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00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 09:09 Page 1 Dublin 1950–1970 00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 09:09 Page 2 the making of dublin city Series editors Joseph brady, Ruth mcmanus and anngret Simms Joseph brady and anngret Simms (eds), Dublin through space and time, c.900‒1900 Ruth mcmanus, Dublin, 1910‒1940: shaping the city and suburbs gary a. boyd, Dublin, 1745‒1922: hospitals, spectacle and vice niamh moore, Dublin docklands reinvented: the post-industrial regeneration of a European city quarter Joseph brady, Dublin, 1930–1950: the emergence of the modern city Joseph brady, Dublin, 1950–1970: Houses, flats and high rise 00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 09:09 Page 3 dublin 1950–1970 houSeS, flatS and high-RiSe Joseph Brady fouR couRtS PReSS 00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 09:09 Page 4 typeset in 11 pt on 14 pt garamond by carrigboy typesetting Services, for fouR couRtS PReSS ltd 7 malpas Street, dublin 8, ireland www.fourcourtspress.ie and in North America for fouR couRtS PReSS c/o iSbS, 920 ne 58th avenue, Suite 300, Portland, oR 97213. © Joseph brady, the editors and four courts Press, 2016 iSbn 978–1–84682–599-6 pbk a catalogue record for this title is available from the british library. all rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved alone, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and publisher of this book. Printed in england by antony Rowe ltd, chippenham, Wilts. 00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 09:09 Page 5 Contents 7 acknoWledgmentS 9 SeRieS editoRS ’ intRoduction 13 building the modeRn city 16 t h e 1950s a n d 1960s the economy – Population dynamics – change in dublin’s population – marriage and longevity – housing – housing facilities – overcrowding – tenure – occupations – employment and industry in dublin – end of the ‘servant problem’ – the labour force – the agenda for 1950–1970 – the maps 62 a Revitalized houSing PRogRamme achievements – the individual schemes – ballyfermot – finglas east and West – Walkinstown and milltown – coolock and kilmore – housing costs – Reserved areas – Public utility societies – Support for private housing – other council areas – Patterns of tenure – differential rents – tenant purchase – Selling houses to tenants – naming and social interaction 178 flatS and high - R i S e accommodation in flats – high-rise – ballymun – System building – the end of high-rise 240 home oWneRShiP the path to ownership – apartments – individual housing schemes – greenhills estate – monastery Park – yellow Walls – dundrum – offington Park – the laurels, terenure Road – Shrewsbury lawn, cabinteely – 5 00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 10:06 Page 6 < contents shanganagh Vale – Bayside, sutton – the ideal home – All electric – consumption and consumer products – Innovation – Householders’ perceptions 304 tHe europeAn context High-rise and suburban design – Why not high-rise? – the ussr experience – other european examples – Building suburbs in the uK 330 tHe HousIng sector At tHe end of tHe 19<0s Housing provision in the city – owner occupancy – private rental sector – Multiple occupancy – A new city? – Adequacy 34< socIAl AreAs of duBlIn , 1971 social structure – the people in 1971 – social status in the city – Household characteristics – labour force – factorial ecology – socio-economic status in 1971 – Youthfulness and growth – dublin’s distinctiveness 390 tHe WIder urBAn context the car, the office and the suburbs 395 A p pe n d I c e s 1. detail of elected aspect from the censuses of population 2. the socio-demographic spatial structure of dublin 1971 417 BIBlIogrApHY 433 lIst of IllustrAtIons 439 I n d e x 00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 09:09 Page 7 Acknowledgments When i was completing my ma degree by thesis in ucd in the 1970s, i looked around for a suitable quotation to embellish the work. it was something that was popular at the time! i always liked the work of t.S. eliot and felt that these lines from Little Gidding were very geographical. We shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time i have been studying dublin for many years now and i think i am getting to the point where i am beginning to understand the processes that have shaped its streetscapes. the previous volume, Dublin 1930–1950: the emergence of the modern city, dealt with a period that i did not experience personally. however, i grew up during much of the time period under consideration here and, more importantly, my lecturers in ucd introduced me to fresh and cutting-edge analysis of the city in the 1960s and 1970s. this was modern and contemporary at the time and we were using all sorts of new approaches and techniques to escape the ‘rational description of the earth’, which had been the geographical canon. it has been an interesting journey to revisit that material and see what it communicates to me now. the final chapter in this book was, in another form, the substance of my ba dissertation in geography and became my first formal publication. my analysis is different now, certainly in detail if not in substance, and i hope that i know the place now. my sincere thanks must go to tony Parker, who introduced me to urban geography and who supervised my three dissertations; surely a penance of some significance. tony introduced me to the census of population, showed me how to write my first program in fortran and has been a great colleague and friend over many, many years. arnold horner was another great influence during the time i began my exploration of the city. arnold’s interests are varied and wonderful and from him i learned about maps, chaps, economic processes and so much more. to him my sincere thanks. it goes without saying but it needs to be written that i owe a continuing debt to my editors. Ruth mcmanus and anngret Simms have been great 7 00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 09:09 Page 8 8 dublin, 1930–1950 friends and tough critics. anngret once taught me about european urbanization and, though it is hard to believe at this point, Ruth was once my student. they are both superb scholars and i am lucky that they have devoted so much time to making this text better. my colleagues and friends in ucd have been invaluable. this and the previous volume are the product of a long period of gestation which benefitted hugely from discourse and argument in all sorts of forums. my thanks are due to Jim byrne, alun carr, John dunnion, bryan fanning, tom garvan, frank hayes, andreas hess, alun Jones, michael laffan, tim mooney, feargal murphy, gerald mills, niamh moore, Wolfgang marx and Ronnie moore. illustrations play a hugely important role in communicating our ideas in this series and this volume is no different. to that end, i wish to acknowledge the value of the crampton photo archive, now housed in ucd’s digital library. i also want to thank most sincerely the late frank kelly for his generosity in giving me permission to reproduce material from Dublin Opinion. this is a wonderful source of material because it provides a window into what was topical and what was amusing and annoying people. likewise my thanks to the staff in Pearse Street library who provided me not only with crucial material but also provided an oasis of calm in which to work. i am most grateful to kay mackeogh who provided me with the fascinating detail on the Walkinstown utility Society. four courts Press have been great supporters of this series and are a joy to work with. my continuing thanks to martin fanning, senior editor, for his patience, skill and huge enthusiasm. i also appreciate greatly the work done by martin healy, anthony tierney and meghan donaldson in getting the work before as wide an audience as possible. four courts produce books to the highest standards and they make a vital contribution to the academic world. lucy hogan once again produced an excellent and useful index, greatly enhancing the book. another vital contribution was made by the national university of ireland in the form of a publication grant. this was important, not just in monetary terms, but also because of the support it provided. my mother was a great source of support but also of practical information because the city of which i write was also her city. my deepest thanks, though, must go to anne for her continuing and unfailing encouragement and support and without whom this book or any other would not have been written. 00 Dublin1950s 15/04/2016 09:09 Page 9 Series Editors’ Introduction it is a great pleasure to introduce the latest addition to our series The Making of Dublin City. as with its predecessors, this volume takes a geographical perspective on the city’s development, using a wide range of maps and other images to enhance our understanding of the evolution of dublin during this era. following on chronologically from Joe brady’s previous book in this series, Dublin 1930–1950: the emergence of the modern city, this volume extends into a time period well within living memory. this time there is a specific focus on the changing nature of the housing stock, the most important land use within the city and, arguably, the one with the greatest day-to-day impact upon its citizens. its scope extends from the continuing efforts of dublin corporation to provide dwellings for the city’s poorest citizens, to the creation of exclusive suburbs for the better off.