick, Biologist/ Environmental Scientist, Reception & Poster Session Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. Restoring native plant communities not only improves ecosystems, but supports important historical and current cultural values. This session begins with two on-the-ground projects which brought together the elements of culture and restoration, and concludes with two innovative experiments which describe exciting new techniques for increasing native plant success. Confluence of Art, Culture and Design: Sacajawea State Park (SS.11.1) Co-Presenters: Rene Senos and Ali Wick, Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. Seasonally Wet Meadow Restoration and Yakama Foods (SS.11.2) Presenter: Roger Jacob, Yakama Nation Regional Strategies for Restoring Invaded Prairies (SS.11.3) Presenter: Amanda Stanley, Institute for Applied Ecology Production of Cypripedium montanum Seedlings for Reintroduction into Restoration Projects and for Commercial Value (SS.11.4) Presenter: Jane Smith, Kelsey Creek Laboratories
13 Technical Program Wednesday, September 26
7:30–8:15 200 The Range-wide Status of the Washington Ground Squirrel SERNW Breakfast Meeting (Spermophilus washingtoni) and Opportunities for Conservation and Recovery (SS.12.2) 7:30–8:15 400 Presenter: Jodie Delavan, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service SWS (Old Board) Breakfast Meeting Long-billed Curlew Monitoring Surveys: Population Estimates and Habitat Associations on the Hanford Reach 7:45–5:00 Lobby 2 National Monument (SS.12.3) Registration Presenter: Heidi Newsome, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Restoring an Endangered Prey Species: the Columbia Basin 8:45–10:15 Ballroom C/D Pygmy Rabbit (SS.12.4) Announcements and Plenary Presenter: Len Zeoli, Washington State University Mitigation Reform: Now or Never 100/600 Presenter: Jay Manning, Washington State Department of Ecology WR.1 Wetland Regulatory Forum: Problems The Value of Shrub Steppe Habitats for Native American Subsistence in the Columbie Plateau and Challenges of Wetland Regulatory Presenter: Eugene Hunn, AFFIL Decisions in a Post Rapanos/Carabell Environment Concurrent Sessions 10:30–12:00 Moderator: Frank Reckendorf, Fluvial Geomorphologist, Ballroom B Reckendorf and Associates and Portland State University SS.5 Shrub-steppe Symposium: Assessment Forum speakers representing Federal (COE, EPA), state, and and Status private perspectives will present the problems and challenges of wetland regulatory decisions in a post Rapanos/Carabell Moderator: Scott Moore, Native Plant Steward, Snohomish environment. See abstract WR.1.0 for further details. County Surface Water Management Session description: Difficulties in Conducting Washington’s Wetland Program in a Post Rapanos/Carabell Environment 30 Years in the Desert - Natural Heritage Program’s Role Presenter: Erik Stockdale, Washington Department of Ecology in Gathering, Managing and Sharing Information on the Rapanos and its Progeny (WR.1.1) Species and Ecosystems of Washington’s Shrub-Steppe. Presenter: Steven Schell, Black and Hellerline, Ptld. (SS.5.1) Wetland Regulatory Forum (WR.1.2) Presenter: John Gamon, Washington Natural Heritage Program Presenter: Jim Goudzwaard, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Shrub Steppe Conservation Priorities in Washington State The Impact of U.S. Supreme Court Decision in Rapanos (SS.5.2) v. United States on Clean Water Act Permitting and Presenter: George Wooten, Conservation Northwest Conservation Enforcement in the Pacific Northwest (WR.1.3) Northwest Presenter: Ankur Tohan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency The Role of State Trust Lands in the Conservation of Columbia Plateau Shrub-steppe Ecosystems (SS.5.3) 200/500 Presenter: John Fleckenstein, Washington Natural Heritage WL.5 Innovations in Restoration: Program Methodology, Education and Evaluation Assessment of Threats to Habitats for Species of Conservation Concern in Arid Shrublands in the Great Moderator: Cara Ianni, Education Coordinator, Stilly- Basin, USA (SS.5.4) Snohomish Fisheries Enhancement Task Force Presenter: Michael Wisdom, Pacific Northwest Research Station This session will cover progressive tools and techniques Ballroom B employed in restoration, including the use of engineered SS.12 Columbia Basin Wildlife: Species of logjams, mobile data collection coordinated across disciplines, cutting-edge teaching methods in environmental education, and Concern applied ecosystem evaluation. Moderator: Mike Gregg, Wildlife Biologist, US Fish & Wildlife The Mashel River Project - A Restoration Success (WL.5.1) Service Presenter: Ian Mostrenko, Herrera Environmental Consultants This session will provide an overview of the status and Inc. management of four species of concern in the Columbia Basin. A Model for Incorporating Science Education into Community-based Restoration (WL.5.3) Augmentation of a Greater Sage-Grouse Population on Presenter: Cara Ianni, Stilly-Snohomish Fisheries Enhancement the Yakima Training Center, South-central Washington Task Force (SS.12.1) Presenter: Lisa Dunham, Engineering & Environment, Inc. Health, Integrity, or Functions: What will it be? (WL.5.4) Presenter: Tom Hruby, Washington Department of Ecology
14 Technical Program Wednesday, September 26
12:00–1:30 Ballroom C/D 100/600 Conference Luncheon, Andy Stepniewski, WS.1 Watershed Restoration‑Catchment to guest speaker, Bird Communities of River Basin Scale Washington’s Shrub-steppe Moderator: Chuck Slaughter, Adjunct Professor, Center for Ecohydraulics Research, University of Idaho-Boise; Past Lunch 12:45–1:30 300/400 President, Watershed Management Council SWS Business Meeting This session examines watershed restoration issues in scale from catchment to the entire Columbia Basin, and from site-specific Concurrent Sessions 1:30–3:00 actions to policy actions. Ballroom A Watershed Restoration Initiatives in the Walla Walla River SS.6 Shrub-steppe Symposium: Ecosystem Basin (WS.1.1) Presenter: Gerald Anhorn, Water & Environment Center, Walla Response to Perturbation Walla Community College Moderator: Michael Marsh, Co-Chair, Conservation Postfire Erosion Mitigation: Tools, Treatments, and Committee, Washington Native Plant Society Effectiveness (WS.1.2) Ecosystem response to fire, harvest, grazing, & herbicide Presenter: Peter Robichaud, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP) Assuring Streamflow for Restoration (WS.1.3) (SS.6.1) Presenter: Amanda Cronin, Washington Water Trust Presenter: Rick Miller, Oregon State University Flat Tires, Low Hanging Fruit, and the Full Meal Deal: Steppe in Time: Ten Years of Change in a Shrub Steppe Are Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Program Projects Landscape (SS.6.2) Benefiting Fish and Wildlife? (WS.1.4) Presenter: Mike Marsh, Washington Native Plant Society Presenter: Erik Merrill, Northwest Power and Conservation Influence of Geomorphology and Prefire Vegetation on Council Revegetation Success after Wildfire (SS.6.3) Presenter: Richard Easterly, SEE Botanical Consulting 200/500 Impacts of Prescribed Fire and Post-fire Grazing to Sagebrush WL.6 Wetlands Characterization Tools at Site Steppe Vegetation (SS.6.4) Specific, Estuary, Basin and Statewide Levels Presenter: Jon Bates, USDA-ARS Moderator: Michael Bonoff, Wetland Biologist, Seattle Public Ballroom B Utilities, City of Seattle EG.1 Developing Genetically Appropriate Wetlands are quantified to accurately account for them at all Plant Materials for Restoration jurisdictional levels, to value those least altered hydrologically and to develop conservation strategies for those whose Moderator: Vicky Erickson, Regional geneticist, US Forest groundwater dependent diversity is threatened. The site specific Service, Pacific Northwest Region effects of short and long hydrologic change are also presented. Speakers will discuss the importance of genetic diversity and local adaptation in restoration plant materials. Different Successional Development and Response to Short-term approaches for evaluating genetic variation will be presented, Hydrologic Change in the Cascade Wetland, King County, along with an overview of how these methods are being applied Washington (WL.6.1) Presenter: Michael Bonoff, Seattle Public Utilities in the Pacific Northwest to develop seed zones and transfer guidelines for key restoration species. Automation of a Multiple Scale GIS Based Evaluation for Prioritization of Wetland Restoration Opportunities, Coos Genecology of Restoration Plants; Extending the Forest Estuary, Oregon (WL.6.2) Genetics Model (EG.1.1) Presenter: Jennifer Kauffman, Humboldt State University Presenter: Rich Cronn, USDA Forest Service Tracking Columbia River Basin Freshwater Habitat Using Molecular Genetic Approaches to Help Identify Restoration over Multiple Scales and Jurisdictions (WL.6.3) Adaptive Traits: Applications in Native Plant Restoration Presenter: Katie Barnas, NOAA Fisheries (EG.1.2) Groundwater Focus Areas and Identifying Threats to Presenter: Matthew Horning, USDA Forest Service Groundwater-dependent Biodiversity across Oregon (WL.6.4) Uncovering Adapted Native Germplasm for Successful Presenter: Abby Wyers, The Nature Conservancy Restoration (EG.1.3) Presenter: RC Johnson, USDA-ARS 3:00–3:15 An Ecoregion-based Approach to Development of Break Genetically Diverse Germplasm for Native Willamette Valley Prairie Species (EG.1.4) Presenter: Kimiora Ward, Native Seed Network 15 Technical Program Wednesday, September 26
Concurrent Sessions 3:15–4:45 Assessment Of Seasonal And Annual Patterns In Dissolved Oxygen and Whole-Stream Metabolism in a River Impacted Ballroom A by Excessive Macrophyte Growth (WS.2.1) SS.7 Shrub-steppe Symposium: Ecosystem Presenter: Daniel Wise, U.S. Geological Survey Response to Perturbation Heteranthera dubia in the Yakima River: Unanticipated Consequences of Recent Water Quality Improvements Jon Bates, Range Scientist, USDA-ARS (WS.2.2) Session description: Presenter: Marie Zuroske, South Yakima Conservation District Western Juniper Control Using Partial Cutting and Effects of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation on Water Quality Prescribed Fire (SS.7.1) in the Potomac River (WS.2.3) Presenter: Jon Bates, USDA-ARS Presenter: Nancy Rybicki, US Geological Survey Can Imazapic “Release” Native Species in Cheatgrass Functional Linkages Between Nutrient Supply and Invaded Native Plant Communities? (SS.7.2) Periphyton Production in Nutrient-Enriched Watersheds: Presenter: Adrien Elseroad, The Nature Conservancy Implications for Stream Restoration (WS.2.4) Presenter: Richard Kiesling, Univeristy of Minnesota Persistence of Western Juniper “Resource Islands” after Treatment (SS.7.3) 200/500 Presenter: Ron Reuter, Oregon State University WL.7 WSDOT Wetland Mitigation and The Wild Horse Challenge: Shrub-Steppe Restoration and Yakama Nation Riparian Restoration—Eastern Lithosols on Whiskey Dick Mountain (SS.7.4) and Western WA Presenter: Ron Bockelman, David Evans and Associates, Inc. Moderator: Hans Ehlert, Senior Ecologist and Project Ballroom B Manager, CH2M HILL, Water Resources and Environmental FS.1 Urban Forest Symposium: Cascade Land Management Conservancy: Creating Restoration Tools for This session highlights creative WSDOT approaches for wetland Urban Forests (FS.1.0) mitigation planning and adaptive management. Also outlines an Moderator: Dyanne Sheldon, Manager, Natural Resource innovative method to characterize riparian restoration sites. Section, Otak Engineering Mitigating in Urban Environments: Lessons Learned from The Cascade Land Conservancy (CLC) and ecologists from WSDOT’s Urban Corridors Office (WL.7.1) Otak, will discuss a prototype restoration planning tool designed Presenter: George Ritchotte, WSDOT for lowland Puget Sound forests in urban/suburban settings. Advances in Advance Mitigation—Spring Valley Restoration They’ve developed an adaptive management tool to identify and Project (WL.7.2) prioritize restoration actions within urban habitats. Presenter: Hans Ehlert, CH2M HILL Adaptive Management of Mitigation Projects Using A Multi- Panel Members: Dyanne Sheldon, Otak Engineering, Leslie Discipline Approach (WL.7.3) Batten, Cascade Land Conservancy, Jennifer Shroder, Kirkland Presenter: Rob Thomas, WSDOT Parks and Community Development, Mark Mead, Seattle Parks Ecological Characterization of Yakama Nation Riparian and Recreation Restoration Sites on the Wapato Floodplain of the Yakima River Basin, Washington (WL.7.4) 100/600 Presenter: Anthony Gabriel, Geo-Ecology Research Group, CWU WS.2 Yakima River Watershed Symposium: 4:45-5:00 A Special Session on Water Quality Break Investigations and Water Quality Restoration Efforts in the Yakima River Watershed Moderator: Richard Kiesling, Research Scientist, University of Minnesota Review and discussion of ongoing investigations into the water quality of the Yakima River including the role of nutrients and Hetheranthera dubia in river metabolism and the potential linkage with dissolved oxygen dynamics. See abstract WS.2.0 for further details. Overview of the Special Session on Water Quality Investigations and Water Quality Restoration Efforts in the Yakima River Watershed (WS.2.0)
16 Technical Program Wednesday, September 26
Concurrent Sessions 5:00–6:30 200/500 WL.8 Wetland Conservation and Restoration: Ballroom A Oregon Estuaries to Puget Sound Lowlands. SS.8 Shrub-Steppe Symposium: Pollination Restoration Projects Moderator: Betsy Lyons, Marine Conservation Project Manager, The Nature Conversancy Moderator: Steve Link, Editor-Natural Areas Journal Biology, Oregon Estuaries: Framework for a Regional Conservation Washington State University Tri-Cities Assessment (WL.8.1) Session description: Presenter: Allison Aldous, The Nature Conservancy of Oregon Growth Rates and the Definition of Old-growth in Forested Pollinating Farmed Wildflowers for Seed to Restore Western Wetlands of the Puget Sound Region (WL.8.2) Native Plant and Bee Communities (SS.8.1) Presenter: Luke Painter, Cooke Scientific Presenter: Jim Cane, USDA-ARS Pollination Of Erigeron basalticus (Basalt Daisy) (SS.8.2) Presenter: Diedra Petrina, Central Washington University Formation of a Cooperative to Conduct Research on Native Plants and Restore Damaged Ecosystems (SS.8.3) Presenter: Steven Link, Washington State University Tri-Cities Reintroduction of Greater Sage Grouse on the Yakama Reservation (SS.8.4) Presenter: Nathan Burkepile, Yakama Nation Wildlife Resource Management Program Ballroom B FS.2 Considerations for Restoration in Forest Ecosystems Moderator: Robin Shoal, Ecologist, USFS Documenting Baseline Conditions for Reclamation: a Comparison of Methods for Vegetation Community Characterization (FS.2.1) Presenter: Katie Brown, HDR Alaska, Inc. The Role of Fire in Forest Seed Rain and Vegetation (FS.2.2) Presenter: Tom Cottrell, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University Status and Distribution of Whitebark Pine on National Forest System Lands in Washington and Oregon (FS.2.3) Presenter: Robin Shoal, US Forest Service Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana) Tree Salvage and Mitigation Using Tree Boxing Method (FS.2.4) Presenter: Mary Van Haren, Pierce County Public Works
17 Technical Program Wednesday Evening, September 26
Lower Hylebos Marsh: An Evaluation of the Success of the Pacific Northwest. Following a brief presentation Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow), Cornus sericea (Red-osier describing the various ‘colors of money’ available, join us Dogwood), and Lonicera involucrata (Black Twinberry) for an open discussion about how organizations can best Planted in Varying Stock Types along a Riparian Gradient leverage public funds to support watershed restoration. with Daily Freshwater Tidal Inundation (WL.8.3) Agency staff will be present to answer nuts and bolts Presenter: Hillary Kleeb, Friends of the Hylebos Wetlands questions about obtaining federal and state resources Oyster Restoration at Woodard Bay, Henderson Inlet, WA for habitat restoration. This forum is open to the public (WL.8.4) regardless of conference participation. Presenter: Betsy Lyons, The Nature Conservancy Contact: Paul Cereghino, NOAA Restoration Center, 6:30–7:30 Break for dinner 360-902-2603, [email protected]
7:30–10:00 Ballroom A 7:30–9:30 200/500 FREE TO THE PUBLIC FREE TO THE PUBLIC WNPS Panel: Livestock Grazing on Your High Schools Get Involved In Restoration Washington’s State Lands La Salle High School The Conservation Committee of the Washington Native Union Gap, WA Plant Society will hold a two hour evening session, open to meeting participants as well as the general public, on the Br. Jack Henderson, Instructor subject of livestock grazing on state lands, with particular Since the 2000 school year, La Salle High School has had attention to grazing state lands in Washington. A the unique opportunity of being deeply involved in the moderator and up to six panelists representing perspectives restoration and stewardship of Ahtanum Creek on its from state agencies, conservation, range ecologists and Union Gap campus. Tonight’s student-led presentation plant ecologists and the Washington Cattlemen will aims to explore and demonstrate the various activities discuss: and projects run by the school’s Ahtanum Creek Keepers. “Livestock grazing on state lands: What are the Habitat restoration is just one of many actions taken consequences?” by the Keepers. Leading local elementary students on educational field trips along Ahtanum Creek highlight The history of permitting grazing on state lands and the the program as do native re-vegetation and noxious weed science behind this practice will be explored, as will recent control efforts. Partnering with the Yakama Nation, the changes in state policy as they affect the present position. Ahtanum Creek Keepers hove also begun raising and Panelists will discuss the potential impacts and benefits releasing salmon fry into the creek as part of an effort of grazing, and how wildlife and the native flora may be to restore wild Coho salmon runs. And, contingent on affected. The importance to livestock ranchers to gaining Department of Ecology approval, the Keepers hope to access to these lands will also receive attention. have a full-scale operational salmon hatchery on campus soon. Ecological awareness and restoration are the primary Contact: Mike Marsh, [email protected] objectives of this unique group.
7:30–9:30 Ballroom B FREE TO THE PUBLIC Restoration Funding Forum NOAA Restoration Center will host a forum of funding entities for restoration of Northwest aquatic habitat, including coastal and riparian habitats throughout
18 Technical Program Thursday, September 27
7:30-8:15 400 Ecological Change and Challenges in the Recovery of the SWS (New Board) Breakfast Meeting Western Gray Squirrel (Sciurus griseus) in Washington (FS.3.3) Presenter: Mary Linders, Washington Department of Fish and Concurrent Sessions 9:00- 10:30 Wildlife Ballroom A Ecological Restoration of a Garry Oak/Douglas-fir SS.9 Greater Sage Grouse: Habitat Woodland: Site History and Restoration Prescription (FS.3.4) Requirements and Management Strategies Presenter: Peter Dunwiddie, The Nature Conservancy Moderator: Jenny Barnett, Wildlife Biologist, Confederated 100 Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Workshop #4 Sage grouse populations have declined range wide because of Streambank Erosion Control habitat loss and degradation. This session describes sage grouse habitat needs and management considerations from a range 200/500 wide perspective. WL.9 From the Ground Up: Ecological An Overview of Greater Sage Grouse in the Columbia Basin Restoration Design, Implementation, and (SS.9.1) Valuation Presenter: Mike Livingston, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Moderator: Emily Steel, Restoration Ecologist, City of Eugene, Greater Sage-grouse: Life History and Habitat Requirements Oregon (SS.9.2) Ecosystem restoration and protection is benefited Presenter: Michael Gregg, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service substantially by an understanding of community development Sage Grouse Habitat Management Guidelines: the processes, incorporation of site preparation techniques, and Importance of Scale and Variance (SS.9.3) diligent oversight in implementation phases. High-quality Presenter: Christian Hagen, Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife restorations provide valuable ecosystem services. Using examples Linking Occurrence and Fitness to Persistence: Habitat-based from projects in wetland, aquatic, and riparian settings, this Approach for Endangered Greater Sage Grouse (SS.9.4) session will address concepts and mechanisms for achieving Presenter: Cameron Aldridge, Colorado State University and restoration goals and close with an in-depth look at using USGS science-based methods to derive economic value for functioning Ballroom B ecosystems, creating incentives for restoration in a market FS.3 Oregon White Oak Symposium: setting. Conservation and Restoration East of the Comparison of Intensive Site Preparation Treatments for Cascades (continued in FS.4) Riparian Restoration in Western Montana (WL.9.1) Presenter: Thomas Parker, Geum Environmental Consulting, Inc Moderator: Moderators: Reese Lolley, Fire Ecologist - Applying Ecological Principles to Achieve Self-Sustaining Conservation Project Coordinator, The Nature Conservancy Wet Prairie Restorations (WL.9.2) and Ian Sinks – Stewardship Manager, Columbia Land Trust Presenter: Emily Steel, City of Eugene The Oregon White Oak Symposium will provide a forum on the Protection and Restoration of Buffers During Construction conservation and restoration of Oregon white oak with a focus (WL.9.3) on the eastside of the Cascade Mountain Range. Presentations Presenter: Doug Gresham, Otak and panel discussion in the two session series will comprise Ecosystem Services Markets - Providing Incentives for three themes: 1) differences between eastside and westside Conservation and Restoration (WL.9.4) communities- community and disturbance ecology. How Presenter: Jan Cassin, Parametrix, Inc. might these differences affect restoration strategies?; 2) discuss 300 approaches, lessons learned, and questions outstanding in active Workshop #8 restoration projects; and 3) identify key knowledge gaps relevant to the conservation and restoration of east Cascade Oregon Arid West white oak systems. 400 The Oregon White Oak Comparison of Oregon White Oak Workshop #7 Vegetation Classifications in Washington (FS.3.1) Wetland Rush, Sedge & Grass ID (5 hrs) Presenter: Rex Crawford, Washington Natural Heritage Program Synchronicity in Oregon White Oak Acorn Production in 10:30–10:45 the Pacific Northwest (FS.3.2) Break Presenter: David Peter, USFS Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia
19 Technical Program Thursday, September 27
Concurrent Sessions 10:45–12:15 100 Workshop #4 Ballroom A Streambank Erosion Control SS.10 Greater Sage Grouse: Habitat Requirements and Management Strategies 200/500 (Continued) WL.10 Riparian Enhancements to Improve Fish and Wildlife Habitat Moderator: Heidi Newsome, Wildlife Biologist, US Fish & Wildlife Service Moderator: Lori Hennings, Senior Natural Scientist, Nature in Neighborhoods, Portland Metro Government Sage grouse populations have declined range wide because of habitat loss and degradation. This session describes sage grouse The presentations in this session provide practical, field-tested habitat needs and management considerations from a range methods to improve fish and wildlife habitat in the water and on wide perspective. the ground. These geographically diverse studies include coastal, rural and urban settings and include strategies for small streams Framework for Describing and Assessing Sage-Grouse and large rivers. Habitat at Multiple Scales (SS.10.1) Presenter: Tom Rinkes, US Bureau of Land Management PUD Bar Project, Grays River, Washington, Habitat Effective Management Strategies for Sage Grouse and Restoration and Development (WL.10.1) Sagebrush: A Question of Triage? (SS.10.2) Presenter: Russ Lawrence, PACE Engineers, Inc. Presenter: Michael Wisdom, USDA Forest Service Pacific Using Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Assessment Northwest Research Process for Successful Collaborative Watershed Heterogeneity of Sage Grouse Habitat: Predicting Nesting Management in Northern Nevada (WL.10.2) Habitat at Broad Spatial Scales (SS.10.3) Presenter: Kent McAdoo, University of Nevada Presenter: Steven Peterson, Brigham Young University Restoring Urban Riparian Habitat to Increase Neotropical Sage Grouse Habitat Restoration: A Context for Migratory Songbird Habitat and Control European Management of Large-Scale, Complex Problems (SS.10.4) Starlings (WL.10.4) Presenter: Chad Boyd, US Agricultural Research Service Presenter: Lori Hennings, Metro Regional Government 300 Ballroom B FS.4 Oregon White Oak Symposium: Workshop #8 Conservation and Restoration East of the Arid West Delineation Cascades (continued from FS.3) 400 Moderators: Reese Lolley, Fire Ecologist - Conservation Workshop #7 Project Coordinator, The Nature Conservancy & Ian Sinks Wetland Rush, Sedge & Grass ID (5 hrs) – Stewardship Manager, Columbia Land Trust The Oregon White Oak Symposium will provide a forum on the conservation and restoration of Oregon white oak with a focus on the eastside of the Cascade Mountain Range. Presentations and panel discussion in the two session series will comprise three themes: 1) differences between eastside and westside communities- community and disturbance ecology. How might these differences affect restoration strategies?; 2) discuss approaches, lessons learned, and questions outstanding in active restoration projects; and 3) identify key knowledge gaps relevant to the conservation and restoration of east Cascade Oregon white oak systems. The Oregon White Oak Re-introduction of Management within Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana) Forest Cover (FS.4.1) Presenter: Everett Isaac, Yakama Nation Oak Woodland Restoration with Emphasis on the Understory Restoration (FS.4.2) Presenter: Darin Stringer, Forest Restoration Partnership Speakers panel discussion will identify management, conservation, and research needs with an emphasis on eastside systems. (FS.4.3)
20 Technical Program Thursday, September 27
12:15–1:30 Ballroom C/D FT17. Ethonobotany of the Klickitat Lunch Trail—Respecting Places of Ancient and Contemporary Harvests Workshops 1:30–5:00 FT18. Streambank Erosion Field Methods 600 Workshop #2 VEMA Database
200 Workshop #3 Pioneering Mitigation Banking
100 Workshop #4 Streambank Erosion Control
Ballroom B Workshop #6 Seeds in Restoration
400 Workshop # 7 Wetland Rush, Sedge & Grass ID (5 hrs)
300 Workshop #8 Arid West Workshop
Friday Field Trips Friday, September 28- field trips depart Friday at 8:00 am. from the Howard Johnson parking lot. See p.84 for field trip descriptions and return times. FT01. Yakama Nation Wetlands and Riparian Restoration Project FT03. Hanford Reach National Monument FT06. The Oregon White Oak Sandwich Tour, Tieton and Swauk Canyons FT07. Restoration and Management of Wetlands at Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge and Impacts to Steelhead FT08. Ecological Restoration of the Sunrise Campground, Mount Rainier National Park FT14. Wild Horse, From a Bitterroot’s Eye View: Wind Development and Shrub-Steppe Restoration
21 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SS.1 Restoration of Shrub-Steppe in the self-sustaining grass layer in disturbed sites is the highest Columbia Basin of Washington priority toward achieving steppe restoration. The result or use of fire, herbicides, and native grass seeding in areas SS.1.1 The Conservation Reserve Program in the Washington Steppe: a Historic Review. where the shrub component has been lost can be cost effective if special attention is given to weather patterns Mark Stannard, USDA Plant Materials Center and timing of applications. Both positive and negative Rod Hamilton, USDA Farm Services Admin. results are discussed with phenology, temperature and Approximately 1.5 million acres of cropland is enrolled in moisture considered dominant factors. Glyphosate the Conservation Reserve program (CRP) in the state of and imazapic are used with aminopyralid possibly on Washington. Much of this land occurs in the Columbia the horizon as important herbicides that can hasten steppe region, alternatively known as Washington’s winter establishment of seeded species. wheat - fallow region. CRP first enrollments occurred in the mid-1980s. CRP at that time had two objectives: SS.1.3 Restoring Sagebrush After Wildfire: Shrub 1) reduce the national wheat surplus, and 2) take highly Planting as a Viable Tool in the Rehabilitation of Shrub Steppe Ecosystems erodible land (HEL soil) out of annual production. CRP converted annual cropland to perennial cover for a period James Evans, The Nature Conservancy of ten years. The perennial cover of choice was crested Heidi Newsome, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum). This species met the Hanford Reach National Monument two objectives but offered little immediate ecological Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is a keystone species value. The next era of CRP occurred in the mid-1990s. in many shrub steppe habitats throughout the arid west. However, enrolled land had to provide environmental Altered fire regimes have resulted in the depletion of benefits beyond soil protection. Installing wildlife watering this fire-intolerant shrub across significant portions of facilities, establishing Artemisia tridentata stands, and its range. We report the results of efforts to reestablish seeding native grasses on at least 51% of the CRP acreage big sagebrush following wildfire on the Hanford Reach were a few improvements applied by farmers. Many of the National Monument in south central Washington. We original contracts were extended another ten years with examined emergence and establishment of sagebrush in these added improvements. Most of the crested wheatgrass direct-seeding plots and compared the performances of stands are now at least 20 years old. The original plants are outplanted nursery stock types (tube grown vs. bare root) still evident but crown areas have diminished, and natural and treatments (mycorrhizal inoculation of bare root reseeding of crested wheatgrass has been minimal. Native seedlings vs. non-mycorrhizal controls) for two seedling species such as Achillea millefolium, Ericameria nauseosa, Poa cohorts (2001 and 2002) for three years after planting. We secunda and native Astragalus species are colonizing these then compared the costs of the different methods based old stands. Artemisia tridentata plants established in the on the final results of establishment and survival studies. 1990s are producing seed, and seedlings are commonly No establishment of big sagebrush was observed in direct- found downwind. It appears that crested wheatgrass is seeding plots. Mean survival of sagebrush outplantings acting as a mid-seral successional stage in this region. after three years was 27.5% (“b 18.8 SD). Survival of bare root and tube-grown seedlings without mycorrhial inocula SS.1.2 A Short History of Upland Restoration at averaged 31-36%, with no significant differences between Columbia NWR treatments. All non-mycorrhizal plantings exhibited Randy Hill, USFWS, Columbia National Wildlife significantly greater survival than bare-root plants with Refuge mycorrhizae added (11.3% “b 10.4 SD; P < 0.005). Over- The quality and quantity of shrub steppe areas in the application of mycorrhizal hydrogel may have negatively Columbia Basin of Eastern Washington have declined influenced survival of inoculated plants. Nevertheless, dramatically over the last 150 years mainly due to cropland planting tube-grown or bare-root seedlings appears to be a conversion, heavy grazing, wildfire, and the introduction of cost-effective method for restoring Wyoming big sagebrush invasive species. Protection and improvement of remaining to shrub-steppe habitats. This method is both more areas is critical to the survival of local populations of shrub expensive and more reliable than direct seeding. steppe obligate wildlife species. Restoration of upland areas at Columbia NWR goes back to 1968 and continues to “evolve” as management priorities change. With current objectives that include cheatgrass reduction to reduce wildfire risk, the goal of establishing a competitive 22 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SS.1.4 Shrub-steppe Restoration on the Yakama driven geomorphic processes. These results correlate well Reservation with published data (generally from botanical studies) Katrina Strathmann, Yakama Nation from cold-climate mountain systems from other North In south-central Washington, shrub steppe habitats are American ranges. This study proposes a development being identified and restored on the Yakama Reservation sequence for alpine wetland soils from Gelorthent to to benefit greater sage-grouse and other sagebrush Oxyaquic Humicryept to Cryofibrist. Various processes obligate wildlife. Regionally, the Reservation is one of active in alpine regions (most notably a disturbance several landowners who have formed a partnership to regime) can turn this general sequence toward several increase shrub steppe conservation. On the Reservation, differing outcomes,. Also proposed is adding the Oxyaquic we are identifying suitable habitat for shrub steppe modifier to the Gelept suborder, as the current Taxonomy wildlife using field and remote sensing data. We will specifically excludes soils with this temperature regime also use these analyses to identify priority areas for from the aquic moisture regime. restoration of degraded shrub steppe habitats. As part SO.1.2 Near-Surface Hydrologic Processes in Soils with of a pilot restoration project, from 2005-2007 several Restrictive Subsoil Horizons restoration methods were implemented at two sites. We Paul McDaniel, University of Idaho used a rangeland no-till drill to seed native bunchgrasses Sara Young, Port of Skagit County (Elymus elymoides, Hesperostipa comata, Poa secunda, and Michael Regan, USDA-NRCS Pseudoregneria spicata) in a mix of eight pounds per acre. Barndt Sean, Bonneville Power Administration We also attempted control of non-native annual grasses Anita Falen, University of Idaho with pre- and post-emergent herbicides in single-plot trials to examine methods that may reduce competition of exotic Soils with very slowly permeable subsoil horizons are annuals with emerging and seedling native grasses. Early extensive throughout the Palouse Region of northern results following two seasons of treatments and seedling Idaho and eastern Washington state. These soils develop growth suggest that seedling emergence and survival was seasonal perched water tables under the xeric moisture generally high, although the pre-emergents, first growth regime of the region. The objective of this study was season post-emergent and second growth season post- to examine the relationship between restrictive subsoil emergent had varying effects on cheatgrass cover and horizons and near-surface hydrological processes such as survival of seedlings. In particular, the pre-emergent, soil water storage, runoff, and lateral throughflow. A small applied at a high labeled rate, greatly reduced cheatgrass catchment dominated by soils with restrictive subsoils cover but also reduced seedling emergence. (Fragixeralfs) was instrumented with 135 automated shallow wells to monitor perched water tables. Soil water SO.1 Beneath the Surface: Physical Processes content was measured with water content reflectometry and Current Methodologies in Wetland Soils probes and catchment outflow was measured with a SO.1.1 Alpine Wetland Soils flume. A 35 m x18 m plot was isolated hydrologically Susan Garland, Portland State University from the surrounding hillslope using tile drains and plastic sheeting to measure perched water outflow. Results Alpine wetland systems are among the least studied in the show that during the wet winter and spring months, world, but their biodiversity and role in climate regulation the transition from unsaturated to saturated conditions and erosion control is increasingly recognized. This is accompanied by changes in volumetric water storage study looked for correlation between soil characteristics of only 4-5%. Perched water tables are at the surface of and wetland plant communities in the Front Range of ~26-45% of the catchment soils during periods of high Colorado. Soil profiles were excavated and plants were rainfall and snowmelt, thereby generating saturation-excess surveyed at 26 locations in wet alpine tundra. Statistical surface runoff from hillslopes. Subsurface lateral flow analysis showed positive but weak correlation between the accounts for as much as 90% of the incident precipitation plant communities and underlying soil classification and and snowmelt during early spring. Data indicate that characteristics. Several species did show strong affinity the relatively shallow depth to the restrictive horizon to particular soil types and are proposed as indicators. and high saturated hydraulic conductivity in surface Alpine wetland soils differ significantly from lowland soil layers combine to create a very flashy hydrological wetland soils. They typically do not exhibit reducing system characterized by considerable temporal and spatial conditions, even when flooded throughout the growing variation in patterns of saturation-excess runoff. season, because clay translocation in the profile is virtually absent and because of the strong influence of frost- 23 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SO.1.3 Hydric Soil Terminology: A Discussion of for Hydric Soils has adopted the use of IRIS tubes as one Semantics and Current Standards of three protocols required to identify reduction in soil. Daniel Ufnar, Pacific Rim Soil & Water, Inc. Field and laboratory research comparing the removal of Lisa Palazzi, Pacific Rim Soil & Water, Inc. iron from IRIS tubes to redox potential measurements has Practitioners use a variety of terms for describing hydric been conducted. Special consideration was given to the soils when delineating wetlands as defined in the usage of IRIS tubes in soils with variable temperatures. USACOE Wetland Delineation Manual (1987). Improper Cool temperatures tend to decrease the rate of microbial use and understanding of hydric soil terminology could respiration; however, IRIS tubes have been effectively used lead to unintended inconsistencies in defining the soil in regions with soil temperatures less than 5°C. IRIS tubes parameter as per the 1987 manual. The National Technical are a practical and effective method to determine whether Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) states that 1) all or not a soil meets the criteria for reduction in a hydric hydric soils must satisfy requirements of the Hydric Soil soil. Definition (specifically, anaerobic conditions); 2) Hydric PS.1 Performance Monitoring in Urban and Soil Criteria are used to generate Hydric Soil Lists (which Recently Restored Environments contain a listing of map units or phases from the NRCS database that have a probability (however low) of having PS.1.1 Green Seattle Partnership’s Urban Forest Restoration Database hydric soils found within the mapping unit); and 3) Hydric Soil Indicators are morphological indicators used for Katherine Moller, Seattle Parks and Recreation field identification. Even with NTCHS guidance, there Dale West, Seattle Parks and Recreation is still confusion on the proper usage of these terms. In Mark Mead, Seattle Parks and Recreation addition, while the USACOE formally recognizes the Seattle Parks and Recreation Urban Forestry Division NTCHS as the authority regarding the current Hydric Soil recently launched the Green Seattle Partnership (GSP) Definition, Hydric Soil Criteria, and Hydric Soil Lists, the with the regional non-profit Cascade Land Conservancy. USACOE still allows the use of the original 1987 manual The primary goal of the GSP is to initiate restoration on hydric soil indicators, separate from NTCHS recognized 2500 acres of urban forest property in serious decline indicators (in those areas without approved and finalized within 25 years. Managing resources for this ambitious regional supplements). The indicators defined in the latest effort will require careful documentation of capital outlays NTCHS version of Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in and the changes that occur to the vegetation communities the United States (Version 6.0, 2006) can be correlated under restoration. Limited software is currently available with indicators listed in the 1987 Manual, with some to aid management of vegetation communities as assets. exceptions. Further clarification and guidance through Seattle Parks initial forays into products currently at training may be needed to make practitioners aware of best market revealed a strong need for customization and available science. limitations to upgrades due to proprietary software code. Several government agencies and NGOs have utilized SO.1.4 Indicator of Reduction in Soil (IRIS) Tubes: A tools available in ESRI’s ArcMap and ArcPad software to New Approach to Identify Reduced Conditions create custom vegetation management software. Seattle in Soil Parks has piggy-backed these efforts and created an asset K.C. Vaughan, University of Idaho management tool that utilizes these ESRI products and M.C. Rabenhorst, University of Maryland an integrated Microsoft Access relational database. The Indicator of Reduction in Soil (IRIS) tubes were developed database stores information on projects initiated by Parks as a simple, robust tool to identify reduction in seasonally staff, other City agencies, non-profit partners, contractors, saturated or waterlogged soil. The basic design consists and more than 50 volunteer organizations. More than140 of one-half-inch schedule no. 40 polyvinyl-chloride established restoration sites are currently in the database. (PVC) tubes coated in an iron oxide paint comprised of Key elements of this asset management system include ferrihydrite and goethite. Tubes are inserted into a pilot software and hardware products that allow for easy system hole in the ground and removed after 14 days. They are updates, uniform work recording sheets for all types of later analyzed to determine the percentage of iron oxide restoration workers, and centralized data processing. paint removed from the tube surface via microbially mediated reduction. When 20-25% of the paint is removed from a 10-cm zone, the soil is considered reduced with respect to iron. The National Technical Committee
24 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
PS.1.2 Community Salmon Fund Program Restoration Department of Environmental Quality protocols to assess Project Monitoring and Assessment quality of water entering, flowing through and leaving the Ella Elman, Seattle Urban Nature restoration area. The curricula of several courses in biology Nelson Salisbury, Seattle Urban Nature and chemistry have been revised to incorporate riparian monitoring at End Creek into the course objectives. Monitoring is a key, but often neglected, component of Students develop skills in chemical analysis, measurement, grant-funded restoration projects. To evaluate the success graphing, invertebrate identification, and public of Community Salmon Fund projects, Seattle Urban speaking as they learn about riparian ecology and provide Nature with help from EarthCorps collected data on ten community service in this large, collaborative project. recently completed project sites in western Washington. Our assessments show that water quality entering the site The surveyed projects had a wide range of objectives that is very high, with high O2 saturation, low temperature, included eliminating fish barriers, increasing large woody normal pH, and undetectable levels of nitrates and debris (LWD) in stream channels, improving instream phosphates. Water leaving the site has lower O2 saturation habitat, and restoring riparian buffers. Data collected and higher temperature. Wollman Pebble counts of included geomorphology, instream habitats, discharge, creek substrates at the project entrance show diverse sizes surface water temperature, bank stability and riparian ranging from cobbles to sand. At the exit, substrate is plant community characteristics. Sites were compared to hardpan. Aquatic invertebrate counts demonstrate high ecological benchmarks representing target conditions for numbers of insects, especially Ephemeroptera, in entrance instream and vegetation parameters. The NOAA Matrix water and significantly lower numbers in exit water. Exit of Pathways and Indicators was used to evaluate instream samples contain mostly Dipterans. Students will continue habitat conditions on each site. Vegetation was assessed to monitor chemical and biological parameters as native using criteria benchmarks developed by the Washington vegetation develops and gravel substrates work their way State Department of Transportation. Overall findings for down stream. instream conditions showed that parameters for water temperature, number of LWD pieces/km and stream bank PS.1.4 Evaluating Urban Impacts and Mitigation Effectiveness on Stream Macro-invertebrates stability were met or exceeded by most surveyed sites. and Wetland Breeding Amphibians at Two Channel substrate, LWD size, pool frequency and channel Planned Developments in King County, WA width/depth ratio were met by fewer than half the sites. Jennifer Wilhelm, King County Department of Pool depth was not met by any site. Riparian vegetation Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land findings show that most sites met or exceeded three of four Resources Division vegetation benchmarks, including aerial cover of native Ray Timm, King County Department of Natural woody species, native tree species diversity, and native Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources shrub species diversity. Only 20% of sites met or exceeded Division the benchmark for aerial cover of woody invasive species. Liz Ritzenthaler, Washington State University The use of quantitative ecological benchmarks for project College of Veterinary Medicine evaluation is a valuable tool for guiding the direction of restoration projects. King County has conducted post development monitoring of two Urban Planned Developments since construction PS.1.3 Chemical and Biological Assessment of Water initiated in 1998. The area includes over 126 wetlands Quality at the End Creek Restoration, Union and 8 headwater streams and, before development, the County, Oregon 2100 acres were mature second-growth forest. To mitigate Karen Antell, Eastern Oregon University effects from the 20-50% increase in impervious area, each The End Creek restoration project is located 15 km project has adhered to a master drainage plan retaining north of La Grande in Union County, Oregon, at 200-ft average buffering around all streams and wetlands, 2,800 ft. elevation. Nearly 800 acres are enrolled in the building large, state of the art retention/detention ponds, Federal Wetland Reserve Program and are in permanent and utilizing infiltration to mimic subsurface flow. As conservation easements. Grande Ronde Model a result, over 1100 acres have been preserved as natural Watershed, the Eagle Cap Land Trust, and a consortium resource areas and more than 50 stormwater facilities will of public agencies and private individuals are collaborating be built. In May 2006 over 2500 residential permits were to restore native grassland, wetland and riparian habitats. issued triggering a mid-point project review and providing Undergraduate students of Eastern Oregon University an opportunity to evaluate cumulative impacts and chemistry and biology programs are utilizing Oregon assess whether implemented mitigation techniques have 25 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors succeeded in minimizing impacts on local aquatic water these principles will usually result in failure. Rock grade quality, organisms and habitat, despite rapid urbanization. control is most successful when large, sound rock is Stream macro-invertebrate condition as measured by the available within an economical haul distance. The ability benthic index of biotic integrity (BIBI) did not change to place the rock below the ordinary high water mark between pre- and post-development periods. However, must be achievable. Stream bed and bank conditions must declines in several richness metrics may suggest declining be suitable for installing keys that hold the structure in biotic condition. Breeding amphibian populations place and prevent “end runs.” Track-mounted excavators fluctuated greatly from year to year at onsite wetlands operating with “fish friendly” hydraulic fluid are used to and no trends directly attributable to development were individually seat each rock. Off-road rock trucks and/or detected. rubber tired loaders are usually used to deliver the large WL.1 Wetland Restoration on the Yakama rock to the excavator. The typical grade control structure has a “V” shape that points upstream. The central section Reservation of the structure is made low and/or ramped to concentrate WL.1.1 Understanding Geomorphic Processes Critical low water and improve fish passage. Structures built for Lower Yakima River Floodplain Restoration out of large rock are more flexible and more durable Donald Reichmuth, Geomax, P.C. that those made with concrete. If structures need repair In 1999, Geomax was hired by the Yakama Nation to or modification, the same equipment that was used in analyze and help restore the floodplains of the Lower the original construction can be used. Additionally, it Yakima River and Toppenish Creek, a Yakima River is usually possible to salvage most of the original rock. tributary. Early in the contract, due to the complex land Properly installed rock grade control structures give a stair- surface development in the area, it was determined that a stepped or ramped profile that results in pools and riffles thorough understanding of the processes that formed this that collect smaller spawning gravel; maintains plunge land surface was critical to any design and construction pools; decreases stream velocity, and raises groundwater activity that may be proposed. First, it was necessary levels. to determine natural conditions before agriculture was WL.1.3 Using Rock Grade Control Structures to Restore introduced and the resulting settlements occurred. Then the Floodplain/Irrigation Interface impacts resulting from the agricultural land change had Chane Salois, Yakama Nation to be charted. This involved determining the effects of very early basalt deposition; Glacial Lake Missoula Irrigation on the Yakama Reservation precedes the 1855 flooding; Yakima River shifting; gradual valley tipping; Treaty and the impacts from diverting flows, distribution beaver activity and agricultural development. Data used of irrigation waters, and returning tailwater to the natural in this analysis included on-the-ground reconnaissance, stream system have left an interface that is anything but topographic maps, geologic maps, well drill logs, aerial natural. Considerable damage occurred in these interface photographs, GLO surveys, old construction drawings areas during the 1995, 1996, and 1997 flooding events. and other available technical reports covering the The Wapato Irrigation Project contracted with the area. The geomorphic report that was prepared for the Yakama Nation to analyze 25 specific locations where Yakama Nation analyzes each stage of the lower valley irrigation structures may have contributed to the flooding formation and allows the user to utilize this study to and to prepare proposals that would limit damages predict results from any proposed action. Understanding from future flooding events. Once acceptable solutions this comprehensive geomorphic study is critical before were developed, then the Yakama Nation Engineering proposing local or general activity in the Lower Yakima staff contracted to perform all the survey, design and River Valley because these activities can have far- construction necessary to get the solution on the ground. reaching effects and unintended consequences in such a Geomax, P.C., was commissioned to assist in the analysis, complicated area. perform designs, and oversee construction. Many of the solutions involved utilizing rock grade control structures WL.1.2 Rock Grade Control Structures: Design and to direct flood waters, reduce energy, spread out flooding Construction flows as sheet flooding, and recharge the groundwater in Donald Reichmuth, Geomax, P.C. depleted reaches. As a result of the project, the irrigation If site analysis determines that rock grade control is the diversions have maintained their integrity, the fish passage best stream stabilization method, then certain principles has greatly improved, spawning activities have returned in must be followed in design and construction; to ignore the impacted reaches, the riparian vegetation has returned, and groundwater recharge has occurred. The use of rock 26 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors grade control structures has been a very successful tool Ownership and management of these lands include to improve conditions on the multi-used streams to meet Department of Defense, Yakama Nation, US Fish and irrigation needs while maintaining the ecological functions Wildlife Service, Department of Energy, and Washington of a natural stream. Department of Fish and Wildlife. The ecological functionality of these lands is partially dependent on WL.1.4 Restoring Floodplain Wetlands on the Yakama private and scattered tracts of public lands that lie between Reservation and connect them. Partnership goals are to maintain Tracy Hames, Yakama Nation economically viable rangeland, promote sustainable In 1990 the Yakama Nation began the development military training, and conserve/enhance existing wildlife and implementation of a comprehensive project to habitat corridors. Conservation easements through state restore native riparian, wetland and grassland habitats and federal sources and other USDA Farm bill programs along the anadromous fish-bearing waterways in the are the primary tools of the Partnership. Grant proposals agricultural portion of the Yakama Reservation. This are currently being developed to secure a conservation presentation will emphasize the techniques used by easement on 1,229 acres of rangeland that is threatened by this project to restore hydrology to disturbed and a large wine and golf course development and to develop a disconnected floodplain wetland habitats. Techniques coordinator/outreach position for the Partnership. presented will include dike and levee removal, water right acquisition, spillway development, water control SS.2.2 Restoration of Sagebrush and Herbaceous Vegetation by Seed following Wildfire in South- structure design and placement, channel and wetland central Washington landscape re-contouring, home site relocation, and the Don Larsen, Washington Department of Fish and use of grade control structures. Considerations necessary Wildlife for using a multidisciplinary planning approach to large- Michael Livingston, Washington Department of scale floodplain restoration will also be discussed. To Fish and Wildlife date over 21,000 acres of floodplain habitats have been Rocky Ross, Washington Department of Fish and protected and are undergoing restoration under this Wildlife project. Some examples of vegetation, fish, and wildlife Jerry Benson, BFI Native Seeds Inc.- community responses to this hydrologic restoration will also be presented. Comprehensive floodplain restoration Restoration of shrub steppe vegetation following large implemented in this manner is cost-effective, requires catastrophic wildfire is becoming increasingly important little long-term maintenance, provides benefits to multiple as fire frequencies and intensities continue to increase resources, and is conducive to attracting multiple funding along with other habitat fragmentation and degradation sources. pressures. Methods that are both economical and that can be implemented on a landscape scale immediately SS.2 Restoration of Shrub-Steppe in the following fire are needed to provide habitat for shrub- Columbia Basin of Washington steppe dependent species that often require large blocks SS.2.1 The South-central Washington Shrub Steppe of contiguous habitat. In 2000 June wildfire consumed Partnership 163,884 acres of Federal, state and private lands in Michael Livingston, Washington Department of south-central Washington, including the 3,661-acre Fish and Wildlife Rattlesnake Slope Unit (RSU) of the Sunnyside Wildlife The South-central Washington Shrub Steppe Partnership Area managed by the Washington Department of Fish formed under a Memorandum of Understanding and Wildlife. Nearly all sagebrush and some herbaceous (MOU) in September 2006. Eleven government and vegetation in the burn area were eliminated. In 2000 non-government organizations signed the MOU November we aerially seeded 1000 acres of the RSU with and others have expressed interest in joining. The a mixture of sagebrush, forbs and grasses and followed Partnership’s mission is to conserve the shrub steppe/ with a spike-tooth harrow treatment on a portion of the rangeland landscape in Benton, Yakima, Kittitas and site. Resulting vegetation establishment varied widely Grant Counties. Shrub steppe habitat in Washington across the project. Reasons for this variation, including State has declined by an estimated 60% since European presence and of native and exotic vegetation, mechanical settlement. Land conversion to agricultural crops has seed incorporation, seeding methodology and topography, been the primary cause of habitat loss. Only a few large along with potential implications for future restoration tracts of shrub steppe land remain in eastern Washington. projects will be discussed.
27 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SS.2.3 Spatial Considerations for Managing Sagebrush increased with proper planning. There are several steps Ecosystems: Heterogeneity and Scale in the restoration planning process that are critical for Rick Miller, Oregon State University success including a site evaluation, native species selection, Recent and current research in the northern sagebrush site preparation, selection of planting method, and post steppe will be summarized to address the affects of plant management. One important aspect that is often landscape heterogeneity on habitat use and suitability for overlooked is the genetically appropriateness of the seed shrub steppe avifauna. Landscapes in the sagebrush biome mix. Using seed from plants that are adapted to the are mosaics of plant communities varying in structure restoration site greatly enhances success. With sufficient and composition and of different spatial arrangement planning a local seed source can be obtained without giving each landscape a unique pattern. The dynamics much additional cost to the project. and size of wildlife populations, particularly sagebrush SO.2 Soil Ecology and Restoration Processes obligates are probably largely a function of (1) the spatial at the Landscape Level arrangement and composition of the landscape mosaic, and (2) the temporal dynamics of the patches. Little work SO.2.1 Soil Quality Changes with No-Till Management and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Take- has identified the relationship of landscape attributes out with habitat use and suitability for various sagebrush Tami Stubbs, Washington State University obligate species. For example, current work indicates Ann Kennedy, USDA Agricultural Research sage grouse select specific portions of the landscape Service adjacent to lekking areas for nesting and brood rearing. Preferred sites are typically characterized by a high degree Agricultural producers in eastern Washington are of heterogeneity, consisting of a mosaic of big and low adopting no-till farming in an effort to reduce soil sagebrush species. However, even the group of sagebrush erosion. In addition, lands returning to production after obligate species responds to landscape composition enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) differently. Sage sparrows and sage thrashers showed a must be managed in order to maintain improvements in strong negative relation with juniper encroachment while soil quality. Our first objective was to assess soil quality at Green-tailed Towhees showed a curvilinear response. At long-term dryland cropping systems sites to further define a smaller scale, shrub age structure influenced habitat management practices that are soil building rather than use. Grey catchers and sage thrashers prefer old stands degrading. The second objective was to assess changes in of sagebrush (60+ years) while other species showed no soil quality with conservation and conventional practices preference. The combination of site potential (spatial) and in lands that were eligible to return to production after time since disturbance (temporal) has a large influence on ten years of enrollment in CRP. Soil quality changes habitat use and suitability. The consequences of landscape were characterized over time as affected by no-till versus restoration strategies and shifts in landscape composition traditional tillage-based management systems. Among the on avifauna conservation should be considered in long- soil characteristics monitored were readily mineralizable term management plans. carbon (RMC), organic matter, dehydrogenase enzyme activity, pH, aggregate size distribution and microbial SS.2.4 Shrub Steppe Restoration: Preparing for Success community structure. Soil organic carbon slowly increased - A 30-year Review in long-term no-till and approached or exceeded that of Jerry Benson, BFI Native Seeds Inc. nearby undisturbed sites. Long-term no-till also increased The purpose of this presentation is to provide an the proportion of aggregates in larger sized soil fractions. experience-based overview of shrub steppe restoration A greater proportion of the carbon in no-till was stored in the Columbia Basin. Shrub steppe in the Columbia in the larger size aggregates and thus protected from Basin has undergone considerable alteration because of loss due to wind erosion. RMC and pH were lower after increased dominance of invasive plant species, particularly one year in conventionally-tilled plots compared to CRP exotic annual grasses (e.g., cheatgrass) which has resulted grassland. Soils from no-till fields were more like CRP in larger and more frequent wildfires. Restoration of grassland soils with respect to pH, dehydrogenase and shrub steppe is often an emergency response to restore RMC than conventionally tilled soils. No-till management areas following these wildfires. These projects are often enhances soil quality in conventionally managed soils, and unsuccessful, primarily because of poor planning and the maintains soil quality in lands previously enrolled in the short time frame allowed for project completion. However, CRP program. the likelihood of success in any restoration effort can be
28 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SO.2.2 Ectomycorrhizae Communities Found on Pinus were described according to standard NRCS methods. ponderosa in Two Moisture Regimes We gave particular attention to properties such as depth, Helen Lau, Central Washington University rock content, texture, and root-limiting horizons, which James Johnson, Central Washington University largely define the potential for plant productivity in this Ectomycorrhizae are a mutualistic symbiotic association seasonally dry environment. Six major soil morphology between the roots of forest trees and a fungus. This types were determined and their relative abundance was association benefits both participants, and trees, analyzed using simple statistics and ArcGIS software. The such as pines, grow poorly in their absence. Few predominant soil morphology type was moderately deep ectomycorrhizal communities are well characterized silt loam (29% of sampled points) followed by high clay and how ectomycorrhizal communities change along content (22% of sampled points). The degree to which soil environmental gradients is unknown. This research morphology types varied spatially was much greater than utilized both molecular methods and the identification of what is indicated by the existing NRCS soil survey. These fruiting structures to characterize the biodiversity, species findings enhance the understanding of soil-plant dynamics composition, and relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal and provide an ecological baseline for assessing changes fungi associated with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa in plant communities incurred by grazing, burning, and Lawson) growing in moist and arid environments. DNA natural phenomena. sequences of the ITS region have provided positive SO.2.4 Effectiveness of Post-fire Rehabilitation identification of a total of 20 different species found at Treatments after the 2005 School Fire both sites. Diversity in terms of richness and evenness Peter Robichaud, USDA Forest Service Rocky show very little difference between the two stands, but Mountain Research Station species composition between the sites did vary. The arid Robert Brown, USDA Forest Service Rocky site contained a number of ectomycorrhizal species that Mountain Research Station are more tolerant of shorter moist cycles early in the spring Joseph Wagenbrenner, USDA Forest Service while the moist site contained species that require more Rocky Mountain Research Station continuous moisture throughout the growing season, and the two sites had only a few species in common. One The 2005 School Fire burned ~50,000 acres, nearly 40% of the predictions of the Intergovernmental Panel on of which was burned at moderate or high severity, leaving Climate Change is increased continental drying, so we can managers concerned with the possibility of increased expect with climate change, these communities will also post-fire runoff and erosion. The steep slopes on the be altered as the fungal and tree communities respond to forested lands above the Tucannon River canyon were increased drying. of particular concern due to a national fish hatchery and commercial recreation properties in the canyon. To SO.2.3 Fine-Scale Variability of Soil Morphology Types address these concerns, rehabilitation treatments were on the Zumwalt Prairie, Northeastern Oregon implemented to stabilize slopes and reduce erosion risk. Heidi Schmalz, University of Idaho Post-fire treatments included aerial application of native Rob Taylor, The Nature Conservancy seed in addition to hydromulch with endomycorrhizal Paul McDaniel, University of Idaho inoculum, wheat straw mulch, or wood straw mulch. Silt The integrity of ecological research is maximized when fences were installed shortly after the fire to monitor data can be obtained at a scale that is appropriately erosion in mulched and seeded sites, in a site with seed matched to that of the study. “Soil morphology types,” only, and in a control site which received no treatment. as defined by the soil morphological properties in the Relatively low erosion rates were observed in the first year 0- to 50-cm depth that most influence plant growth and after the fire. The 2006 erosion rates (tons/ac) were 0.5 productivity, tend to vary spatially at a much finer scale (control), 0.2 (seed only), 0.2 (hydromulch), 0.03 (wheat than can be represented in traditional 1:24,000-scale straw) and 0.02 (wood straw). These low erosion rates soil surveys. We developed a method for characterizing were attributed to frequent low intensity rains in the soil morphology types across a 640-ha study area on the spring and early summer. This rain, coupled with native Zumwalt Prairie Preserve in northeast Oregon, with seeding, resulted in a flush of vegetation growth by late the purpose of determining the relative abundance and summer. Vegetative cover increased between spring and spatial distribution patterns of major soil morphology fall 2006 on all monitored sites; measured increases were types. At equally spaced points throughout the study area, 26% (control), 48% (seed only), 52% (hydromulch), 47% 576 small soil pits were dug and morphological features (wheat straw), and 18% (wood straw). At least two more
29 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors years of monitoring will be conducted to determine if lay out quadrats, the number of quadrats needed, how to these treatments are effective at reducing erosion while collect data at each quadrat, and methods for statistically allowing for recovery of native vegetation. analyzing and interpreting the results.
PS.2 Raising the Bar for Performance PS.2.3 Effective Wetland Mitigation Site Management: Standards and Monitoring Plant Establishment to Closeout PS.2.1 Cost Effectiveness by EcoRegions (CEBER Cyndie Prehmus, Washington Department of System): A Comprehensive Approach for Transportation Mitigation Effectiveness Monitoring Bob Thomas, Washington Department of Shawn Jones, Consultant Transportation As the nation’s population and rate of development Wetland mitigation projects in Washington State increase, and millions of dollars are spent each year are developed using well-defined and documented maintaining and rehabilitating environmental conditions guidance in the design, permitting and construction on federal and state lands, the answers to two fundamental phases. Traditionally, there has been little guidance questions becomes increasingly needed: 1) how cost- for post-construction management of these sites. Post- effective are the mitigation measures currently in use, construction management has largely been left to the and 2) how can cost-effectiveness be improved in the discretion of the permit holder. There were no methods future? A finite number of Supporting Questions can be in place to effectively determine when regulatory organized to facilitate a logical sequence of inquiry, and requirements were achieved, or a standard to certify that existing data can be arranged in new ways to answer those the site was considered complete. Over the last decade, Supporting Questions. A method has been developed to the Washington State Department of Transportation concisely address several different federal laws in a more (WSDOT) has developed standardized mechanisms coordinated fashion than has been accomplished to date. and processes for site management, reporting, and The specific requirements of each law were identified, the closeout procedures. These include establishment of framework of Supporting Questions was arranged, data site management crews, predictable funding sources sources of the complete cycle from initial environmental for management activities, monitoring and reporting documentation to contract closeout were reviewed, and methods, and inter-disciplinary adaptive management specific data elements from each source are identified. The teams that develop strategies for short- and long-term Supporting Questions needed to answer the fundamental site management. Recently, WSDOT partnered with question of Mitigation Measure effectiveness can indeed local U. S. Army Corps of Engineers staff to develop be answered almost entirely with existing data, but the a process for closing out mitigation sites with fulfilled inquiry and data need to be arranged in a new way. A new permit requirements. These process improvements framework to accomplish this is called the CEBER System provide predictability for our mitigation efforts and long- (Cost-Effectiveness by EcoRegions). Specific metrics still term budget requirements to support site management need to be identified for each class of mitigation measures, activities. They also increase our credibility with the but a consistent framework to evaluate and improve the resource agencies by demonstrating the effectiveness of cost-effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures our adaptive management. These overall improvements that can be used across agencies and disciplines now exists. also benefit future mitigation project proposals. We intend to use our monitoring data to increase the scientific PS.2.2 Methods for Monitoring Roadside Revegetation knowledge about mitigation site development and Projects management practices, and to continue the process of fine- David Steinfeld, US Forest Service tuning ecologically meaningful performance measures for Monitoring the outcome of roadside revegetation future mitigation projects. projects presents unique challenges. We have developed PS.2.4 Rethinking Plant Survival Performance Standards a simplified guide to monitoring vegetation and Fredrick Bergdolt, Washington Department of soil cover for the non-statistical practitioner that is Transportation tailored to roadside revegetation projects. The guide asks the practitioner to clearly define the monitoring Performance standards that require counts or estimates objective(s) and the sampling area dimensions. From of plant survival are typically included as part of the goals this information, it leads the practitioner to select from and objectives for wetland mitigation and site restoration a series of (protocols) which instruct how to design and projects. To document planting success, survival surveys
30 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors generally provide a reasonable metric during the first year banking as a compensatory tool and provide an update on plant establishment period. However, plant mortality and the status of wetland mitigation banking in Washington natural recruitment often confound survival estimates state. Part 2 contains information on the various stages of made long after initial plant establishment. Survival data developing a mitigation plan, the level of detail necessary, were collected from more than 100 wetland mitigation and the factors to consider when developing a plan. The sites in Washington using a variety of techniques including presentation aims to provide an overview of the contents total census, quadrat, and unequal-area belt transect of the guidance document and how it should be used. methods. When compared to baseline values, data SS.3 Range Restoration in Oregon’s High analyses show survival assessments frequently over or Desert Province underestimate planted species survival. For these reasons, survival is not a reliable measure of planting success after SS.3.1 Understanding and Mitigating the Impacts the first year. As an alternative, estimates of plant density of Fluctuating Environmental Conditions on can be used to document planting success one to three Seedling Establishment in the Great Basin years after planting is completed. Targets can be set to Jeremy James, USDA Agricultural Research achieve planting densities intended in mitigation or site Service restoration plans. To document temporal loss and natural Jane Mangold, USDA Agricultural Research recruitment in wetland and upland plant communities, Service comparisons of plant density over several years may be Tony Svejcar, USDA Agricultural Research possible. Service WL.2 What’s New in Washington: a Wetland Restoring degraded rangeland in the Great Basin Mitigation Guidance and Banking Update is a central priority for land managers. Traditional restoration procedures for rangelands rely on tools and WL.2.1 What’s New in Washington: Wetland methodologies developed for cropping systems and have Mitigation Guidance and Banking Update proven to be largely ineffective for establishing desirable Dana Mock, Washington Department of Ecology species on arid rangeland. An understanding of the Gail Terzi, US Army Corps of Engineers factors limiting seedling establishment on rangeland is a Christina Merten, Washington Department of critical first step in designing more effective revegetation Ecology strategies. We used long-term precipitation data and In March of 2006 the Washington Department of Ecology multi-year observations on seed germination and seedling published Wetland Mitigation in Washington State, a emergence to examine the potential importance of annual two-part interagency guidance document developed by precipitation inputs and within-season precipitation Ecology, the Seattle District of the Corps of Engineers, dynamics on grass seedling establishment. Germination and Region 10 of the Environmental Protection Agency. rate of dominant range grasses exceeded 70% and was The purpose of this guidance document is to improve not a limiting step in establishment. Survival of emerged the quality and effectiveness of compensatory wetland seedlings, however, ranged between one and ten percent, mitigation while improving regulatory consistency and depending on the species. The time interval between predictability. The guidance document is a response to precipitation events appeared to be more important deficiencies identified by studies of compensatory wetland than annual precipitation totals in influencing seedling mitigation sites conducted nationally and by the state of establishment. Because the amount and timing of Washington. The guidance document is consistent with precipitation is largely unpredictable in a given year we guidance developed through the National Mitigation also evaluated if improving seedbed conditions through Action Plan and by Washington State as “Best Available nutrient and organic matter additions could mitigate some Science.” Part 1 of the document focuses on regulatory of the impacts of fluctuating environmental conditions on requirements for compensatory mitigation. Topics include: establishment. Improving seed microsite conditions in the on-site versus off-site, the need for buffers, and appropriate seedbed more than doubled seedling density and biomass, mitigation ratios. The guidance document also defines compared to control plots. These findings indicate that and discusses different types of compensation, such as environmental conditions exert major influence over creation, restoration, enhancement and preservation, as seedling establishment and that mitigating these effects well as the different approaches to compensation, such as will require a fundamental rethinking of the tools and concurrent, advance, in-lieu fee, programmatic mitigation methods used to reseed rangeland. areas, and banking. The presentation will highlight
31 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SS.3.2 Increasing Native Plant Diversity in Crested burning with the herbicide Plateau (imazapic at 5 oz/acre), Wheatgrass Stands fall burning with Plateau, Plateau alone, no treatment, and Jane Mangold, USDA Agricultural Research no treatment without desert wheatgrass (control). Desert Service wheatgrass was drill seeded at 15 lbs/acre in all treatments Valerie Fansler, Oregon State University except for the control treatment. Six sites dominated by a Crested wheatgrass was introduced to North America near monoculture of medusahead were selected to evaluate to improve degraded rangelands and has proven to treatment effects. Treatments were applied randomly at be a successful revegetation species due to its ease of each site. Preliminary results indicated that Plateau alone establishment, strong competitive ability, and grazing and Plateau with burning reduced medusahead more tolerance. However, crested wheatgrass may form than other treatments in the first year post-application. monotypic stands with low plant diversity. Our objective However, these treatments appeared to reduce the density was to determine the effect of crested wheatgrass control and cover of native forbs more than other treatments. Our methodologies and seeding with a mix of native species preliminary data suggested that Plateau is more successful on plant community composition. In 2005 and 2006, than either spring or fall burns at controlling medusahead, we treated an established crested wheatgrass stand in but that Plateau has a more negative effect on native southeastern Oregon with five control methods: partial vegetation than prescribed burning. Long-term evaluation mechanical control, full mechanical control, partial of treatments is needed to determine the long-term control herbicide control, full herbicide control, and undisturbed. of medusahead and establishment of desert wheatgrass in In October 2005 and 2006, we drill-seeded each treated the infestations. plot with a native seed mix. In June of 2006 and 2007, SS.3.4 Long-term Herbaceous Response to Juniper we sampled the density and cover of crested wheatgrass, Debris Burning seeded species, and cheatgrass. Control treatments had Jon Bates, USDA Agricultural Research Service little effect on crested wheatgrass density, but the full Tony Svejcar, USDA Agricultural Research control mechanical treatment decreased cover by about Service 10 percent. Control treatments appeared to increase establishment of seeded species when compared to the Prescribed fire and mechanical cutting are the main undisturbed treatment, especially the mechanical control treatments used to remove western juniper and restore treatments which resulted in 44 plants/m2 in the full sagebrush steppe in eastern Oregon. Mechanical mechanical control treatment and 30 plants/m² in the treatments commonly leave cut juniper on site. Juniper partial mechanical control treatment. Cheatgrass density debris increases fire season fuel hazards and may hide and cover tended to increase by all treatments and cheatgrass and slow recovery of perennial species. Recently, seeding. Our results suggest that land managers can direct efforts have shifted to removing juniper debris by burning community dynamics within existing stands of crested in the late fall and winter to reduce potential fire hazards. wheatgrass to increase native plant diversity and potentially This study evaluated the long-term (10 years) response meet a variety of management objectives, but care must be of herbaceous vegetation to winter burning of juniper taken in the presence of cheatgrass. debris. Vegetation response was compared among two burning treatments (burning the first winter after cutting SS.3.3 Revegetation Success of Medusahead-infested and burning the second winter after cutting), a control Rangelands with Plateau® and Prescribed (cut and unburned juniper), and interspace. Debris was Burning burned when soils and ground litter were frozen and/or at Kirk Davies, USDA Agricultural Research Service field capacity. We hypothesized that burning, compared to Roger Sheley the unburned treatment, would not increase mortality of Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) is an herbaceous perennials, would speed perennial herbaceous invasive annual grass that is rapidly invading rangelands. recovery, and would reduce the potential for annual Medusahead invasion reduces the productivity and grasses to establish. Debris burning did not increase biodiversity of rangelands. Efforts to control medusahead perennial grass mortality when compared to unburned and revegetate infested rangelands are often unsuccessful. debris. In the tenth year after cutting, herbaceous and We evaluated the effects of seven treatments on controlling medusahead and establishing of desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) J.A. Schultes). Treatments were spring burning, fall burning, spring
32 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors perennial grass cover were 1.5- to 2-fold greater in burned new enemies (i.e., biotic resistance). Cheatgrass has debris treatments than in unburned controls. Cheatgrass encountered a new enemy in the western U.S., a fungal cover was twice as great in the unburned control as in the seed pathogen, Pyrenophora semeniperda. As a native burned debris treatments and in the interspace. Winter pathogen, P. semeniperda shares a long evolutionary history burning of juniper debris was concluded to have enhanced with its native grass hosts. How has cheatgrass modified recovery of native perennials and reduced cheatgrass the relationship between this pathogen and its native presence compared to leaving debris unburned. hosts? We used a combination of lab inoculation studies EX.1 Examples of the good, the bad, and the and natural experiments to determine the indirect effects of cheatgrass on the pathogen-native grass interaction. ugly of exotic species in Northwest habitats Prior studies showed that rapidly-germinating cheatgrass EX.1.1 Garden Loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris), a seeds are more likely to escape death from this pathogen Spreading Threat in Pacific Northwestern than slow-germinating (dormant) seeds. Native grass Waterways seeds also vary in germination rate and in susceptibility Katie Messick, King County Noxious Weed to this pathogen. In lab inoculation experiments we Program found that pathogen-caused seed mortality increased with Garden loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) is a very aggressive slower germination rates for native grass species. Using class B noxious weed that has seriously degraded dormant cheatgrass seeds in a bioassay of field-collected shorelines and wetlands in Washington state. Washington seed bank samples, we found that cheatgrass-dominated is the only state that has listed this plant as a noxious seed banks can support high pathogen inoculum loads. weed, although it is widespread across the northern Pathogen-caused cheatgrass seed mortality was 88% higher United States and Canada and could easily invade in in cheatgrass seed banks than in native grass seed banks. other western states. In King County this invasive weed Seeds of the native grass squirreltail experienced a 75% has established a number of large infestations that may increase in pathogen-caused seed mortality when planted provide some indication of its real potential in the west into cheatgrass seed banks, compared with native seed and the challenges in controlling it. This talk outlines banks. These findings indicate that cheatgrass is a superior three approaches by the King County Noxious Weed host that can increase mortality on native grass seeds by Control Program (KCNWCP) to control garden loosestrife way of a “spillover” from cheatgrass-created inoculum in a variety of habitats and describes the plant and its reservoirs of this fungal pathogen. Implications for using invasive tendencies. On Lake Sammamish, a heavily this pathogen for cheatgrass biocontrol in light of these infested, heavily populated area, the focus is on education findings will be discussed. and voluntary control of garden loosestrife by private EX.1.3 Monitoring and Mapping Post-fire Invasive property owners. In Rutherford Slough, a heavily infested Species Spread Using Remotely Sensed natural area, herbicide use has significantly reduced the Imagery population over five years. Finally, in 2007, the KCNWCP Sarah Lewis, USDA Forest Service Rocky received an Early Infestation Grant from the Washington Mountain Research Station State Department of Ecology to attempt eradication of Leigh Lentile, University of Idaho garden loosestrife from several miles of the Snoqualmie Penny Morgan, University of Idaho River, where a combination of herbicide application and Peter Robichaud, USDA Forest Service Rocky manual control will begin in July of this year. Garden Mountain Research Station loosestrife is one of the biggest threats to shorelines and Andrew Hudak, USDA Forest Service Rocky wetlands in our region, and more work needs to be done Mountain Research Station to stop it before it becomes a problem in other areas. After the School Fire burned ~50,000 acres across EX.1.2 Cheatgrass Facilitates Pathogen Spillover onto grasslands and forests in eastern Washington in 2005, Native Grass Species forest managers were concerned that burned areas would Julie Beckstead, Gonzaga University be vulnerable to invasion by non-native plant species. Susan Meyer, USDA Forest Service Rocky Known weed populations on adjacent grasslands include Mountain Research Station sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta), yellow starthistle, spotted Brian Connolly, Gonzaga University and diffuse knapweeds (Centaurea spp.). In the fall of Mike Huck, Gonzaga University 2005 and early summer of 2006, we installed monitoring Even invasive species like cheatgrass can acquire sites across the entire fire, stratified by the range of vegetation types, burn severity, pre- and post-fire fuels 33 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors treatments, and post-fire seeding and mulching treatments The focus of the symposium will be “maintaining to determine which factors had the greatest effect (if any) consistency within the wetlands industry, identifying on weed presence and spread. Our goals were to detect, the issues, and certification.” The symposium will monitor and map weed spread within the fire perimeter consist of a series of brief talks (approximately 10 for three years after the fire. In addition to approximately minutes each) followed by a discussion moderated by the 200 monitoring plots, we used a GPS to map known speakers. The discussion period will give the audience weed and native vegetation patches (4 to 100 m2) on the an opportunity to talk about professional ethics and ground as baseline spatial measurements of patch size and certification issues. Janet Morlan (Wetlands Program location. High-resolution Quickbird satellite imagery was Manager, Oregon Department of State Lands) will begin collected immediately after the fire in 2005 and again the session by presenting two talks. She will describe in 2006 to test the ability to identify individual plant the Society of Wetland Scientists’ Code of Ethics and species and vegetation patches in remotely sensed imagery. Practice for Professional Activity, and the rules and We anticipate this imagery will allow for more extensive process for initiating and handling complaints against vegetation mapping and monitoring in the years following individuals. Across the nation, the increasing demand the fire. Field data and observations from the first year of for minimum requirements and/or certification of monitoring suggest that weeds are still present in the areas wetland professionals has led to several states and local where they were found prior to the fire, which are mostly governments adopting requirements for persons providing disturbed areas such as campgrounds or heavily grazed services such as wetland delineations, permit applications, areas. and compensatory mitigation design and construction. Concerns on the part of the development community EX.1.4 Multi-floral rose: A Great Basin Riparian led to a bill in Oregon’s 2007 legislation session that Habitat Element that Enhances Sustainability of directs the Oregon Department of State Lands to research Commercial Pome Fruits and report back on recommendations for establishing a Thomas Unruh, USDA Agricultural Research certification program for professional wetland scientists. Service Janet will report on the status of this effort, and indicate Leafrollers are important pest insects in apple, cherry, how individuals can provide input. In a combined talk, and pear orchards of central Washington and Oregon. Suzanne Bagshaw, Jim Wiggins (Wetland Ecologist, Landscape-level studies demonstrated that parasitism of ATSI), and Scott Luchessa (Wetland Ecologist, Environ pest leafrollers in orchards increased with proximity to International Corporation) will summarize the status of the Yakima River. Subsequent studies showed parasitism Wetland Delineator Certification Programs or Professional of pest leafrollers was higher in orchards near naturally Licensing in Washington and other states. Soil Scientists occurring patches of multi-floral rose, Rosa woodsii, and in Washington state have been actively pursuing state R. nutkana, compared to orchards more distant from licensing for the past three to five years. Lisa Palazzi roses. These multi-floral roses abundantly host a non-pest (ARCPACS Certified Soil Scientist and PWS, Pacific Rim leafroller, Ancylis comptana, which in turn is a host for a Soil & Water, Inc.) will present a summary of what they parasitic wasp, Colpoclypeus florus, generating wasps which have learned about the process of getting a Soil Scientist disperse to nearby orchards and parasitize pest leafrollers. licensing bill through the Washington State Legislature. Experimental plantings of roses near fruit orchards WL.3 Understanding, Protecting, and throughout Washington have resulted in enhanced parasitism of pest leafrollers in nearby orchards. Optimizing Functions of Wetlands and Other Aquatic Ecosystems PE.1 Professional Ethics and Certification/ Licensing Symposium WL.3.1 Wetland Buffers: Customizing a Critical Areas Ordinance to Local Conditions and Best PE.1.1 Professional Ethics and Certification/Licensing Available Science Symposium Paul Adamus, Adamus Resource Assessment, Inc. Suzanne Bagshaw, OTAK, Inc. Washington requires its counties and cities to regularly Janet Morlan, Oregon Department of State Lands update their Critical Areas Ordinances to reflect Jim Wiggins, ATSI current Best Available Science (BAS). In response, the Scott Luchessa, Environ International Commissioners of Island County (Whidbey and Camano Corporation Islands) contracted me to assist by determining (a) Lisa Palazzi, Pacific Rim Soil & Water, Inc. characteristics that make the county’s wetlands different
34 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors from those elsewhere, (b) the health of the County’s Support for a hypothesis is presented that the isolation wetlands, (c) 20-year trends in alterations, and (d) of former wetlands from UKL by diking and draining applicability of the Washington Department of Ecology’s has changed the water quality of this lake primarily by (WDOE) BAS documents for defining wetland regulatory the resultant deprivation of wetland functions and not categories and buffer widths. We used GIS to quantify by subsequent agricultural drainage discharges. Nearly selected characteristics of all mapped wetlands. We visited 17,553 acres of agricultural land that was formerly in-lake a probabilistic sample of 103 wetlands, surveyed their wetland has been purchased for reclamation to wetlands flora and estimated functions using the WDOE Rating behind dikes, below lake level since 1995 to improve the Method. We assessed trends and health by interpreting quality of UKL. The use of various assays are reviewed to aerial imagery and permit files. Few wetlands are valued demonstrate the feasibility of this hypothesis. for flood control because the county lacks rivers. We found most mapped wetlands and their buffers to be in WL.3.3 Relationships between Plant Attributes and Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands good condition. Rather than using the WDOE categories verbatim to determine buffer widths, the County adapted Carrie Taylor, Montana State University the categories and WDOE’s buffer widths to local Paul Hook, Montana State University conditions revealed by the collected field and GIS data Otto Stein, Montana State University and independent BAS. The County’s approach gives Selection of plant species for use in constructed wetlands is additional weight to watershed and wetland sensitivity, as based mainly on conventional practice, which provides no well as native vegetation and anadromous fish. It features guidance on choosing regionally appropriate native plants, a Habitat Worksheet similar to that of the WDOE Rating especially for cold regions. The objective of this study System, and which landowners can use easily. The ranked is to establish predictive relationships between wetland scores of wetlands rated using that Worksheet did not plants’ ecological and physiological characteristics and differ significantly from those from the WDOE Rating their ability to facilitate wastewater treatment processes System. Two reports and a review draft of the Ordinance that depend on oxygen supply. We tested the hypothesis are at: http://www.islandcounty.net/planning/caupdates. that species’ flooding tolerance, wetland indicator status, htm and root oxygen loss rates are related to removal of COD from wastewater. Nineteen plant species ranging from WL.3.2 Wetlands as Regulators of Lake Water Quality facultative to obligate wetland species were compared N. Stanley Geiger, Aquatic Scientific Resources with respect to (1) flooding tolerance, (2) root oxygen loss Pat Hayes, Oregon State University (ROL), and (3) changes in water chemistry during batch Allen Milligan, Oregon State University treatment of simulated domestic wastewater. Plant species Kale Haggard, Oregon State University were grown individually in containers in a greenhouse. John Reuter, Portland State University, Wastewater treatment and ROL were measured across Department of Environmental Science seasons at 4-24˚C. Flooding tolerance, ROL, and water This paper explores the role of in-lake wetlands in chemistry (COD removal, sulfate reduction, and redox regulating water quality of Upper Klamath Lake and potential) varied widely among species. Differences in Agency Lake (UKL), Oregon. The open water surface area wastewater treatment among species were minimal at of UKL is approximately 76,343 acres (maximum pool high temperatures, greatest at low temperatures, and elevation). Prior to diking and draining (late 1800’s) there loosely related to ROL (R2=0.35). Compared to unplanted were approximately 51,510 acres of littoral wetlands at lake controls, COD removal was enhanced most consistently elevation of a total lake area of 111,510 acres. Including the by obligate wetland species, members of the Cyperaceae and wetland littoral area as part of the lake would mean that Juncaceae, and plants with high flooding tolerance. Results approximately 46.2% of the presettlement lake area was suggest that rapid laboratory measurements (ROL) and wetland. The relatively atypical extent of the presettlement readily available information (e.g., wetland indicator status, littoral wetland area of UKL suggests that well-known observed distribution on hydrologic gradients, family) wetland functions associated with nutrient uptake and can be used to help identify potential native species for wetland plant decomposition may have regulated the use in constructed wetlands; however, direct performance quality of the lake. Approximately 35,390 acres of in-lake evaluation will still be needed. wetlands were isolated from the lake through diking and draining by 1968. This was a 68.7% reduction in in-lake wetlands and a 31.5.4% reduction in total lake area.
35 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
WL.3.4 Prioritizing Stream Daylighting Opportunities in continue to thrive at Hanford. The current mission focus Highly Urbanized Areas at the Hanford Site is the removal and clean-up of legacy Katherine Lynch, Seattle Public Utilities wastes. As sites are excavated and clean-up and monitoring Clayton Antieau, Seattle Public Utilities activities proceed, the U.S. Department of Energy must Daylighting refers to projects that deliberately expose some balance protection and stewardship of biological resources or all of the flow currently in a pipe, culvert, or lined at Hanford with meeting waste clean-up objectives. channel where that flow originates from, or is received Mitigation for habitat lost to Hanford project activities and by, an open stream channel or other receiving water restoration of remediated waste areas are key features of body. As part of the City of Seattle’s efforts to prioritize site resource protection. More than a hundred restoration investments in protecting and restoring aquatic habitats and mitigation projects have been conducted over the and resources, SPU undertook an analysis to identify past 20 years on the 560-square miles that encompass which piped or culverted watercourse segments associated the site. A review and summary of the various types of with public property and with road crossings, if daylighted, restoration projects on Hanford will be presented focusing would benefit salmon most. Twenty-seven piped/culverted on successful restoration techniques and valuable lessons segments from seven urban creeks in Seattle were used in learned. this initial evaluation. SPU’s draft evaluation protocol uses SS.4.2 Habitat Restoration on Hanford: Lessons selection criteria based on potential ecological outcomes Learned that might be achieved by constructing a particular Michael Sackschewsky, Pacific NW National daylighting project. Laboratory Potential ecological outcomes are derived from the Robin Dexter-Durham, Pacific NW National City’s limiting factors analyses for salmon; watershed Laboratory assessments of Seattle’s salmon-bearing creeks; assessment and prioritization of fish passage barriers; and analysis The U.S. Department of Energy has been planting of potential stormwater discharges from upslope areas. sagebrush as habitat mitigation and enhancement on the These potential ecological outcomes were used (in order Hanford Site for more than ten years. In this presentation, of priority): 1) increase hydrologic storage capacity; 2) we will describe lessons we have learned about factors maintain or improve water quality; 3) improve horizontal that influence the success of sagebrush planting in terms connectivity; 4) improve longitudinal connectivity; and of overall plant survival and growth as well as economic 5) improve riparian condition. This analysis resulted in a considerations. Factors that influence the success and preliminary, ranked list of the 27 significant daylighting cost of a planting effort include the type of plant material opportunities. Opportunities clustered into three main used (container-grown vs. bare-root), seedling size, plant categories: 1) those addressing higher priority factors propagation techniques, planting techniques, quality of limiting salmon production in urban creeks-primarily the planting crew, fall versus early spring plantings, and altered hydrology and water quality; 2) those concerned the characteristics of the existing plant community. We with fish passage, particularly in salmon-bearing reaches; have had successes and failures using different seedling and 3) those concerned with restoring floodplain, marine types. For instance, during a large scale planting in 2000, shoreline, and lakeshore connections. survival of bare-root plants was generally greater than that of tublings planted in adjacent plots. In a more SS.4 Hanford Restoration and Mitigation recent planting, however, it appears that tubling survival SS.4.1 Revisiting Restoration at Hanford: A Summary will be far greater than bare-root survival. During the and Review 2000 planting, survival and growth of both bare-root Janelle Downs, Pacific NW National Laboratory and tublings were significantly lower in areas with a Michael Sackschewsky, Pacific NW National dense native bunchgrass canopy and very little cheatgrass Laboratory compared to sites with a mix of native and alien grasses. Ken Gano, Washington Closure, Hanford We have concluded that interactions among ecological and human factors may help to explain some of the successes The Hanford Site contains biologically diverse shrub and failures. steppe plant communities that have been protected from most disturbances, except for fire, for more than 55 years. This protection has allowed plant species and communities that have been displaced by agriculture and development in other parts of the Columbia Basin to
36 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SS.4.3 Ramifications of Sage Sparrow Habitat land mangers and wildlife specialists. The data gathered Relationships on Shrub Steppe Restoration to quantify sagebrush canopy cover are generally point- Corey Duberstein, Pacific NW National based and are not easily interpreted over large land areas. Laboratory We developed and tested a method for characterizing Mary Ann Simmons, Pacific NW National sagebrush canopy cover at the U.S. Department of Laboratory Energy’s Hanford site using remotely sensed imagery and Michael Sackschewsky, Pacific NW National sparse field measurements of shrub cover. The PNNL Laboratory methodology utilizes fine-scale imagery from either James Becker, Pacific NW National Laboratory airborne or satellite-based sources to develop image texture The sage sparrow is a candidate for listing in Washington ratios that accentuate the image spatial information and state and is considered to be a sagebrush-obligate species. normalize variations in brightness. Point-based field The distribution of sage sparrows in Washington state measurements are combined with the image texture coincides with that of sagebrush (Artemisia) species. On values to construct a regression model for application to the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford Site, guidance the full image extent, creating a seamless map of shrub developed to protect special status species and habitats canopy cover. Data fusion between high-resolution spatial, requires mitigation for disturbance of sagebrush habitats low-resolution spectral data (such as aerial photos) and with 10% shrub cover, mean shrub heights 0.5 m, and low-resolution spatial, moderate-resolution spectral data a primarily native herbaceous layer based published (such as SPOT or Landsat) can improve interpretation of sage sparrow habitat characteristics. To evaluate these the results. Results from multiple analysis locations and protection levels, we developed a habitat evaluation model sagebrush cover types indicate that sparse to moderate based on sparrow territory habitat characteristics. Singing canopy cover is well-represented by the model, but dense male sparrow territories were mapped and overstory and sagebrush stands (>40% canopy cover) are underestimated. understory conditions were measured. Landscape-scale The resulting sagebrush and shrub canopy map for the attributes (shrub cover, patchiness) were calculated for Hanford Site is used to better define habitat quality and each territory. Principal component analysis indicated to aid in delineating critical habitat areas for sagebrush- sagebrush cover, annual grass/forb cover, shrub patchiness obligate species. and stand age were most strongly associated with territory SS.11 Advances in Restoring Native Plants, size. A habitat suitability model approach was used to History, and Culture assign coefficients between zero and 1 for levels of each variable (1 representing higher quality). To assess the SS.11.1 Confluence of Art, Culture and Design: Sacajawea State Park model, we surveyed sage sparrow density, measured habitat variables, and tested the hypothesis that sage sparrows Rene Senos, Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. would be denser in habitats with a higher habitat model Ali Wick, Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. value. Results indicate that lower sage sparrow densities The Confluence Project is comprised of a series of generally were associated with lower model values, and seven art and landscape restoration installations along an enhanced model was produced. Findings suggest that the Columbia River, and among these, Sacajawea State current mitigation requirements may not fully protect sage Park lies at the confluence of the Snake River with sparrows on central Hanford, and show that sagebrush the Columbia. Interestingly, this area has long been restoration in patches that exhibit a lower ¡°model value¡± recognized as an important gathering place for Columbia may provide another option for mitigation. Plateau indigenous groups as well as significant to the Lewis and Clark expedition. The primary goal of this SS.4.4 Quantifying Sagebrush Canopy Cover: Model legacy project is to reveal the cultural and environmental Development Using Fine-Scale Imagery and legacies of the park by combining interpretive artworks by Field Measures Maya Lin with habitat restoration. Can you restore and Jerry Tagestad, Pacific NW National Laboratory increase habitat, maintain water views and access, install Janelle Downs, Pacific NW National Laboratory art, and retain the historical character of a park like this Sagebrush (Artemisia species) once dominated much of on two of the highest-profile salmon-bearing rivers in the the shrub steppe of the Intermountain west, but much Northwest? Sure you can, but can you achieve these goals of the original sagebrush area has been degraded or lost. without any digging, to preserve sensitive archaeological, Understanding the distribution, extent and condition of cultural and natural resources? Well, to find out, the the remaining sagebrush stands is extremely important to design team took a hard look at site conditions, and
37 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors concluded that river impoundment, shoreline vegetation based on results from only a few site-specific studies. The removal and armoring had contributed to the Park’s goals of this large-scale, long-term, collaborative project current degraded state; we then used this information are to 1) evaluate and improve strategies for controlling to determine present and future habitat possibilities. the abundance of invasive non-native weeds, while Fortunately, because of the Park’s unique characteristics, maintaining or enhancing the abundance and diversity of the regulatory agencies were amenable to using shoreline native plant species and 2) generalize these results so that fill in lieu of excavation to protect cultural resources… And they can be applied by land managers engaged in prairie the rest, as they say, is history! Come learn our unique stewardship throughout the region. Simultaneous small- approach to incorporating good science and beautiful art scale replicated experiments are combined with large-scale to highlight habitat and culture at this valuable site. unreplicated experiments at 11 sites in Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. Experimental treatments, SS.11.2 Seasonally Wet Meadow Restoration and begun in 2005, include combinations of spring and fall Yakama Foods mowing, burning, a grass specific-herbicide (Poast), and Roger Jacob, Yakama Nation re-seeding of native species. Data collection includes The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the percent cover of all vascular plant species, soil chemistry, restoration of a seasonally wet meadow area on the Yakama soil moisture, and light interception. Repeated herbicide Reservation known as Starvation Flats. Seasonally wet applications have significantly reduced exotic grass meadows throughout the eastern Cascade Range are prized abundance (p<0.05). Interactions between abiotic for their production of important Yakama plant foods. conditions (especially rainfall and soil type) and the initial Recent activities, including road construction, logging, plant community appear to determine which species and grazing, have negatively impacted both seasonally occupy gaps created by removing exotics. Native seed wet meadows and Yakama plant foods. Starvation Flats addition was most successful in herbicide + burn plots, is characterized by numerous gullies ranging from less leading to significantly higher (p<0.05) germination than than one meter to three meters in both depth and width. controls. Across all research sites, the combination of Going unchecked, gullies continue to down cut and head grass-specific herbicide + burn + native seeding has led to a cut. Gullies result in a lower local water table, negatively dramatic improvement in native species abundance. affecting Yakama food plants that depend on a high water table. A restoration plan aimed at treating the gullies SS.11.4 Production of Cypripedium montanum Seedlings for Reintroduction into Restoration was developed. Gully treatment consisted of installing Projects and for Commercial Value rock sediment traps. The rock sediment traps increased Jane Smith, Kelsey Creek Laboratories local soil retention and raised local water table levels Roger Smith, Kelsey Creek Laboratories through aggradation. The raised water table resulted in Andy Huber, GROWISER, Eastern Oregon significant increases in targeted Yakama plant foods sawikt University (Perideridia gairdneri) and wak’amu (Camassia quamash). Nan Vance, USDA Forest Service Pacific Another Yakama food, shushaynsh (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Northwest Research Station also benefited by reducing soil introduced into spawning beds and extending the time water is released from the Like many terrestrial orchids in the northern hemisphere, meadow. In summary, treating gullies with rock sediment Cypripedium montanum (mountain lady’s slipper) is traps is both highly labor intensive and highly effective in threatened by encroachment by farm and urban benefiting multiple resources of seasonally wet meadows. development, poaching, logging and forest fires, as well as by global warming. Kelsey Creek Laboratories has SS.11.3 Regional Strategies for Restoring Invaded harvested immature (green) seed capsules of C. montanum Prairies to germinate large numbers of seeds and culture seedlings Amanda Stanley, Institute for Applied Ecology in vitro on an enriched nutrient medium for subsequent Tom Kaye, Institute for Applied Ecology planting back in its natural habitat and to grow under Peter Dunwiddie, The Nature Conservancy nursery conditions (pots and raised beds). In nature C. Invasive plants, especially non-native perennial grasses, montanum seeds are dormant by the time they dehisce pose one of the most critical threats to protected prairies and breaking dormancy in the laboratory had been a and oak woodlands in the Pacific Northwest. Our current bottleneck to culturing them in large numbers. By timing knowledge regarding the effectiveness of exotic weed development post-pollination a window was determined control methods, especially in sites that retain a significant between 42 to 46 days when seeds were competent to component of native vegetation, is largely anecdotal or germinate in large numbers. Also a range of germination 38 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors media was tested to find a nutrient medium that produced WL.4.2 A Quick and Simple Stream Assessment the best yields of protocorms and seedlings. A basal Procedure to Provide Basic Planning medium for terrestrials with 10% coconut water was found Information best among eight different combinations tested. Resulting Chris Hoag, USDA Natural Resource seedlings are being planted back into the orchid’s native Conservation Service habitat and three nurseries are working to determine the Stream assessment can be an important tool to determine feasibility of growing these beautiful lady’s slippers for what is causing a stream to become unstable. It can also commercial sales. This research is supported by USDA- be used to identify and prioritize reaches that need to CSREES-SBIR Grants #2004-33610-14304 and #2005- be treated immediately and those that can be left for a 03191. later time. The NRCS in Idaho has developed a series of WL.4 Steam Evaluation Symposium: assessment tools for the stream assessment practitioner Methodologies for Assessment and Design to use that is quick, easy, accurate, and repeatable. This tool will be described and examples given on how it was WL.4.1 Stream Evaluation for Assessment and Design: used in different projects. The assessment tools are based What Are Minimum Requirements on the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP) that Frank Reckendorf, Reckendorf and Associates was developed by NRCS to get an ocular estimate of and Portland State University 15 different factors affecting a stream. We have added There is no consistency in the criteria for stream several other measurements like a channel cross section, assessment or design for restoration work, so it is stream erosion condition inventory worksheet to identify extremely difficult to compare riverine and riparian project potential sediment sources and amounts, a record of the effects, successes, or failures. The author’s methods are eroding banks in the reach, a photo record of structures cumulative from assessment to design and include physical and problem areas, an inventory of aquatic habitat, and (plan, profile, morphology, bank material, stratigraphy, a list of riparian plants found on the reach. This method erodibility, and flow) and biological parameters (riparian results in a grouping of treatment units that have similar and aquatic). Required criteria include: 1) channel problems. Alternatives are developed for each treatment forming flow using bankfull flow as surrogate; 2) use unit. At the end of this procedure, a list of the priority rough cross-section and profile for assessment and areas with recommended treatments is developed along detailed surveyed cross-sections and profiles for design; with estimated costs. This list can then be used to apply 3) determine bankfull width, average depth, maximum for funding. depth, and entrenchment; 4) add “n” values for design WL.4.3 Data - Data - Data: Why Do You Need Data to determine Q for bankfull, low, and high flow; 5) and Where/How Do You Get Data? determine erodibility; 6) evaluate transportability of bed Russ Lawrence, PACE Engineers material load for design and stream bank stability; 7) do a sinuosity from an aerial photograph for assessment, but Data from monitored restoration projects are needed from several age photographs for design; 8) determine side to increase confidence in, and decrease uncertainty and slope and “Stage of Channel Evolution” for assessment risk associated with restoration design. The importance and design; 9) determine pool quantity and quality of data collection is emphasized, several sources are (including submerged and overhead cover) for assessment recommended, and post-restoration monitoring stressed. and design; and 10) for riparian assessment determine Effective restoration projects are based on informative, presence or absence of vegetation, species and quality, quality data. Several data sources are available to and for design planting zones, soil nutrients, compaction, determine historic and current conditions including aerial salinity, inundation time, ice loads, plant availability and photography, stream gages, water quality monitoring, drought conditions. For the design do a reference reach regional curves, and habitat evaluations, to name a few. and a design reach. Following this methodology one Current field data collection is highly recommended. can track from assessment to design to monitoring by It may include monitoring, sediment characterization, remeasuring the same parameter, and compare to other topographic surveys, and biological analysis. It is riverine and riparian projects using the same parameters, important to note that good data do not come only from which can be used as guidelines. successful projects; projects that have resulted in failure, or less than desirable conditions, can be more useful to the design process than “successful” projects. A particular need is for data relating environmental conditions (e.g.,
39 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors physical habitat) to target species in least-disturbed and efforts necessary to sustain Washington’s shrub-steppe. successfully restored environments. Without real world data, we can only speculate as to the potential benefits SS.5.2 Shrub Steppe Conservation Priorities in Washington State that might be achievable and risks involved. Data enables designers and engineers to develop confidence that project George Wooten, Conservation Northwest goals and objectives will be met (e.g., stream will remain The extent of shrub steppe habitats in Washington State stable). This is particularly important when human life, has declined dramatically from pre-settlement levels. infrastructure, socio-economic factors, and the engineer’s Analysis of digital maps of current and historical shrub stamp are involved. Quality data, properly used, result in steppe habitats determined that 46% of the shrub steppe, the long term attainment of project goals and objectives. originally covering 61,113 sq km, has been permanently There is a substantial amount of data available to the lost, primarily to agricultural conversion. A raster-based discerning and still more that desperately needs to be geographic information system was used to map shrub- collected on pre- and post-restoration projects. steppe habitats. The map was created by merging features SS.5 Shrub-steppe Symposium: Assessment from the Washington GAP analysis and National Habitat Institute maps, followed by analytical refinements to and Status improve accuracy. To effectively prioritize conservation SS.5.1 30 Years in the Desert - Natural Heritage of shrub steppe habitats, a matrix of threats and values Program’s Role in Gathering, Managing is under development. The matrix inputs are the and Sharing Information on the Species and administrative protective status of shrub steppe lands, and Ecosystems of Washington’s Shrub Steppe. a quality ranking of shrub steppe habitats. These values John Gamon, Washington Natural Heritage can be used to prioritize conservation of Washington’s Program remaining shrub steppe lands. Washington Natural Heritage Program (NHP) was created SS.5.3 The Role of State Trust Lands in the Conservation 30 years ago to fill a specific need: to gather information of Columbia Plateau Shrub-steppe Ecosystems about species and ecosystems so that objective priorities for Rex Crawford, Washington Natural Heritage conservation actions could be established. The program is Program housed within the Department of Natural Resources but John Fleckenstein, Washington Natural Heritage works across all ownerships with federal, state, tribal, and Program private partners in a variety of information gathering and Lisa Hallock, Washington Natural Heritage conservation planning projects. Shrub steppe ecosystems, Program and the species dependent on those ecosystems, have Ryan Haugo, Washington Natural Heritage long been a priority for the NHP. More than 100 vascular Program plant and more than 70 animal taxa are of conservation Janice Miller, Washington Natural Heritage concern within the Columbia Plateau ecoregion. A Program number of these are also listed or are candidates for listing under the federal Endangered Species Act. NHP More than 50% of Washington’s original shrub steppe botanists have conducted extensive inventories for and associated natural community types, including more than 20 of the highest priority rare plant species, dunes, vernal pools, and grasslands has been converted while NHP zoologists have surveyed for pygmy rabbits, to agriculture, industry, and residential development. bats, other small mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Conversion is continuing. Many other tracts have been The program is currently engaged in a comprehensive degraded by heavy grazing, recreation, weed invasions, inventory of DNR-managed lands with shrub steppe. A and altered fire regimes. In addition, most remaining number of rare plant and animal species projects are also shrub steppe is highly fragmented, reducing conservation under way. The information gathered and/or managed value of remaining parcels as natural communities and by the NHP can help inform land-use decisions as our as habitat for rare plants and animals. Washington DNR population increases and more demands are placed upon manages almost 1900 square miles of land dominated our shrub steppe species and ecosystems. There are more by shrub steppe. Of these parcels, several hundred are than 25 natural areas (including federal, state and private lands) that provide protection for shrub steppe species and ecosystems. These areas, along with baseline data maintained by the NHP, can help guide the restoration
40 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors in natural or semi-natural condition. Until now, no resources to these areas. Knowledge of threats to habitats systematic ecological analysis has been done of these DNR can also be used for multi-species evaluations to ensure managed lands. Our assessment integrates three factors ecosystem integrity is maintained. for each parcel: 1) internal quality of plant communities and rare species occurrences, 2) condition of surrounding SS.12 Columbia Basin Wildlife: Species of Concern SS.12.1 Augmentation of a Greater Sage- land that might affect conservation value, and 3) possible Grouse Population on the Yakima Training effect of changes in land use on ecological quality. By late Center, South-central Washington. spring 2007, almost 300 parcels had been surveyed for Lisa Dunham, Engineering & Environment, Inc. ecological quality. These fall approximately equally into Michael Livingston, Washington Department of high, medium, and low ecological quality. Rare shrub Fish and Wildlife steppe-obligate species have been found on about one Colin Leingang, U.S. Army, Yakima Training third of these parcels. We will continue this survey on Center DNR managed lands and expand coordination with other Dave Hays, Washington Department of Fish and land management agencies in the region. Wildlife SS.5.4 Assessment of Threats to Habitats for Species of Mike Schroeder, Washington Department of Fish Conservation Concern in Arid Shrublands in and Wildlife the Great Basin, USA Greater Sage-Grouse in Washington have declined Michael Wisdom, USDA Forest Service Pacific significantly since 1970, and are a candidate for listing Northwest Research Station in Washington under the federal Endangered Species Mary Rowland, USDA Forest Service Pacific Act. The smaller of two remaining populations is located Northwest Research Station on the U.S. Army’s Yakima Training Center (YTC) Lowell Suring, USDA Forest Service Terrestrial in central Washington. Recent genetic studies have Wildlife Ecology Unit shown that Washington Sage-Grouse, particularly the We developed regional assessment procedures to evaluate YTC population, have very low genetic diversity. An pervasive threats to habitats for species of conservation augmentation effort was initiated in 2004 in an attempt concern in arid shrubland ecosystems of western USA. A to reverse this trend. In March 2004, 25 females were prototype application of the procedures focused on threats translocated from northwestern Nevada. Another 16 posed by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and by pinyon- females and 5 males and 14 females and 1 male were juniper (Pinus spp. and Juniperus spp.) woodland invasion translocated in March 2005 and August 2006, respectively, into shrublands. These two threats have substantially from southeastern Oregon. Radio transmitters were reduced the amount and quality of shrubland across placed on translocated birds and locations monitored large areas of the Great Basin and continue to challenge weekly. Overall survival has been high compared to other land managers. We developed and applied rule sets translocation studies, with annual female survival of through GIS procedures to estimate displacement risk 62% for 2004 and 2005. Survival from the 2006 release by cheatgrass and pinyon-juniper. Shrublands susceptible was low, as many of the birds were chicks from the same to cheatgrass displacement comprise 75% (>22 million year, and only 43% survived through the end of the year. ha) of all cover types in the Great Basin. Approximately Reproductive success was low in 2004, likely because 40% of shrublands was estimated at high risk; 26% birds were not familiar with YTC habitat. Reproduction at moderate risk, and the remaining 34% at low risk. improved in 2005, with 77% nest and 89% fledgling Approximately 17% (910,826 ha) of the habitat for Sage success, and approximately 18 chicks surviving through Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Great Basin was summer. Success was lower in 2006 with 57% nest success, at high risk, 35% (1,864,997 ha) at moderate risk, and 50% fledgling success, and 2 chicks. Monitoring will 48% (2,604,824 ha) at low risk. Our results illustrate the continue through fall 2007. Annual lek counts and genetic management utility of assessing regional threats to habitats sampling will be used to determine success. for species of concern. For example, mapping sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) that is highly vulnerable to displacement by cheatgrass, compared to areas highly vulnerable to encroachment by pinyon-juniper, provides spatially-explicit knowledge needed to apply appropriate management prescriptions. Alternatively, mapping areas where such threats are not imminent allows managers to commit fewer 41 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SS.12.2 Status of the Washington Ground Squirrel Surveys are point-based and are completed between mid- (Spermophilus washingtoni) and Opportunities March and mid-April using a double-observer technique. for Conservation and Recovery Routes are assigned based on existing drivable roads, Jodie Delavan, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service vegetation cover types, and local- and landscape-level slope Washington ground squirrels (Spermophilus washingtoni) calculations. Population estimates corrected for visibility are endemic to the sagebrush steppe and grasslands and sightability are calculated using habitat data, visibility of the Columbia Plateau in eastern Oregon and distances, and bird behavior data collected at each survey southcentral Washington. Their historic range has point. Surveys resulted in a density of 0.09 breeding declined considerably due to habitat loss and degradation. LBCU/mi2 in 2005 and 1.92 breeding LBCU/mi2 in Extant colonies occur in three isolated metapopulations 2006. These initial results show a high degree of between- that are vulnerable to several threats, including habitat year variability in the local breeding population, possibly conversion, cheatgrass invasion, and recreational shooting. due to high variability in between-year environmental Consequently, this species is listed as state-endangered conditions. Additionally, current habitat relationship in Oregon, a species of concern in Washington, and as descriptions (literature derived) were found to be too Federal candidate species. The continued decline of the restrictive to adequately describe the LBCU breeding Washington ground squirrel’s range expedites the need habitat in the Monument. to assess their life history, and to proactively apply this SS.12.4 Restoring an Endangered Prey Species: the knowledge for its conservation and recovery. Although Columbia Basin Pygmy Rabbit research, monitoring, and habitat restoration efforts Len Zeoli, Washington State University are occurring in Oregon and Washington, additional Rod Sayler, Washington State University actions are needed. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lisa Shipley, Washington State University with the involvement of partners, is working toward Dave Hays, Washington Deptartment of Fish and recovery by 1) developing a species conservation plan, 2) Wildlife promoting its natural resource grant programs, and 3) seeking opportunities to create conservation agreements Rabbits, hares, and pikas (lagomorphs) are ubiquitous in with private landowners and organizations that manage temperate regions where they may play a keystone role in occupied or suitable habitat. The Three-mile Canyon ecosystem processes, partly because of their importance as Farms Multiple Species Candidate Conservation prey for other species of concern (e.g., raptors). However, Agreement with Assurances is an example of a successful about one third of lagomorphs are endangered, declining, cooperative effort between multiple partners to address or of conservation concern worldwide. We studied site-specific threats. The agreement provides a long-term behavior and survival of captive-bred, radio-collared commitment to manage 23,000 acres of shrub steppe pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) reintroduced into and grassland habitat. In addition, it serves as a template artificial burrow systems in shrub steppe habitats in to develop other agreements, and information gained southeastern Idaho from 2002 to 2004, as well as the 2007 from the implementation of its habitat restoration and reintroduction of endangered Columbia Basin pygmy management techniques can be applied elsewhere. rabbits in central Washington. Calculated annual survival rates in Idaho varied by season of reintroduction (range 0 SS.12.3 Long-billed Curlew Monitoring Surveys: – 37%). The 60-day survival rate was lower in Washington Population Estimates and Habitat Associations for rabbits dispersing after release (0%) compared to on the Hanford Reach National Monument residents that utilized provided artificial burrow systems Heidi Newsome, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (26%). Predation, dispersal, and other mortality factors Kevin Goldie, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that appeared to be associated with post-release stress or The Long-billed Curlew (LBCU) is nationally recognized transition to natural foods complicated reintroduction as a highly imperiled shorebird species, and has been of endangered Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits. Pygmy identified as the highest priority breeding shorebird for rabbits pose unique restoration challenges because of the Hanford Reach National Monument (Monument). their short life span (i.e., typically < 2 years), difficulty of Monitoring surveys for LBCU were begun on the breeding in captivity because of requirements for digging Monument in 2005. The objectives of these surveys are natal burrows in deep soil, demonstrated susceptibility to identify local LBCU breeding habitats, to develop local to inbreeding depression and disease, high kit mortality population estimates, and to develop maps of breeding (i.e., > 75%) in captivity, and vulnerability to a wide range areas and habitats for future land management purposes. of predators when released in the wild. Our population growth models, combined with the empirical results of the 42 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors restoration program for the endangered Columbia Basin is to discuss the refinements and indicate their impact for pygmy rabbit, illustrate the consequences of ecosystem applicants, their consultants and attorneys. In Rapanos/ degradation and the difficulty, expense, and extended time Carabell, the Supreme Court weighed jurisdiction over line (potentially > 10 years) for recovering this prey species wetlands adjacent to, but with no surface connection in fragmented shrub steppe habitats. to tributaries of tributaries to navigable waters. A WR.1 Wetland Regulatory Forum: Problems split majority dueled over “no surface connection” v. “substantial nexus.” EPA and the Corps on 7/5/07 and Challenges of Wetland Regulatory provided unhelpful guidance regarding the Rapanos Decisions in a Post Rapanos/Carabell decision. In Healdsburg, the 9th Circuit found substantial Environment nexus between a California river and a polluted, mined-out WR.1.0 Wetland Regulatory Forum: Problems and gravel pit where there was a permeable berm separating Challenges of Wetland Regulatory Decisions in them. In Cargill where navigable river water may enter a a Post Rapanos/Carabell Environment salt waste pond, but nothing goes the other way, the 9th Jim Goudzwaard, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Circuit decided there was no jurisdiction. In SWANCC, Ankur Tohan, US Environmental Protection the Supreme Court ruled no jurisdiction over “isolated Agency waters.” In National Association of Homebuilders, the Erik Stockdale, WA, Department of Ecology DC District Court held jurisdiction cannot be based on Steve Schell, Black and Helterline LLP “incidental fallback” from a volume of material removed Frank Reckendorf, Reckendorf and Associates mechanically. Applicants need to have competent expert and Portland State University help from wetland scientists who understand the law and In Rapanos (June 2006) a closely divided Supreme Court can provide effective and relevant findings for applications remananded to the Sixth Circuit the issue of whether the and enforcement proceedings. COE exceeded its regulatory authority under the Clean WR.1.2 Wetland Regulatory Forum - Invitational Water Act by requiring property owners to acquire permits Presentation for dredging and filling most wetlands. The Supreme Jim Goudzwaard, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Court plurality of four decided that lower courts used Tom Kaye, Institute for Applied Ecology the wrong test to determine whether the statutory term Peter Dunwiddie, The Nature Conservancy “waters of the United States” in the Clean Water Act included tributaries and wetlands behind dikes. A fifth The presentation will outline how recent legal opinions justice ruled with the four to overturn and remand the such as SWANCC, Rapanos and Carabell impact the cases back to the lower courts, but used a different test U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ regulatory program. Since called whether there is a “significant nexus” between 2001, the Corps has adjusted the implementation of its navigable-in-fact and tributaries and adjacent wetlands. regulatory program in considering how to regulate certain The Supreme Court Decision in Rapanos and Carabell bodies of water as well as wetlands due to these opinions. has forced lower courts and the COE and EPA to feel The Portland District adapted to the SWANCC opinion their way on a case by case basis. So far, the lower courts by looking closely at tributary systems and utilizing a four have been split on how to interpret Rapanos and Carabell pronged approach at evaluating adjacency. Following the which has placed a tremendous burden on the COE and Rapanos/Carabell opinion in 2006, the District continued EPA, as well as on state agencies, and private individuals its jurisdictional decision-making process, while it awaited as, to what is a wetland under the CWA. The forum formal national guidance, in nearly the same way while presenters will present the problems and challenges of requiring delayed compensatory mitigation. Recent final wetland regulatory decisions in a post Rapanos/Carabell joint Corps/EPA guidance will require a determination of environment, from the Federal (COE, EPA), state, and whether or not stream systems are traditionally navigable, private perspective. The Supreme Court in 2007 denied relatively permanent or isolated waters. In addition, a petitions for certiorari in two cases presented to clarify the determination of significant nexus of different water Supreme Courts fractured decision in Rapanos. bodies will be necessary. All of these new processes are anticipated to add complexity to an already complex WR.1.1 Rapanos and Its Progeny program. The Portland District will most likely encourage Steven Schell, Black and Helterline LLP consultants to assist their clients in gaining some of the information necessary for these decision-making processes. Corps jurisdiction over activities in “waters of the United States” is being refined. The purpose of this presentation 43 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
WR.1.3 The Impact of U.S. Supreme Court Decision WL.5 Innovations in Restoration: in Rapanos v. United States on Clean Water Methodology, Education and Evaluation Act Permitting and Enforcement in the Pacific Northwest WL.5.1 The Mashel River Project: A Restoration Success David Allnutt, US Environmental Protection Ian Mostrenko, Herrera Environmental Agency Consultants Inc. Ankur Tohan, US Environmental Protection Jose Carrasquero, Herrera Environmental Agency Consultants Inc. In June 2006, a fractured United States Supreme Chris Brummer, Herrera Environmental Court issued its decision in two consolidated Consultants Inc. cases interpreting the jurisdictional extent of Deforestation and floodwater containment with levees the federal Clean Water Act, Rapanos v. United and riprap banks typically result in a decline in floodplain States and Carabell v. United States. The manner activation and loss of important ecological functions in which this decision is interpreted by lower provided by floodplains, wetlands, and side channels in a courts, the U.S. Environmental Protection healthy riverine environment. A lack of mature riparian Agency, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers forests and the subsequent supply of large woody debris will have a significant effect on the extent to (LWD) disrupt natural processes such as lateral channel which the federal Clean Water Act’s permitting migration and sediment retention, resulting in increased and enforcement authorities can be used to channel gradients, streambed incision, and discontinuity promote ecological restoration in the Pacific with the surrounding floodplain. Significant channel Northwest. The Rapanos decision establishes two incision, high velocities, discontinuity with historical side new tests for jurisdiction under the Clean Water channels and floodplain, a coarse-armored bed without Act. The first of these is the test announced by spawning gravels and pools, and a lack of LWD are typical Justice Scalia, which holds that “establishing that characteristics along the Mashel River near Eatonville, wetlands . . . are covered by the Act requires two Washington. Unique designs and construction methods findings: first, that the adjacent channel contains were used to construct eight engineered logjams (ELJs) a ‘wate[r] of the United States,’ (i.e., a relatively in three reaches of the Mashel River. These unique and permanent body of water connected to traditional cost-effective design features included vertical rootwad interstate navigable waters); and second, that the piles, gravel scour protection, tree salvaging, and strategic wetland has a continuous surface connection positioning of ELJs. In the upper reach, ELJs were placed with that water, making it difficult to determine in strategic locations to function together to redirect where the ‘water’ ends and the ‘wetland’ begins.” flow into historical side channels and floodplain areas Under the competing test announced by Justice that had been disconnected by incision. Methods in the Kennedy, “jurisdiction over wetlands depends lower reaches included the removal of riprap banks and upon the existence of a significant nexus between construction of bank ELJs and bar apex ELJs to retain the wetlands in question and navigable waters in sediments, bifurcate flows, protect banks, and establish the traditional sense.” complex flow and habitat features. The short-term results after only 1 year have been outstanding. The ELJs have created significant pools and riffles with spawning-sized gravels, and more importantly, they have reactivated over 1,000 feet of historical side channels.
WL.5.3 REYS: A Model for Incorporating Science Education into Community-based Restoration Cara Ianni, Stilly-Snohomish Fisheries Enhancement Task Force While some traditional cookbook or “structured” laboratories used in environmental education can expose students to elements of science, they do not always stimulate the higher-level thinking and problem-solving skills required for environmental literacy. “Restoration Ecology for Young Stewards,” or REYS, is a model of how 44 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors restoration professionals working with youth can utilize of our natural resources. Our task is to determine the inquiry-based teaching methods to better foster critical rates and types of human disturbances that do not exceed thinking skills and a curiosity towards science. REYS is the capacity of the system to respond, and to understand a curriculum for students in grades 5-10 that uses stream the historic range of variability in wetlands rather than to restoration as a vehicle to develop knowledge of key rebuild past ecosystem structures. concepts in watershed ecology and proficiency in scientific SS.6 Shrub-steppe Symposium: Ecosystem inquiry. To learn background information on salmon Response to Perturbation and streams, students begin with hands-on activities, such as collecting observational data and performing simple SS.6.1 The Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation experiments. They measure and compare the water quality Project (SageSTEP) and riparian structure of “good” and “poor” salmon Rick Miller, Oregon State University habitat within their watershed, and use models to test how SageSTEP is an interdisciplinary, five-year research trees affect soil erosion. Students also use field guides and program that will explore ways to improve the health of create dichotomous keys to explore the identification and sagebrush rangelands across the Great Basin. Funded ecology of native and invasive plants. Throughout these by the US Joint Fire Science Program, SageSTEP is a initial lessons, students’ questions are compiled used to collaborative effort among Oregon State University, teach students how to use the process of science to answer University of Idaho, University of Nevada-Reno, Utah their own inquiries into stream ecosystems. Ultimately, State University, Brigham Young University, USDA students use these skills to design a restoration project Agricultural Research Service and Forest Service, the that includes a relevant experimental component, such USDI Bureau of Land Management, US Geological as “How does plant spacing affect invasive weed growth?” Survey, and US Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Evaluation of student tests, and performance on the state’s Nature Conservancy. SageSTEP will evaluate how active science WASL (standardized achievement test), indicate treatments such as mechanical thinning of shrubs and that application of this model has increased learning. trees, prescribed fire, and herbicide applications influence WL.5.4 Health, Integrity, or Functions: What will it be? a wide variety of ecosystem variables, including vegetation, fuels, soils, and wildlife. During the 2006 field season, Tom Hruby, Washington Department of Ecology we collected pre-treatment on all 17 existing sites, and The purpose of this discussion is to evaluate some of the implemented the full set of treatments on five of these different notions about wetlands ecosystems that have sites. All data have now been validated and are contained been codified in policy and laws. The U.S. Clean Water in a relational database. Pre-treatment data analysis is Act has as its goal to restore and maintain the chemical, pending. A ‘User’s Guide’ for western juniper has now physical and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.” been tested and will be published soon -- this Guide is However, in another section it states the need to maintain designed for managers who need to develop management the beneficial uses of our waters. In 1988 the National strategies for woodlands in the northern Great Basin. For Wetlands Policy Forum proposed a goal of no net loss of more information, please see our website, at SageSTEP.org. functions and value. That has since been established as policy at all levels of government. It has also been codified SS.6.2 Steppe in Time: Ten Years of Change in a Shrub into laws at the state level. Wetland scientists have, over Steppe Landscape. the last two decades, tried to develop objective tools Michael Marsh, Washington Native Plant Society that determine integrity, health, functions and values. A landscape-scale study of shrub steppe vegetation in The experience however, has shown that these notions Benton County was designed in 1992 to measure effects of often conflict and are not compatible. Also, the concepts agricultural chemicals on native vegetation. The distances are difficult to implement objectively. The notions of of randomly located transects from downwind dry-land integrity and health represent normative science where wheat fields were measured, together with other site results are interpreted through the filter of an assumption variables including elevation, slope, and direction of slope. that defines an inherent policy preference. Functions In 1992, the Washington Department of Agriculture are almost impossible to quantify to meet the time provided detailed information on pesticide use. We requirement of decision-makers, and values need to be documented plant presence and cover by species at 32 established on a case-by-case basis if they are to be accepted sites, in six growing seasons from 1992 to 2001. Effects due by stakeholders. It is time to take a fresh look at how to use of agricultural chemicals were not detected in the wetland science can inform decision-makers and managers 1992 data, and in subsequent years the study focused on
45 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors site variables and grazing history as they affected counts survival into the second year, to be measured during 2007, and cover of native and exotic species. Native plant and will likely reveal further sorting of revegetation success. weed presence were affected by elevation, slope aspect, grazing history, and fire. There was a consistent increase SS.6.4 Impacts of Prescribed Fire and Post-fire Grazing to Sagebrush Steppe Vegetation in number of native species with increasing elevation. Site differences in grazing history allowed comparisons to be Jon Bates, USDA Agricultural Research Service made between sites grazed in different years. Number of Kirk Davies, USDA Agricultural Research Service native species increased on sites grazed in 1992 and not Edward Rhodes, Texas Agricultural Experiment grazed on 1996, and declined between the two years on Station sites not grazed in 1992 but grazed in 1996. More native Grazing management guidelines often recommend resting species were observed on all sites in 2000 than in 1996. sagebrush steppe for two growing seasons following fire The increase was greatest for sites not grazed in 2000. in the Intermountain West. The purpose of resting is to Weed presence did not seem to change much between let herbaceous vegetation recover and permit surface litter 1992 and 1996, regardless of grazing history. In 2000, to accumulate for protecting and enhancing soil stability. weed species number declined in ungrazed but formerly However, grazing impacts after fire have not been tested grazed sites, and increased on a site grazed only in 1996. at the plant community level. This study evaluated six grazing treatments over four growing seasons after fire SS.6.3 Influence of Geomorphology and Prefire on Wyoming big sagebrush steppe in eastern Oregon. Vegetation on Revegetation Success after Treatments included no grazing on burned and unburned Wildfire treatments, two summer grazing treatments, and two Richard Easterly, SEE Botanical Consulting spring grazing treatments. Treatments were replicated five Debra Salstrom, SEE Botanical Consulting times. Grazing utilization by cattle was 40-50%. Vegetation Geomorphic differences between and within sites can responses to treatments were evaluated by quantifying plant account for variability in resiliency of vegetation to past cover, density and diversity; clipping for standing crop; and disturbance and success of restoration efforts. Interpreting measuring perennial grass seed production. Fire impacts to landscape vegetation patterns and the variability of herbaceous perennials were of light to moderate severity. revegetation success following fire will assist land managers No differences were found among treatments for plant to improve restoration strategies after future fires. During cover, density, and diversity; nor were there any differences August 2005, two wildfires burned a total of approximately in litter cover or bare ground. Herbaceous and perennial 11,000 acres on the Hanford Reach National Monument, grass standing crop was greatest in the ungrazed burn Pasco Basin, Washington. The fires were located in treatment and lowest in the unburned treatment. Perennial contrasting settings on the Wahluke Slope, Saddle grass seed production was highest in the ungrazed burn Mountain, and concurrent restoration efforts provides and summer grazed treatments and lowest in the unburned an opportunity to examine and compare some effects treatment. Burning did not enhance biomass of perennial that landscape setting has on the response of vegetation forbs important in sage grouse diets but did increase to fire. A fine-scale map of prefire vegetation (created two important dietary annual forbs. Moderate grazing applied years before the fire) facilitates this analysis, along with within the first two years after fire on sagebrush steppe does interpretation of the geomorphology and disturbance not limit the ability of herbaceous plants to fully recover or history of the site, all of which provide a template to exceed pre-burn levels of productivity. examine differing success of post-fire revegetation. All or portions of both sites were aerial and drill seeded and planted with shrubs. Data collected during the first growing season after the fire and revegetation effort showed variability of success across the landscape, largely related to patterns of eolean deposition and erosion, and existence of vegetation that survived the fires. Seedling
46 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
EG.1 Developing Genetically Appropriate restoration, these approaches that combine molecular Plant Materials for Restoration and quantitative comparisons can be used to delineate seed movement guidelines for important restoration EG.1.1 Genecology of Restoration Plants; Extending the Forest Genetics Model species. Empirically determined movement guidelines are essential for land mangers when determining how Rich Cronn, USDA Forest Service far to manipulate seed across the landscape while Matt Horning, USDA Forest Service maintaining well-adapted populations. Here we present Randy Johnson, USDA Forest Service an example using this combined approach on antelope Brad St. Clair, USDA Forest Service bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) Pursh DC; Rosaceae). Frank Sorensen, USDA Forest Service This long-lived species occupies an important ecological Restoration of degraded landscapes with regionally- niche across a large elevation gradient (60-3,150 m) in adapted native species is increasingly popular, and in some fire-dominated communities such as ponderosa pine cases is required by land management agencies. As species (Pinus ponderosa) forests, and sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) and sources become commercially available, frequent and juniper (Juniperus spp.) arid steppes. Because of its questions are asked: “What seed sources are adapted to my importance as browse for large mammals and a food region?” “What factors might influence the distribution source for granivores, bitterbrush is a key rangeland of species?” Through the use of reciprocal transplants restoration species. It is frequently planted by Federal or common garden experiments, genecological studies agencies across large portions of the western U.S. as part provide a framework for quantifying genetic variation of post-fire revegetation and other restoration activities. that relates to natural distributions, and for identifying We are examining genetic variation at quantitative traits that may be important in adaptation. By evaluating traits and molecular markers among 50 bitterbrush multiple germplasm sources in common gardens, trait populations from Oregon, Washington, Nevada, and combinations showing significant source differences can Idaho in common gardens to gain an understanding of be identified using ordination. Multivariate regression can the patterns of neutral and potentially adaptive genetic then be used to reveal the relationship between traits and variation within this species. Because current guidelines climatic factors. Population variation in trait distributions do not exist, this information will be used to delimit is then used to identify geographic regions that show a plant movement guidelines. Preliminary results from high degree of overlap in adaptive trait variation; these polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci indicate a high are defined as ‘transfer zones.’ These approaches have level of genetic diversity at 8 loci (13-35 alleles/locus) and been successfully applied to important trees in the Pacific a moderate level of range-wide population differentiation Northwest, not only for transfer guidelines, but also (ΦPT=0.13). Additionally flowering dates as measured in to quantify plant responses to environmental factors. the common gardens reveal significant source location Surprisingly, studies to date show that plant responses to variation (QST=0.57). environmental factors are often unrelated to reproductive strategy, life history, or molecular variation. Examples will EG.1.3 Uncovering Adapted Native Germplasm for be shown where congeneric (e.g., Pinus) and conspecific Successful Restoration (e.g., Alnus, Pinus) populations show significantly different R.C. Johnson, USDA Agricultural Research responses to temperature or water availability. We will Service provide examples of how seed zones were developed Vicky Erickson, USDA Forest Service for Pseudotsuga menziesii in the Pacific Northwest, and Barbara Hellier, USDA Agricultural Research contrast these results with recent genecological studies of Service restoration species in Elymus, Lupinus, and Purshia. J. Bradley St Clair, USDA Forest Service Mike Cashman, USDA Agricultural Research EG.1.2 Using Molecular Genetic Approaches to Help Service Identify Adaptive Traits: Applications in Native Plant Restoration. Properly adapted native germplasm is needed of successful restoration. This requires comprehensive collection, Matt Horning, USDA Forest Service field evaluation in common gardens, and establishing Rich Cronn, USDA Forest Service links between genetic variation and environmental Randy Johnson, USDA Forest Service factors. This approach is being pursued in mountain In recent years, ‘neutral’ molecular markers (i.e. brome (Bromus carinatus) and tapertip onion (Allium microsatellites, AFLPs) have been utilized to help identify acuminatum). For mountain brome, 195 germplasm adaptive quantitative genetic variation. In native plant collections from the Umatilla Forest were evaluated for 47 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
15 plant traits at two sites and over two years. Variation through “domestication selection,” we planted increase among collection locations was strong for most traits, fields using a novel approach, the Diversity Enhancement and four principal components (PC) explained 66% of Block design. For species that were suspected to have the variation in the original traits. The best regression geographic variability for phenology, but had no known model linking environmental factors and plant variation genetic issues whereby cross pollination would be was for PC-1, explaining just 29% of the variation. The undesirable, G0 seed lots from different areas within the preliminary conclusion was that different mountain ecoregion were planted in separate but adjacent blocks. brome seed zones may not be required for the Umatilla This planting design allows farmers to harvest each block Forest. For tapertip onion, a collection of 55 populations separately as seed matures, while still permitting plants representing 20 level IV Omernik ecoregions across the from different regions of the Valley to cross-pollinate and, Great Basin was completed in 2005. Common gardens theoretically, produce G1 seed with maximum genetic were established in 2006 at two sites with data collection diversity. on 14 plant traits. Differences associated with collection WS.1 Watershed Restoration—Catchment to location were observed, especially for leaves per plant, River Basin Scale bolting dates, scape length, and flowering date and color. Complementary SRAP (Sequence Related Amplified WS.1.1 Watershed Restoration Initiatives in the Walla Polymorphisms) analysis also showed genetic differences Walla River Basin among germplasm collected from different locations Gerald Anhorn, Walla Walla Community College and suggested potential geographic groupings. The same Charles Slaughter, University of Idaho-Boise approach is being used to understand adaptation patterns This presentation is an overview of watershed restoration in bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Sandberg projects throughout the Walla Walla River Basin, with a bluegrass (Poa secunda) and Indian rice grass (Achnatherum focused emphasis on the restoration methods and results hymenoides). These studies will provide seed transfer on Coppei Creek located near Waitsburg, Washington. guidelines and adapted native germplasm needed for The basin is a bi-state watershed encompassing 1,758 restoration efforts. mi2. Challenges to sustainable watershed management EG.1.4 An Ecoregion-based Approach to Development include over-appropriation of stream flows during summer of genetically Diverse Germplasm for Native months, protection of municipal water supplies and threats Willamette Valley Prairie Species. to fisheries including ESA listed fish species. Restoration Melanie Gisler, Native Seed Network efforts in the basin initially focused on specific water Kimiora Ward, Native Seed Network management issues, such as restoring flows to seasonally Rob Fiegener, Native Seed Network dewatered streams, screening irrigation diversions and restoring degraded riparian reaches. Coppei Creek provides We are developing a supply of ecologically appropriate, a prime example of watershed wide restoration efforts. genetically diverse native plant material for restoration Agriculture had encroached on Coppei Creek’s riparian of wetland and upland prairie ecosystems. Our approach area as producers farmed to the stream edge resulting in seeks to achieve a balance between capturing maximum stream incision and bank cutting. The de-stabled stream genetic diversity of restoration germplasm and protecting banks eventually resulted in the application of “Detroit” the genetic integrity of extant native populations. We rip-rap and total degradation of the natural riparian chose 17 historically widespread, common species for habitats. Beginning in 1998, landowners enrolled in the increase, and worked within a climatically uniform Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. This has geographic area, the Willamette Valley ecoregion. We re-established wide natural riparian buffers on nearly defined seed transfer zones for each species based on the entire stream reach. These buffers have re-established literature review of their breeding system, potential wide “sideboards” where the stream can meander enabling for hybridization, polyploidy, taxonomic uncertainty, natural processes to take place. In response to threats new outbreeding depression and local adaptation. Seed development, many landowners are now implementing was combined using a conservative approach for those permanent conservation easements to preclude housing species with evidence of local adaptation at a spatial scale development next to the stream. These permanent easements smaller than the ecoregion. Within a seed transfer zone, will permanently protect the re-established sideboards from this we captured spatial and temporal genetic diversity by potential threat. These measures have caught on watershed- sampling from up to 20 populations per species, across wide, with over 180 miles of buffers installed throughout the the geographic range of the ecoregion and over a two- entire basin and numerous permanent easements underway. year period. To minimize genetic shifts or loss of diversity 48 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
WS.1.2 Postfire Erosion Mitigation: Tools, Treatments, Washington state. Some tools and project strategies and Effectiveness used to restore instream flow include direct acquisition Peter Robichaud, USDA Forest Service Rocky and donations of water rights, surface to ground water Mountain Research Station transfers, split season leases, water banking and water The past five wildfire seasons were some of the largest in auctioning. Washington Water Trust (WWT) is a 501(c)3 recent history with over two million ha burned annually. nonprofit organization working to restore stream flows in Major concerns after wildfires are the increased erosion Washington state. due to loss of the protective forest floor layer, loss of water WS.1.4 Flat Tires, Low Hanging Fruit, and the Full Meal storage, and creation of water repellent soil conditions. Deal: Are Columbia River Fish and Wildlife To reduce erosion and flooding potential, various postfire Program Projects Benefiting Fish and Wildlife? rehabilitation treatments are commonly used on highly Erik Merrill, Northwest Power and Conservation erodible areas. In recent years as the use and cost of Council postfire erosion mitigation treatments have increased, efforts to evaluate treatment effectiveness have also The Independent Scientific Review Panel (ISRP) and increased. We have been studying treatment effectiveness Independent Scientific Advisory Board (ISAB) have using low-intensity rainfall simulation and concentrated recognized the essential role of habitat protection and flow (rill) experiments, plot and watershed-scale restoration for the recovery and enhancement of fish experiments using natural rainfall. To date, results suggest and wildlife populations in the Columbia River Basin. that some mitigation treatments may reduce erosion for However, they have asked, are we doing enough of the some, but not all, rain events. The straw mulch, straw right things in the right places? Despite a heroic level of wattles and contour-felled logs reduce erosion by 70% for restoration effort in the Columbia Basin, fish population small rain events. During intense summer thunderstorms response is highly variable, basinwide objectives to double (40 mm/hr, 10-min max intensity) there were little salmon runs are not met, and attributing benefits to any differences between treated and non-treated areas. At particular action is difficult. To increase the likelihood of the catchment scale (5 ha) under natural rainfall, some success of restoration actions, the Basin has completed reduction in erosion from straw mulches and contour- extensive planning efforts and is developing monitoring felled logs occurs for low rainfall intensity storms but not and evaluation approaches. In 2005, the Northwest Power for high rainfall intensity storms. A web-based erosion and Conservation Council completed one of the largest risk management tool, ERMiT, has been developed to locally-led watershed planning efforts in the United States, predict erosion from postfire hill slopes and to evaluate producing separate plans for 58 tributary watersheds or the potential effectiveness of various erosion mitigation mainstem segments of the Columbia River. The sub- practices. The model uses a probabilistic approach that basin plans identify priority restoration and protection incorporates variability in climate, soil properties, and strategies for habitat and fish and wildlife populations. To burn severity for forests, rangeland, and chaparral hill determine if actions implemented under sub-basin plans slopes. are effective, the ISRP and ISAB recommended three levels of monitoring: implementation, statistical trends, WS.1.3 Assuring Streamflow for Restoration and action effectiveness. This presentation summarizes Amanda Cronin, Washington Water Trust the results of over 100 ISAB/ISRP reports and 1,000 ISRP proposal reviews that raise two issues: 1) can habitat Watershed and stream restoration efforts assume long- project selection move beyond opportunity (land owner term availability of streamflow. Competing demands willingness) and fragmented treatment to scales that will for surface water have resulted in over-allocated streams lead to recovery, and 2) can monitoring and evaluation go throughout (and beyond) Washington, and diminished beyond tracking completion of actions to evaluating the instream flows have negatively impacted many aquatic physical and biological results of those actions. and riparian species including salmonids. Washington Water Trust has nine years of experience in using voluntary, market-based approaches to restoring stream flows. Working cooperatively with irrigators, conservation districts, municipalities, and other entities the Washington Water Trust has a unique approach to conservation. This presentation will highlight the Washington Water Trust’s role in restoring instream flows in river basins throughout
49 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
WL.6 Wetlands Characterization Tools at Site GIS tools were developed for nine parameters to evaluate Specific, Estuary, Basin and Statewide Levels RCA’s. Evaluation parameters are based on the degree of hydrologic alteration at local and watershed scales and WL.6.1 Successional Development and Response to Short-term Hydrologic Change in the Cascade on landscape ecology considerations. Tabular output Wetland, King County, Washington. generated from the tools was used to prioritize RCA’s. Prioritization results represent relative levels of alteration Michael Bonoff, Seattle Public Utilities among all sites. GIS tools were developed in the Model David Chapin, Seattle Public Utilities Builder environment of ArcGIS 9.2. Model Builder In this study, we documented historical development and is an interface for automation and documentation of tracked recent changes in plant communities resulting the stepwise GIS analysis. Models can be distributed from a beaver-induced hydrologic change in a forested as standard GIS tools which can be accessed in the wetland. The purpose was to determine if a stable traditional GIS interface or in an editable view which transitional community would be established or if a rapid allows for user manipulation of the analysis. Creation succession would lead to a forested plant association. of automated and transparent GIS analysis ensures Species presence and percent cover of dominant repeatability of methods across multiple users and makes species were measured five times over ten years. Aerial complex spatial analysis accessible to a wider audience. photographs, historic ground photographs, and personnel These tools present a consistent method of spatial analysis communication with long time utility employees were used for prioritization of potential restoration sites. to compare the wetland prior to and after the disturbance, as well as to show the evolution of plant communities WL.6.3 Tracking Columbia River Basin Freshwater since the lake draining. Analysis of a time series of aerial Habitat Restoration over Multiple Scales and photos from 1944 to 2001 indicates that the wetland Jurisdictions gradually became dominated by trees, mostly Alnus rubra Katie Barnas, NOAA Fisheries and Populus trichocarpa, with a central area dominated by A prerequisite to quantifying effectiveness of freshwater shrubs (Salix spp.) and open water. Immediately following habitat restoration is basic information on the distribution the temporary 1995 hydrologic change, trees around the and occurrence of projects. We previously assembled central part of the wetland began dying, and by 1999 a spatially-explicit database of over 23,000 restoration the non-forested wetland area had more than doubled. projects that directly or indirectly alter salmon habitat Plot data since 1998 show a very dynamic response of in the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and vegetation to the loss of the forest canopy. This study Montana. High connectivity in lotic systems required the shows that primary succession from lake bottom sediments inclusion of an area larger than that actually occupied by can result in a forested-dominated wetland within 40 anadromous fishes. We compiled data from federal, state, years, but brief hydrologic change induced by beavers watershed and private sources. Because we targeted large can convert forested wetlands to shrub and herbaceous data holders, our database likely under-represents county dominated wetlands almost immediately. and municipally sponsored projects. In order to assess the accuracy of our database, we compare our results with WL.6.2 Automation of a Multiple Scale GIS-Based Evaluation for Prioritization of Wetland those of subbasin scale inventories in the Columbia River Restoration Opportunities, Coos Estuary, Basin. The subbasin inventories are one component of Oregon. subbasin plans that aid and document the management Jennifer Kauffman, Humboldt State University of Endangered Species Act, Clean Water Act, Northwest Power Act, and other regulatory requirements; and thus Oregon’s tidal wetlands were recently delineated and are anticipated to more completely capture projects mapped with a geographic information system (GIS). sponsored by local groups. In the forty-eight Columbia Included in the dataset are areas classified as restoration River subbasins with restoration inventory data, the PNW consideration areas (RCA’s). State wide there are over database captured 8100 projects while the subbasin plans 2,000 RCA’s which require on-the-ground assessment to reported 4,247. We found 1,435 projects dually reported determine actual restoration potential. Given the large in both the PNW database and subbasin inventories and number of RCA’s, GIS tools were developed to assist 2,812 projects that the PNW database missed, bringing the resource managers in locating areas which are the least total number of known projects in the Columbia Basin to altered and therefore may merit initial on site feasibility 10,912 projects, or 35% more than previously found. We studies. An evaluation of 530 RCA’s was developed for also tested the consistency of project reporting by cross- the Coos estuary of south-central Oregon. Automated checking multiply-reported projects and suggest ways to 50 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors streamline project reporting in the context of evaluating SS.7 Shrub-steppe Symposium: Ecosystem the effectiveness of restoration actions on salmon habitat. Response to Perturbation WL.6.4 Defining Groundwater Focus Areas and SS.7.1 Western Juniper Control Using Partial Cutting Identifying Threats to Groundwater- and Prescribed Fire dependent Biodiversity across Oregon Jon Bates, USDA Agricultural Research Service Jenny Brown, The Nature Conservancy Kirk Davies, USDA Agricultural Research Service Abby Wyers, The Nature Conservancy Post-settlement expansion of western juniper in the Leslie Bach, The Nature Conservancy northern Great Basin has reduced productivity and Alison Aldous, The Nature Conservancy diversity in deciduous woodland and shrub-steppe The supply and quality of groundwater is critical to habitats. Cutting or prescribed fire have been the main freshwater biodiversity yet its abundance, connection methods used to remove juniper and rehabilitate pre- to ecosystems, and quality are increasingly threatened. invasion plant communities. Cutting is typically used to Developing effective strategies to protect the groundwater remove juniper in woodlands lacking sufficient fuel to needs of groundwater-dependent ecosystems and carry fire. We employed combinations of cutting and fire species requires understanding where they occur, their to remove juniper in mid- and late-invasive woodlands. groundwater requirements, and whether their groundwater Selective cutting is used to increase surface fuels to supply or quality is impaired. To address this issue carry prescribed fire and kill remaining live trees. The in Oregon, we developed a statewide assessment that response of seven mountain big sagebrush associations identified areas where groundwater is critical to freshwater and aspen woodlands were evaluated for four years after ecosystems and species, and where current and future applying cutting-fire combinations. Cutting treatments land-use activities pose potential impacts. Our goal was to involved felling 25 to 33% of the juniper trees in stands. produce this information at a regional scale to facilitate Trees were allowed to dry for one year before burning. the design and implementation of conservation strategies Aspen sprouting increased 4- to 8-fold in response to that focus on groundwater. A series of decision trees treatment when compared to controls. Shrub cover was were developed for identifying groundwater-dependent reduced in all plant associations in response to treatment, rivers, lakes and wetlands. These were based on the though sprouting shrubs were recovering and sagebrush relative permeability of surficial geologic deposits in seedlings were present on most treated sites. Understory the watershed, slope of the catchment basin, presence response varied, from those dominated by exotic species of springs, and streamflow characteristics indicative of to sites mainly composed of native perennial grasses and groundwater discharge. Mapped locations of springs and forbs. The majority of treated sites exhibited classic early wetlands were refined by integrating soil and local and successional dynamics after fire in juniper woodlands, with national wetland inventory datasets. The groundwater- the understory primarily composed of native perennial dependence of several thousand species tracked by the and annual forbs. Shrub and herbaceous understories Natural Heritage Programs was also characterized using recovered faster in treated mid-invasive woodlands. This literature and expert review. We then mapped threats to treatment should be employed cautiously when restoring the quality and quantity of groundwater using land use plant communities in late invasive woodlands because of patterns, water supply planning information, groundwater the potential for exotic weed dominance. pumping locations and impacts, existing water quality data SS.7.2 Can Imazapic “Release” Native Species in and susceptibility to groundwater contamination. A map Cheatgrass Invaded Native Plant Communities? of groundwater focus areas and existing and future threats was produced and used to develop regional strategies to Adrien Elseroad, The Nature Conservancy conserve groundwater-dependent biodiversity. Nathan Rudd, The Nature Conservancy Leslie Nelson, The Nature Conservancy Native plant communities invaded by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) are at risk of unnatural high intensity fires and conversion to cheatgrass monocultures. Management strategies that reduce cheatgrass abundance can potentially allow native species to expand and reduce further cheatgrass invasion. We tested whether the selective herbicide imazapic (tradename Plateau) is effective in reducing cheatgrass and “releasing” native species in a 51 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors semi-arid grassland and shrub-steppe in northcentral for native seedling establishment or a colonization spot for Oregon. The experiment consisted of a completely advantageous weeds depending on antecedent moisture randomized design with two treatments (sprayed with conditions. The persistence of these resource islands needs 4 oz/acre of imazapic and unsprayed) and 3 replicates to be taken into account for restoration purposes. of each treatment applied to either 2.5 or 4 ha plots. We repeated this experiment in three different plant SS.7.4 The Wild Horse Challenge: Shrub-Steppe Restoration and Lithosols on Whiskey Dick communities dominated by the following native species: 1) Mountain bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and needle Ron Bockelman, David Evans and Associates, Inc. and thread (Hesperostipa comata), 2) needle and thread and David Bradney, WildLands, Inc. Sandberg’s bluegrass (Poa secunda), and 3) big sagebrush Jennifer Diaz, Puget Sound Energy (Artemisia tridentata). Vegetation was sampled for one Denise Horton, Botanist year pre-treatment and two years post-treatment using a Brent Renfrow, Washington Dept of Fish and 1-m2 nested frequency quadrat frame. We found that in Wildlife all three plant communities, cheatgrass frequencies were significantly lower in sprayed plots than unsprayed plots Restoring shrub-steppe habitat is challenging in favorable for two years post-treatment (p<0.1). However, we did not situations, and is especially so when the site includes find a corresponding increase in any of the native plant large areas of lithosol plant communities. Most wind species. These results suggest that at least in the short- farms in Washington and Oregon are located in settings term, reducing cheatgrass alone may not be effective tool with relatively deep soils that were long ago converted for increasing native species abundances. Other strategies to agricultural crops. In contrast, Puget Sound Energy’s such as seeding in conjunction with imazapic application Wild Horse Wind Project in central Washington occurs in may be more successful. predominantly shallow soil rangeland with a combination of good quality shrub-steppe and high quality lithosol SS.7.3 Persistence of Western Juniper “Resource habitats. This presentation describes lessons learned in Islands” after Treatment planning and implementing restoration of areas disturbed Ron Reuter, Oregon State University during wind farm construction in these conditions. Chris Miwa, Oregon State University We describe plans developed during the environmental Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) cover in the permitting process to minimize habitat impacts and field Intermountain West has grown to ~9 million acres since adaptations during construction of this large energy facility post-European settlement, altering the spatial distribution, in 2006, as well as efforts to rescue hedgehog cacti, a nutrients and plant communities. The purpose of this sensitive lithosol species, and the planting of sagebrush study was to determine the persistence of “nutrient island” plugs. After a brief review of preliminary restoration characteristics after rangeland restoration treatment monitoring results compared to those at other wind farms (tree removal). Study sites were selected in BLM grazing in the Pacific Northwest, we discuss important lessons allotments in Central and Eastern Oregon regions learned at Wild Horse that can be applied to other using restoration age classes of 0-5, 10-15, and 15-20 projects proposed in semi-arid, rocky terrain. These lessons years. Uncut control plots were sampled for each age included the following: 1) improve existing roads and jeep class. Mineral soil samples were collected to 5-cm depth trails whenever possible, 2) trenching for the underground at distances of 50, 100, 150 and 300-cm along radial electrical collection system poses a major restoration transects from the stump and composite samples made challenge, 3) keep topsoil and associated plant materials for each distance. Total C, N, S, soluble Ca, EC, pH were local to the area of disturbance, 4) evaluate potential determined. Data indicate that nutrients contained in effects on restoration objectives of traditional erosion and recalcitrant organic matter can remain sequestered around sediment control BMPs, and 5) cactus can be collected and stumps twenty years after cutting, while soluble and mobile over-wintered successfully for replanting after construction. nutrients were typically redistributed. Carbon for the 20-yr treatment was 54, 40, 37, and 24 mg/kg for the 50, 100, 150, and 300 distances and 51, 43, 35, and 26 mg/kg for the 10-yr treatment. Nitrogen and sulfur values had slopes similar to soil C with values one and two orders of magnitude lower, respectively. In semi-arid/arid systems N availability is a limiting factor in permitting optimal use of water, these resource islands can be a preferred “safe” spot 52 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
FS.1 Urban Forest Symposium: Cascade Land WS.2 Yakima River Watershed Symposium: Conservancy: Creating Restoration Tools for A Special Session on Water Quality Urban Forests (FS.1.0) Investigations and Water Quality Restoration Dyanne Sheldon, Otak Engineering efforts in the Yakima River Watershed Leslie Batten, Cascade Land Conservancy WS.2.0 Overview of the Special Session on Water Jennifer Shroder, Kirkland Parks and Community Quality Investigations and Water Quality Development Restoration Efforts in the Yakima River Mark Mead, Seattle Parks and Recreation Watershed The Cascade Land Conservancy (CLC) and ecologists Richard Kiesling, University of Minnesota from Otak, have created a prototype restoration The goal of this session is to provide a forum for review planning tool designed for lowland Puget Sound forests and discussion of ongoing investigations into the water in urban/suburban settings. They’ve developed an quality of the Yakima River. Current study topics on adaptive management tool to identify and prioritize the Yakima River include the role of nutrients in river restoration actions within urban habitats. The focus is metabolism and the potential linkage with dissolved forest restoration using a field verified GIS data base to oxygen dynamics; the role of Hetheranthera dubia, water star identify polygons of action, to direct staff or volunteers grass, in dissolved oxygen dynamics including potential through a broad range of restoration actions sorted by interactions with nutrients and hydrology; and the a list of variables that span ecological, social, economic distribution and production of attached algae in relation parameters. Leslie Batten, Green Cities Program Manager, to flow dynamics and nutrient availability. Presentations from CLC will speak about The Green City Partnerships on current investigations will be followed by a discussion Program, including Green Seattle and Green Kirkland among the speakers with questions from the audience. with specific focus on the complex vegetation management The specific focus of the discussion will center on how plan for Watershed Park in Kirkland. The Plan links GIS the results from these studies might relate to restoration polygons to a spread-sheet allowing sorting of restoration activities in the watershed. priorities based on ecological, social, economic variables. Jennifer Schroder, Director of Parks and Community WS.2.1 Assessment of Seasonal and Annual Patterns Development; Kirkland will speak about Kirkland’s need in Dissolved Oxygen and Whole-Stream for a coherent restoration strategy involving community Metabolism in a River Impacted by Excessive stewardship. Jenny will discuss how the Green Kirkland Macrophyte Growth Partnership will help the City achieve and sustain their Daniel Wise, U.S. Geological Survey natural resource and open space management goals. Mark Marie Zuroske, South Yakima Conservation Mead, Senior Urban Forester for City of Seattle will speak District about the development of the Green Seattle Partnership Kurt Carpenter, U.S. Geological Survey Tree-iage analysis that is the model for prioritizing Richard Kiesling, University of Minnesota forest restoration. It is the foundation for the Green Fixed-station continuous monitoring can provide valuable Cities Partnership programs. Dyanne Sheldon, Natural information regarding the health of large rivers. In this Resources Manager, will discuss the ecological basis of the study, we used water-quality and streamflow data collected prototype plan. She’ll identify what criteria were used to in the lower Yakima River in south-central Washington differentiate management variables. State to 1) assess the severity of low dissolved oxygen caused by the combination of plant, microbial, and animal respiration, 2) estimate whole-stream metabolism, and 3) determine the factors influencing these indicators of stream conditions. Dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and streamflow data were collected continuously during the growing season of 3 successive years (2004-2006). During the summer, when dissolved oxygen conditions were most severe, water temperature was by far the most important factor in explaining the dissolved oxygen patterns—higher water temperatures were associated with lower daily minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations. Daily gross primary productivity (as indicated by oxygen 53 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors production) was much lower during spring in an average WS.2.3 Effects of Submersed Aquatic Vegetation on flow year compared to the preceding two low-flow years. Water Quality in the Potomac River However, in all three years, gross primary productivity Nancy Rybicki, U.S. Geological Survey during summer was similar, even though the measured Understanding mechanisms of nutrient cycling and uptake biomass of water star grass was 97% less in the average by aquatic plants (Heteranthera dubia, water stargrass) is flow year because of higher flows and turbidity during the a major objective for the Lower Yakima Eutrophication critical spring time period. This indicates that another Study. A study conducted in the nontidal Potomac River type of plant growth besides water star grass, such as provides insight about the role of submersed aquatic algae attached to the substrate and rooted plants, was macrophytes and their associated microbial communities responsible for much of the summer primary productivity. upon nutrients, suspended sediments, and phytoplankton The effect of water temperature and the metabolic activity in riverine systems where dense beds of aquatic vegetation of attached algal growth will need to be considered when a occur. Two study reaches (water depth 1 to 3 m, velocities restoration plan for the lower Yakima River is developed. ~0.1 m/s) were established 26 river km above the Potomac WS.2.2 Heteranthera dubia in the Yakima River: River fall line. Each two-km reach was densely vegetated Unanticipated Consequences of Recent Water (canopy cover from 40 to 100%) with water stargrass. Quality Improvements. Surface water samples were collected once a month during Dan Wise, U.S. Geological Survey both morning and evening from April through October Marie Zuroske, South Yakima Conservation 1999 at the input and output of both study reaches. District Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite within a 1000 m Kurt Carpenter, U.S. Geological Survey reach significantly decreased from as much as 0.39 to 0.19 Richard Kiesling, University of Minnesota mg/L, during the peak growing season (June-August), when plants filled the water column. Concentrations From 1997 to 2002, improved irrigation practices resulted of ammonia, phosphate, suspended sediment, and in 85% declines in suspended sediment loads in two chlorophyll a however, did not diminish significantly. major irrigation return drains to the Yakima River with Results indicate that in densely vegetated tributaries, in- concurrent improvements in water clarity in the river. stream nitrogen processing can have a significant impact From 1998 through 2005, snowpack in the Cascade on nitrogen delivery downstream when mean daily flow is Mountains was poor-to-average, resulting in minimal- low (<400 m3/s). to-moderate spring run-off events. Beginning in 2001, Hetheranthera dubia, water star grass, once considered rare WS.2.4 Functional Linkages between Nutrient Supply in Washington State, became noticeably more abundant and Periphyton Production in Nutrient- in the lower Yakima River. The U.S. Geological Survey, enriched Watersheds: Implications for Stream South Yakima Conservation District, and Benton Restoration Conservation District began studying the river in 2004 to Richrad Kiesling, Univeristy of Minnesota better understand the observed changes. In 2004-2005, Ralph Garono, Earth Designs Consultants water star grass was abundant throughout roughly 40 Marie Zuroske, South Yakima Conservation miles of the lower river. In 2005, the median biomass District in a two-mile reach was 1020 gm/m2. Excessive aquatic Understanding the functional linkage between nutrient growth resulted in dissolved oxygen concentrations supply and algal production is critical to developing in 2004 and 2005 as low as 3 mg/L and pH values as sound water quality restoration criteria for nutrient- high as 9.7. In 2006, an abundant snowpack resulted in enriched watersheds. We investigated the linkages between prolonged deep, turbid run-off from late March to mid- nutrient gradients and benthic algal production in June. Based on in-stream photosynthetically available multiple site in three watersheds Oregon and Washington. radiation data, there was insufficient light available for Instream experiments using liquid-media nutrient- macrophyte growth in much of the lower river during this diffusing periphytometers identified the patterns of P period. Median macrophyte biomass in 2006 decreased to and N-limited primary production along enrichment 30 gm/m2, in the same reach sampled at the same time gradients. In numerous locations, nutrient-limited of year as in 2005. Dissolved oxygen and pH conditions periphyton production was a significant function of improved. The abundant snowpack removed the acute average ambient limiting-nutrient concentrations for threat of severely low dissolved oxygen concentrations but experimental controls. Observed patterns in ambient left an unanswered question: how to manage excessive algal biomass were also consistent with the experimental macrophyte growth during the next series of low-to-average water years? 54 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors results. Results for P-limited periphyton production WL.7.2 Advances in Advance Mitigation--Spring Valley conformed to a theoretical production model based on the Restoration Project Monod model of resource-based population growth. The Hans Ehlert, CH2M HILL Monod model is a functional metric of algal growth and Carl Ward, Washington Department of provides a benchmark for watershed restoration efforts. Transportation In previous studies where long-term datasets are available Advance mitigation is an attractive alternative being for comparison, annual average ambient chlorophyll used. Washington State Department of Transportation concentrations for P-limited sites varied as a significant (WSDOT) is constructing a 25-acre wetland and stream function of annual average instream P. Our results restoration project on Hylebos Creek in Federal Way, illustrate the importance of understanding how N and P Washington, to serve as “advance mitigation” for wetland limitation control algal responses to nutrient enrichment impacts associated with several future highway projects. as well as the power of using gradient analysis in This Spring Valley Restoration project recently helped watershed-scale assessments of water quality impairment. define the regulatory process for advance mitigation WL.7 WSDOT Wetland Mitigation and in Washington. Advance mitigation is appealing to Yakama Nation Riparian Restoration—Eastern WSDOT because it combines many advantages of both and Western WA project-concurrent mitigation and mitigation banking. A mitigation report was developed without needing WL.7.1 Mitigating in Urban Environments: Lessons a prospectus or banking instrument. An innovative Learned from WSDOT’s Urban Corridors approach was created to quantify increasing mitigation Office value over time. It was recognized that the farther in George Ritchotte, Washington Department of advance the site is established before future project Transportation impacts to wetlands, the more wetland impacts that could Transportation projects almost always require some form be mitigated at the site. A Technical Advisory Group of mitigation for impacts to wetlands, streams, or habitat. consisting of technical stakeholders and regulatory The Washington State Department of Transportation’s agencies provided input to refine the design and (WSDOT) Urban Corridors Office faces challenges in streamline regulatory review. Establishing this advance finding adequate mitigation sites in the greater Seattle mitigation project was faster and less complicated than area. Available land is expensive and limited, sites need the mitigation banking process. It took just one year to accommodate changes in project design, they often from conceptual design to issuing permits. This approach contain endangered species, and large projects cross several should also streamline permitting for future wetland jurisdictions, requiring compliance with a wide variety of impacts because mitigation is already established. In this local, state, and federal regulations. Traditionally, WSDOT example, mitigation value increases more than 5% for has relied on on-site, in-kind mitigation to offset project each year that the mitigation site is established in advance impacts. Recent experience demonstrated that this single- of future wetland impacts because of greater certainty strategy approach is too inflexible to meet mitigation needs of success and lower temporal loss. By initiating this due to a lack of land or site constraints. Development of a restoration work in advance of future project impacts to mitigation bank to provide additional mitigation options wetlands, WSDOT has substantially improved wetland, proved time-consuming and faced regulatory hurdles. stream, and riparian functions along this important urban WSDOT is currently using a combination of traditional Chinook spawning stream. mitigation, mitigation banks, advance mitigation, and early identification of long-term mitigation needs. We WL.7.3 Adaptive Management of Mitigation Projects Using a Multi-Discipline Approach are applying a watershed characterization approach, which analyzes watersheds at a landscape scale, to identify Rob Thomas, Washington Department of and rank potential sites that both mitigate for project Transportation impacts and provide the greatest natural resource value Geoff Gray, Washington Department of to the watershed. We present case studies of problems Transportation experienced on individual projects and how our mitigation Jason Smith, Washington Department of approach is designed to avoid similar problems in the Transportation future. Creating, restoring, and enhancing wetland functions to compensate for losses are a major component of the Washington State Department of Transportation’s
55 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
(WSDOT) environmental efforts. Numerous studies Access database for entering the field site assessment have indicated that mitigation is frequently unsuccessful. data into a geodatabase. The ecological structure and Breakdowns in the planning and construction phases functions for 53 sites were presented in an electronic map of projects have been a common problem and can lead portfolio with accompanying summary narratives/tables to failed projects and permit non-compliance. Early for each restoration site. To provide final synthesis maps identification of the problem and corrective action can at appropriate viewing scales, a customized electronic reduce costs and lead to better permit compliance. A map portfolio was developed through ESRI ArcReader, WSDOT project on US Highway 12 east of the Tri-Cities a free, easy-to-use mapping application that allows users is an example of early corrective action at a mitigation site. to view, explore, and print maps. A customized aerial The site was constructed in 2004 as mitigation for impacts photo viewer was also developed within ArcReader to wetlands during a widening project. During the first to easily navigate and compare historical and current year of a ten year monitoring period, it was determined aerial photography from four different years in a geo- that the created wetland acreage was far less than intended. synchronized manner, including scale bars, coordinates, In response, WSDOT formed a multi-disciplinary team and zoom and pan functions. This characterization will to understand the reasons for the acreage variance, and inform Yakama Nation Wildlife restoration planning propose potential solutions. Following a collaborative decisions by providing a baseline for adaptive management process, WSDOT technical experts in wetland biology, that identifies existing conditions, determines functions soils, hydrology, horticulture, and landscape architecture and values of resources, and explores opportunities for identified breakdowns in communication during site conservation and restoration of ecological functions planning and construction that contributed to the within each restoration site. variation from site design. By utilizing the ideas of many SS.8 Shrub-steppe Symposium: Pollination disciplines, appropriate corrective management actions Restoration Projects were identified to vegetate an area of open water. Because the variance was recognized early in site development, SS.8.1 Pollinating Farmed Wildflowers for Seed appropriate management actions can help the site develop to Restore Western Native Plant and Bee as originally planned. This will help WSDOT achieve Communities environmental commitments and permit compliance. James Cane, USDA Agricultural Research Service Western land managers are reseeding public rangelands WL.7.4 Ecological Characterization of Yakama Nation Riparian Restoration Sites on the degraded by fire, invasive weeds, and chronic over- Wapato Floodplain of the Yakima River Basin, grazing. Native perennial forbs are essential elements of Washington these sagebrush and pinyon-juniper plant communities; Anthony Gabriel, Geo-Ecology Research Group, only through commercial farming can growing demand CWU for wildflower seed be affordably satisfied. On-going Janet Rhoades, Geo-Ecology Research Group, breeding biology studies of the dozen chosen forbs CWU reveal critical pollination needs; without bees, little seed Ben Sainsbury, Geo-Ecology Research Group, typically results. Outcrossing doubles or triples seed set CWU in some species. Honeybees and alfalfa leaf-cutting bees pollinate the two Dalea species well, but otherwise, only The purpose of this study was to develop a process native bees are mostly attracted or effective. Pollinator to conduct a baseline ecological characterization of guilds of these forbs typically include native Osmia the riparian restoration sites comprising the Yakama and Hoplitis bees whose cavity-nesting habits confer Nation Wetlands and Riparian Restoration Project. The management promise. These bees are first ranked by their information gathered for this inventory was principally pollination efficacies and then evaluated for their nesting mapped and analyzed using a hybrid of the ABC method, requirements. Management protocols and practical nesting a spatial overlay technique which incorporates abiotic substrates have been developed to allow sustainable on- (e.g., hydrology/geomorphology), biotic (e.g., flora and farm production at needed stocking densities. Starting fauna), and constructed landscape information (e.g., populations are thereafter multiplied for distribution to land uses) to identify areas of environmental significance growers. Pollinators are ready to farm Crepis acuminata as well as environmental constraints. Additional pilot and the species of Dalea, Balsamorhiza, Cleome, and are field site assessments were conducted at three restoration being evaluated and now increased for the several legumes sites, using a modified rapid assessment methodology. (two Lupinus sp., Astragalus filipes, Hedysarum boreale). Seed Two user interface forms were created in a Microsoft 56 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors farming of three species each of Sphaeralcea and Lomatium, and research starting in the Columbia Basin shrub steppe and Penstemon speciosus will likely require stewardship of and riparian zones. Our Cooperative includes members of wild pollinators not amenable to active management. Re- society with an interest in native plant research including established in rangelands, these wildflowers will be sought land management agencies, Native American groups, by >100 native bee species across the Intermountain West, commercial greenhouses, nurseries, and ecological bolstering recovery of these key pollinator communities. restoration contractors among others. We will discuss our experiences forming the Cooperative and our local SS.8.2 Pollination of Erigeron basalticus (Basalt Daisy) experience collecting native plant seed and growing Diedra Petrina, Central Washington University them in greenhouses. We collected seed of 80 species in Jenny Brown, The Nature Conservancy of Oregon 2006 and have germinated most of them. We have been Adrien Elseroad, The Nature Conservancy of successful germinating poorly known species including Oregon Agoseris grandiflora, Erigeron piperianus, Grindelia columbiana, The basalt daisy is a rare flowering plant belonging to Sedum leibergii, Astragalus succumbens, Eriogonum thymoides, the aster family (Asteraceae). Its geographical range is and Talinum spinescens, among others. Seedling emergence approximately 10 x 2 miles near the Yakima River in ranged from 98% taking 6 days to emerge in with Yakima and Kittitas counties, Washington. Very little is Apocynum cannabinum to 5% emergence taking 26 days to known about the natural history of this species, including emerge in Microseris troximoides. reproductive biology. The focus of this study was on SS.8.4 Reintroduction of Greater Sage Grouse on the pollination of the basalt daisy. The two main questions Yakama Reservation were: What are the potential pollinators? and Is self- Nathan Burkepile, Yakama Nation pollination occurring? This study was carried out over two seasons between June and September in 2005 and Greater Sage Grouse populations have been declining 2006 in the Selah Ridge sub-population. During this time throughout Washington. By the 1960s, Greater observations of potential pollinators were recorded and Sage Grouse have been extirpated from the Yakama self-pollination tests were conducted. Preliminary results Reservation. In 1999, the Yakama Nation Wildlife indicated that the basalt daisy is self-incompatible and is Resource Management Program (YNWRMP) began pollinated by small diptera and hymenoptera. Because the assessing the suitability of the habitat to reintroduce basalt daisy is self-incompatible, it relies on pollinators for the birds. In 2006, the YNWRMP began reintroducing successful pollination. Greater Sage Grouse. In the spring of 2006, we captured 19 male and 12 female grouse from Hart Mountain SS.8.3 Formation of a Cooperative to Conduct National Wildlife Refuge and 5 males from the Wind Research on Native Plants and Restore River Reservation in Wyoming released them on the Damaged Ecosystems Yakama Reservation. Only one female attempted to nest Steven Link, Washington State University Tri- and her nest was depredated. Half of the males and 70% Cities of the females survived through September. In August Sally Simmons, Washington State University Tri- 2006, we caught five males and four females from Hart Cities Mountain National Wildlife Refuge and released them in Rico Cruz, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla late summer habitat. In 2007, the YNWRMP caught 17 Indian Reservation males from Paradise Valley, Nevada. These grouse were Barbara Harper, Confederated Tribes of the released on ridges where males from the previous release Umatilla Indian Reservation were displaying and close to where the female from the The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian previous year had nested. We are currently monitoring Reservation and Washington State University are teaming the breeding and nesting activity to determine success of to create a new capacity to address some of society’s our reintroduction efforts. In late summer of 2007, the most difficult natural resource problems in natural YNWRMP will go back to Nevada to capture 20 females areas. These problems include maintaining native plant and 13 males to supplement previous releases. Also there diversity and combating invasive species. We present are plans for capturing and releasing birds from Duck recent successes in the development of our Cooperative/ Valley, Idaho; Wind River, Wyoming; and Prineville, Institute for Native Plant Propagation and Research for Oregon, within the next 2 years. Ecological Restoration, Native Plant Research, Awareness, Propagation, Uses, and Preservation. We are building greenhouses to propagate native species for restoration 57 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
FS.2 Considerations for Restoration in Forest stand, counted, and identified to species. Vegetation Ecosystems samples were taken in each stand at the peak of summer production. Over 45,000 individual seeds were identified FS.2.1 Documenting Baseline Conditions for Reclamation: a Comparison of Methods for from 2,904 samples. Nine years after a fire, seed richness Vegetation Community Characterization and number of seeds dispersed were greater for crown fires than for surface fires (p = 0.005; p = 0.01). The Kathryn Brown, HDR Alaska, Inc. proportion of seed from exotic annual weeds varied with Rebecca Shaftel, HDR Alaska, Inc. fire intensity and time since burn, and was lowest in Chris Wrobel, HDR Alaska, Inc. un-burned stands. The highest proportion of these seeds Anne Leggett, HDR Alaska, Inc. occurred one year after a crown fire, while nine years after During permitting of a development project, it is a crown fire this proportion was nearly as low as pre-burn important to document baseline conditions, pre- levels. Combining data from seed rain and vegetation we disturbance, in order to define adequate success criteria found evidence that seed output in the early years after for reclamation. We evaluated two methods for defining fire at first increases and then decreases. Concurrently, vegetation community types as part of the permitting cover values for the same species do the opposite. This phase of the Chuitna Coal Project, located in southcentral indicated a physiological response to fire, where the Alaska. A frequently used vegetation characterization methods of propagation shift in response to the local method is The Alaska Vegetation Classification, which environment. After a fire, successional changes modify is a hierarchical classification based on the tallest growth seed rain characteristics and vegetation composition. Even form. We used this method to classify 122 vegetation plots. nine years post-fire the impact of different fire intensities However, we felt that this system’s emphasis on the tallest in forest stands was evident. stratum would not distinguish between communities that might more meaningfully be distinguished by plants in FS.2.3 Status and Distribution of Whitebark Pine on the shrub or herb stratum, or some combination of strata. National Forest System Lands in Washington A cluster analysis was performed on the same dataset and Oregon with all plant species cover values to define communities Robin Shoal, USDA Forest Service that account for all strata. The results from the cluster Carol Aubry, USDA Forest Service analysis indicated that some community types were Whitebark pine is a high-elevation, five-needle pine native consistent with the Alaska Vegetation Classification. In to western North America. The species plays a significant other cases, the results helped determine which of the ecological role, and is best known for its close relationship Alaska Vegetation Classification types could be combined with a seed-dispersing bird—the Clark’s nutcracker—and based on similar vegetation composition. Finally, our as a significant food source for grizzly bears. Whitebark statistical method identified additional communities pine is in decline throughout its range as a result of the that were not differentiated under the Alaska Vegetation combined influences of the introduced disease white Classification. We found this method to be better for pine blister rust, mountain pine beetle, and interrupted determining community types that will be established natural fire cycles in the drier portions of its range. From during post-mining reclamation because establishment of 2002 to 2005 we conducted surveys in 57 whitebark pine success criteria can be based on the complete suite of plant stands on national forests in Oregon and Washington to species. assess the incidence of white pine blister rust infection, recent or current mountain pine beetle infestation, FS.2.2 The Role of Fire in Forest Seed Rain and Vegetation overall mortality, and regeneration. The surveys used a variable-length belt-transect protocol. Rates of blister rust Tom Cottrell, Central Washington University infection in live trees in the survey transects ranged from Jonathan Betz, Central Washington University none to 76 percent, with a trend toward lower values in Dry forests of the Cascades are subject to extreme fire the south and east of the two-state study area. Rates of disturbance, resulting in significant changes in species recent mountain pine beetle infestation in whitebark pine composition. We hypothesized that burn intensity and ranged from none to 28 percent, and field reports across time since burn would produce different seed-rain the region indicate that mountain pine beetle incidence in signatures and vegetation composition. We categorized whitebark pine is increasing. Because fine-scale mapping forest stands into those experiencing crown fire, surface of whitebark pine habitat was lacking, we also developed fire, and non-burned, and by time since burn. On three- a refined range map for the species in the two states. All week intervals, seeds were collected from traps in each of this information will be used in the development of a 58 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors conservation strategy for whitebark pine on national forest conservation prioritization or restoration decisions. Our system lands in Washington and Oregon. goal was to develop a methodology for evaluating the ecological viability of each Oregon estuary. To accomplish FS.2.4 Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana) Tree this, we synthesized existing work to produce conceptual Salvage and Mitigation Using Tree Boxing models of key estuarine processes and identified a small Method number of high-level metrics to indicate the condition of Mary Van Haren, Pierce County Public Works habitats within each estuary. We gathered information and Utilities from existing literature, input from experts, and over 40 Impacts to Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) habitat site visits. A primary objective was to use readily available from the construction of a road project were mitigated, or easily gathered information so that this approach could in part, by salvaging oak trees within the road right-of-way be used by other organizations and ensure that timely using the tree boxing method, and then planting the trees decisions can be made. Based on specific geomorphic in the road slopes after grading completion. The road conditions that may exist in an estuary, we identified impacted 2.6 acres of protected Oregon white oak habitat. five key attributes that are essential to estuarine viability: A site review and analysis by Bitterroot Restoration hydrologic and sediment regimes, water quality, habitat determined that many of the trees that would be extent and distribution, and salmonid use. For each eliminated by road construction were suitable for salvage attribute, we described measurable indicators and the using a “tree boxing” method rather than a “tree spading” desired future condition. The methodology lays the method. A total of 95 oak trees, ranging in height from 5 foundation both for state-wide prioritization and for to 35 feet, were selected for the tree boxing salvage method identifying site-level restoration and protection needs which occurred in three phases. The first two phases, at particular estuaries. Using these metrics, we can now which occurred in February and March of 2006, consisted evaluate the entire suite of estuaries on the Oregon coast of excavating around and boxing the trees. The third in a consistent manner, assess the ecological condition of phase, which occurred intermittently between June and each estuary in a regional context, and prioritize areas for September of 2006, consisted of replanting the salvaged restoration or protection work. trees in the road slopes. All salvage work was performed by County road maintenance personnel. Approximately WL.8.2 Growth Rates and the Definition of Old-growth two-thirds of the salvaged trees have been replanted, with in Forested Wetlands of the Puget Sound Region survival exceeding 95 percent. Survival was based on leaf out in the spring of 2006 and 2007. The remaining trees Luke Painter, Cooke Scientific will be planted in the summer of 2007 during the second As part of a program to protect rare habitats in stage of the road construction. The long term survival Washington, state agencies have adopted definitions of of salvaged oaks using the “tree boxing” method appears mature and old-growth forest, with minimum size and promising based on work performed in California where age criteria for the largest trees. These criteria are used long-term survivorship exceeded 80%. in the state wetland rating and functional assessment WL.8 Wetland Conservation and Restoration: guidelines to identify mature and old-growth forested wetlands; however, the forest definitions are derived Oregon Estuaries to Puget Sound Lowlands. from Douglas fir forests in upland habitats, and are not WL.8.1 Oregon Estuaries: Framework for a Regional applicable to forested wetlands. In this study, data from Conservation Assessment forested wetlands in the Puget Lowlands were analyzed Allison Aldous, The Nature Conservancy of to estimate growth rates for five tree species: western red Oregon cedar, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, red alder and coast Jenny Brown, The Nature Conservancy of Oregon pine. For these species, estimated size is significantly Adrien Elseroad, The Nature Conservancy of smaller than the mature and old-growth size criteria. Oregon Estimated dbh is 18 inches (46 cm) for mature forest, and Estuaries along the Oregon coast are an ecologically 28 inches (71 cm) for old-growth. Trees in some wetland critical interface between marine and inland freshwater types average significantly smaller than these mean and terrestrial environments. Despite their tremendous values. The estimated diameter for mature forest in the biodiversity, little region-wide information is adequately Snohomish River estuary is 15 inches (38 cm). Coast pine summarized to describe the ecological viability of each and other trees in sphagnum bogs are typically smaller estuary in a consistent manner to support regional than even this low estimate, and require separate criteria if they are to be identified as old-growth based on size. 59 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
Ecological characteristics such as plant associations and habitat in areas with a known larval supply. The project is forest succession are also different in forested wetlands, as being implemented in phases: Phase I (completed 2005) compared to upland forests. This study will be available – Baseline ecological assessment and research on larval online at www.cookescientific.com. availability, recruitment potential and survival on shell strings positioned at seven sites in Henderson Inlet and an WL.8.3 Lower Hylebos Marsh: An Evaluation of the outside control site. This phase demonstrated widespread Success of Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow), larval availability in the project area, but poor survival Cornus sericea (Red-osier Dogwood), and Lonicera involucrata (Black Twinberry) of newly recruited oyster larvae. Larvae were present at Planted in Varying Stock Types along a all sites. Tidal elevation was found to be more important Riparian Gradient with Daily Freshwater Tidal than site location in determining larval abundance. Larval Inundation abundance was greatest in the lower intertidal. Phase II Hillary Kleeb, Friends of the Hylebos Wetlands (completed in 2006-2007) – Pilot habitat enhancement and monitoring to test proposed methodology and Restoration is expensive, and it would be beneficial if it design. In contrast to 2005, Phase II monitoring showed were possible to use less expensive stock types to achieve a poor recruitment year for oyster larvae. In most the same success. This study was devised to assess the collections during 2006, recruitment was at least an order success of three species of plants: Sitka willow, red-osier of magnitude less than recruitment observed in 2005. dogwood, and black twinberry, planted in three stock Phase III (planned for June 2007) - Expanded habitat types over an elevation gradient between 10 and 14 feet enhancement (oyster shell placement) on up ~3 acres will above sea level, in a restoration project along a section be completed in summer 2007. of Hylebos Creek that has a freshwater tidal hydrograph. Several vegetation plots were installed, each containing a SS.9 Greater Sage Grouse: Habitat single species of Sitka willow, red-osier dogwood, or black Requirements and Management Strategies twinberry, in three stock types: containerized seedlings, SS.9.1 An if Overview of Greater Sage Grouse in the bare root seedlings, and livestakes, to compare survival Columbia Basin rates of each species against the other at each elevation, Michael Livingston, Washington Department of and to compare survival of the different stock types within Fish and Wildlife each species. The red-osier dogwood did not survive, Michael Schroeder, Washington Department of and the reason is unclear. Sitka willow survived well at Fish and Wildlife all elevations, in all stock types. At the higher elevations, containerized and bare root black twinberry was the Historic range of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus most successful. Sitka willow is more tolerant of constant urophasianus) in the Columbia Basin encompassed inundation than black twinberry, and may be the most northcentral Oregon, central and eastern Washington, appropriate species choice for when there is an uncertain and southern British Columbia. The species range was or dramatically fluctuating hydrograph. closely tied to the distribution of sagebrush (Artemisia sp.). Approximately 8% of historic range is currently occupied WL.8.4 Oyster Restoration at Woodard Bay, in Washington while the Columbia Basin populations Henderson Inlet, WA in Oregon and British Columbia are extirpated. Current Betsy Lyons, The Nature Conservancy range is limited to two relatively isolated populations Brian Allen, Puget Sound Restoration Fund in Washington. One population occupies primarily Betsy Peabody, Puget Sound Restoration Fund private land in northcentral Washington and the other Jacques White, The Nature Conservancy occupies the U.S. Army’s Yakima Training Center in Once prolific throughout Puget Sound, Olympia oysters southcentral Washington. Conversion of native shrub (Ostreola conchaphila) declined significantly in the early steppe for agriculture contributed most significantly to 1900s and are now a restoration target. Suitable habitat habitat loss. Overgrazing, sagebrush removal for livestock (hard substrate) is thought to be a primary limiting factor forage enhancement, and large-scale wildfire influenced for recovery in areas where small remnant populations degradation of remaining habitat. Concomitant with range are found. This project will test whether providing contraction has been a steady decline in population size. suitable habitat (oyster cultch) in the vicinity of breeding An estimated 77% reduction in population size occurred populations of oysters will enhance natural recruitment between 1960 and 1999. The 2006 spring population and survival. The approach taken represents a trend estimate was 790 representing an additional 28% decline moving away from direct seeding of oysters to enhancing since 1999. Likely as a result of population isolation,
60 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors genetic diversity is substantially lower in Washington sage almost exclusively during the first few days after hatching; grouse compared to healthy populations in other states. forbs become a common dietary component thereafter. Sage grouse were listed as threatened in Washington in Chicks deprived of insects exhibit reduced growth rates 1998 and became candidates for listing under the federal and low survival. Endangered Species Act in 2001. Conservation efforts to date have included completion of a state recovery plan, SS.9.3 Sage Grouse Habitat Management Guidelines: the Importance of Scale and Variance development of a Habitat Conservation Plan, habitat protection and restoration, and land acquisition. Also, Christian Hagen, Oregon Department of Fish translocations of sage-grouse from healthy populations and Wildlife have recently been initiated to augment the south central Michael Schroeder, Washignton Department of population and reintroduce sage-grouse to the Yakama Fish and Wildlife Reservation. John Connelly, Idaho Department of Fish and Wildlife SS.9.2 Greater Sage-grouse: Life History and Habitat Guidelines for the management of greater and Gunnison Requirements sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus and C. minimus) Michael Gregg, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service populations and habitats were published in 2000. These This literature review provides an overview of basic guidelines have focused attention on the interface life history traits and habitat requirements of greater between sage grouse habitat needs and management sage grouse. It is the foundation for the remaining objectives for western rangelands. However, two questions presentations in the sage grouse session. Sage grouse have been raised regarding the guidelines: 1) what is are classified as sagebrush obligates because of their the appropriate spatial scale to which the guidelines dependence on sagebrush habitats for survival and should be applied, and 2) do the guidelines represent reproduction. Sagebrush provides the primary source of the range of natural variability in sagebrush (Artemisia food and cover for sage grouse during winter and may be spp.) communities? We examined issues of scale as it the only vegetative component necessary to describe winter pertains to implementing these guidelines for habitat habitat. Nests typically are located under sagebrush and management. The localized scale of research on nest sites nest success declines when nests are located under other has sometimes been difficult to extrapolate to the relatively shrubs. Primary brood-rearing areas are sagebrush uplands. broad scale at which most habitat management activities However, herbaceous vegetation and the associated are conducted. Additionally, the difference between the arthropods in sagebrush stands play an equally critical role scale of sage-grouse habitat selection at nest sites and the for reproduction and survival of sage grouse, particularly scale of management activities increases the importance from the pre-laying to the late brood-rearing periods. of variance measurements of habitat characteristics. Using There are three distinct phases during reproduction meta-analytic techniques, we re-evaluated previous research where forbs and grasses are essential components of sage conducted on greater sage-grouse nest sites to gain insight grouse habitat: pre-laying, nesting, and brood-rearing. into the appropriate scale of habitat selection by grouse The pre-laying period encompasses approximately the as well as the variances associated with nesting habitats. five week period that immediately precedes incubation. Preliminary results indicated that selectivity of nesting Dietary protein obtained from forbs is important during habitat is particularly intense in the immediately vicinity of this period for egg production and chick survival. Sage the nest bowl, but that relative selectively within a habitat grouse nest initiation and renesting rates may be enhanced patch declines as distance from the nest site increases. when hens consume forbs before incubation. Herbaceous We discuss the importance of sagebrush overstory and vegetation in sagebrush stands provides a critical herbaceous understory to breeding habitats and suggest component of sage grouse nesting habitat. Tall herbaceous that appropriate identification and management of vegetation surrounding sage grouse nests increases the habitat patches may require more information than the likelihood of nest success. Insects and forbs are critical characteristics of habitat in the immediate vicinity of nest dietary components of juvenile sage grouse and influence sites. growth and survival. Insects are consumed
61 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SS.9.4 Linking Occurrence and Fitness to Persistence: restoration and conservation ecologists; however, existing Habitat-based Approach for Endangered classifications, site descriptions and many published Greater Sage Grouse plot data have not been synthesized in a cohesive Cameron Aldridge, Colorado State University manner to date. This paper summarizes the current and US Geological Survey vegetation classification of Garry oak communities, their Mark Boyce, University of Alberta conservation ranks, associated flora and their use in Detailed empirical models predicting both species developing restoration targets or evaluating restoration occurrence and fitness across a landscape are necessary to projects. Oregon white oak in the Pacific Northwest is understand processes related to population persistence. a major component of three ecological system types as Failure to consider both occurrence and fitness may result described by NatureServe: North Pacific Oak Woodlands, in incorrect assessments of habitat importance leading to Willamette Valley Upland Prairie and Savanna and inappropriate management strategies. We took a two- the East Cascades Oak-Ponderosa Pine Forest and stage approach to identifying critical nesting and brood- Woodland. Oak is a dominant or co-dominant canopy rearing habitat for the endangered Greater Sage Grouse tree of 14 described associations located primarily west (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Alberta at a landscape scale. of the Cascades and 10 described associations east of the First, we used logistic regression to develop spatial models Cascades. Additionally, it is a component of undescribed predicting the relative probability of use (occurrence) shrub fields and riparian vegetation near the hot, dry for Sage Grouse nests and broods. Secondly, we used limits of its range where sampling and classification Cox proportional hazards survival models to identify the is less developed. Dominant understories vary from most risky habitats across the landscape. We combined deciduous shrubs to perennial and annual herbaceous these two approaches to identify Sage Grouse habitats species with floristic affinitites to Pacific conifer forest that pose minimal risk of failure (source habitats) and to shrubsteppe vegetation. Identifying differences and attractive sink habitats that pose increased risk and similarities in Garry oak via plant community (ecological traps). Our models showed that Sage Grouse classifications provides a tool for restoration and select for heterogeneous patches of moderate sagebrush conservation ecologists to communicate across a wide cover (quadratic relationship) and avoid anthropogenic biogeography and expression of Garry oak ecosystems. edge habitat for nesting. Nests were more successful in FS.3.2 Synchronicity in Oregon White Oak Acorn heterogeneous habitats, but nest success was independent Production in the Pacific Northwest of anthropogenic features. Similarly, broods selected David Peter, US Forest Service Pacific Northwest heterogeneous high-productivity habitats with sagebrush Research Station while avoiding human developments, cultivated cropland, Constance Harrington, US Forest Service Pacific and high densities of oil wells. Chick mortalities tended Northwest Research Station to occur in proximity to oil and gas developments and along riparian habitats. Our habitat models identify areas Climatic and habitat effects on acorn production of protection priority and areas that require immediate in Oregon white oak were explored temporally and management attention to enhance recruitment to secure geographically using 1999 through 2006 acorn abundance the viability of this population. This novel approach to data from Vancouver Island, Washington and Oregon. habitat-based population viability modeling has merit for These data were stratified into Puget-Willamette Trough many species of concern. and Columbia Gorge-East Cascades (eastside) analysis areas, and then further stratified into moist and dry FS.3 Oregon White Oak Symposium: sites. Acorn production pattern between analysis areas Conservation and Restoration East of the and among years within analysis area was compared. Cascades Correlation analysis indicated relationships between FS.3.1 Comparison of Oregon White Oak Vegetation annual acorn production and monthly temperature Classifications in Washington or precipitation for the 15 months spanning floral Rex Crawford, Washington Natural Heritage initiation to acorn maturation. Acorn production peaked Program synchronously throughout the Pacific Northwest in 2004 Lisa Palazzi, Pacific Rim Soil & Water, Inc. and 2006 with 2005 a low year. Prior to 2004 there were geographic differences in acorn production pattern. Current vegetation classifications of Oregon white Puget-Willamette Trough acorn production was negatively oak or Garry oak (Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.) correlated with spring precipitation suggesting an adverse plant communities provide valuable information for effect on pollination and negatively correlated with winter 62 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors temperature suggesting importance of bud vernalization. FS.3.4 Ecological Restoration of a Garry Oak/Douglas Xeric eastside acorn production positively correlated Fir Woodland: Site History and Restoration with precipitation in February and June suggesting Prescription potential drought effects, but was negatively correlated Peter Dunwiddie, The Nature Conservancy in March suggesting the importance of a dry “window” Jonathan Bakker, University of Washington for pollination. Although June precipitation positively Carson Sprenger, University of Washington correlated with the current crop, it negatively correlated Mitchell Almaguer-Bay, University of Washington with the next crop suggesting a climatically mediated Garry oak (Quercus garryana)/Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga depression of one crop by the previous crop. Oregon white menziesii) woodlands are relatively uncommon and of oak masting is similar to that in other white oaks, but significant conservation interest in the Pacific Northwest. is strongly mediated by post-floral induction weather in Conservation of remaining woodlands benefits from the several ways. Findings from this study suggest a biological development of a restoration prescription based on a basis for predicting acorn production potential both clear understanding of site history. We used fire history, temporally and geographically. forest inventory, and dendrochronological methods to examine the overstory in a woodland on Waldron Island, FS.3.3 Ecological Change and Challenges in the Recovery of the Western Gray Squirrel (Sciurus Washington. Prior to Euro-American settlement in the griseus) in Washington. 1880s, an open woodland/savanna was maintained by Mary Linders, Washington Department of Fish surface fires with a mean return interval of 7.4 years. and Wildlife Historical stand structure was roughly 100 trees/ha, with W Matthew Vander Haegen, Washington a ratio of < 1:1 Douglas fir:Garry oak stems. The oldest Department of Fish and Wildlife surviving individuals of both species are ~300 years old. A large pulse of Douglas fir established during the latter Unique habitat types and differences in population size half of the 20th century, particularly during the 1970s. and density make recovery of Washington’s three western As a result, the stand contained 999 trees/ha and a 10:1 gray squirrel populations a complex and challenging task. Douglas fir:Garry oak ratio in 2006. The young Douglas Forest management and fire history as well as current fir were overtopping the Garry oaks and increasing the practices actively influence habitat potential on the mortality of this rare ecosystem component. Based on existing landscape. The western gray squirrel has often these data, we developed a restoration prescription to been portrayed as an oak obligate, but acorn production retain all Garry oaks while cutting and burning many can be spotty and in many years poor. Squirrels also (93%) of the young Douglas fir. This treatment released occur more than 100 miles beyond the northernmost the oaks and should increase their survival while creating oaks. Over the past decade trapping and radio telemetry potential sites for oak regeneration. Future management have been used throughout the state to identify factors will focus on restoring understory components of this that may be limiting the species in Washington. Squirrels system and potentially on reintroducing surface fire since were tracked several times weekly and locations were it was a significant process historically. obtained by homing. Habitat was sampled at individual animal locations and at the stand and home range level. WL.9 From the Ground Up: Ecological Data analyses include home range estimates, habitat Restoration Design, Implementation, and associations, population density estimates, and population Valuation vital signs. An abundance of large-seeded mast is the WL.9.1 Comparison of Intensive Site Preparation single most important feature of high quality habitat as Treatments for Riparian Restoration in Western it conditions animals for breeding. Females are situated Montana to take maximum advantage of food resources, while Thomas Parker, Geum Environmental males are situated to take maximum advantage of access Consulting, Inc to females. Mast resources at the northern extent of the Russell Sydnor, Confederated Salish and species range are few and include Oregon white oak, Kootenai Tribes ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and big-leaf maple. Pine Sarah Flynn, Geum Environmental Consulting, seed is a valuable food source, and the evergreen canopy Inc. provides nest protection and escape cover. Low population densities appear to be related to limited food supplies in Many western Montana riparian systems have been forests that have been greatly altered from their historic converted from tree- and shrub-dominated systems to condition. agricultural systems comprising non-native or invasive 63 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors grasses and weeds. Restoration projects aimed at re- differing life histories, establishment rates, and functional establishing native woody vegetation in these systems roles of over 65 native plant species. Techniques were must include mechanisms to suppress competition evaluated based on two vegetative measures, percent from undesired grasses and weeds while shrubs and cover and species richness; data were collected during the trees become re-established. The Jocko River restoration second growing season after planting. We have found that project on the Flathead Indian Reservation near Arlee, using ecological principles to inform site preparation and Montana, will ultimately include several hundred acres of seeding strategies is a key element of successful wet prairie riparian restoration. In 2004, we began a study to compare restoration. effectiveness of four site preparation treatments intended to suppress grasses and weeds while promoting growth WL.9.3 Protection and Restoration of Buffers During Construction and survival of planted native shrubs and trees. The four treatments were solarization with continuous black Doug Gresham, Otak woven polyethylene; bark mulch over linerboard; bark Local agencies establish the width of stream and wetland mulch without linerboard; and three-foot square brush buffers, and protecting those buffers during construction blankets. Two years of data from one restoration site show is essential. Construction actions can have a myriad of significant growth and survival differences between the unintended impacts to buffer structure and functions. treatments in general. In addition, different tree and shrub Understanding what to expect during construction can species responded differently to different treatments. inform how permit conditions and plan specifications are This study is part of an effectiveness monitoring program written. I will describe the stages of construction and how intended to support adaptive management of this the presence of an on-site biologist can help protect stream long-term restoration effort. While these early results and wetland buffers. For example, overseeing the flagging are significant enough to support decisions to refine of clearing limits and installation of temporary erosion future restoration techniques, they also pose interesting control features prior to site clearing is essential. During hypotheses and opportunities for future research to isolate construction, the biologist can prevent unauthorized the causes of observed differences in growth and survival. intrusions into buffers, and direct the contractor to correct minor problems before they result in serious WL.9.2 Applying Ecological Principles to Achieve Self- buffer impacts. Even when there are detailed plans and Sustaining Wet Prairie Restorations a biologist is onsite conducting inspections, unintended Jean Jancaitis, City of Eugene buffer impacts can occur. I will illustrate some common Eric Wold, City of Eugene consequences of construction and some outright failures Emily Steel, City of Eugene that might have been avoided with more restrictive permit A goal of many wetland restoration projects is to achieve conditions. These impacts include erosion, tree blow diverse native plant communities which are sustainable down, temporary utility crossings, and altering drainage in the long-term; in practice this is rarely achieved. Using pathways. Restoration of these construction-related buffer ecological principles such as assembly rules and succession, impacts involve removing sediment deposits, clearing the West Eugene Wetlands Program has implemented an downed trees, minor grading to repair heavy equipment innovative approach to wet prairie restoration. Focusing damage, correcting drainage problems, and installing on site preparation and a strategic seeding regime, this native plants. In addition, many local agencies allow buffer approach produces the desired result of high diversity and averaging to balance buffer gives and takes. Enhancement abundance of native species, low non-native cover, and of additional buffer areas to compensate for buffer loss can resistance to invasion by non-native species. We compared improve the functions of degraded upland buffers. This site preparation techniques and seeding methods used on may involve improving soil conditions, covering disturbed 22 projects between 1994 and 2004 to a case study of a ground with wood chips, and supplemental planting of different approach used on the Dragonfly Bend project native species. between 2004 and 2006. Projects between 1994 and 2004 employed solarization, sod removal, or fill removal as the site preparation technique, followed by a single seeding during the fall. In contrast, the Dragonfly Bend project utilized a no-till site preparation regime consisting of multiple herbicide applications combined with broadcast and no-till drill seeding that occurred over a two-year period. This multi-year seeding regime incorporates the 64 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
WL.9.4 Ecosystem Services Markets – Providing SS.10 Greater Sage Grouse: Habitat Incentives for Conservation and Restoration in Requirements and management Strategies the Pacific Northwest (Continued) Jan Cassin, Parametrix, Inc. Kenna Halsey, Parametrix, Inc. SS.10.1 Framework for Describing and Assessing Sage- Grouse Habitat at Multiple Scales Ecological restoration faces significant challenges: Signe Sather-Blair, US Bureau of Land competition for funding, rapid development rates, Management escalating land prices, and limited suitable sites. Michelle Commons-Kemner, Idaho Department Population growth and pressures for economic of Fish and Game development make it more and more difficult to keep Tom Rinkes, US Bureau of Land Management pace with impacts. The extractable goods from natural Alexis Carroll, US Bureau of Land Management ecosystems (timber, gravel, water) have always had market value, but the equally important ecosystem services (clean Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and water, flood mitigation, biodiversity, carbon sequestration) Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus), North provided by intact, functioning systems are not currently America’s largest grouse species, inhabit shrubland valued by most markets. This lack of market value hides or shrub steppe landscapes dominated by sagebrush the societal costs of impacts to, and ignores the benefits (Artemisia spp.). Widespread habitat losses, degradation, of, functioning ecosystems. Market mechanisms that and fragmentation, including those from anthropogenic provide financial reward for environmental stewardship sources have significantly reduced the habitat and and restoration (e.g., tradeable credits for conservation range of these species, causing population declines. easements, mitigation banking, tradeable development Sage-grouse utilize habitats over large landscapes that credits, biodiversity offsets, payments for ecosystem require procedures to be designed that describe habitat services) show great promise around the world for at more than one geographic or spatial scale. Habitat achieving conservation and restoration results. Such descriptions needed for large populations occurring in markets require ways of measuring ecosystem services, broad landscapes are much different than those needed understanding the linkages between ecosystem conditions at the site scale. In addition, broader scale information and the quality/quantity of ecosystem services, and is essential for framing the habitat context of finer scale landscape level, spatially explicit inventories of ecosystem descriptions. The Greater Sage-grouse Comprehensive services. Science-based accounting methods for measuring Conservation Strategy identified the need for evaluating units of ecosystem services can address a number of these spatial and temporal variation of important components needs. Critical issues in the development of accounting of sage-grouse habitat and for developing procedures for tools for PNW ecosystems are discussed in the context of describing those habitats across the range of sage-grouse. methods for freshwater and marine aquatic systems and To meet these needs, the Framework for Describing and salmonids: tradeoffs between the complexity of natural Assessing Sage-Grouse Habitat at Multiple Scales will systems and the simplicity needed in a practical tool; provide five parts: (1) a decision-support tool evaluating establishing consensus among multiple stakeholders, and actions affecting habitat, (2) descriptions of ecological incorporating spatial scale and landscape context. Despite processes pertinent to spatial and temporal scales of the challenges, accounting methods that allow debiting interest for managing sage-grouse habitat, (3) descriptions and crediting for multiple ecosystem services have great of habitat attributes and associated indicators for scales potential for supporting market-based incentives for of interest, (4) suggestions for integrating and using conservation and restoration. habitat descriptions across scales, (5) directions for data collection and interpretation with data forms, (6) technical guidance for applications of the Framework and (7) term definitions.
65 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
SS.10.2 Effective Management Strategies for Sage nesting habitat at broad spatial scales, emphasizing Grouse and Sagebrush: A Question of Triage? landscape and plant community heterogeneity and nest- Michael Wisdom, Pacific Northwest Research site selection. In this study, Geographic Information Station Systems and high-resolution aerial photography were Mary Rowland, Pacific Northwest Research utilized to delineate landscape and plant community Station heterogeneity. Vegetation maps, topographic data, and Robin Tausch, USDA Forest Service Rocky nest site locations were identified within a 10-km area Mountain Research Station surrounding a lek located at Hart Mountain National Habitat management for Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocercus Antelope Refuge, Oregon. Coordinates of bird nest urophasianus) is at a crossroads. Threats to the species’ sites were recorded between 1990 and 2003. Ecological habitats are diverse, pervasive, and difficult to overcome. models were developed using NPMR and Maximum Habitat loss continues, appears to be accelerating, and has Entropy statistical modeling for predicting Sage Grouse not been addressed with adequate management resources nesting habitat across the study area. Highest probability at sufficient scales to reverse the trend. Moreover, no of nesting occurred on east-facing slopes in big sagebrush- one has formally assessed the degree to which former antelope bitterbrush dominated stands, in close proximity habitats can be restored or current habitats can be to surface water sources. Probability maps can assist land maintained across the species’ geographic range. A formal and resource managers in identifying sites that have high understanding of the potential for habitat restoration nesting potential and improve habitat conservation and versus that for habitat maintenance, particularly for restoration strategies where Sage Grouse occur. various types of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), is essential in SS.10.4 Sage Grouse Habitat Restoration: A Context developing range-wide management strategies that have a for Management of Large-Scale, Complex high probability of reversing the trend of habitat loss and Problems degradation. Consequently, we characterized habitats for Chad Boyd, USDA Agricultural Research Service Greater Sage Grouse across its range to better understand these potentials. Specifically, we characterized sagebrush Management of Sage Grouse habitat is a complex issue cover types by their estimated resistance and resiliency involving biological resources that vary in both space in relation to human disturbances, using broad-scale and time, and is made difficult by increasing societal proxy variables of elevation and precipitation. Results expectations. Meeting these expectations requires indicated high variability in the resistance and resiliency a conservation model that embraces the dynamic of sagebrush habitats to human disturbances. Our biological and societal contexts. Adaptive conservation results have direct implications for species’ conservation helps meet these challenges by providing a framework planning, specifically in relation to the question of how for effective partnerships and organizing management limited management resources can most effectively be used efforts into planning, doing and learning phases that help to mitigate continued loss of sagebrush habitats. management progress in the face of uncertainty. Adaptive conservation efforts are hampered by several factors. SS.10.3 Heterogeneity of Sage Grouse Habitat: First, management agencies often organize activities into Predicting Nesting Habitat at Broad Spatial discrete programs and these efforts often treat knowledge Scales acquisition as a point-in-time event compared to the Steven Petersen, Brigham Young University continual (adaptive) learning process needed to solve Rick Miller, Oregon State University complex problems. Point-in-time knowledge acquisition Michael Gregg, US Fish and Wildlife Service can result in administratively successful programs with Andrew Yost, Oregon Department of Forestry little “on the ground” effect. Addressing this problem Declining trends in Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocercus involves reprioritizing agency focus from programmatic urophasianus) distribution throughout the Intermountain to biological success. Secondly, a wide array of partners is West associated with habitat loss within the sagebrush needed to implement large-scale adaptive management. biome has necessitated research for understanding habitat Effective maintenance of this partner network is requirements across heterogeneous landscapes. Most of predicated on sufficient levels of trust between partners. the current research on Sage Grouse nesting habitat has Building that relationship involves active commitments focused primarily on plant composition and structure of from all partners to establish the tradition of interaction the plant community immediately surrounding nest sites. needed to cultivate meaningful levels of trust. Lastly, The purpose of this research has been to characterize the complexity of present-day sage-grouse habitat issues creates a pressing need to distill relevant research into 66 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors actionable management alternatives. Linking what we Cascade Mountains to protect critical salmon habitat and learn with what we do will benefit from a renewed interest upland oak woodland habitat benefiting a wide variety of in producing management-oriented synthesis papers and a species including the western gray squirrel. Management of collective effort by researchers to identify the most elegant the site over the past 150 years included fire suppression approaches for addressing management issues. and livestock grazing. It is hypothesized that these land FS.4 Oak Woodland Symposium uses have resulted in significantly more dense woodland with a corresponding loss of open tree structure, loss of FS.4.1 Re-introduction of Management within Oregon oak trees from conifer encroachment, and conversion of White Oak (Quercus garryana) Forest Cover the understory to an annual grass dominated community. Everett Isaac, Yakama Nation As part of the conservation stewardship of the site, Oregon white oak forest cover type is a valuable Columbia Land Trust initiated an effort to restore historic community providing countless values to a wide variety oak woodland characteristics through thinning and of wildlife species. This community is overlooked due to conifer removal. Additionally, an experimental approach its limited commercial value and as a result of over 70 to understory restoration has been initiated to include a years of fire exclusion has experienced deviations from combination of trial treatments using herbicides, fire and its historical fire-adapted stand conditions. As a result seeding. Still in its infancy, our work has primarily been of wildland fire hazard reduction projects, treatments focused on dry oak woodland sites where re-establishing within this forest cover type are now economically feasible. native bunch grasses and native forbs is the desired goal. Three sites were selected on the Yakama Reservation to Preliminary results suggest that fire, as a site preparation have Wildland Urban Interface and Hazardous Fuels method, may be the most effective, but involves permit Reduction projects conducted within Oregon white oak problems. Other methods, such as hydro-seedling and cover type. Stands vary from pure oak and scrub oak to tilling are likewise difficult to implement. Preliminary stands with an overstory component of only Douglas- observations and data suggest that establishing the fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and/or ponderosa pine (Pinus understory is not as easy as it may appear. New ideas and ponderosa). In addition to wildland fire hazard mitigation techniques need to be explored and developed. measures, wildlife values were included within treatment FS.4.3 Oregon White Oak Symposium - Conservation prescriptions parameters. These projects focused on and Restoration East of the Cascades thinning from below, thereby reducing ladder fuels, Reese Lolley, The Nature Conservancy of while retaining larger oak trees. Each of the sites had Washington a combination of treatments; thin/pile burning, thin/ mastication and thin/jackpot burning. Post data collection The Oregon White Oak Symposium will provide a has not been conducted, however photos have been forum on the conservation and restoration of Oregon taken pre- and post-treatment for monitoring purposes. white oak with a focus on the eastside of the Cascade Sprouting occurred immediately following thinning/ Mountain Range. Oregon white oak communities are of pile burning, however thin/jackpot burning had a two significant conservation interest because of their limited year delay in sprouting. Understory vegetation within range and wide faunal use. A 40 minute moderated the thin/jackpot burning has increased noticeably due panel and participant discussion will follow speakers. to the burning of leaf/litter accumulation in addition Presentations and the panel discussion will comprise to decreasing crown cover by thinning. Crowns have three themes: 1) differences between eastside and westside responded to the thinning, resulting in growth and communities- community and disturbance ecology. How expansion. Preliminary results indicate that wildland might these differences affect restoration strategies? fire hazard can be reduced while maintaining or even 2) discuss approaches, lessons learned, and questions enhancing stand vigor. outstanding in active restoration projects; and 3) identify key knowledge gaps relevant to the conservation and FS.4.2 Oak Woodland Restoration with Emphasis on restoration of east Cascade Oregon white oak systems. In the Understory Restoration addition to providing a forum for restoration practitioners Darin Stringer, Columbia Land Trust and researchers to present latest finding, this symposium Ian Sinks, Columbia Land Trust is intended to develop a stronger network among Oregon Robin Dobson, USDA Forest Service white oak restoration practitioners, as well as identifying In 2001 Columbia Land Trust acquired 580 acres along management, conservation, and research needs. the Klickitat River located on the eastern side of the
67 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
WL.10 Riparian Enhancements to Improve Fish WL.10.2 Using Riparian Proper Functioning Condition and Wildlife Habitat Assessment Process for Successful Collaborative Watershed Management in Northern Nevada WL.10.1 PUD Bar Project, Grays River, Washington, Kent McAdoo, University of Nevada Cooperative Habitat Restoration and Development Extension Russ Lawrence, PACE Engineers Sherm Swanson, University of Nevada Chris James, Tetra Tech Cooperative Extension Reach-scale fish densities responded to restoration efforts Agee Smith, Cottonwood Ranch in a large (> 3200 cfs bankfull flow) coastal region river. Since 1996, riparian area functionality has been a major The project was developed to stabilize and restore aquatic focus of collaborative resource stewardship efforts on a habitat in an unstable reach of a coastal region river. The northern Nevada cattle ranch. The Cottonwood Ranch, project used standard and innovative stone and wood including integrated private, BLM, and U.S. Forest structures to develop habitat diversity. Reach-scale fish Service lands, has been managed for the last 11 years densities were monitored on-site pre- and post-construction by a team approach involving representatives from the and at an off-site control site to quantify fish response to ranch family, land management and regulatory agencies, project implementation. The design focused on reduction recreationists, and environmental interest groups. Three of bank erosion and restoration of aquatic habitat years after making livestock management changes designed elements that were identified as limiting factors for listed to improve riparian zone functionality, the Nevada salmonid species in the project reach. Aquatic habitat Riparian Cadre and Cottonwood Ranch team members elements were inventoried pre-construction, immediately conducted a riparian proper functioning condition (PFC) post-construction, and after the first full spawning season. assessment of the trout streams flowing through the ranch. Fish densities were determined from snorkel surveys The evaluation showed that 13.5 miles of stream were completed pre-construction, immediate post-construction, functioning properly, 19.3 miles were at risk, and 1.1 miles and after the first full spawning season. The habitat were non-functioning. Approximately 75% of the “at risk” elements were stable through the first winter season in reaches were judged to be in an upward trend, a result of spite of repeated flooding events and flood flows of more team-directed management actions. The PFC assessment than five times greater than the bankfull design flow. also provided strong clues for additional management The experimental log jam has recruited LWD elements changes and monitoring. Some reaches needed grazing in a system documented as wood deficient. Experimental management that favors willows. Other reaches lacked LWD elements introduced into pools resulting from the fine soil needed for eventually gaining stabilizing the work have proven successful in further developing herbaceous vegetation, and some needed to expand a habitat complexity. Fish species diversity and density has flood channel after recent incision. Since the assessment, shown dramatic increases over pre-project conditions. A many stream reaches have responded favorably to changes carefully designed coastal region river restoration project in the timing and duration of livestock grazing, leading using stone and wood structural elements can successfully to conditions for successful establishment of willows sustain and improve aquatic habitat features, and and herbaceous stabilizers. Current riparian monitoring influence diversity and density among fish species. focuses on specific “at risk” reaches and their needed attributes using a combination of photos, greenline composition, woody species regeneration, and/or width between stabilized banks.
68 Concurrent Sessions—Abstracts & Authors
WL.10.4 Restoring Urban Riparian Habitat to Increase Neotropical Migratory Songbird Habitat and Control European Starlings Lori Hennings, Portland Metro Regional Government Riparian plant and bird communities change along an urban gradient in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan region, and previous studies have demonstrated a negative relationship between long-distance (Neotropical) migratory songbirds and urbanization. In 2003 I surveyed winter and spring birds and habitat at 24 riparian study sites in the Portland, Oregon, area to test for seasonal differences in bird-habitat relationships. I focused on species richness, diversity and abundance for three bird guilds: non-natives (European Starlings), resident/short distance migrants, and Neotropical migrants. The starling count went down with more tree cover, up with more non-native shrub cover, and up with more urban residential cover in both seasons. Winter bird diversity increased with conifer cover. Winter, but not spring, species richness increased along a rural-to-urban residential gradient - but not along a commercial-industrial gradient. In contrast, Neotropical migrants showed negative relationships with any type of urbanization as well as non-native shrub cover, but positive relationships with native shrub cover. Adding trees and native shrubs and removing non-native shrubs appear to improve Neotropical migrant habitat value and control starlings, and may help offset the impacts of urbanization on sensitive bird species. Planting conifers may improve winter habitat for native birds.
69 Poster—AbstractsList of Poster Numbers & Authors
List of Posters P20 Effects of Mowing on the Fender’s Blue Butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) and Its Host P01 Using Forest Product Residuals to Overcome Plant, Kincaid’s Lupine (Lupinus sulphureus Abiotic Thresholds to Riparian Forest ssp. kincaidii): Implications for Conservation Restoration of a Gravel Mine in North Management Cascades National Park, Washington P21 Townsend’s Ground Squirrel Control at the Yakima P02 Steelhead Movements and Wetland Management Training Center, Southcentral Washington at Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge P22 Amphibian and Avian Monitoring in Habitat P03 If You Build It, Will They come? A Meta-analysis of Restoration Efforts: a Volunteer-mediated Several Spring-dominated Stream Restoration Approach Efforts in the Upper Klamath Basin. P23 Why Track Plant Phenology? A Case Study from P04 Riparian Habitat Assessment on the Yakima the Zumwalt Prairie Preserve Training Center P24 Bonneville Environmental Foundation Model P05 Defining Riparian Restoration Goals in a Pueblo Watershed Program Indian Community P25 Development of a Site-specific Restoration P07 Washington State Stream Habitat Restoration Monitoring Methodology with Tribal Member Guidelines Involvement P08 Influence of Habitat Restoration on Wenatchee P26 Application of the Alaska Interim Regional Spring Chinook Supplement: problematic vegetation and soils P09 Advancing the Art and Science of Watershed P27 The Permitting Process and Environmental Management Regulations for Wetlands and Waters of P10 Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority: Oregon Coordinating Wildlife Efforts through the P29 Biodiversity Strategy for the Gangwon Province in Wildlife Advisory Committee South Korea P11 The Healing Hand of Time: Native Species Replace Introduced Grass Cultivars Seeded Following Wildfire P12 Testing Non-native Seed Mixes and Straw Mulch Depths for Road Decommissioning P13 Terrestrial Mollusks and Millipedes as Potential Disturbance Indicators of Timber Harvest Activities P14 A Regional Strategy for Restoration of National Forests and Grasslands in the Pacific Northwest P15 Identifying Early Warning Indicators of Climate Change Impacts on Vegetation on the East Slope of the Cascades P16 Monitoring Upland Rehabilitation Success at Yakima Training Center, Washington P17 Do the Ecological Consequences of Past Cultivation in the Zumwalt Prairie of Northeastern Oregon Warrant Active Restoration? P18 Sagebrush Restoration on the Yakima Training Center, Washington, 1996-2005 P19 Preliminary Observations of Wildlife Diversity and Abundance in Remnant Shrub-steppe and Bunchgrass Habitat in South-Central Walla Walla County, Washington 70 Poster—Abstracts & Authors
P01 Using Forest Product Residuals to Overcome manipulation. Toppenish Creek supports Mid-Columbia Abiotic Thresholds to Riparian Forest River steelhead, which are listed as threatened under Restoration of a Gravel Mine in North the Federal Endangered Species Act. Concerned about Cascades National Park, Washington wetland management impacts to steelhead, Refuge Rodney Pond, University of Washington, Seattle staff and U.S. Geological Survey researchers began Sean Smukler, University of California, Davis investigating juvenile steelhead use of Refuge wetland Kelly Sutton, University of Washington, Seattle units. During spring 2002-2004, we tagged steelhead with Transporting soil amendments to remote restoration Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags (n = 1,304) to sites can be prohibitively expensive. Alternatively, local investigate passage through one or both of two wetland organic residuals can be utilized to promote revegetation units (Unit 3A and Unit 3B). Steelhead were trapped, on sites with poor edaphic conditions at significantly PIT tagged, and released at the unit entrances. We also lower cost. The objective of this experiment was to test trapped, tagged, and released juvenile steelhead at the Unit the efficacy of locally sourced organic amendments for 3B exit, which feeds into Toppenish Creek. Detections the restoration of riparian forest to an abandoned gravel at facilities on the Yakima and Columbia Rivers gauged mine in North Cascades National Park along Goodell performance from each release site. Each year, frequency Creek, a salmon-bearing tributary of the Skagit River. of downstream detection for steelhead that traversed Unit In the fall of 2001, organic residuals produced from the 3B only (mean = 40.2%) and steelhead from the Unit 3B local forest industry and mulches processed from nearby exit (mean = 40.7%) was about twice that of steelhead plant residues were applied to the gravel mine, then that traversed both Unit 3A and Unit 3B (mean = 15.5%). seeded with an understory native species mix and planted Travel times to the first downstream detection site (72 with seedlings of three native riparian tree species; black km downstream) were equivalent for steelhead from the cottonwood (Populus balsamifera), red alder (Alnus rubra), one-wetland and two-wetland routes (means = 5.5 and and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii). Initial results 5.1 days). Strategies to reduce or eliminate impacts to showed slight differences between mulch treatments in steelhead are being implemented by Refuge staff. terms of understory plant establishment, non-native plant P03 If You Build It, Will They come? A Meta-analysis of invasion and edaphic conditions however after four years Several Spring-dominated Stream Restoration these differences were undetectable. After four years the Efforts in the Upper Klamath Basin. amendment treatments resulted in highly significant Robert Parrish, US Fish and Wildlife Service differences in both tree growth and soil conditions. The Andy Hamilton, Bureau of Land Management rate of tree growth in the amended plots was as much as William Tinniswood, Oregon Department of Fish three times that of the unamended sites. Soil carbon in the and Wildlife amended plots was six times greater at the surface depths Shannon Peterson, Klamath Basin Rangeland (0-15cm) and almost double at deeper depths (15-30cm) Trust than unamended plots. Vegetation and soil results from the first year of the study will be compared with those after Numerous restoration efforts have occurred in the Wood four years, and the implications for long term restoration and Williamson River drainages (OR) with varying degrees discussed. of success. Although limited empirical data exists, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the effectiveness of P02 Steelhead Movements and Wetland Management these projects to identify common elements of success at Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge and/or failure in spring-dominated streams with volcanic Ian Jezorek, U.S. Geological Survey soils. Projects were all intended to benefit redband Howard Browers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) but varied from simple gravel Molly Linville, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service augmentations to dam removal and complex channel James Petersen, U.S. Geological Survey reconstruction activities. These data indicate that most Patrick Connolly, U.S. Geological Survey projects exhibited an immediate, positive biological Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge was established in response, although long-term (>5 year) observations 1964 in Yakima County, Washington, to provide wetland suggest that benefits may not continue to be as substantial habitat for waterfowl and other birds. Wetlands are as was hoped and inter-annual variability appears flooded in late fall by diverting water from Toppenish significant. We determined that while these projects are Creek. Wetlands are managed for aquatic food production stable and continue to provide biological benefits, none with spring drawdowns and if needed, mechanical soil- utilized a reference approach to restoring natural channel form and require some level of ongoing maintenance. 71 Poster—Abstracts & Authors
The reasons for this vary in each case, but generally seem P05 Defining Riparian Restoration Goals in a Pueblo to be driven by: a) an overriding desire to improve short- Indian Community term biological function; b) a poor understanding of the Dave Morgan, La Calandria Associates, Inc. limiting factors and inter-annual variability affecting macro Mollie Walton, La Calandria Associates, Inc. populations of native fishes; c) designs that limit natural Frisco Abeyta, Ohkay Owingeh channel adjustment to reduce the risk of failure; and d) Steve Sandoval, Ohkay Owingeh a unique hydrogeologic regime that limits the natural Much of the Rio Grande in New Mexico has been replenishment of gravel substrate. These results underscore occupied by Indian communities for centuries, and is now that success criteria should not only be measured located within reservation boundaries. Tribal participation over short time-scales, but also emphasize long-term is crucial in restoring the river after severe alteration by geomorphic improvement. Future efforts in this watershed channelization, cessation of flooding, geomorphological can benefit from a clearer understanding of these tradeoffs disruption, lowered water tables, wildfires, and invasion prior to choosing objectives and recognize the importance by non-native trees. Riparian restoration at Ohkay of subtle geophysical differences at each site during the Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo) began in 1999 with design-phase. limited funding and sketchy restoration goals. As the tribe P04 Riparian Habitat Assessment on the Yakima contemplated eventual restoration of over 800 hectares Training Center of floodplain ecosystem along 16 kilometers of river, it Jennifer Lannoye, US Army Oak Ridge Institute became urgent to articulate both cultural and ecological for Science and Education restoration goals beyond “returning to natural conditions.” Alyssa Kelley, US Army Oak Ridge Institute for Restoration ecologists and Pueblo residents collaborated Science and Education to integrate eco-historical research with Pueblo cultural Tovah York, US Army Oak Ridge Institute for values to define restoration goals. Because there are no Science and Education undisturbed reference sites and no quantitative historical sampling data, other approaches were used. Information Riparian areas provide water, shelter, and food to from historical research, geomorphological analysis, terrestrial and aquatic species. These areas are particularly air photographs, and literature review was combined important in the shrub steppe of the Yakima Training with interviews of elders and existing Pueblo landscape Center (YTC) where yearly precipitation is low and memories and desires. Results were compiled to form a available water is limited. Prior to the mid-1990s, cattle composite vision of desired conditions (rather than an grazing and military training on YTC impacted riparian observed reference condition) applicable to an ecosystem areas, resulting in erosion, bank instability, a loss of that has included human residents for centuries. riparian vegetation and an increase in non-native weeds. Restoration goals have moved beyond restoration site Assessment methodology was developed to evaluate species composition and now include plans for restoring the condition and document the recovery of riparian the degraded river channel itself, and the disturbances that habitat on YTC. Seventeen creeks on YTC were assessed are the foundation of ecological function. The process of between the years of 1996-1998 and 2001-2003. Thirty- defining such culturally site-specific restoration goals can one stream morphology parameters were measured along be transferable to the Pueblos on the Rio Grande, and to with vegetation canopy cover, successional status, and other traditional communities and restoration situations. abundance of woody species along the creeks. There was a drastic decrease in sweetclover (Melilotus spp.) observed P07 Washington State Stream Habitat Restoration on many YTC creeks, particularly on intermittent creeks. Guidelines Vegetation sampling in ephemeral creeks showed an Michelle Cramer, Washington State Department increase in other non-native weeds, while intermittent of Fish and Wildlife creeks showed a reduction. Channel cover by vegetation The Stream Habitat Restoration Guidelines (SHRG) decreased in four intermittent and two ephemeral creeks. are part of a series of guidance documents produced Vegetation stability ratings remained constant, yet on two through the Aquatic Habitat Guidelines (AHG) program. intermittent creeks successional status decreased. Overall Aquatic Habitat Guidelines is a joint effort among trends indicate a state of recovery, which may prove state and federal resource management agencies in beneficial to species that depend on riparian corridors. Washington, which include the Washington Departments of Ecology, Fish and Wildlife, and Transportation, the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U. S. Army
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Corps of Engineers. The Aquatic Habitat Guidelines etc.) were used to develop the Bayesian models and some are designed to address the urgent need for increased Shiraz functions and to characterize variability. Other and broadly accepted technical guidance to ensure that Shiraz functions were taken from the literature on spring stream restoration efforts and watershed restoration Chinook. Preliminary output shows that restoration are strategic, ecologically appropriate, and optimize the actions increasing capacity (e.g., removing blockages to effective investment of public and private resources. good quality spawning and rearing habitat) and decreasing The Stream Habitat Restoration Guidelines emphasize summer water temperature and intragravel fines have the analyzing and characterizing physical and ecological greatest influence on Chinook population dynamics. We watershed processes, leading to process-based stream continue to test fish response to change in individual habitat restoration. Watersheds usually cover multiple habitat variables and hatchery policies (e.g., number of land ownerships and often complex patchworks of private wild fish taken for broodstock) and to evaluate variability and public lands latticed with networks of transportation with multiple model runs at each setting. infrastructure and utility easements. Planning stream restoration requires participation by the many different P09 Advancing the Art and Science of Watershed Management stakeholders in the watershed, leading to consensus for the work, which dramatically increases the likelihood of Charles Slaughter, University of Idaho success. These guidelines do not address the specifics of Bruce McGurk, Hetch Hetchy Water & Power public participation in watershed planning and stream “Restoration” of stream segments or specific land areas habitat restoration design, but focus primarily on the is undertaken within the context of a composite stream/ technical aspects of ecological process evaluation and landscape system -- a watershed. Actions implemented restoration design. The restoration techniques found in in one sector of a watershed, whether in a channel SHRG include channel modifications, off-channel habitat, reach, on a floodplain, or on an upland slope, may be riparian restoration, nutrient supplement, spawning gravel, inextricably linked with the larger stream/landscape instream structures, large wood, beaver re-introduction, continuum from headwaters to outlet. Toward the goal and several other techniques. The SHRG can be viewed at of broader understanding and application of sustainable http://www.wdfw.wa.gov/hab/ahg/. watershed concepts, the Watershed Management Council is dedicated to advancing the art and science of watershed P08 Influence of Habitat Restoration on Wenatchee management, promoting watershed policy discussion, and Spring Chinook encouraging proper land use practices. The Watershed Jon Honea, NOAA Fisheries Management Council accomplishes these goals through Jeff Jorgensen, NOAA Fisheries 1) providing a forum for the integration of knowledge Michelle McClure, NOAA Fisheries from a wide array of technical disciplines; 2) periodically Tom Cooney, NOAA Fisheries summarizing the state of knowledge and technologies Ray Hilborn, University of Washintgon of watershed management; 3) identifiing research needs Wenatchee spring Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and priorities; 4) encouraging appropriate policies and are one of three populations that make up the upper legislation relating to watershed management; 5) assisting Columbia spring Chinook ESU listed as endangered in implementing existing knowledge; 6) stimulating the in 1999. Our objective is to support recovery efforts transfer, interchange, and dissemination of current data by modeling salmon abundance, productivity, and and technology; 7) providing a forum for discussion distribution as these factors respond to alternative of social and economic ramifications of watershed scenarios of habitat change resulting from proposed management; and 8) promoting public awareness of the restoration actions. First, we used Bayesian model importance of sustainable watershed management. The averaging to predict habitat response (e.g., percent Watershed Management Council (www.watershed.org) is a fines, water temperature, percent cobble) to scenarios non-profit organization whose members represent a broad of landscape change (historical condition, current range of watershed management interests and disciplines. condition, 100% implementation of proposed restoration Membership includes professionals, students, teachers, actions, 33% implementation of restoration actions, and and individuals whose interest is in promoting proper continuation of current policies). The habitat responses watershed management. then were used as input to a stochastic spatially-explicit life-cycle model (Shiraz) linking habitat conditions to fish survivorship and capacity. Data collected from the Wenatchee basin by various sources (USGS, USFS, DOE, 73 Poster—Abstracts & Authors
P10 Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority: This paper reports the fate of non-native seeded grasses 31 Coordinating Wildlife Efforts through the years after a post-fire seeding in a grand fir forest on the Wildlife Advisory Committee east side of the north Cascade Mountains, Washington. Ken MacDonald, Columbia Basin Fish and In that region, catastrophic wildfires in Abies grandis/ Wildlife Authority Calamagrostis rubescens associations characteristically result Neil Ward, Columbia Basin Fish and Wildife in a flush of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) regeneration Authority that creates a dense tree monoculture. In the study, seven Michael Pope, Oregon Department of Fish and long-lived perennial grass cultivars were broadcast seeded Wildlife to prevent erosion, limit tree regeneration, and increase The Northwest Power and Conservation Council’s forage production for wildlife and livestock. Half of the (Council) Fish and Wildlife Program (Program) is based plots were fertilized with nitrogen during the first three on measures recommended by the federal and state fish years. Tree regeneration, cover of native and non-native and wildlife agencies and Indian tribes to protect, mitigate, species, and above-ground biomass were evaluated in and enhance fish and wildlife in the Columbia River Basin 1971, 1975, 1980, 1989, and 2001. The seeded species that have been affected by construction and operation of quickly established dominant cover with levels of biomass hydroelectric dams. Habitat acquisition, enhancement, production two to three times the level of unfertilized and management of acquired lands to mitigate for native species. Density of tree regeneration was inversely losses associated with inundation of habitat due to the correlated with perennial grass cover during the first 10 construction and operation of hydroelectric facilities (i.e., years. Then the seeded grasses gradually disappeared. Habitat Units lost) constitutes the focus of the wildlife In 15 to 20 years after the fire, native species regained component of the Program. Using the Habitat Evaluation dominance and after 30 years, the last remnants of the Procedure, a total of 404,567 Habitat Units have been non-native cultivars were gone, long before the tree canopy identified as “lost” in the Columbia River Basin due to the closed. A monoculture of lodgepole pine dominated the construction of hydroelectric facilities. Since the inception unseeded areas in contrast to a diverse mixture of native of the Program, a total of 206,549 Habitat Units have graminoids, forbs, shrubs and trees in the seeded areas. been acquired. Between 2001 and 2006, the Bonneville This study showed that non-native grasses seeded after Power Administration (BPA) spent $53.1 million (6% wildfires do not always persist and can serve as a transition of the total funds allocated for mitigation purposes) to to a diverse seral community. mitigate for losses associated with the construction of P12 Testing Non-native Seed Mixes and Straw Mulch hydroelectric facilities. The Columbia Basin Fish and Depths for Road Decommissioning Wildlife Authority (CBFWA), an organization consisting Robin Shoal, USDA Forest Service of the Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana fish Carol Aubry, USDA Forest Service and wildlife agencies, eleven Indian tribes, U.S. Fish Marty Chaney, USDA Natural Resources and Wildlife Service, and NOAA Fisheries, facilitates Conservation Service the coordination of the wildlife-oriented projects that Laura Martin, USDA Forest Service are funded by the BPA in the Columbia River Basin. The CBFWA Wildlife Advisory Committee (WAC) was Several non-native seed mixes have been designed for formed to provide CBFWA Members, policy makers, and use in road decommissioning projects on the Olympic decision-makers with technical and policy analyses, and National Forest. These mixes were designed to provide recommendations for the coordinated wildlife programs. heavy cover the first few years in order to reduce erosion and discourage establishment of weeds, and thin out P11 The Healing Hand of Time: Native Species Replace over the next three to five years as native species become Introduced Grass Cultivars Seeded Following established. Additional characteristics of these mixes Wildfire are that they are inexpensive, readily available from Cindy Roche, consultant seed companies, free of noxious weeds, non-invasive, Roger Sheley, Eastern Oregon Ag. Res. Ctr. non-toxic to wildlife, they will provide a variety of stand Robert Korfhage, BLM ret. characteristics, and they will not hybridize with local Seeding of non-native species following wildfires to prevent native species. Each mix includes a short-lived perennial erosion has become a controversial practice for several bunchgrass (perennial ryegrass), a non-persistent annual reasons:it risks inhibiting tree regeneration, introducing grass (annual ryegrass), one or more annual grains or noxious weeds, and permanently replacing native species. cereals (oats, winter triticale, barley), and one or more short-lived perennial nitrogen-fixers (peas, clovers). In 74 Poster—Abstracts & Authors the summer of 2007 we will be installing trial plots of P14 A Regional Strategy for Restoration of National these seed mixes on two newly decommissioned roads, Forests and Grasslands in the Pacific Northwest with adjacent comparison plots seeded with annual Vicky Erickson, USDA Forest Service ryegrass only, and unseeded control plots. We will also The Forest Service is implementing a new program be testing varying depths of weed-free straw mulch. Pre- to advance native plant material development and decommissioning surveys will be conducted to establish restoration within the Pacific Northwest region (Oregon pre-treatment conditions. The plots will be monitored for and Washington). Congressional earmark funding is several years after seeding to determine the effectiveness of being leveraged with regional funds derived from multiple the various seed and mulch treatments. benefiting functions such as fish, wildlife, invasive plants, P13 Terrestrial Mollusks and Millipedes as Potential fire rehabilitation, and others. The combined funds are Disturbance Indicators of Timber Harvest being used to (1) create local seed banks for priority native Activities grass and forb species, (2) develop and coordinate regional Alex Foster, USDA Forest Service Pacific contracts for seed production and restoration services, Northwest Research Station (3) maintain critical infrastructure such as our regional Shannon Cleason, USDA Forest Service Pacific hardwood clone bank/cutting orchard and native seed Northwest Research Station extractory and storage facility, (4) support development Karen Wilk, USDA Forest Service Pacific of seed zones and transfer guidelines for key restoration Northwest Research Station species, and (5) provide training and assistance to forest Peter Bisson, USDA Forest Service Pacific and grassland personnel in acquiring and using native Northwest Research Station plant materials for restoration. The increased availability and use of native plant materials resulting from this new The response of terrestrial mollusks and millipedes to program will help restore degraded sites and improve alternative riparian buffers was evaluated along small fish and wildlife habitat on public as well as private headwater streams in SW Washington State. Three lands throughout the Pacific Northwest. Revegetation groupings or blocks of small watersheds having distinctive projects are ensured the best chance of success because forest types and geologies were analyzed. One block was plant materials will be both genetically diverse and locally in Capitol State Forest near Olympia and the other blocks adapted. Partnerships with private grass growers will were in the Willapa Hills near the SW Washington coast. benefit due to increased levels and stability of funding for Mollusks and millipedes near streams with fixed-width native seed production. buffers were compared to streams with no buffers and unlogged controls. Both organisms have relatively slow P15 Identifying Early Warning Indicators of Climate dispersal behaviors making them potential candidates as Change Impacts on Vegetation on the East logging disturbance indicators. Samples were taken twice Slope of the Cascades in the fall and twice each spring. Mollusk abundance was Sonia Hall, The Nature Conservancy usually low in the early fall and late spring which tend Nicholas Povak, The Nature Conservancy to be the driest sample periods. Differences between Reese Lolley, The Nature Conservancy the blocks and buffer treatments explained most of Patrick Gonzalez, The Nature Conservancy the variation in mollusk abundance and diversity, yet Elizabeth Gray, The Nature Conservancy surprisingly there were few differences between the buffer As climate change alters the distribution of biomes across treatments over time since timber harvest. Mollusk the globe, spatially static strategies will be unable to protect community structure differed between the Capitol Forest shifting biodiversity components. On the east slope of the and the Willapa Hills. Millipede families exhibited a high Cascade Mountains there are significant uncertainties as degree of seasonality. Our preliminary results suggest that to the direction and rate of change we can expect over the in headwater riparian areas in SW Washington, terrestrial next century. Monitoring climate change driven vegetation mollusks were sensitive to logging disturbances. The shifts is therefore needed. Our objective is to identify on-going analysis of millipede response is also showing early warning signals of vegetation shifts driven by climate promise. Micro-site features such as seeps, small wetlands change, while establishing a transect for monitoring these and understory vegetation appear to mediate on-site indicators over the long term. This field season we will effects. establish a transect along an elevational gradient from the shrub steppe to the mid-elevation forest, where five sets of modified-Whittaker plots will be permanently established.
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At each plot we will estimate plant species composition realistic upland rehabilitation objectives, adjusting species and abundance, and measure bioclimatic variables such mixes used, and determining follow-up actions including as precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture. The additional seeding and/or herbicide application. distribution of understory species will be analyzed using regression and information theoretic techniques to select P17 Do the Ecological Consequences of Past Cultivation in the Zumwalt Prairie of Northeastern Oregon the species that are most sensitive to specific bioclimatic Warrant Active Restoration? variables, such as seasonal precipitation, absolute Robert Taylor, The Nature Conservancy minimum temperature or growing degree days. Monitoring Anne Bartuszevige, Oregon State University of the selected species at this and other sites in the eastern Patricia Kennedy, Oregon State Universityr Cascades over the next decade will inform managers on Andrea Lueders, Oregon State University whether emerging shifts are consistent with climate change Phil Shephard, The Nature Conservancy predictions, and will provide us with a simple, targeted protocol for monitoring climate change impacts over the The Zumwalt Prairie is a large relict bunchgrass prairie long term. These results will enhance managers’ capacity where many cultivated areas have been abandoned and to proactively develop strategies to conserve biodiversity in are now “old fields” dominated by non-native grasses. the face of climate change. To improve our understanding of the biodiversity value of these old fields and their priority for restoration, we P16 Monitoring Upland Rehabilitation Success at compared native plant species richness, grassland songbird Yakima Training Center, Washington reproductive success, and invasion by non-native plant Matthew Durkee, US Army Yakima Trainging species in native and old field habitats from 2002 to Center 2006 on the The Nature Conservancy’s Zumwalt Prairie Dave Jones, US Army Yakima Trainging Center Preserve and adjacent private lands. Frequency, density, Damon Roberts, US Army Yakima Trainging and species richness of native, rare, and invasive species Center was assessed via ten detailed vegetation surveys and density Brian Cochrane, US Army Yakima Trainging quadrats at 3,884 locations across old fields and similar Center unplowed prairie areas. Songbird reproductive success was Upland rehabilitation for soil conservation and habitat assessed by tracking the fate of 208 nests of 6 grassland management is an important management activity at bird species. We found that old fields provide habitat Yakima Training Center (YTC) military reservation, for 38% fewer native plant species than comparable Washington. Semiarid conditions and noxious weed native prairie areas. Spalding’s catchfly (Silene spaldingii) propagation present serious challenges to Land a federally-listed endangered plant occurred at 3% of the Rehabilitation and Maintenance (LRAM) efforts. Limited 2,169 native prairie sites but was absent from all old field information is currently available for evaluating upland sites. Invasive plant species showed the opposite pattern, rehabilitation success and understanding of community occurring in 21% of 1,715 old field sites but only 1% of dynamics following seeding. In order to address this native prairie area. Songbird reproductive success did not question, a monitoring protocol was developed and differ between old fields and native prairie. The decision recently revised to quantify and evaluate vegetation to pursue active restoration of old fields is complex and development following seeding of disturbed areas at YTC. depends on both the value of these modified grasslands The approach used non-permanent quadrats spaced at to biodiversity but also on the risk they pose to the regular intervals to collect cover data for certain species surrounding native prairie matrix because of their low and functional groups. A variety of seeding sites of resistance to invasion by non-native plants. different ages and on different soils were monitored to P18 Sagebrush Restoration on the Yakima Training evaluate differential success of seeding relative to site Center, Washington, 1996-2005 factors and weather. This protocol has been recently Kevin Tyler, Clark County Planning, formerly revised to include a qualitative component which will U.S. Army Yakima provide immediate feedback regarding the condition of all Colin Leingang, U.S. Army, Yakima Training sites seeded the preceding year. Results for the first three Center years of data collection show that annual grass cover did not significantly change over time, but perennial grass Upland restoration on Yakima Training Center (YTC) cover significantly increased the first two years following is a challenge due to low precipitation especially during seeding. Results of this ongoing Range and Training Land drought years, competition from noxious weeds, and Assessment (RTLA) project provide information for setting increased fire frequency resulting from military training. 76 Poster—Abstracts & Authors
Shrub steppe habitat is declining in the Columbia P20 Effects of Mowing on the Fender’s Blue Basin, and YTC is the largest contiguous patch left in Butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) and Washington state. YTC is home to one of two Greater Its Host Plant, Kincaid’s Lupine (Lupinus Sage Grouse populations remaining in the state, and as a sulphureus ssp. kincaidii): Implications for Conservation Management result upland restoration is a priority. The focus of upland restoration on YTC is re-establishment of big sagebrush Greg Fitzpatrick, The Nature Conservancy to native plant communities in areas impacted by current Jason Nuckols, The Nature Conservancy and past land use. Restoration sites were chosen in areas Matt Benotsch, The Nature Conservancy known to be used by Sage Grouse, had low sagebrush Resource managers interested in improving and cover, an established grass/forb component, and a low maintaining prairie habitat often turn to mowing as a to moderate slope. Sites were either seeded or planted management tool. One of the concerns of mowing in with seedlings of Wyoming big sage (Artemisia tridentata prairies that support the Fender’s blue butterfly (listed as wyomingensis) originating as close to YTC as possible. endangered) is that it may be detrimental to the Fender’s Planting sites were monitored in the first three years, larvae. The Fender’s blue butterfly overwinter as larvae however seeded sites received very little monitoring. From in the top layers of the soil duff, but it is not known if 1996 to 2005, over 1,000,000 sagebrush seedlings and the weight of the tractor tires or the sucking action of the 4,400 pounds of seed were planted. Fire has impacted mower blades kill the larvae. In 1999 we began a study to over 50% of planting sites; however, an estimated 29% evaluate whether mowing is detrimental to Fender’s blue of seedlings planted have become established. Continued butterfly or Kincaid’s lupine, the Fender’s blue butterfly monitoring for seedling planting sites and a greater host plant. The hypothesis was if mowing damages effort to monitor seeded sites are recommended. The Fender’s blue butterfly larvae, then we would expect fewer development of a site selection model to select restoration larvae to survive on mowed sites. We found no evidence to sites less likely to be impacted by fire and greater support the hypothesis that fewer Fender’s blue butterfly protection for planting sites is also under consideration. larvae survive in mowed areas. In general, mowing positively affected the number of spring and summer P19 Preliminary Observations of Wildlife Diversity Kincaid’s lupine leaves and the number of Fender’s eggs, and Abundance in Remnant Shrub-steppe and larvae, and larval survivorship since 2001. Observational Bunchgrass Habitat in South-Central Walla Walla County, Washington data of an upward trend of adult Fender’s blue butterfly since mowing began suggest that mowing is an effective Gray Rand, David Evans and Associates, Inc. tool for meeting management goals at the site. We discuss As part of the Washington State Department of possible mechanisms why mowing might be benefiting the Transportation’s (WSDOT) US Highway 12 Four-Laning Fender’s blue butterfly and Kincaid’s lupine. Project between Wallula and Walla Walla, David Evans and Associates, Inc. (DEA) conducted surveys on more P21 Townsend’s Ground Squirrel Control at the Yakima than 4,200 acres of remnant shrub steppe and bunchgrass Training Center, Southcentral Washington habitat to determine wildlife diversity and abundance Shane Early, Engineering & Environment, Inc. along potential project alignments. Methods included Colin Leingang, US Army Yakima Training walking transects, point counts, and aerial surveys. Field Center surveys were conducted between spring 2005 and spring A population of Townsend’s ground squirrel (Spermophilus of 2006, and focused on special status species such as townsendii) at the Yakima Training Center (YTC) was Washington ground squirrel (Spermophilus washingtoni), identified as causing damage to vegetation and facilities burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), ferruginous hawk throughout the cantonment area. There is also concern (Buteo regalis), Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii), and that ground squirrels are a potential vector for diseases mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Study methods for deer such as plague, tularemia, etc. The objective of the control also included a GIS habitat analysis on a larger study effort was to reduce ground squirrel populations and area (generally southern Walla Walla County). Results of subsequent damage through a combination of control the study included documentation of breeding sites for methods; live trapping, kill trapping, and application of a several of the target wildlife species, as well as mapping of rodenticide. General observations of three known colonies winter distribution of mule deer herds in the project area. occurring on YTC indicated that one colony has become These results are the basis for impact analysis, alternative inactive and one has indicated a general decline, while selection, and ultimately, for recommendations for the cantonment population appeared to have increased mitigation for the preferred alternative highway alignment. as of 2004. Due to the concern over the current status of 77 Poster—Abstracts & Authors ground squirrels from other agencies (WDFW, USFWS) programmatic progress to date. We expanded our base of and the observed decline at a majority of known ground volunteer wildlife monitors, and documented measurable squirrel colonies on YTC, a portion of the population results of our restoration efforts. was live-trapped and relocated downrange. More than 1,100 ground squirrels have been relocated downrange P23 Why Track Plant Phenology? A Case Study from the Zumwalt Prairie Preserve as of April 2006. Surveys of ground squirrel populations were conducted prior to, during, and after live trap Jason Dingeldein, The Nature Conservancy and relocation efforts performed during 2004, 2005, Heidi Schmalz, The Nature Conservancy/ 2006, and 2007. Post trap and release surveys revealed a University of Idaho significant population decrease (90% reduction) in 2004. Robert Taylor, The Nature Conservancy Squirrel management continues through surveys, live trap Effective land management requires that grazing, fire and relocation efforts, and additional control methods and weed control be applied at appropriate times while a to maintain the population through 2007 at <2% of the warming climate forces plants to shift their phenologies. original pre-trap estimate of 2004. Recommendations Characterizing and recording the timings of readily include periodic population surveys, monitoring historic observable, discrete ontological events on conservation colonies, and ameliorating conditions to discourage sites provides a means for managers to apply treatments squirrels at sensitive locations at YTC. and monitor resources consistently and effectively. Weekly observations of plant reproductive phenology P22 Amphibian and Avian Monitoring in Habitat were scored in three stages (bud, flowering and fruiting) Restoration Efforts: a Volunteer-mediated for 58 forbs, 20 grasses, 4 sub-shrubs and 3 shrubs (85 Approach species) from mid-May to mid-August of 2006 across Katy Weil, Portland Metro Regional Parks and a bunchgrass prairie in northeastern Oregon. Two Greenspaces dominant bunchgrasses, Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) Metro Regional Parks and Greenspaces initiated a and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) began program to monitor selected wildlife populations linked producing seeds within a week of one another (7/10 to restoration projects on fourteen of the newly-protected and 7/17, respectively) though bluebunch wheatgrass lands following the passage of a bond measure to protect presented spikelets two weeks earlier than Idaho fescue. open spaces, parks, and streams. Metro selected birds and Two perennial invasive weeds, sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla amphibians as indicators as these are relatively easy to recta) and meadow hawkweed (Hieraceum caespitosum) track using standardized methods, allow safe participation were observed in bud on the first week of observations of volunteers yielding reliable population data, and (5/16 and 5/17, respectively) revealing the need for earlier facilitate an evaluation diverse group of resident and observations. More detailed, weekly phenological data migratory species representing a broad array of habitat were collected for the federally threatened forb Spalding’s types. Metro’s amphibian monitoring program tracks catchfly (Silene spaldingii), in six, staked, four-meter populations in lentic habitats during the native breeding diameter plots for nearly two months (6/28-8/23). The period (February—April). Metro staff and volunteers peak number of budding individuals was recorded during conduct egg mass surveys to track distribution and the first week of observations (6/28) while peak flowering relative abundance. Highest emphasis is placed upon and fruiting occurred on 7/19 and 8/10, respectively. counting and mapping masses from Northern red- Based on data from the first year, a phenological legged frogs, Northwestern salamanders, and bullfrogs, monitoring plan has been developed that will include a primarily due to the relatively large size of these masses, set of phenological stage scorings for each plant habit and the rarity of red-legged frogs, and the significance of the fixed, GPS-located sites that have species compositions bullfrog infestation in the Pacific Northwest. With the pertinent to management objectives. introduction of a water control structure in one natural area in 2001, we have six years of data showing a marked increase in the red-legged frog population. Metro’s avian monitoring program tracks selected populations throughout key portions of the year. In 2007, habitat- based avian point counts have been conducted during peak breeding season, May 15 to June 30. Habitats of emphasis included emergent wetland, shrub/scrub, native prairie, and oak woodland. This poster highlights our 78 Poster—Abstracts & Authors
P24 Bonneville Environmental Foundation Model plant community. An early drawback to this method was Watershed Program a lack of data on herbaceous species composition (with Robin Jenkinson, Bonneville Environmental more focus on woody species), but plant identification Foundation expertise may be developed within the tribe. A Todd Reeve, Bonneville Environmental significant challenge has been the lack of an existing data Foundation management program to specifically analyze the particular The Bonneville Environmental Foundation (BEF) strives suite of data collected. However, most analyses should to ensure that its watershed investments reinforce science- be relatively simple to do with Excel or the FIREMON based restoration strategies and generate the greatest database. The ability of the Pueblo members to collect possible potential to improve stream habitat and recover and analyze their own monitoring data will allow them to native populations of salmon and trout. To this end, the make and implement adaptive management strategies on Foundation employs a comprehensive Model Watershed Tribal bosque restoration projects in the future. restoration approach that assures financial and scientific P26 Application of the Alaska Interim Regional support to select priority watersheds over a ten-year Supplement: problematic vegetation and soils period. Within each Model Watershed project selected for Anne Leggett, HDR Alaska, Inc. support, BEF commits to provide scientific support, the Chien-Lu Ping, University of Alaska Fairbanks services of a professional independent scientific review Rebecca Shaftel, HDR Alaska, Inc. team, and funding for monitoring and assessment over the Kathryn Brown, HDR Alaska, Inc. full duration of the project. BEF’s commitment to provide Chris Wrobel, HDR Alaska, Inc. technical assistance and support watershed restoration and monitoring over the long-term allows our Model The Alaska Interim Regional Supplement to the 1987 Watershed projects to employ a systematic and scientific Wetland Delineation Manual was implemented in April restoration strategy. It also ensures that critical restoration 2006 to improve wetland identification in Alaska. It needs are identified and addressed at the scales necessary is an interim document to be field tested for one year to achieve substantial and lasting ecological improvements. prior to finalization. We followed this guidance for wetland mapping for the Chuitna Coal Project, located P25 Development of a Site-specific Restoration in south central Alaska. Problems were encountered in Monitoring Methodology with Tribal Member identifying both hydrophytic vegetation and hydric soils. Involvement Nearly 100 wetland determination sites had hydric soils, Mollie Walton, La Calandria Associate, Inc. wetland hydrology, and a prevalence index greater than Dave Morgan, LaCalandria Associates, Inc. 3.0. These usually occurred in spruce-birch forest, alder Steve Sandoval, Ohkay Owingeh scrub, shrub swamp, bluejoint meadow, and white spruce Frisco Abeyta, Ohkay Owingeh forest. They were usually dominated by plant species Many different monitoring methodologies exist, but none with a facultative upland indicator status, such as Kenai of these methods were satisfactory in Ohkay Owingeh birch, field horsetail, and white spruce. Seven wetland (formerly San Juan Pueblo) riparian restoration. A determination sites had hydrophytic vegetation, wetland site-specific monitoring methodology was developed hydrology, but no listed hydric soil indictors. In this area, collaboratively by Tribal crew members and academic the mineral soils are formed in volcanic ash, and ash is experts in order to satisfy information needs for specific known to not develop the redoximorphic features typical projects as well as general long-term goals. Experts were of other wet mineral soils. Evidence of reduction in these consulted and different methods tested to select among soils included redoximorphic features that did not meet existing methodologies and adapt them for use in local the color or percentage requirements described in the conditions by Tribal technicians. Monitoring methods supplement, presence of a restrictive layer, observation were designed largely by Tribal crew members so that of oxidation-reduction potential and pH in a range that future monitoring on Tribal lands can be conducted indicates the presence of reduced iron, and presence without outside assistance. The monitoring methodology of iron or manganese concretions. Application of the is easy to conduct, is non-intimidating, and is intuitively regional supplement suggests that best professional understood by non-scientists. For some parameters, the judgment must still be used to identify wetlands methodology is a compromise between the type of data the dominated by plant species with questionable indicator restoration crew are willing and able to collect and more statuses and also soils formed by ash (Andisols). detailed and species-specific accounts of the entire bosque
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P27 The Permitting Process and Environmental Regulations for Wetlands and Waters of Oregon Nicole Tursich, AMEC Michelle Kinard, AMEC Many projects involving wetlands and waters of Oregon have been delayed or even called off as a result of an improperly prepared or incomplete permit application. Newcomers to Oregon may find the permit filing process unclear, leading to frustration and project delays. This leads to the necessity of hiring consulting firms to handle the permitting process to ensure timely project completion. AMEC has developed a flowchart to assist individuals in understanding the wetland permitting process, including coordination with the Oregon Department of State Lands (DSL), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), and the other various regulatory agencies that often take part in this permitting, e.g., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, State Historic Preservation Officer, and others (local agency requirements are not included in the flow chart). With the recent Supreme Court decisions regarding Rapanos vs. U.S. and Carabel vs. U.S., the COE and DSL have updated some section 404 permitting requirements; the flowchart includes these updated requirements. Whether applicants are newcomers, out-of-state individuals, developers, or even consulting firms, the flowchart will help facilitate timely completion of permitting and help reduce frustration.
P29 Biodiversity Strategy for the Gangwon Province in South Korea Kwi-gon Kim, IUTC Linda Krippner, ESA Adolfson Ken Yocom, ESA Adolfson This presentation will explore how practitioners from the Pacific Northwest can collaborate with scientists internationally to develop restoration planning and practice techniques in South Korea. Four restoration practitioners from the Pacific Northwest are teaching a one-week course on restoration techniques for the urban environment for a new UN-HABITAT-sponsored International Urban Training Center Restoration in the Gangwon Province of South Korea in July 2007. The field portion of this course will include restoration planning and conceptual design for several sites in the Gangwon Province and greater Seoul area. This poster presentation will present the findings and recommendations made by the Pacific Northwest practitioners for the field sites in collaboration with the Korean field instructors and students.
80 Poster—AbstractsWorkshops & Authors
WS2. Vegetation Manager (VEMA) he developed and the database Loren created were Database designed around. For questions about the workshop, contact John at [email protected] . John Marshall, US Fish and Wildlife Loren Mueller of Cardinal Data Solutions has a Loren Muller, Cardinal Data Solutions background in GIS, database design, and programming. He and John worked with the Northwest Habitat Institute This workshop will introduce an automated relational and the Oregon Mitigation Bank Review Team to create Microsoft Access database for recording and analyzing the design framework for the database. Loren created and vegetation data for specific applications in mitigation or programmed VEMA within Microsoft Access. restoration monitoring. The database was largely designed around a vegetation monitoring protocol developed by a team of agency and academic plant ecologists and WS3. Pioneering Mitigation Banking in expert practitioners to provide both an efficient tool for the Northwest monitoring, and to increase our knowledge base on the Dana Field (facilitator), Dept of State Lands Oregon effectiveness of different restoration treatments. However, users of this database are free to select from a variety of Marjorie Wolfe, P B S & J vegetation monitoring protocols. The database allows users to document and record vegetation data at reference sites Gretchen Lux, Department of Ecology Washington for the purposes of helping develop vegetation mitigation Bill Leonard, Washington Department of Transportation and restoration plans and subsequent vegetation performance criteria and thresholds. Bill Warncke, Oregon Department of Transportation
The vegetation monitoring protocol is expected to become Victor Woodward & Jennifer Thomas, Habitat Bank the standard for mitigation bank monitoring in Oregon, and for other large projects. A copy of the protocol David Primozich, Willamette Partnership documentation and software will be provided to each Gail Terzi, USACE-Seattle District participant. After entering sample plot data, users will be able to use the database to automatically calculate relative Mitigation banking promises many opportunities to percent cover native species; percent cover non-native provide upfront measurable mitigation for wetlands, invasive species; total plant cover; woody stem density; endangered species habitat, water quality, stream banks, sample, transect, management unit moisture index; etc. etc. Mitigation banks can offer more effective and Users are able to easily compare these figures to a number continuous long term ecosystem restoration than tradition of selectable performance standards and performance mitigation methods. It also offers a real economic thresholds. The database also allows users to query these opportunity to restore marginal lands that may otherwise parameters by habitat type and layer. While, the workshop be developed with much higher natural resource impacts. will include some discussion of reference site selection, On the other hand, defining how banking is conducted sample design, and field data collection, the primary will determine its real success both financially and in emphasis will be on helping participants become familiar terms of on the ground results. This workshop offers with the database and creating vegetation performance innovative approaches and lessons learned from some of reports. The workshop will run from (insert time) to the pioneering mitigation banking efforts in Washington (insert time), with a box lunch provided and perhaps a and Oregon. Each presenter will share their experiences in short field exercise nearby. mitigation banking efforts focusing on the challenges of defining accounting methods, success criteria, long term Instructors: stewardship, and other issues. There will be a question and answer session and real examples of Northwest John Marshall, a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife mitigation banking. Service, initially came up with the idea for developing a relational vegetation database after attempting to run vegetation data through Microsoft Excel spreadsheets he developed to calculate vegetation performance at wetland mitigation banks. He also provided the write up for the vegetation monitoring protocol that both the spreadsheets
81 Poster—AbstractsWorkshops & Authors
WS4. Streambank Erosion Control [email protected] Alternatives: Planning, Evaluation and Barry Southerland, PhD. Fluvial Geomorphologist, USDA Design Overview (7 hours) NRCS West National Technical Support Center. Dr. Frank Reckendorf Southerland has worked in geomorphologic analysis, planning, and designs since 1990. He has contributed Barry Southerland toward the design and implementation watershed studies, stream restorations, and meander reconstructions. He has Streambank erosion evaluations, causes, and solutions 27 years of natural resource science experience. He has are all complex and controversial subjects. This workshop authored several watershed management plans and large- will present an overview of a river reach approach in a scale geomorphic restoration plans. watershed context of: (1) what is streambank erosion: (2) how can rates of streambank erosion be evaluated; [email protected] (3) what are the causes of streambank erosion; (4) what are the ways to identify active streambank erosion; (5) WS6. Seeds in Restoration what techniques and fluvial geomorphic data are needed Steve Erickson, Frosty Hollow Ecological Restoration to evaluate a streambank erosion problem; (6) what are a reasonable range of alternative treatments, including I’ve been collecting, otherwise providing, processing and doing nothing, and what are the field conditions where cleaning, and advising on the use of native plant seed in various alternative conditions are applicable; (7) what restoration settings for over 20 years. fluvial geomorphic conditions are critical to the decision to design a treatment; and (8) what kind of monitoring We may* consider: should be done to determine success or failure of the • Seed mixes, including designing and calculating action. The workshop is for watershed professionals doing mixes stream evaluation and design work and for watershed • Ways to get seed, including terms of the trade, professionals that do regulatory work to show what are purchase from commercial growers and suppliers, reasonable and applicable data collection for stream work. contract collection, volunteer programs, growouts, The workshop will be on Sept. 27th from 8:00 am to and tools for collecting 4:00 pm with short breaks and an hour for lunch. The • Tracking and documentation of collections morning session will focus mainly on planning and • Processing and cleaning, commercial and home brew evaluation with some design information. The afternoon methods, tools and techniques will focus on analysis, alternatives, and implementation. The participants will receive a binder with handouts • Testing, including terms of the trade, commercial concerning some of the presentation material; a SERNW and “low tech” methods, cost and limitations of Design to Dirt CD, on subjects that will not be discussed different methods in detail; and a CD of presentations that will be mailed • Storage, short and mid-term out after the workshop. *Obviously, this is far more than can be covered in depth in a 3-1/2 hour workshop, but we’ll at least touch on these subjects and all Instructors: burning issues and questions will be addressed. Frank Reckendorf, PhD. CEG in OR, CG in WA. Fluvial Geomorphologist, Reckendorf and Associates, Salem, OR. Dr. Reckendorf was the Fluvial Geomorphologist for the SCS, West National Technical Center, and has accumulated 48 years of experience working with thousands of different reaches of streams and floodplains. He has done watershed and stream assessment and design for streambank stabilization, stream habitat rehabilitation, and meander reconstruction. He has been an expert witness for many legal cases, and is an adjunct Associate Professor in the Geology Department at Portland State.
82 Poster—AbstractsWorkshops & Authors
WS7. Wetland Rush, Sedge and Grass will go over the changes that are most likely to be more Identification (5 hours) difficult or confusing. The workshop presentation will presume that participants are already very familiar with Sarah Cooke, Cooke Scientific Service, Inc. wetland delineation procedures using the 1987 manual. Participants will receive a copy of the supplements. All The workshop will emphasize field and small-scale of the presenters participated in the working groups characteristics of many of the most common wetland developing the supplements and/or the field testing of the rush, sedge, and grass species found in both freshwater draft supplements. and estuarine wetlands and associated upland habitats in Oregon and Washington. The class will be a combination of lecture and laboratory. Lectures will include photos of many species and will cover the basics on group-specific characteristics and vocabulary, use of group specific taxonomic keys, and pointers on species recognition. We will discuss characteristics that help identify the differences between similar species. Laboratory work will include the use of a hand lens and slides of dissecting microscope views of some species. Dried material will be available of many of the species.
Please bring a hand lens, a copy of Cooke, 1997 “A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon” and a copy of Hitchcock, 1973 “Flora of the Pacific Northwest” if you have these books.
WS8. Regional Supplements to the 1987 Wetlands Delineation Manual (7 hours) Jim Goudzwaard, Corps of Engineers, Portland District
Tina Teed, Corps of Engineers, Portland District
Janet Morlan, Oregon Dept. of State Lands
Kathy Verble, Oregon Dept. of State Lands
Ron Raney, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Portland
Bill Kirchner, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Portland
As of January 2007, the Arid West Supplement to the 1987 Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual must be used in the arid regions of the PNW for Corps of Engineers and Oregon Department of State Lands permits. The Western Mountains, Valleys and Coast supplement (covering the remainder of our region) will also be required as soon as the “Interim” draft is completed--likely early next year. The supplements contain many new or different field indicators and also new procedures. This workshop will provide an overview of the supplements, stressing the main changes, and we
83 Poster—AbstractsField Trips & Authors
FT01. Yakama Nation Wetlands and • What are key knowledge gaps relevant to the Riparian Restoration Project conservation and restoration of this system east of the Cascade Mountains? Tracy Hames, Yakama Nation • Discuss two active climate change research projects This tour will visit a 21,000 acre floodplain restoration centered on this zone and how such work might be project the Yakima Valley on the Yakama Reservation. useful to restorationists. We will visit restoration sites on lower portions of Satus • Discuss lessons learned in active restoration and Toppenish Creeks and discuss wetland, riparian and projects in Oregon white oak east of the Cascades upland restoration techniques. We will discuss watershed- Mountains scale land protection and acquisition, and view in-stream Logistics: Please bring hiking boots. Transportation will structures and modifications as well as in-progress be provided for the field trip. After spending the morning terrestrial habitat restoration on upper terraces. Emphasis in the Tieton, we will meet back in Yakima. For those that is on the restoration of floodplain areas in an intensively are traveling home west or east from Ellensburg (I-90), may agricultural setting, incorporating wildlife, fish and tribal want drive their own vehicles to the Swauk site. cultural goals. Returns before 5:00 pm Returns before 5:00 pm
FT03. Hanford Reach National FT07. Restoration and Management Monument of Wetlands at Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge and Impacts to Mike Gregg, USFWS Steelhead The Hanford Reach National Monument is a 195,000 acre Howard Browers, US Fish and Wildlife Service monument managed by the USFWS and contains some of the last remaining shrub-steppe habitat in the Columbia A visit to Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge on Basin. Restoration of shrub-steppe has been the primary Toppenish Creek, visitors will be given a brief history of management focus for USFWS. The field trip will focus the Refuge and will tour a portion of the Refuge to see on these restoration efforts and provides attendees with a actively restored wetland units, discuss wetland and water first hand look at the successes and pitfalls of restoration management and benefits to wildlife, and see areas where in the Columbia Basin. There will also be opportunities to USGS and USFWS did field studies to evaluate potential discuss management of elk, rare plants, and salmon. impacts to steelhead. Results of the steelhead study will be discussed. Returns before 5:00 pm Returns before 5:00 pm FT06. The Oregon White Oak Sandwich Tour, Tieton and Swauk Canyons Reese Lolley, The Nature Conservancy
East of the Cascade Mountains Oregon white oak is distributed in a narrow transition zone between shrub- steppe and ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir communities. We will visit sites in the Tieton Canyon west of Yakima and the Swauk Valley west of Ellensburg; the Swauk population represents the most northern distribution of the Oregon white oak. Questions for consideration are:
• What are the differences between Eastside and Westside communities- plant community and disturbance ecology. How do these differences affect restoration strategies?
84 Poster—Abstracts &Field Authors Trips
FT08. Ecological Restoration of the FT14. Wild Horse, From a Bitterroot’s Sunrise Campground, Mount Rainier Eye View: Wind Development and National Park Shrub-Steppe Restoration Julie Hover, NPS David Bradney, Wildlands, Inc.
The Sunrise Campground at Mount Rainier National Puget Sound Energy constructed the Wild Horse Wind Park was constructed in a subalpine meadow in the early Project in 2006 on ridgelines surrounding the headwaters 1930s. The popularity of this ecologically sensitive area of Whiskey Dick Creek in Kittitas County, Washington. resulted in severe damage to vegetation and soils. In 1973, Although livestock grazed the area, good shrub-steppe the campground was closed to automobiles. Camping was habitat with intact biological soil crust is prevalent and gradually reduced to a small walk-in camp, although the invasive weeds are rare. Shallow soils at varying depths campground road system remained intact. In 1997, the over bedrock basalts presented several challenges when park received a Canon USA Expedition into the Parks constructing the 34 miles of new or improved roads, grant through the National Park Foundation to recontour 127 pads for the turbines, and 27 miles of underground and begin to revegetate the road system. In partnership electrical cables at the wind farm. Likewise, the semi- with several volunteer groups, the park has continued to arid climate and prevalence of lithosols created a replant the site a section at a time since 1997, using plants unique situation for restoring native vegetation on areas grown in the park’s greenhouse from locally collected seed temporarily disturbed during construction. This tour of and cuttings. So far, more than 310,000 plants have been the wind farm will provide a brief overview of construction planted to revegetate 2.5 acres of disturbance. activities and the ongoing collaboration among agencies, contractors, and PSE. Then specific restoration strategies The restoration site is an easy 1.5 mile walk from the and techniques, including the hedgehog cactus rescue Sunrise parking lot. Because work has proceeded more or program, will be described at several representative less north to south along a linear path, visitors to the site locations. Feedback and suggestions from tour participants can see the year-by-year progression of a decade’s worth are welcome and encouraged. A stop is also planned of revegetation over a distance of about half a mile. Field at PSE’s companion solar demonstration project, trip participants will learn about the history of the project which should be nearing completion at Wild Horse in (including how volunteer partnerships were developed), September. the revegetation methods used, and the interim results of several revegetation research studies conducted at the site. Returns before 5:00 pm
At 6400 feet in elevation, the Sunrise area offers open FT17. Ethonobotany of the Klickitat vistas with spectacular views of Mount Rainier (including the magnificent Emmons Glacier) and other Cascade Trail—Respecting Places of Ancient and peaks. The vegetation is typical of the “rain shadow” side Contemporary Harvests of the park and is dominated by green fescue; wildflowers, Linda Storm, USDA heathers, and subalpine firs are also common. At the end of September expect to see fall colors ranging from On this field trip we will visit a number of different brilliant reds and yellows to muted browns and greens. At harvest places used by native practitioners throughout the this elevation, snow is always a possibility in September, so seasonal round. End of summer brings acorn, hazel nut be sure to dress warmly in layers. and huckleberry harvests. Autumn is the time to gather weaving and other materials. We will visit wet meadows, Bring food, water, sunscreen, sunglasses, hiking boots, oak riparian zones and other landscape places to learn warm clothing, and raingear. The Visitor Center and other about their useful and diverse ethnobotanical plants. amenities are usually closed by the end of September, so We will talk about how changes in the land has lead potable water may not be available. to losses of some important ethnobotanical plants and Returns before 5:00 pm how returning ancient practices of traditional ecological management could help restore them.
Returns before 5:00 pm
85 Poster—AbstractsField Trips & Authors
FT18. Streambank Erosion Field Methods Dr. Frank Reckendorf and Dr. Barry Southerland
A field trip to a reach segment on the Lower Wenas River where participants will be asked to assess and identify: (1) channel forming flow; (2) field bankfull indicators; (3) stream geometry (planform); (4) stream dimensions needed for hydraulic geometry; (5) water surface slope and characteristics to determine a longitudinal profile; (6) bank height ratio; (7) streambank materials and stratigraphy; and (8) bed material particle size distribution by Wolman pebble count procedure.
Participants will classify the channel in the Rosgen Stream Classification System, identify stage of adjustment in the Schumm et al Channel Evolution Model, and identify stream planform type in the Montgomery and Buffington System. The participants will be asked to evaluate the relationship of wetted perimeter to depth vs. velocity, depth vs. shear, and connectivity to the floodplain. Participants will evaluate the riparian vegetation and its relationship to the physical characteristics of the stream such as: shade to channel dimension (i.e. overhead cover for aquatic life), and stream detritus for macroinvertebrates.
Lastly, the participants will be asked to evaluate the W/D ratio, hydraulic geometry and the integrative characteristics of wood in relationship to pool depth, occurence, as well as pool quality as a funtion of aquatic habitat.
Location of the field trip is on private property along the Lower Wenas River.
Participants are asked to bring: (1) waders or tennis shoes and shorts as everyone will be expected to work in the river; (2) rain gear as the field trip will go rain or shine; and (3) appropriate hats and sun block if there is sunshine.
Returns before 5:00 pm
86 Sponsors
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88 Sponsors
89 Presenter Contact Information
Paul Adamus (WL.3.1) Suzanne L Bagshaw (PE.1.1) Jerry Benson (SS.2.4) Adamus Resource Assessment, Inc. Wetland Ecologist Botanist 6028 NW Burgundy Dr. Otak, Inc. BFI Native Seeds Inc. Corvallis, OR 97330 Water and Natural Resources 1145 S. Jefferson Ave. [email protected] 10230 NE Points Drive Moses Lake, WA 98837 Suite 400 [email protected] Allison R Aldous (WL.8.1) Kirkland, WA 98033 509-750-1789 Director of Research and Monitoring [email protected] The Nature Conservancy of Oregon 425-739-7977 Fredrick S. Bergdolt (PS.2.4) 821 SE 14th Ave Wetland Policy Specialist Portland, OR 97214 Katie A Barnas (WL.6.3) WSDOT [email protected] Research Fisheries Biologist Environmental Services Office 503-802-8100 NOAA Fisheries Service 310 Maple Park SE Northwest Fisheries Science Center Olympia, WA 98504-7331 Cameron L Aldridge (SS.9.4) 2725 Montlake Blvd E [email protected] Research Scientist Seattle, WA 98112 (360) 705-7408 Colorado State University & USGS [email protected] Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory (206) 860-3363 Ron Bockelman (SS.7.4) 2150 Centre Ave, Blddg C David Evans and Associates, Inc. Fort Collins, CO 80526 Jon D Bates (SS.7.1) 415 118th Avenue SE [email protected] Rangeland Scientist Bellevue, WA 98005 970-226-9433 USDA [email protected] Agricultral Research Service 425-519-6531 Gerald Anhorn (WS.1.1) 67826-A Hwy 205 Director Burns, OR 97720 Michael H Bonoff (WL.6.1) Water & Environmental Center [email protected] Wetland Biologist Walla Walla Community College 541-573-8932 City of Seattle Walla Walla, WA 99362 Seattle Public Utilities [email protected] Jon D Bates (SS.3.4) 700 5th Ave, Suite 4900 509-524-4809 Rangeland Scientist P.O. Box 34018 USDA Seattle, WA 98110 Karen S. Antell (PS.1.3) Agricultural Research Service [email protected] Associate Professor of Biology 68726-A Hwy 205 (206) 684-8519 Eastern Oregon University Burns, OR 97720 Biological Sciences [email protected] Chad S Boyd (SS.10.4) One University Blvd. 541-573-8932 Research Ecologist La Grande, OR 97850 Agricultural Research Service [email protected] Jon D Bates (SS.6.4) Eastern Oregon Ag Research Center 541-962-3610 Range Scientist 67826-A Hwy. 205 USDA-ARS Burns, OR 97720 Clayton J. Antieau (WL.3.4) 67826-A Hwy 205 [email protected] Senior Watershed Planner Burns, OR 97720 541-573-8900 Seattle Public Utilities [email protected] Cedar River Municipal Watershed 541-573-8932 700 Fifth Avenue Suite 4900 Julie Beckstead (EX.1.2) Seattle, WA 98124-4018 Associate Professor [email protected] Gonzaga University 206-233-3711 Biology 502 E. Boone Ave. Spokane , WA 99258 [email protected] 509-323-6688
90 Presenter ContactAuthor Information Index
Nathan A Burkepile (SS.8.4) Rich Cronn (EG.1.1) Upland Bird Biologist Research Geneticist Peter W Dunwiddie (FS.3.4) Yakama Nation Wildlife Resource USDA Forest Service Assoc. Director of Stewardship Management Program PNW Research Station The Nature Conservancy Department of Natural Resources 3200 SW Jefferson Way Conservation Science P.O. Box 151 Corvallis, OR 97331 1917 1st Ave Toppenish, WA 98948 [email protected] Seattle, WA 98101 [email protected] 541-750-7291 [email protected] 509-865-5121 ext 6332 206-343-4345 x342 Kirk W Davies (SS.3.3) James H Cane (SS.8.1) Rangeland Scientist Richard T Easterly (SS.6.3) Research Entomologist USDA SEE Botanical Consulting USDA-ARS Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research 1225 Verona St. Bee Biology Lab Center Bellingham, WA 98229 Utah State University 67826-A Hwy 205 [email protected] Logan, UT 84322 Burns, OR 97720 360.481.1786 [email protected] [email protected] 435-797-3879 (541) 573-4074 Ella Elman Ecologist (PS.1.2) Seattle Urban Nature Jan L Cassin (WL.9.4) Jodie L. Delavan (SS.12.2) 5218 University Way NE Senior Scientist Fish and Wildlife Biologist Seattle, WA 98105 Parametrix, Inc. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [email protected] Natural Resources 2600 S.E. 98th Avenue, Suite 100 206-522-0334 411 108th Ave. NE Portland, OR 97266 Suite 1800 [email protected] Hans P Ehlert (WL.7.2) Bellevue, WA 98004 503-231-6179 Senior Ecologist [email protected] CH2M HILL 425-458-6204 Janelle L Downs (SS.4.1) Water Resources and Environmental Sr Research Scientist Management Tom R. Cottrell (FS.2.2) Pacific NW National Laboratory 1100 112th Ave. NE Associate Professor Natural Resources Division Suite 400 Central Washington University P.O. Box 999 Bellevue, WA 98004-4504 Biology Richland, WA 99352 [email protected] 400 East University Way [email protected] 425-233-3167 Ellensburg, WA 98926 509 376 6641 [email protected] Adrien C Elseroad (SS.7.2) (509) 963-3011 Corey A Duberstein (SS.4.3) Plant Ecologist Scientist The Nature Conservancy Rex C Crawford (FS.3.1) PNNL 821 SE 14 Ave Natural Heritage Ecologist Ecology Portland, OR 97214 Washington Natural Heritage Program P.O. Box 999 [email protected] Washington Dept. Natural Resources MSIN K6-85 503-802-8100 1111Washington St SE Richland, WA 99352 P.O. Box 47014 [email protected] Olympia, WA 98504-7014 509-376-3801 [email protected] 360 902-1749 Lisa J Dunham (SS.12.1) Senior Environmental Technician Amanda E Cronin (WS.1.3) Engineering & Environment, Inc. Project Manager Yakima Training Center Washington Water Trust Bldg. 810 810 3rd Ave Suite 180 Yakima, WA 98901 Seattle, WA 98112 [email protected] [email protected] 509-225-8812 206 325 0572
91 Presenter Contact Information
James R. Evans (SS.1.3) Jim Goudzwaard (WR.1.2) Randal W Hill (SS.1.2) Shrub-steppe and Dry Forest Field Wetland Specialist Wildlife Biologist biologist U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland US Fish And Wildlife Service The Nature Conservancy District Columbia National Wildlife Refuge 1917 First Ave. Regulatory Branch 735 E Main St Seattle, WA 98101 Box 2946 PO Box F [email protected] Portland, OR 97208-2946 Othello, WA 99344 206-343-4345 x-336 [email protected] [email protected] (503) 808-4376 509-488-2668 John W Fleckenstein (SS.5.3) Zoologist Michael Gregg (SS.9.2) Chris Hoag (WL.4.2) Washington Natural Heritage Program Wildlife Biologist Wetland Plant Ecologist Department of Natural Resources U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USDA NRCS PMC P.O. Box 47014 3250 Port of Benton Blvd. P.O. Box 296 Olympia, WA 98501 Richland, WA 99354 Aberdeen, ID 83210 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 360-902-1674 509-371-1801 208-397-4133
Anthony O Gabriel (WL.7.4) Doug E Gresham (WL.9.3) Matthew E Horning (EG.1.2) Professor Wetland Ecologist Post-doctoral Research Geneticist Central Washington University Otak USDA Forest Service Geography & Land Studies Natural Resource PNW Research Station 400 E. University Way 10230 NE Points Drive 3200 SW Jefferson Way Ellensburg, WA 98926-7420 Suite 400 Corvallis, OR 97331 [email protected] Kirkland, WA 98033 [email protected] 509-963-1166 [email protected] 541-750-7301 (425) 739-7973 John G. Gamon (SS.5.1) Tom Hruby (WL.5.4) Manager Christian A Hagen (SS.9.3) Washington Department of Ecology Department of Natural Resources Sage Grouse Conservation Coordinator Lacy, WA Natural Heritage Program Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife [email protected] 1111 Washington Street SE 61374 Parrell Rd Olympia, WA 98504 Bend, OR 97702 Cara Ianni (WL.5.3) [email protected] [email protected] Education Coordinator 360-902-1661 Stilly-Snohomish Fisheries Enhancement Tracy R Hames (WL.1.4) Task Force Susan Garland (SO.1.1) Waterfowl biologist PO Box 5006 Environmental Assessor Yakama Nation Everett, WA 98206 Adapt Engineering Widlife Resource Management [email protected] 218 SE 31st Ave PO Box 151 425-252-6686 Portland, OR 97214 Toppenish, WA 98948 [email protected] [email protected] Everett Isaac (FS.4.1) (503) 754-6849 509 865-5121 ext. 6309 Fuels Planner Yakama Nation N. Stanley Geiger (WL.3.2) Lori A. Hennings (WL.10.4) Fuels Management Managing Ecologist Senior Natural Resource Scientist PO Box 151 Aquatic Scientific Resources Metro Regional Government Toppenish, WA 98948 12425 SW 57th Avenue Nature in Neighborhoods [email protected] Portland, OR 97219-7117 600 NE Grand Ave. 509 865-5121 ext. 6025 [email protected] Portland, OR 97232-2736 503-244-9966 [email protected] 503-797-1940
92 Presenter ContactAuthor Information Index
Roger A. Jacob (SS.11.2) Richard L Kiesling (WS.2.4) 208-883-2346 Yakama Reservation Community Member Research Scientist Yakama Nation University of Minnesota Mary J Linders (FS.3.3) 3380 Harrah Rd Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Wildlife Biologist Harrah, WA 98933 Biol. Washington Department of Fish and [email protected] 1991 Upper Buford Circle Wildlife 509 952-1621 St. Paul, MN 55108 Wildlife Program [email protected] 600 Capitol Way North Jeremy J James (SS.3.1) 763-783-3131 Olympia, WA 98501-1091 USDA-ARS [email protected] 67826-A Hwy 205 Richard L Kiesling (WS.2.0) 360-902-8135 Burns, OR 97720 Research Scientist [email protected] University of Minnesota Steven O. Link (SS.8.3) 541-573-8911 Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Editor-Natural Areas Journal Biology Biol. Washington State University Tri-Cities R.C. Johnson (EG.1.3) 1991 Upper Buford Circle 2710 University Drive Reseach Agronomist St. Paul, MN 55108 Richland, WA 99354 USDA-ARS [email protected] [email protected] Box 646402 763-783-3131 509-372-7526 Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164 Hillary M Kleeb (WL.8.3) Michael F Livingston (SS.2.1) [email protected] Restoration Coordinator District Wildlife Biologist 509-335-3771 Friends of the Hylebos Wetlands Washington Department of Fish and 33305 1st Way S, Ste B-104 Wildlife Patricia A Johnson (WL.2.1) Federal Way, WA 98003 2620 N. Commercial Ave Wetland Specialist [email protected] Pasco, WA 99301 Washington Department of Ecology 253-874-2005 [email protected] SEA Program 509-545-2201 PO Box 47600 Don Larsen (SS.2.2) Olympia, WA 98504-7600 Spokane, WA Michael F Livingston (SS.9.1) [email protected] [email protected] District Wildlife Biologist 360.407.6140 509 323-2967 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Shawn Jones (PS.2.1) Helen Lau (SO.2.2) 2620 N. Commerical Ave Gresham, OR 97030 MS Candidate Pasco, WA 99301 [email protected] Central Washington University [email protected] Biological Sciences 509-545-2201 Vaughan C. Karen (SO.1.4) 3200 Dry Creek Rd. #4 Graduate Student Ellensburg, WA 98926 Reese Lolley (FS.4.3) University of Idaho [email protected] Fire Ecologist - Conservation Project Moscow, ID 83844-2339 509-630-8508 Coordinator [email protected] The Nature Conservancy of Washington Russ Lawrence (WL.4.3), (WL.10.1) South Central Washington Program Jennifer L Kauffman (WL.6.2) Fluvial Geomorphologist 1001 West Yakima Ave. Graduate Student PACE Engineers, Inc. Suite 325 Humboldt State University 1300 John Adams St. Yakima, WA 98902-3095 Environmental and Natural Resource Oregon City, OR 97045 [email protected] Sciences [email protected] 509.248.6697 1035 G Street (503) 655-1342 Eureka, CA 95501 Betsy Lyons (WL.8.4) [email protected] Sarah A Lewis (EX.1.3) Marine Conservation Project Manager 707-443-9443 Civil engineer The Nature Conservancy USDA Forest Service 1917 First Ave. Rocky Mountain Research Station Seattle, WA 98101 1221 S. Main St. [email protected] Moscow, ID 83843 (206) 343-4345 x340 [email protected] 93 Presenter Contact Information
Rick F Miller (SS.6.1) Thomas G Parker (WL.9.1) Jane M Mangold (SS.3.2) Professor of Range and Fire Ecology Principal Ecologist Ecologist Oregon State University Geum Environmental Consulting, Inc. USDA Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research 307 State Street Agricultural Research Service Center Hamilton, MT 59840 67826-A Hwy 205 67826-A Hwy 205 [email protected] Burns, OR 97720 Burns, OR 97720 (406) 363-2353 [email protected] [email protected] (541)573-4073 541-737-1622 David H. Peter (FS.3.2) Ecologist Michael P Marsh (SS.6.2) Rick F Miller (SS.2.3) U. S. Forest Service Conservation Co-Chair Professor of Range and Fire Ecology Pacific Northwest Research Station Washington Native Plant Society Oregon State University 3625 93rd Av. SW Central Puget Sound Chapter Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Olympia, WA 98512-9193 3434 14th Ave. W. Center [email protected] Seattle, WA 98119 67826-A Hwy 205 360-753-7654 [email protected] Burns, OR 97720 206-281-8976 [email protected] Steven L. Petersen (SS.10.3) 541-737-1622 Assistant Professor Kent McAdoo (WL.10.2) Brigham Young University Natural Resources Specialist Katherine A Moller (PS.1.1) Plant and Wildlife Sciences University of Nevada Urban Forester 493 WIDB Cooperative Extension City of Seattle Provo, UT 84602 701 Walnut Street Parks and Recreation [email protected] Elko, NV 89801 1600 S Dakota 801-422-4885 [email protected] Seattle, WA 98108 775-738-1251 [email protected] Diedra D Petrina (SS.8.2) 206.233.5019 Graduate Student Erik N Merrill (WS.1.4) Central Washington University Independent Science Project Manager Ian B Mostrenko (WL.5.1) Biology Northwest Power and Conservation Hydraulic Engineer 201 N. Dennis St Council Herrera Environmental Consultants Inc. Ellensburg, WA 98926 851 SW 6th Avenue, Suite 1100 Water Resources [email protected] Portland, OR 97204 1100 Sixth Ave 509.929.5825 [email protected] Suite 1100 503-222-5161 Seattle, WA 98121 Cyndie Prehmus (PS.2.3) [email protected] Wetland Biologist Katie Messick (EX.1.1) (206) 441-9080 Washington State Department of Aquatic Weed Specialist Transportation King County Heidi Newsome (SS.12.3) Environmental Services, Wetland Noxious Weed Control Program Wildlife biologist Assessment and Monitoring Pr 201 S. Jackson St., Ste. 600 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P. O. Box 47332 Seattle, WA 98104 3250 Port of Benton Blvd. Olympia, WA 98504-7732 [email protected] Richland, WA 99354 [email protected] 206-263-6461 [email protected] 360-570-6644 509-371-1801 Frank F. Reckendorf (WL.4.1) Luke Painter (WL.8.2) Fluvial Geomorphologist Cooke Scientific Reckendorf and Associates and PSU 2040 Aqua Court NW Geology Department PSU Olympia, WA 98502 950 Market NE [email protected] Salem, OR 97301 (360) 970-1164 [email protected] (503) 364-6681
94 Presenter ContactAuthor Information Index
Frank F. Reckendorf (WR.1.0) Peter R Robichaud (SO.2.4) Steven R Schell (WR.1.1) Fluvial Geomorphologist Research engineer Partner Reckendorf and Associates and PSU USDA Forest Service Black Helterline LLP Geology Department PSU Rocky Mountain Research Station 950 Market St. NE 1221 S. Main St. 805 SW Broadway Salem, OR 97301 Moscow, ID 83843 Suite 1900 [email protected] [email protected] Portland, OR 97205-3359 (503) 364-6681 208-883-2349 [email protected] (503)224-5560 Donald R Reichmuth (WL.1.1) Peter R Robichaud (WS.1.2) Company President Research Engineer Heidi Schmalz (SO.2.3) Geomax, P.C. USDA Forest Service Zumwalt field ecologist 1023 West 30th Avenue Rocky Mountain Research Station The Nature Conservancy Spokane, WA 99203-1324 1221 S. Main St. NE Oregon field office [email protected] Moscow, ID 83843 906 S. River St. 509-838-6390 [email protected] Enterprise, OR 79828 208 883 2349 [email protected] Donald R Reichmuth (WL.1.2) Company President Nancy B Rybicki (WS.2.3) Rebecca S Shaftel (FS.2.1) Geomax, P.C. Hydrologist Scientist 1023 West 30th Avenue US Geological survey HDR Alaska, Inc. Spokane, WA 99203-1324 Water Resources Division, National 2525 C Street, Suite 305 [email protected] Research Program Anchorage, AK 99503 509-838-6390 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr [email protected] Reston, VA 22310 (907) 644-2118 Ron Reuter (SS.7.3) [email protected] Asst. Professor of Natural Resources 703-648-5728 Dyanne Sheldon (FS.1.0) Oregon State University Manager, Natural Resource Section Forest Resources Michael R Sackschewsky (SS.4.2) Otak Engineering 2600 NW College Way Research Scientist 10230 N.E. Points Drive Bend, OR 97701 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Kirkland, WA 98033 [email protected] [email protected] P.O. Box 999 425 739 7972 Tom Rinkes (SS.10.1) K6-85 Wildlife Biologist Richland, WA 99352 Robin Shoal (FS.2.3) Bureau of Land Management [email protected] Ecologist Idaho State Office 509-376-2554 US Forest Service 1387 S. Vinnell Way Olympic National Forest Boise, ID 83709 Chane W Salois (WL.1.3) 1835 Black Lake Blvd SW, Suite A [email protected] Engineering Manager Olympia, WA 98512-5623 307-332-8404 Yakama Nation [email protected] Natural Resources (360) 956-2376 George L Ritchotte (WL.7.1) PO Box 151 Wildlife Biologist Toppenish, WA 98948 Jane A. Smith (SS.11.4) Washington State Department of [email protected] Co-owner Transportation 509 865-1409 Kelsey Creek Laboratories Urban Corridors Office 13206 - 233rd Avenue SE 401 2nd Avenue S Rod Sayler (SS.12.4) Issaquah , WA 98027 Ste. 400 Washington State University [email protected] Seattle, WA 98104 Dept. Natural Resource Sciences 425-351-0753 [email protected] 119 Johnson Hall (206) 464-1210 Pullman, WA 99164-6410 Amanda G Stanley (SS.11.3) [email protected] Program Director 509-335-6167 Institute for Applied Ecology 563 SW Jefferson Ave Corvallis, OR 97330 [email protected] 95 541-753-3099 Presenter Contact Information
Mark E Stannard (SS.1.1) Jerry Tagestad (SS.4.4) Mary Van Haren (FS.2.4) Team Leader Sr Research Scientist Environmental Biologist, P.W.S. Washington State University Pacific NW National Laboratory Pierce County Public Works and Utilities USDA Plant Materials Center Natural Resources Division Transportation Services 211 Hulbert Hall P.O. Box 999 2702 S. 42nd St. Pullman , WA 99164-6211 Richland, WA 99352 Tacoma, WA 98409 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 509 335 6892 509 376 2342 (253)798-7046
Emily C Steel (WL.9.2) Carrie Renee Taylor (WL.3.2) Kimiora Ward (EG.1.4) Restoration Ecologist Graduate student Seed Increase Program Manager City of Eugene, OR Montana State University Native Seed Network Parks & Open Space, Wetlands Program Land Resources and Environmental 563 SW Jefferson Ave 1820 Roosevelt Boulevard Sciences Corvallis, OR 97333 Eugene, OR 97402 334 Leon Johnson Hall [email protected] [email protected] Bozeman, MT 59717 541-753-3099 (541) 682-4874 [email protected] (406) 579-6449 Ali Wick (SS.11.1) David E Steinfeld (PS.2.2) Biologist / Environmental Scientist Revegetation Specialist Rob A Thomas (WL.7.3) Anchor Environmental, L.L.C. US Forest Service Wetland Biologist 1423 3rd Ave, Ste 300 Regional Office State of Washington Seattle, WA 98101 Portland, OR Transportation [email protected] [email protected] 2809 Rudkin Road 206.903.3333 541-552-2912 Union Gap (Yakima), WA 98903 [email protected] Jennifer (Jo) O. Wilhelm (PS.1.4) Katrina Strathmann (SS.1.4) 509.577.1691 EXT. 1 Environmental Scientist II Restoration Biologist King County Water and Land Resources Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Ankur Tohan (WR.1.3) Division Yakama Nation Assistant Regional Counsel Natural Resources and Parks Wildlife Resource Management U.S. EPA 201 S. Jackson St. P.O. Box 151 Region 10 Office of Regional Counsel Seattle, WA 98104-3855 Toppenish, WA 98948 1200 Sixth Avenue [email protected] [email protected] Seattle, WA 98115 206-263-6556 509-865-5121 ext 6377 [email protected] 206.553.1796 Michael J. Wisdom (SS.10.2) Darin Stringer (FS.4.2) Research Wildlife Biologist Director Daniel R Ufnar (SO.1.3) USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest Restoration Partnership CPSS, APSC Research 1420 East 22nd Avenue Pacific Rim Soil & Water, Inc. 1401 Gekeler Lane Eugene, OR 97403 1220 Fourth Avenue East La Grande, OR 97850 [email protected] Olympia, WA 98506 [email protected] (541) 484-1217 [email protected] 5419626532 360-236-1899 Tami L Stubbs (SO.2.1) Michael J. Wisdom (SS.5.4) Research Associate Thomas R Unruh (EX.1.4) Research Wildlife Biologist Washington State University Research Entomologist USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Crop and Soil Sciences USDA-ARS Research Station 221 Johnson Hall 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd. 1401 Gekeler Lane Pullman, WA 99164-6420 Wapato, WA 98951 La Grande, OR 97850 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 509-335-3453 509-454-6563 541-962-6532
96 Presenter ContactAuthor Information Index
Daniel R Wise (WS.2.1) Hydrologist U.S Geological Survey Water Resources Discipline USGS Oregon Water Science Center 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Drive Portland, OR 97216-3159 [email protected] 503-251-3213
George Wooten (SS.5.2) Botanist Conservation Northwest 226 West Second Ave Twisp, WA 98856 [email protected] 509-997-6010
Abby E Wyers (WL.6.4) Conservation Planner The Nature Conservancy Science 821 SE 14th Ave Portland, OR 97214 [email protected] 503-415-9772
Sara K Young (SO.1.2) Manager of Planning and Environmental Services Port of Skagit County 113 N. 39th Place Mount Vernon, WA 98273 [email protected] (360) 424-4882
Marie Zuroske (WS.2.2) Water Quality Specialist South Yakima Conservation District 1116 Yakima Valley Highway Sunnyside, WA 98944 [email protected] (509) 837-7911
97 Poster Presenter Contact Information
Michelle L. Cramer (P07) Jim Ekins (P28) Robin G. Jenkinson (P24) Environmental Engineer Community Outreach Specialist and Associate Watershed Program Director Washington State Department of Fish AmeriCorps Member Bonneville Environmental Foundation and Wildlife Palouse-Clearwater Environmental 240 SW 1st Avenue Habitat Program Institute Portland, OR 97213 600 Capitol Way N 1040 Rodeo Drive [email protected] Olympia, WA, Wa 98501 PO Box 8596 503-248-1905 [email protected] Moscow, ID 83843 360-902-2610 [email protected] Ian G. Jezorek (P02) 208-882-1444 Fishery Biologist Jason Dingeldein (P23) U.S. Geological Survey Zumwalt Field Ecologist Vicky J. Erickson (P14) Columbia River Research Laboratory The Nature Conservancy Regional Geneticist 5501-A Cook-Underwood Road NE Oregon Field Office US Forest Service Cook, WA 98605 906 S River St. Regional Office [email protected] Enterprise , OR 97828 Portland, OR 509 538 2299 x222 [email protected] [email protected] 541-278-3715 Linda R. Krippner (P29) Lisa J. Dunham (P18) Senior Scientist Senior Environmental Technician Greg S. Fitzpatrick (P20) ESA Adolfson Engineering & Environment, Inc. Stewardship Ecologist Biological Resources Yakima Training Center The Nature Conservancy 5309 Shilshole Avenue NW Bldg. 810 Corvallis, , OR 97330 Suite 200 Yakima, WA 98901 [email protected] Seattle, WA 98107 [email protected] 541-740-0070 [email protected] 509-225-8812 206-789-9658 Alex Foster (P13) Matthew I. Durkee (P16) Ecologist Jennifer C. Lannoye (P04) Research Associate USDA Forest Service Riparian Assessor Colorado State University PNW Research Station Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Center for Environmental Management 3625 93rd Ave. SW Education of Military Lands Olympia, WA 98512 Environment and Natural Resources 605 A N 11th St. [email protected] Division Selah, WA 98942 360-753-7680 970 Firing Center Rd [email protected] Bldg 810 509-225-8813 Sonia A. Hall (P15) Yakima, WA 98901 Arid Lands Ecologist [email protected] Shane G. Early (P21) The Nature Conservancy 509-225-8814 Senior Environmental Technician 23 S Wenatchee Ave Engineering & Environment, Inc Suite 125 Robin K. Leferink (P06) Environment & Natural Resources Wenatchee, WA 98801 Graduate Research Assistant Division [email protected] Portland State University Yakima Training Center 509-665-6611 Environmental Sciences & Resources 970 Firing Center Road 218 SBII, 1719 SW 10th Ave. Yakima, WA 98901 Jon M. Honea (P08) Portland, OR 97201 [email protected] Postdoc Research Scientist [email protected] 509-577-3165 NOAA Fisheries 503-860-6978 Conservation Biology 2725 Montlake Blvd E Seattle, WA 98112 [email protected] 206-680-3494
98 Poster Presenter ContactAuthor Information Index
Ken MacDonald (P10) Robin Shoal (P12) Portland, OR Ecologist [email protected] US Forest Service Olympic National Forest Dave Morgan (P05) 1835 Black Lake Blvd SW President Suite A La Calandria Associates, Inc. Olympia, WA 98512-5623 901 J West San Mateo Rd. [email protected] Santa Fe, NM 87505 360-956-2376 [email protected] 505-982-8509 Charles W. Slaughter (P09) Adjunct Professor Robert “Robes” Parrish (P03) Center for Ecohydraulics Research, Restoration Biologist University of US Fish and Wildlife Service 322 E. Front Street Klamath Falls Ecosystem Restoration Suite 340 Office Boise, ID 83702 1936 California Ave [email protected] Klamath Falls, OR 97601 208-364-4997 [email protected] 541-885-2513 Robert V. Taylor (P17) NE OR Regional Ecologist Rodney L. Pond (P01) The Nature Conservancy PhD student NE Oregon Field Office University of Washington 906 S River St College of Forest Resources Enterprise, OR 97828 3501 NE 41st Street [email protected] Seattle, WA 98105 541-426-3458 ext 3 [email protected] 206-226-6637 Nicole L. Tursich (P27) Environmental Scientist Gray Rand (P19) AMEC Senior Scientist Natural Resources David Evans and Associates, Inc. 3905 SE 11th Avenue 415 118th Avenue Southeast Portland, OR 97202 Bellevue, WA 98005 [email protected] [email protected] 503-639-3400 425-519-6550 Mollie Walton (P25) Cindy T. Roché (P11) Restoration Ecologist Medford, OR 97504 La Calandria Associates, Inc. [email protected] 901 J West San Mateo Rd. 541-601-9739 Santa Fe, NM 87505 [email protected] Rebecca S. Shaftel (P26) 505-982-8509 Scientist HDR Alaska, Inc. Katy A. Weil (P22) 2525 C Street, Suite 305 Wildlife Monitoring Volunteer Anchorage, AK 99503 Coordinator [email protected] Metro Regional Parks and Greenspaces 907-644-2118 Science and Stewardship 600 NE Grand Avenue Portland, OR 97232 [email protected] 503-797-1688
99 Author Index
A Connolly, Patrick 71 Haggard, Kale 35 Cooney, Tom 73 Hall, Sonia 75 Abeyta, Frisco 72, 79 Cottrell, Tom 58 Hallock, Lisa 40 Adamus, Paul 34 Cramer, Michelle 72 Halsey, Kenna 65 Aldous, Alison 51 Crawford, Rex 40, 62 Hames, Tracy 27 Aldous, Allison 59 Cronin, Amanda 49 Hamilton, Andy 71 Aldridge, Cameron 62 Cronn, Rich 47 Hamilton, Rod 22 Allen, Brian 60 Cruz, Rico 57 Haren, Mary Van 59 Allnutt, David 44 Harper, Barbara 57 Almaguer-Bay, Mitchell 63 D Harrington, Constance 62 Anhorn, Gerald 48 Haugo, Ryan 40 Antell, Karen 25 Davies, Kirk 32, 46, 51 Hayes, Pat 35 Antieau, Clayton 36 Delavan, Jodie 42 Hays, Dave 41, 42 Aubry, Carol 58, 74 Dexter-Durham, Robin 36 Diaz, Jennifer 52 Hellier, Barbara 47 B Dingeldein, Jason 78 Hennings, Lori 69 Dobson, Robin 67 Hilborn, Ray 73 Bach, Leslie 51 Downs, Janelle 36, 37 Hill, Randy 22 Bagshaw, Suzanne 34 Dunham, Lisa 41 Hoag, Chris 39 Bakker, Jonathan 63 Dunwiddie, Peter 38, 43, 63 Honea, Jon 73 Barnas, Katie 50 Durkee, Matthew 76 Hook, Paul 35 Bartuszevige, Anne 76 Horning, Matt 47 Bates, Jon 32, 46, 51 E Horton, Denise 52 Batten, Leslie 53 Early, Shane 77 Hruby, Tom 45 Becker, James 37 Huber, Andy 38 Beckstead, Julie 33 Easterly, Richard 46 Ehlert, Hans 55 Huck, Mike 33 Benotsch, Matt 77 Hudak, Andrew 33 Benson, Jerry 27, 28 Elman, Ella 25 Bergdolt, Fredrick 30 Elseroad, Adrien 51, 57, 59 I Betz, Jonathan 58 Erickson, Vicky 47, 75 Ianni, Cara 44 Bisson, Peter 75 Evans, James 22 Isaac, Everett 67 Bonoff, Michael 50 F Boyce, Mark 62 J Boyd, Chad 66 Falen, Anita 23 Bradney, David 52 Fansler, Valerie 32 Jacob, Roger 38 Browers, Howard 71 Fiegener, Rob 48 James, Chris 68 Brown, Jenny 51, 59 Fitzpatrick, Greg 77 James, Jeremy 31 Brown, Kathryn 58, 79 Flynn, Sarah 63 Jenkinson, Robin 79 Brown, Robert 29 Foster, Alex 75 Jezorek, Ian 71 Brummer, Chris 44 Johnson, James 29 G Burkepile, Nathan 57 Johnson, R.C. 47 Gamon, John 40 Johnson, Randy 47 C Gano, Ken 36 Jones, Shawn 30 Jorgensen, Jeff 73 Cane, James 56 Garland, Susan 23 Carpenter, Kurt 53, 54 Garono, Ralph 54 K Carrasquero, Jose 44 Geiger, N. Stanley 35 Carroll, Alexis 65 Gisler, Melanie 48 Kauffman, Jennifer 50 Cashman, Mike 47 Goldie, Kevin 42 Kaye, Tom 38, 43 Cassin, Jan 65 Gonzalez, Patrick 75 Kelley, Alyssa 72 Chaney, Marty 74 Goudzwaard, Jim 43 Kennedy, Ann 28 Chapin, David 50 Gray, Elizabeth 75 Kennedy, Patricia 76 Clair, Brad St. 47 Gray, Geoff 55 Kiesling, Richard 53, 54 Clair, J. Bradley St 47 Gregg, Michael 61, 66 Kiesling, Richrad 54 Cleason, Shannon 75 Gresham, Doug 64 Kim, Kwi-gon 80 Cochrane, Brian 76 Kinard, Michelle 80 H Commons-Kemner, Michelle 65 Kleeb, Hillary 60 Connelly, John 61 Haegen, W Matthew Vander 63 Korfhage, Robert 74 Connolly, Brian 33 Hagen, Christian 61 Krippner, Linda 80 100 Author Index
L Parrish, Robert 71 Shroder, Jennifer 53 Peabody, Betsy 60 Simmons, Mary Ann 37 Lannoye, Jennifer 72 Peter, David 62 Simmons, Sally 57 Larsen, Don 27 Petersen, James 71 Sinks, Ian 67 Lau, Helen 29 Petersen, Steven 66 Slaughter, Charles 48, 73 Lawrence, Russ 39, 68 Peterson, Shannon 71 Smith, Agee 68 Leggett, Anne 58, 79 Ping, Chien-Lu 79 Smith, Jane 38 Leingang, Colin 41, 76, 77 Pond, Rodney 71 Smith, Jason 55 Lentile, Leigh 33 Pope, Michael 74 Smith, Roger 38 Lewis, Sarah 33 Povak, Nicholas 75 Smukler, Sean 71 Linders, Mary 63 Prehmus, Cyndie 30 Sorensen, Frank 47 Link, Steven 57 Sprenger, Carson 63 Linville, Molly 71 R Stanley, Amanda 38 Livingston, Michael 27, 41, 60 Stannard, Mark 22 Lolley, Reese 67, 75 Rabenhorst, M.C. 24 Steel, Emily 64 Luchessa, Scott 34 Rand, Gray 77 Stein, Otto 35 Lueders, Andrea 76 Reckendorf, Frank 39, 43 Steinfeld, David 30 Lynch, Katherine 36 Reeve, Todd 79 Stockdale, Erik 43 Lyons, Betsy 60 Regan, Michael 23 Reichmuth, Donald 26 Strathmann, Katrina 23 M Renfrow, Brent 52 Stubbs, Tami 28 Reuter, John 35 Suring, Lowell 41 MacDonald, Ken 74 Reuter, Ron 52 Sutton, Kelly 71 Mangold, Jane 31, 32 Rhoades, Janet 56 Svejcar, Tony 31, 32 Marsh, Michael 45 Rhodes, Edward 46 Swanson, Sherm 68 Martin, Laura 74 Rinkes, Tom 65 Sydnor, Russell 63 McAdoo, Kent 68 Ritchotte, George 55 McClure, Michelle 73 T Ritzenthaler, Liz 25 McDaniel, Paul 23, 29 Roberts, Damon 76 Tausch, Robin 66 McGurk, Bruce 73 Robichaud, Peter 29, 33, 49 Taylor, Carrie 35 Mead, Mark 24, 53 Roche, Cindy 74 Taylor, Rob 29 Merrill, Erik 49 Ross, Rocky 27 Taylor, Robert 76, 78 Merten, Christina 31 Rowland, Mary 41, 66 Terzi, Gail 31 Messick, Katie 33 Rudd, Nathan 51 Thomas, Bob 30 Meyer, Susan 33 Rybicki, Nancy 54 Thomas, Rob 55 Miller, Janice 40 Timm, Ray 25 Miller, Rick 28, 45, 66 S Tinniswood, William 71 Milligan, Allen 35 Tohan, Ankur 43, 44 Miwa, Chris 52 Sackschewsky, Michael 36, 37 Tursich, Nicole 80 Mock, Dana 31 Sainsbury, Ben 56 Tyler, Kevin 76 Moller, Katherine 24 Salois, Chane 26 Morgan, Dave 72, 79 Salstrom, Debra 46 U Morgan, Penny 33 Sandoval, Steve 72, 79 Morlan, Janet 34 Sather-Blair, Signe 65 Ufnar, Daniel 24 Mostrenko, Ian 44 Sayler, Rod 42 Unruh, Thomas 34 Schell, Steve 43 N Schell, Steven 43 V Schmalz, Heidi 78 Nelson, Leslie 51 Vance, Nan 38 Schroeder, Michael 60, 61 Newsome, Heidi 22, 42 Vaughan, K.C. 24 Schroeder, Mike 41 Nuckols, Jason 77 Sean, Barndt 23 W P Senos, Rene 37 Wagenbrenner, Joseph 29 Shaftel, Rebecca 58, 79 Walton, Mollie 72, 79 Painter, Luke 59 Sheldon, Dyanne 53 Palazzi, Lisa 24, 34, 62 Ward, Carl 55 Sheley, Roger 32, 74 Ward, Kimiora 48 Parker, Thomas 63 Shephard, Phil 76 Shipley, Lisa 42 Shoal, Robin 58, 74
101 Author Index
Ward, Neil 74 Weil, Katy 78 West, Dale 24 White, Jacques 60 Wick, Ali 37 Wiggins, Jim 34 Wilhelm, Jennifer 25 Wilk, Karen 75 Wisdom, Michael 41, 66 Wise, Dan 54 Wise, Daniel 53 Wold, Eric 64 Wooten, George 40 Wrobel, Chris 58, 79 Wyers, Abby 51 Y Yocom, Ken 80 York, Tovah 72 Young, Sara 23 Z Zeoli, Len 42 Zuroske, Marie 53, 54
102