UNITED NATIONS

Group of Experts on Geographical Names Eleventh Session Geneva, 15-23 October 1984

'Item No.6(d) of *-he agenda

THE COMPUTER PROCESSING OF GBOCSAPHIGAL HAMES FOE GAZETTEER PRODUCTION (submitted "by the ) —'

I/ Copyri^it (c£) Controller HMSO, I.ondon, 1984. 1. Introduction At the 4th United Nation's Conference on the Standardisation of Geographical Names, the United Kingdom submitted a paper describing how the Mapping and Charting Establishment had developed an automated system for gazetteer prfduoticn based on the use of micro-computers. In the two years that have passed since that paper we have made considerable changes and improvements to that system, and plan further enhancements, 2. Gazetteer Produotion; Input The micro-computer based gazetteer production system in use at the Mapping and Charting Establishment uses the same Hewlett Packard computer (HP9835B) and plotter/printer (HP7245B) as previously described, but is now supported by dual disc drive mass storage device (HP9895A), This gives us considerably enhanced data storage capacity, and quicker and more flexible data access. The data elements in the imj roved system have been extended in sise and range to cope with current and possible future requirements. Every attempt has been made to design a system to meet most requirements. The data elements and the number of characters allocated to them are given in Table 1, v- A feature of the new system is that a series of error traps have been incorporated into the software to lessen the soope for erroneous data input. The system allows the user to select the fields for input for a given gazetteer, and stores this information. On data input only these are prompted for, and the system will not allow a nil-return. Similarly the user can set maximum and minimum latitude and longitude values for the gazetteer. Each input for these fields is checked against these parameters, with \alues outside the range being rejected. Additional checks have been included to ensure that "sensible" data are input. Thus, for example, accidental lowercase input is automatically converted to uppercase in the Designation, Latitude, Longitude,, G-rid Coordinates and Administrative Code fields. Similarly latitudes greater than 90 00' and longitudes greater than 180 00' are rejected. Names and related information are captured from the source mapping, and initially recorded on data cards. These are then input to the database. At present latitude, longitude and grid coordinates are collected manually, but the system has been designed to accept digitally derived coordinates where available. An improved, formatted printout is produced for each entry, showing the file record number of , the entry, and all the data elements recorded. Each data element is always in ( the same position on the printout, facilitating easier checking and consequent amendment where necessary. 3. gazetteer Production; Output To simplify the sorting (alphabetising) of the records on output, each record is automatically allocated on input to a data file corresponding to the country »ode, and the initial letter of the name. The position of the record within this file is random but sequential (ie the next available space is utilised), This partial alphabetical sort of data on input enables .a much simpler and swifter sorting on output. The size of each alphabetical data file is variable, being established initially by the data controller, but can be automatically expanded should the file become full. Improvements have been made to our sorting software enabling names to be input in both upper and lowe case, and still achieve the required sorted o»der, The sorting software previously gave priority to some punctuation marks, and to uppercase before 1 lowercase letters; As a result the sorted output was not in the required order unless input in upper"c:a's§ alon$* A comparison of our former and current sorted output is given at Aniiexes A and 3; An output routine is currently being developed which offers the user considerable flexibility. A choice can be made of the data elements to be printed, their order of printing, and page format. This, flexibility enables the user to produce printed output to meet a variety of requirements. The use of the multiple entry field allows the distinction to be made between a true gazetteer, with a single entry per name (see Annex A)- .and --a -names index,-- .where each occurrence of a name is recorded (see Annex C), ; The improvements made to our sorting-.software allow the same data set to be manipulated.and sorted into- lexicalBorders - corresponding to national alphabetical orders, .ihile we would.normally envisage using only an English lexical order, this in itself is not met by standard computer sorting, and represents a major step forward in the:computer, processing of geographical names for gazetteer production,

C. Table 1. Data Elements and Field Sise of Automated G-asetteer System.

Data Element Field size Comments 40 characters Expandable to 100 characters 2 " To facilitate multiple entries for the same name Cross Reference Name Expandable to 100 characters Designation 3/4 letter alphanumeric* Latitude DDMM N/S ) Degrees and } Minutes symbols Longitude DDDMM E/W ) added on output G-rid Coordinates 8 Up to 8 character alphanumeric.

Administrative Code ' 4 » "4 " Sheet Number 10 ii "10 " AnnexJU, Computer Sorting Routines DESG . LATITUDE .LONGITUDE GRID COORDS SHEE NAME ,"

A, Peak • see: Shek Uk Shan HLL 22*26'N 114'18'E KV 224 837 8 - ISL 22*26'N 114*a3'E KV 138 843 7 A Kunq Kok' PT 22'24'N 114*'12'E KV 126 798 7 A Kunq Nqam PPL 22*17'N 114*13'E KV 145 668 11 A Kunq Tin PPL 22*27'N 114*05'E KV 012 861 6 A Kunq Wan BAY 22*20'N 114*16'E KV 186 722 12 A ' BAY 22*19'N 113*56'E HQ 027 712 9 A Ma Wan BAY 22*32*N 114'26'E KV 360 953 4 A Ma Wat. PPL 22*31'N 114*14'E KV 163 930 3 A Po Lonq PPL 22'16'N 113^58'E HQ 071 671 10 A Shan PPL 22'28*N 114*11'E KV 110 880 '3 A Shan Tsenq Tau PPL 22*28'N 114*11'E KV 116 881 3 Aberdeen PPL 22*15'N 114*Q9'E KV 065 634 11 Aberdeen Channel CHNM 22*14'N 114'09'E KV 073 620 15 Aberdeen Country Park PARK 22*15'N 114*09'E KV 075 646 11 Aberdeen Harbour see: 'Heunq Konq Tsai Wan HBR 22*14*N 114*09*E KV 065 631 15 Aberdeen Island see: ISL 22*14'N 114*09'E KV 064 624 15 Aberdeen' Reservoirs RSV > 22*15'N 114'09'E KV 073 641 11 Aberdeen Tunnel . RD '22*15'H 114*10*E KV 091 645 11 Afternoon Beach see; Kwun Yam Wan BAY 22*12'N 114*02'E JV 939 589 14

Aldrlch :Bay BAY 22"17*N .- 114*13'E " KV 140 667 ' 11 Aldrich Villaqe PPL 2,2'16'N 114*13*E KV 141 661 11 Amah Rock see: Monq Fu Shek HLL 22*21*N 114*10'E KV 092 755 7 Anqler's Beach BCH 22*22'N 114*03'E JV 965 763 6 ISL 22*33'N 114*16*E KV 189 966 4 Ap sees Sai Ap Chau ISL 22*32'N 114'15'E KV 181 ' 967 3 Ap Lei Chau ISL 22'14'N H4*09*E KV 064 624 15 Ap Lei Pai ISL 22*14'.N 114"09*E KV 070 614 15 Ap Lo Chun RF 22*33'N 114*15'E KV 184 967 5 Ap Ma Liu see: Nqa Yiu Tau PPL 22*25'N 114*15*E KV 185 823 8 Ap Tau Pai RF. 22*32'N 114*16*E KV 191 949 4 Ap Tsai Wan BAY 22*19*N 114*15*E KV 182 707 12 Approach Beach BCH 22*22'N 114*05*E JV 997 765 6 Arqyle Street RD 22'19'N 114'10'E KV 094 715 11 Au' Ha •• PPL 22"31'N 114*H*E KV 112 941 3 Au Kunq -Shan HLL 22*32'N 114*25"E KV 352 959 4 Au Pui Tonq PPL 22'32'N 114*17*E KV 213 960 4 Au Pui Wan' PPL 22*24'N 114"10*E KV 089 808 7 Au Tau PPL 22*19'N 114*14*E KV 158 720 11 Au Tau PPL 22*26'N 114*02*E JV 955 851 6 Au Tsai 'Tsuen PPL 22*21'N 114*15'E KV 175 747 11 see: Fo Shek Chau !SL . 22*19*N 114*21*E KV 283 703 12 Bate Head see: Tuen Tsui ' HOLD 22*26'N 114"23*E KV 322 836 8 . see: Chi Chau ISL 22*20'N 114"19*E KV 251 726 12 Beacon Hill LCTY 22*20'N 114'10'E KV 090 736 11 Beacon Hill . see: Pat Ka Shan HLL 22*21'N 114*10*E KV 082 744 11 Beas, River see Sheunq Yue Ho' STM 22*31'N 114-06'E KV 029 931 2 Beas River see Sheunq Yue Ho STM 22*31'N 114"06*E KV 029 931 2 Beaufort Island see Lo Chau ISL 22*11'N 114*15*E KV 162 560 15 Belcher :. Bay BAY 22'17'N' 114*07'E KV 039 674 11 Bennett'.5 Hill see Pan Nap Shan. HLL 22*15'N • in-oa'E KV 077 637 11 Biq Wave Bay see TeU Lonej Wan BAY 22*a.4*N 3.14*14'rE KV 161 627 15 Bird's Hill see Lunq Shan' HLL 22*23'N 114*09'E KV 075 901 3 Bird's Pass see: Kat Tsai Shan Au PASS 22*29*N 114*09'E KV 080 895 3 Black Hill see Hak Kwai Shan HLL 22*iS'N 114*14'E KV 158 698 11 Black Point see Lan Kok Tsui PT 22'24'N 113*53'E GQ 984 808 5 Blackhead Point LCTY 22*17'N 114*10'E KV 086 685 11 Bluff Head see Wonq Ma Kok HDLD 22'11'N ia4*12'E KV 124 571 15 Bluff Head see: Wonq Chuk Kok Tsui HOLD 22"30fN 114*19'E KV 254 920 4 see: Sha Tonq Hau Shan ISL 22"18'N 114*20'E KV 268 708 12 Boa Vista HLL 22'15'N 114*13'E KV 134 636 11 Gazetteer Sorting Routine, NAME DESG LATITUDE LONGITUDE GRID COORDS SHEET

A, Peak see; Shefc Uk Shan HLL 22*26'N 114* 18iE KV 224 837 8 Aberdeen PPL 22*15'N 114* 09iE KV 065 634 11 Aberdeen Channel CHNM 22*14'N 114* 09*E KV 073 620 15 Aberdeen Country Park PARK 22*15'N 114* 09tE KV 075 646 11 Aberdeen Harbour see; He.ung Ka 9 Tsai Wan HBR 22*14'N 114* 09iE KV OB5 631 15 Aberdeen Island see: Ap Lei Chau ISL 22*14'N 114* 09iE KV 064 624 15 Aberdeen Reservoirrs RSV 22* 15*N 114* 09 9 E KV 073 641 11 Aberdeen Tunnel • RD 22*15'N 114* 10 r E KV 091 645 11 t A Chau ;; ISL 22*26'N 114* 13 E KV 138 843 7 Afternoon ^Beach sees Kwun Yam Wan BAY 22*12'N 114* 02 tE JV 939 589 14 A Kung Kok' PT 22*24'N 114* 12tE KV 126 798 7 * A Kung Nga:m PPL 22*17'N 114* 13 E KV 145 668 11 A Kung Tin- PPL 22*27'N 114* 05 tE KV 012 861 6 A Kung Wan 'BAY 22*20'N 114* 16r E KV 186 722 12 Aldrich Bay .BAY 22*17'N 114* 13 r E KV 140 667 11 . Aldri'ch VI;. PPL 22'16'N 114* 13f E KV 141 661 11 Amah .Rock ;. aee s Mong Fu Shefc HLL 22*21'N 114* 10 je E KV 092 755 7 A Ma Wan ! BAY 22*19'N 113* 56 X E HQ 027 712 9 A Ma Wan BAY 22*32'N 114* 26tE KV 360 953 4 A Ma Wat 1 PPL 22*31'N 114* 14 tE KV 163 930 3

Angler's Beach BCH 22*22'N 114* 03f E JV 965 763 J 6 Ap Chau ISL 22*33'N 114* 16 3 E KV 189 966 4 Ap Chau Tsai sees Sai Ap Chau ISL 22*32'N 114* 15 9 E KV 181 967 3 Ap Lei Chau ISL 22* 14'N 114* 09 f E KV 064 624 15 Ap Lei Pai' ISL 22*14'N 114* 09 *E • KV 070 614 15 Ap Lo Chun' RF 22*33'N 114* 15 tE KV 184 967 5 Ap Ma Liu sees Nga Yiu Tau PPL 22*25'N 114* 15 tE KV 185 823 8 A Po Long PPL 22*16'N 113* 58tE HQ 071 671 10 Approach Beach BCH 22*22'N 114'05 tE JV 997 765 6 Ap Tau Pai;. RF 22*32'N 114* 16 I E KV 191 949 4 Ap Tsai Wan BAY 22*19'N . 114*15 It E KV 182 707 12 Argyle Street RD 22*19*N 114* 10 tE KV 094 715 11 A Shan 1 PPL 22*2S'N 114* 11 tE KV 110 880 3 A Shan Tseng Tau PPL 22*28'N 114* 11 tE KV 116 881 3 Au Ha PPL 22*31'N . 114*11 tE KV 112 941 3 Au Kung Shan HLL 22*32'N 114* 25 tE KV 352 959 4 Au Pui Torig PPL • 22*32 *N 114* 17 r E KV 213 960 4 Au Pui Wan PPL 22*24'N 114* 10 f E' KV 089 808 7 Au Tau PPL 22* 19'N 114* 14r E KV 158 720 11 Au Tau ; PPL 22*26*N 114* 02f E JV 955 851 6 ( Au Tsai Tsuen PPL 22*21'N 114* 15 f E KV 175 747 11 Basalt Island see Fo Shek Chau ISL 22*19*N 114* 21 tE • KV 283 703 12 Bate Head • see Tuen Tsui HDLD 22*26'N 114* 23tE KV 322 836 8 Bay Islet see Chi Chau ISL 22*20'N 114* 19iE KV 251 726 12 Beacon Hill LCTY 22*20'N 114* 10 9E KV 090 736 11 Beacon Hill aee Pat Ka Shan HLL 22*21'N 114* 10 tE KV 082 744 11 Beas ,££ River see Sheung Yue Ho STM 22*31'N 114* 06 tE KV 029 931 2 Beas ^iver see Sheung Yue Ho STM 22*31'N 114* 06 T E KV 029 931 2 Beaufort Island see Lo Chau ISL 22*11 'N 114* 15 f E KV 162 560 15 Belcher Bay BAY 22*17'N 114* 07 tE KV 0.39 674 11 Bennett's Hill see Pan Nap Shan HLL 22*15'N 114* 09 g E KV 077 637 11 Biq Wave Bay sees Tal Lo'ng Wan BAY 22* 14*N 114* 14 *E KV 161 627 15 Bird's Hill see: Lung Shan HLL 22*29!*N 114* 09 tE KV 075 901 3 Bird's Pass sees Kat Tsai Shan Au PASS 22*29'N 114* 09 tE KV 080 895 3 Blackhead Point LCTY 22*17'N 114* 10 f E KV 086 685 11

Black Hill see : Hak Kwai Shan HLL 22*18'N 114* 14 *E KV 158 698 11 Black Point sees Lan Kok Tsui PT 22*24'N 113* 53f E GQ 984 808 5 Bluff Head see; Wong F1a Kok HDLD 22*11'N 114* 12 f E KV 124 571 15 Bluff Head see; Wong Chul Kok Tsui HDLD 22*30'N 114* 19 31 E KV 254 920 4 Bluff Island see: Sha Tong Hau Shan ISL 22*18'N 114* 20 f E KV 268 708 12 Boa Vista HLL 22*15'N 114* 13 tE KV 134 636 11 .Annexe Got Map Indasc. Mul-feiple Sntxy of Duplicated; .ffames* LONGITUDE GRID COORDS SHEET

A, Peak sees Shek Uk Shan HLL 22*26*N 114*18'E KV 224 837 8 Aberdeen PPL 22*15'N 114*09*E KV 065 634 11 Aberdeen Channel CHNM 22*14'N 114 + 09'E KV 073 620 15 Aberdeen Country Park PARK 22*15'N 114 * Q9*E KV 075 646 11 Aberdeen Harbour sees Heung Kong Tsai Wan HBR 22*14'N 114 * 09'E KV 065 631 15 Aberdeen Island sees Ap Lei Chau ISL 22*14'N 114 + 09*E KV 064 624 15 Aberdeen Reservoirs RSV 22*15'N 114 » 09'E KV 073 641 11 Aberdeen Tunnel RD 22* 15*N 114 * 10 *E KV 091 645 11 A Chau ISL 22*26'N 114 * 13'E KV 138 843 7 Afternoon Beach sees Kwun .Yam Wan BAY 22*12'N 114 02'E JV 939 589 14 A Kung Kok PT 22*24'N 114 * 12'E KV 126 798 7 A Kung Nqam PPL 22*17'N 114 * 13'E KV 145 668 11 A Kung Tin PPL 22*27'N 114 * Q5'E KV 012 861 6 A Kung Wan BAY 22*20'N . 114 * 16*E KV 186 722 12 Aldrich Bay BAY 22*17'N 114 % 13'E KV 140 667 11 Aldrich Village S PPL 22*16*N 114*13'E KV 141 661 11 Amah Rock sees Mong Fu Shek HLL 22*21'N 114 * 10'E KV 092 755" 7 A Ma Wan BAY 22*19'N 113 *56*E HQ 027 712 9 A Ma Wan BAY 22*32'N 114 *26'E KV 360 953 4 A Ma Wat PPL 22*31'N 114 * 14'E KV 163 930 3 Angler's Beach BCH 22*22*N 114 * 03'E JV 965 763 6 Ap' Chau ISL 22*33'N 114 * 16'E KV 189 966 4 Ap Chau Tsai see'i Sai Ap Chau ISL 22*32'N 114 * 15'E KV 181 967 3 Ap Lei Chau ISL 22'14*N 114 * 09'E KV 094 6? 4 15 Ap Lei Pai ISL 22*14'N 114 * 09'E KV 070 614 15 Ap Lo Chun RF 22*33'N 114 * 15'E KV 184 967 5 Ap Ma Liu aee» Nga Yiu Tau PPL 22*25*N 114 * 15'E KV 185 823 8 A Po Long. PPL 22*16'N 113 *58'E HQ 071 671 It) Approa-fs4£ Beach BCH 22*22'N 114 * 05'E JV 997 765 6 Ap Tau Pai RF 22*32'N 114 * 16'E KV 191 949 4 Ap Tsai Wan BAY, 22*19*N 114 *15'E KV 182 707 12 Argyle Street RD 22*19'N 114 * 10'E KV 094 715 11 A Shan PPL 22*28'N 114 * 11 'E KV 110 880 3 A Shan Tseng Tau PPL 22*28'N 114 * 11 *E KV 116 881 3 Au Ha PPL 22*31 'N 114 * ll'E KV 112 941 3 Au Kung Shan HLL 22*32'N 114 * 25 'E KV 352 959 4 Au Pui Tonq PPL 22*32 'N 114 * 17'E KV 213 960 4 Au Pui Wan PPL 22'24'N 114 * 10'E KV 089 000 7 Au Tau PPL' 22*19'N 114 * 14'E KV 158 720 11 Au Tau PPL 22*26'N 114 * 02'E JV 955 851 6 Au Tsai Tsuen PPL 22*21'N 114 * 15'E KV 175 747 11 Basalt Island see? Fo Shek Chau ISL . 22* 19'N 114 *21 'E KV 283 703 12 Bate Head see: Tuen Tsui HOLD 2£*26'N 114 *23 'E KV 322 836 8 Bay Islet sees Chi Chau ISL 22*20*N 114 » 19*E KV 251 726 12 Beacon Hill LCTY 22*20'N 114 * 10'E . KV 090 736 11 Beacon Hill see: Pat Ka Shan HLL 22*21'N 114 » 10'E KV 082 744 11 Beas, River see 5 Sheung Yue Ho STM 22*31'N 114 * 06'E KV 029 931 2 -ditto- STM 22*30 'N 114 * 06'E KV 017 913 2 Beas River sees Sheung Yue Ho STM 22*31'N 114 * 06'E KV 029 931 2 -ditto- STM 22*3Q'N 114 * 06'E KV 017 913 2 Beaufort Island sees Lo Chau ISL 22* 11 *N 114 * 15'E KV 162 560 15 Belcher Bay .BRY 22*17'N 114 * 07'E KV 039 674 11 Bennett's Hill see: Pan Nap Shan HLL 22*15'N 114 •» 09'E KV 077 637 11 Big Wave Bay see: Tai Long Wan BAY 22* 14'N 114 *14'E KV 161 627 15 Bird's Hill see; Lung Shan HLL 22*29'N 114 + 09'E KV 075 901 3 Bird's Pass see: Kat Tsai Shan Au PASS 22*29'N 114 •09'E KV 080 895 3 Blackhead' Point LCTY 22*17'N 114 » 10'E KV 086 685 11 Black Hill sees Hak Kwa'i Shan HLL 22*18'N 114» 14'E KV 158 698 11 Black Point see: Lan Kofc Tsui PT 22*24'N 113 *53'E GQ 984 808 5 * Bluff Head see: Wong Ma Kok HOLD 22* 11f N .114 12'E KV 124 571 15 Bluff Head see: Wong Chufc Kofc Tsui HDLD 22*30 *N 114 * 19'E KV 254 920 4 Bluff Island sees Sha Tong Hau Shan . ISL 22*18'N 114 > 20'E KV 268 708 12