Critical and Iconographic Reinterpretations of Three Early Gothic Novels

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Critical and Iconographic Reinterpretations of Three Early Gothic Novels ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en . Critical and Iconographic Reinterpretations of three early Gothic Novels. Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance Influences in William Beckford’s Vathek, Ann Radcliffe’s Romance of the Forest and Matthew G. Lewis’s The Monk. UNIVERSITAT AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA Department of English and German PhD in English Studies 2016 Critical and Iconographic Reinterpretations of Three Early Gothic Novels. Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance Influences in William Beckford’s Vathek, Ann Radcliffe’s Romance of the Forest and Matthew G. Lewis’s The Monk. Supervisor Professor Andrew Monnickendam Maria Teresa Marnieri Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Andrew Monnickendam, for his invaluable support and precious suggestions, and express my deepest gratitude for his patient and encouraging tutoring. I am indebted to Professor Sara Martín Alegre, Professor Jordi Coral Escola, and Professor Joan Curbet Soler, whose teachings and ideas were a great inspiration, and to Professor Maria Jose Solé Sabater for her constant help and assistance. I am grateful to Professor Stuart Gillespie and Professor David Hopkins for their studies on literary translations that influenced my research. I thank Dr. Alexandra Prunean for her encouragement and all the people who sustained me during my research. A special thanks to Adrián. UAB, Bellaterra TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 1.1. The Mystery of Gothic Genesis 3 1.2. Rationale Behind this Study 12 2. The Classical and the Gothic: Lucretius, Dante, and Exoticism in William Beckford’s Vathek 21 2.1. An Unusual Multilingual Narrative 21 2.2. Education and Luxury: the Progress of Vathek 24 2.3. Varieties of Orient and Other Influences 28 2.4. Gothic and Romantic in Vathek 32 2.5. Real and Literary Magic 41 2.6. Venetian Theatrical Inventions 46 2.7. Beckford and the Classics 48 2.8. Lucretius and Beckford 54 2.9. Dante and Italian Literature in Vathek 75 2.10 Iconographies for Beckford 84 2.11 Some final ideas 89 3. Virgilian Idyllic, Gothic Terror, and Ariostean Magic in Radcliffe’s Romance of the Forest 107 3.1. The Mysteries of a Gothic Visionary 107 3.2. Dichotomies in Radcliffe 111 3.3. Beckford, Radcliffe, Lewis: Antithetical and Complementary 115 3.4 Influences from the long Eighteenth-Century and Other Periods 117 3.5. The Enigma of Castles and Ruins 121 3.6. Mysterious landscapes between Reality and Imagination 124 3.7. Italy and France: Real, Fictitious, and Fictional Journeys 126 3.8. Radcliffe’s Heroines, Love and Marriage 130 3.9. The Romance of the Forest: Interpretations and Techniques 134 3.10. Classic Antiquities and Latin Literature 136 3.11. Virgilian Idyllic: Pastoral, Bucolic, and Sublime 144 3.12. Ariosto’s Angelica and Female Sublimation 158 3.13. Iconographies in The Romance of the Forest 165 3.14. A Final Meditation on Radcliffe 170 4. Ovidian Moments, Greek Drama, and Gothic Boccaccio in Matthew G. Lewis’s The Monk 193 4.1. An Ambiguous Novel 193 4.2. Lewis’s Reception by Contemporaries 196 4.3. Diversified Opinions on the Novel 199 4.4. Lewis versus Beckford and Radcliffe 206 4.5. Cultural Experiences and Sources 211 4.6. British Matrixes 215 4.7. Eighteenth Century and Classical Discourse 219 4.8. The Dialectics of Antiquity and the Impact of Ancient Drama 223 4.9. Euripides and Greek Drama 225 4.10. Latin Literature and Ovidian Moments 219 4.11. Middle Ages, Boccaccio, and Dante 247 4.12. The Monk and its Iconography 254 4.13. Some Conclusive Hypotheses 260 5. Conclusion 281 Works Cited 291 Annex - Art Works 311 Reference: MLA (7th edition) Quotations reproduce original spellings and words Critical and Iconographic Reinterpretations of Three Early Gothic Novels. Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance Influences in William Beckford’s Vathek, Ann Radcliffe’s Romance of the Forest and Matthew G. Lewis’s The Monk Summary The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to investigate and better understand the multiple influences that, together with the development and spreading of literary translations (highlighted by Stuart Gillespie and David Hopkins), played an important role in the rise of the early Gothic novel at the end of the eighteenth century. While deeply inspired by and imbued with internationally recognised critical literature of the Gothic, this study avoids assuming the critical stances of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It proceeds backward in time, scrutinizing the authors, their cultural background, their knowledge, and their eighteenth-century perspectives. The focus is concentrated on the first manifestations of the Gothic genre in the decades that followed the novelty introduced by Horace Walpole with The Castle of Otranto in 1764. The restricted fin de siècle timespan (1786-1796) of the early Gothic works that is explored in this thesis is inversely proportional to the high level of creativity and inventiveness of their authors. This dissertation aims at demonstrating that the pervasiveness and reiteration of Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance themes were consciously chosen and adapted to their plots by William Beckford (Vathek, 1786), Ann Radcliffe (The Romance of the Forest, 1791), and Matthew G. Lewis (The Monk, 1796), whose novels were an interesting and unusual syncretism of literary, cultural, and iconographic ideas and resources that they absorbed both from their contemporaries and, most importantly, from authors of the past. The three novels analysed in this thesis were written before, during, and after the French Revolution, which has been taken by many as a point of reference for and as a cause of the Gothic. The aim of this study is also to demonstrate that the association with the French Revolution is a critical convention a quo, which does not take into consideration Gothic peculiarities that already existed before the dramatic events in France. Other important aspects included in this investigation are the function of architectures, landscapes and iconographies in the novels. The dissertation is divided into five parts. The first part introduces the major themes and the rationale behind this investigation together with the motivation for embarking on a study on the Gothic. The central body is represented by three chapters. Every chapter analyses one novel and underscores its connection with authors such as Lucretius, Virgil, Ovid, Dante, Boccaccio, Shakespeare, and many others. The fifth chapter contains the conclusion and the future hypotheses of investigation brought about by this research. The bibliography features a variety of source texts and translations that were known to the novelists examined in this dissertation. The three Gothic writers’ language inevitably reflected and echoed themes and styles inherited from authors of different epochs. An iconography annex introduces a series of paintings and images that showed relevant associations with Gothic beauty, mystery, and horror. 1. Introduction and Rationale 1.1. The Mystery of Gothic Genesis Reactions to early Gothic fiction were mixed from its first appearance in 1764 with the publication of Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto. Afraid of negative opinions, Walpole (1717-1797) used a pseudonym and presented the novel as a translation of a medieval Italian manuscript. He explained in the preface that his choice was due to the “novelty of the attempt to bend the two kinds of romance, the ancient and the modern”. Caught by surprise, critics tried to find reasonable motivations for the public’s enthusiastic reception.1 Although Walter Scott (1771-1832) only partially appreciated Gothic literature, he contributed to raising awareness of the genre, to which other authors and poets, especially the Romantics, became indebted, despite their reluctance to admit its influence. In his introduction to the 1811 edition of the Castle of Otranto, Scott defined the novel as “remarkable not only for the wild interest in the story, but as the first modern attempt to found a tale of amusing fiction upon the basis of the ancient romances of chivalry” (Wilmarth Lewis viii).2 In spite of its success, scholars considered the Gothic genre as a secondary form of literary production, especially when Walpole’s example was followed by other writers, many among them women. The Gothic became the object of scrutiny in different periods, starting from its development during the second half of the eighteenth century until the present day.3 Michael Munday investigated the attention that early critical reviews paid to the Gothic. Even if only some writers, such as Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), Henry Fielding 3 (1707-1754) and Laurence Sterne (1713-1768)4, were generally recognised as accomplished authors, literary magazines took Gothic production into consideration even though the reputation of the novel, in general, and of the Gothic, in particular, was rather low. Critics had a tendency to “hit out at the Gothic novel, the bête noire of both the Edinburgh and the Quarterly” (205). Munday explains that John Wilson Croker had expressed the desire to “expose the raving nonsense which novel readers are content to receive as sublimity and pathos” (206). The severe critic reprehended both Gothic authors and their avid readers. The critical remarks exposed circulating libraries scarce cultural contents as well. Munday mentions the critic John Gibson Lockhart, active at the beginning of the nineteenth century. He dismissed William Godwin’s Caleb Williams (1794) for its “gliding phantoms and unearthly horrors” (211).
Recommended publications
  • Irish Gothic Fiction
    THE ‘If the Gothic emerges in the shadows cast by modernity and its pasts, Ireland proved EME an unhappy haunting ground for the new genre. In this incisive study, Jarlath Killeen shows how the struggle of the Anglican establishment between competing myths of civility and barbarism in eighteenth-century Ireland defined itself repeatedly in terms R The Emergence of of the excesses of Gothic form.’ GENCE Luke Gibbons, National University of Ireland (Maynooth), author of Gaelic Gothic ‘A work of passion and precision which explains why and how Ireland has been not only a background site but also a major imaginative source of Gothic writing. IRISH GOTHIC Jarlath Killeen moves well beyond narrowly political readings of Irish Gothic by OF IRISH GOTHIC using the form as a way of narrating the history of the Anglican faith in Ireland. He reintroduces many forgotten old books into the debate, thereby making some of the more familiar texts seem suddenly strange and definitely troubling. With FICTION his characteristic blend of intellectual audacity and scholarly rigour, he reminds us that each text from previous centuries was written at the mercy of its immediate moment as a crucial intervention in a developing debate – and by this brilliant HIST ORY, O RIGI NS,THE ORIES historicising of the material he indicates a way forward for Gothic amidst the ruins of post-Tiger Ireland.’ Declan Kiberd, University of Notre Dame Provides a new account of the emergence of Irish Gothic fiction in the mid-eighteenth century FI This new study provides a robustly theorised and thoroughly historicised account of CTI the beginnings of Irish Gothic fiction, maps the theoretical terrain covered by other critics, and puts forward a new history of the emergence of the genre in Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • Artist's Statement
    Decline And Fall Mark Bernstein Eastgate Systems, Inc. 134 Main Street Watertown MA 02472 USA +1 617 924 9044 [email protected] Potboilers and page-turners may not, indeed, have been the 1. ABSTRACT most pressing concern of literary hypertext, but a generation has now passed. The summer is over, and we Decline and Fall is a new Storyspace hypertext fiction, a school story based loosely on The Trojan Women. It sets out to be an cannot say with great confidence that we know how to exciting hypertext, a potboiler: a hypertext in which things write an exciting hypertext that is not a game. Games are happen, while remaining within the tradition of literary hypertext. fine things, but their excitement substantially stems from the reader’s agency (however problematized) and the CCS Concepts promise (however symbolic) that one might win. Decline and Fall is not a game, at least not beyond the extent to ➝ • Software and its engineering Software creation and which any storyteller and any self-aware reader can be said management ➝ Designing Software • Applied Computing ➝ Computers in other domains. to be playing a game [11]. The plot (that is, the way the underlying story is told) is likely to be different in each Keywords reading, but we begin roughly where The Trojan Women begins, after the fall of Troy1. The reader has no agency in Storyspace, hypertext, hypermedia, literature, fiction, education, design, implementation, support, history of the story world. No man and no god could prevent that fall, computing, maps, links. nor can all your piety and wit cheer up Cassandra or rescue Polyxena, soon to be the bride of dead Achilles.
    [Show full text]
  • WORDSWORTH's GOTHIC POETICS by ROBERT J. LANG a Thesis
    WORDSWORTH’S GOTHIC POETICS BY ROBERT J. LANG A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS English December 2012 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Eric Wilson, Ph.D., Advisor Philip Kuberski, Ph.D., Chair Omaar Hena, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................45 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................65 WORKS CITED ................................................................................................................70 VITA ..................................................................................................................................75 ii ABSTRACT Wordsworth’s poetry is typically seen by critics as healthy-minded, rich in themes of transcendence, synthesis,
    [Show full text]
  • Politics and Power in the Gothic Drama of MG Lewis
    University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES School of Humanities Politics and Power in the Gothic Drama of M.G. Lewis By Rachael Pearson Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2011 1 2 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy POLITICS AND POWER IN THE GOTHIC DRAMA OF M.G. LEWIS Rachael Pearson Matthew Lewis‟s 1796 novel The Monk continues to attract critical attention, but the accusation that it was blasphemous has overshadowed the rest of his writing career. He was also a playwright, M. P. and slave-owner. This thesis considers the need to reassess the presentation of social power, primarily that of a conservative paternalism, in Lewis‟s dramas and the impact of biographical issues upon this.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy Sunday, July 8, 2018 12:01 PM
    Philosophy Sunday, July 8, 2018 12:01 PM Western Pre-Socratics Fanon Heraclitus- Greek 535-475 Bayle Panta rhei Marshall Mcluhan • "Everything flows" Roman Jakobson • "No man ever steps in the same river twice" Saussure • Doctrine of flux Butler Logos Harris • "Reason" or "Argument" • "All entities come to be in accordance with the Logos" Dike eris • "Strife is justice" • Oppositional process of dissolving and generating known as strife "The Obscure" and "The Weeping Philosopher" "The path up and down are one and the same" • Theory about unity of opposites • Bow and lyre Native of Ephesus "Follow the common" "Character is fate" "Lighting steers the universe" Neitzshce said he was "eternally right" for "declaring that Being was an empty illusion" and embracing "becoming" Subject of Heideggar and Eugen Fink's lecture Fire was the origin of everything Influenced the Stoics Protagoras- Greek 490-420 BCE Most influential of the Sophists • Derided by Plato and Socrates for being mere rhetoricians "Man is the measure of all things" • Found many things to be unknowable • What is true for one person is not for another Could "make the worse case better" • Focused on persuasiveness of an argument Names a Socratic dialogue about whether virtue can be taught Pythagoras of Samos- Greek 570-495 BCE Metempsychosis • "Transmigration of souls" • Every soul is immortal and upon death enters a new body Pythagorean Theorem Pythagorean Tuning • System of musical tuning where frequency rations are on intervals based on ration 3:2 • "Pure" perfect fifth • Inspired
    [Show full text]
  • Repatriating Romance: Politics of Textual Transmission in Early Modern France
    Repatriating Romance: Politics of Textual Transmission in Early Modern France By Linda Danielle Louie A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Romance Languages and Literatures and the Designated Emphasis in Renaissance and Early Modern Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Timothy Hampton, Chair Professor Mairi McLaughlin Professor Victoria Kahn Fall 2017 Repatriating Romance: Politics of Textual Transmission in Early Modern France © 2018 by Linda Danielle Louie Abstract Repatriating Romance: Politics of Textual Transmission in Early Modern France by Linda Danielle Louie Doctor of Philosophy in Romance Languages and Literatures Designated Emphasis in Renaissance and Early Modern Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Timothy Hampton, Chair This dissertation reveals the central role that transcultural literary exchange plays in the imagining of a continuous French literary history. The traditional narrative of French literary history describes the vernacular canon as built on the imitation of the ancients. However, this dissertation demonstrates that Early Modern French canon formation also depends, to a startling extent, on claims of inter-vernacular literary theft. Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a central preoccupation of French authors, translators, and literary theorists was the repatriation of the romance genre. Romance was portrayed as a cornerstone of French literary patrimony that Italian and Spanish authors had stolen. The repatriation of individual romance texts entailed a skillful co-opting of the language of humanist philology, alongside practices of translation and continuation usually associated with the medieval period. By looking at romance translation as part of a project of national canon formation, this dissertation sheds new light on the role that chivalric romance plays in national and international politics.
    [Show full text]
  • GOTHIC FICTION Introduction by Peter Otto
    GOTHIC FICTION Introduction by Peter Otto 1 The Sadleir-Black Collection 2 2 The Microfilm Collection 7 3 Gothic Origins 11 4 Gothic Revolutions 15 5 The Northanger Novels 20 6 Radcliffe and her Imitators 23 7 Lewis and her Followers 27 8 Terror and Horror Gothic 31 9 Gothic Echoes / Gothic Labyrinths 33 © Peter Otto and Adam Matthew Publications Ltd. Published in Gothic Fiction: A Guide, by Peter Otto, Marie Mulvey-Roberts and Alison Milbank, Marlborough, Wilt.: Adam Matthew Publications, 2003, pp. 11-57. Available from http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/gothic_fiction/Contents.aspx Deposited to the University of Melbourne ePrints Repository with permission of Adam Matthew Publications - http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au All rights reserved. Unauthorised Reproduction Prohibited. 1. The Sadleir-Black Collection It was not long before the lust for Gothic Romance took complete possession of me. Some instinct – for which I can only be thankful – told me not to stray into 'Sensibility', 'Pastoral', or 'Epistolary' novels of the period 1770-1820, but to stick to Gothic Novels and Tales of Terror. Michael Sadleir, XIX Century Fiction It seems appropriate that the Sadleir-Black collection of Gothic fictions, a genre peppered with illicit passions, should be described by its progenitor as the fruit of lust. Michael Sadleir (1888-1957), the person who cultivated this passion, was a noted bibliographer, book collector, publisher and creative writer. Educated at Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford, Sadleir joined the office of the publishers Constable and Company in 1912, becoming Director in 1920. He published seven reasonably successful novels; important biographical studies of Trollope, Edward and Rosina Bulwer, and Lady Blessington; and a number of ground-breaking bibliographical works, most significantly Excursions in Victorian Bibliography (1922) and XIX Century Fiction (1951).
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient Mariner and Parody
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons English: Faculty Publications and Other Works Faculty Publications 8-1999 ‘Supernatural, or at Least Romantic': the Ancient Mariner and Parody Steven Jones [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/english_facpubs Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Steven E. Jones, “‘Supernatural, or at Least Romantic': the Ancient Mariner and Parody," Romanticism on the Net, 15 (August 1999). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in English: Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © Michael Eberle-Sinatra 1996-2006. 'Supernatural, or at Least Romantic': the Ancient Mariner and Parody | Érudit | Romanticism on the Net n15 1999 | 'Supernatural, or at Least Romantic': the Ancient Mariner and Parody [*] Steven E. Jones Loyola University Chicago 1 An ancient literary practice often aligned with satire, parody "comes of age as a major comic expression during the Romantic period," as Marilyn Gaull has observed, the same era that celebrated and became known for the literary virtues of sincerity, authenticity, and originality. [1] Significant recent anthologies of Romantic-period parodies make the sheer bulk and topical range of such imitative works available for readers and critics for the first time, providing ample evidence for the prominence of the form. [2] The weight of evidence in these collections should also put to rest the widespread assumption that parody is inevitably "comic" or gentler than satire, that it is essentially in good fun.
    [Show full text]
  • Madonna Mary
    MADONNA MARY. liV MRS. OLIPHANT, AUTHOR OF "THE LIFE OF EDWARD IRVING,' "AGNES," Etc. IN THREE VOLUMES. vol. in. C/7, ,T--\3 LONDON : HUEST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS, SUCCESSOES TO HENEY COLBUEN, 13, GEEAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. 1867. The right of Translation it reserved. JIJTO. -/ J2<?iTt LONDON : SAYILL AND EDWAKDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STBEBT, COYEST GARDEN. wmmm CHAPTER I. IILFRID was so stunned by the in formation thus suddenly given him, that lie had but a confused con sciousness of the explanations which followed. He was aware that it was all made clear to him, and that he uttered the usual words of assent and conviction ; but in his mind he was too profoundly moved, too completely shaken and unsettled, to be aware of anything but the fact thus strangely communicated. It did not occur to him for a moment that it was not a fact. He saw no improbability, nothing unnatural in it. He was too young to think that anything was unlikely because it was extraordinary, or to doubt what was affirmed with so much confidence. But, in the meantime, the news was so startling, that it upset his mental balance, and made him in capable of understanding the details. Hugh was not the eldest son. It was he who was the VOL. III. B 2 Madonna Mary. eldest son. This at the moment was all that his mind was capable of taking in. He stayed by Percival as long as he remained, and had the air of devouring everything the other said ; and he went with him to the railway station when he went away.
    [Show full text]
  • Tarn to Titanic: Life & Times of Joseph Bell Chief Engineer
    Tarn to Titanic: Life & Times of Joseph Bell Chief Engineer by Barrie Bell Hodgson & Ann Freer ISBN 978-0-9560506-2-5 CLEARLINE; 80 pp £10.00 History is where we have come from, and this biography of Joseph Bell and his roots in Farlam, Cumberland, attempts to discover the life of a man of great courage and human endeavour in his part of the eventual tragedy of the sinking of RMS Titanic, on the 15th of April 1912. Joseph Bell had a significant role, with his fellow Engineers, in the saving of so many lives as a consequence of their heroism and bravery on that tragic night. After 101 years, this largely untold story of such a remarkable figure of 19th century history needs and deserves to be more amply known. His early life in Cumberland, known now as Cumbria, was very influential in his life for what was to be such an extraordinary and successful career in the Merchant Marine. His Memorial gravestone in St Thomas a Becket Churchyard, Farlam, Cumbria, is annotated with the following: NO GREATER LOVE HATH MAN THAN THIS. THAT A MAN LAY DOWN HIS LIFE FOR HIS FRIENDS For further information contact: [email protected] Introduction History is where we have come from, and this biography of Joseph Bell and his roots in Farlam, Cumberland, attempts to portray a man of great courage and human endeavour for his part in the tragedy of the sinking of RMS Titanic, on The 15th April 1912. Joseph Bell had a significant role, with his fellow Engineers, in the saving of many lives as a consequence of their joint heroism and bravery on that night.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Rhetoric, Poetics and History: Machaut's Prise D'
    Rhetoric, Poetics and History Machaut's Prise d 'Alixandre and the anonymous Geste des dues de Bouraoane Philip E. Bennett University ifEdinburah From among the records of a century which sawall the 'grans merveilles' and the 'biau fait d'armes' which fuelled the four books of Froissart's Chroniques,l a decision to concentrate on Machaut's account of the 'side show' of Pierre de Lusignan's crusade to Egypt (1365) and on a pseudo-epic poem giving a highly biased version of the Armagnac- Burgundian conflict of c. 1398- 1411, culminating in the shorr·lived Anglo-Burgundian victory at Saint-Cloud, requires a little explanation. The initial motivation for studying these comparatively littl e ~ known texts comes from the simple fact of their presenting history in verse at a time when historiography was increasingly dominated by the prose model established by the Grandes Chroniques de France, including early mises en prose oJchansons de geste, and consecrated by a series of great writers of hi story from Jean Ie Bel to Philippe de Com mines. To that extent this investigation extends one, on which I have been engaged for some time, into the way rhetoric shapes the intergeneric relationships of epic, romance and verse·chronicle in texts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. For reasons that will become clear a continued comparison of La Geste des dues de Bourgogne with chansons de geste composed between ca IISO and ca 1250 remains pertinent. although putting it back in the cultural context of the early fifteenth century will, I hope, contribute to the revision of a major myth of 'Whiggish' literary history: that prose is the natural vehicle for narrative, especially historical and pseudo-historical narrative.
    [Show full text]
  • "Why Should I Dance?": Choral Self-Referentiality in Greek Tragedy Author(S): Albert Henrichs Source: Arion, Third Series, Vol
    Trustees of Boston University "Why Should I Dance?": Choral Self-Referentiality in Greek Tragedy Author(s): Albert Henrichs Source: Arion, Third Series, Vol. 3, No. 1, The Chorus in Greek Tragedy and Culture, One (Fall, 1994 - Winter, 1995), pp. 56-111 Published by: Trustees of Boston University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20163565 . Accessed: 06/11/2014 16:39 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Trustees of Boston University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Arion. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 140.247.80.84 on Thu, 6 Nov 2014 16:39:55 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions "Why Should IDance?": Choral Self-Referentiality inGreek Tragedy ALBERTHENRICHS How can we know the dancer from the dance? ?Yeats was An the beginning, there the "chorus"?a collec tive of khoreutai performing the dance-song {khoreia).1 Greek musical culture is defined by khoroi whose performance combines song and dance, a feature which characterizes numerous forms of cultic poetry and which choral lyric, whether cultic or not, shares with drama. The polymorphous Dionysiac chorus forms the nucleus of Greek comedy and satyr-play, in historical as well as structural terms.
    [Show full text]