DOCSLIB.ORG

Nuclear Fusion Nucleaire Nuclear ATOMIC and PLASMA-MATERIAL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

nuclear fusion nucleaire qnepHbui cMHTes nuclear ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION (Supplement to the journal .VOLUME 5 ^v INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1994 M AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE, VIENNE, 1994 MEWflYHAPOAHOE ATEHTCTBO no ATOMHOM 3HEPTHM, BEHA, 1994 ORGANISMO INTERNACIONAL DE ENERGIA ATOMICA, VIENA,1994 The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN ICELAND PERU ALBANIA INDIA PHILIPPINES ALGERIA INDONESIA POLAND ARGENTINA IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PORTUGAL ARMENIA IRAQ QATAR AUSTRALIA IRELAND ROMANIA AUSTRIA ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BANGLADESH ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BELARUS JAMAICA SENEGAL BELGIUM JAPAN SIERRA LEONE BOLIVIA JORDAN SINGAPORE BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA BULGARIA KENYA SLOVENIA CAMBODIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON KUWAIT SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CHILE LIBERIA SUDAN CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SWEDEN COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND COSTA RICA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COTE D'lVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THAILAND CROATIA MADAGASCAR THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CUBA MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CYPRUS MALI TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKEY DENMARK MAURITIUS UGANDA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO UKRAINE ECUADOR MONACO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT EL SALVADOR MOROCCO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN ESTONIA MYANMAR IRELAND ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA FINLAND NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FRANCE NEW ZEALAND URUGUAY GABON NICARAGUA UZBEKISTAN GERMANY NIGER VENEZUELA GHANA NIGERIA VIET NAM GREECE NORWAY YEMEN GUATEMALA PAKISTAN YUGOSLAVIA HAITI PANAMA ZAIRE HOLY SEE PARAGUAY ZAMBIA HUNGARY ZIMBABWE The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". © IAEA, 1994 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the Division of Publications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 1994 ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) VOLUME 5 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1994 The volumes of ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION are published by the International Atomic Energy Agency as supplements of the journal NUCLEAR FUSION. For these supplements, papers, letters and reviews are accepted which deal with the following topics: — Elementary collision processes in fusion plasmas involving photons, electrons, ions, atoms and molecules; — Collision processes of plasma particles with surfaces of fusion relevant materials; — Plasma-material interaction phenomena, including the thermophysical response of materials. Each submitted contribution should contain fusion relevant data and information in either of the above areas. Original contributions should provide new data, using well established methods. Review articles should give a critical analysis or evaluation of a wider range of data. They are normally prepared on the invitation of the Scientific Editor or on prior mutual consent. Each submitted contribution is assessed by two independent referees. Every manuscript submitted must be accompanied by a disclaimer stating that the paper has not been published and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. If no copyright is claimed by the authors, the IAEA automatically owns the copyright of the paper. Guidelines for the preparation of manuscripts are given on the inside back cover. Manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed to: The Editor, NUCLEAR FUSION, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Publisher: International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Scientific Editor: R.K. Janev, Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences Editor: C. Bobeldijk, Division of Publications Editorial Board: V.A. Abramov (Russ. Fed.) A. Miyahara (Japan) R. Behrisch (Germany) R.A. Phaneuf (USA) H.-W. Drawin (France) D.E. Post (USA) W.B. Gauster (USA) H.P. Summers (JET) H.B. Gilbody (UK) H. Tawara (Japan) A. Kingston (UK) W.L. Wiese (USA) Yu.V. Martynenko (Russ. Fed.) Annual subscription price (one issue): Austrian Schillings 350,— Airmail delivery (optional): Austrian Schillings 40,— to any destination ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, VOLUME 5 IAEA, VIENNA, 1994 STI/PUB/023/APID/05 EDITORIAL NOTE The present volume of Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion is devoted to a critical review of the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of presently considered candidate plasma-facing and structural materials for next-generation thermonuclear fusion reactors. The material issue in the engineering design of fusion reactors is currently seen as one of the most complex ones, having a strong impact on the basic operational and engineering reactor parameters. The preparation of this volume was guided by the idea of providing the fusion reactor designers with a source of critically assessed material properties data, including information on the material response to high heat and particle fluxes and on the thermo-hydrodynamic coupling with coolants. Emphasis was given not on comprehensiveness, but rather on presentation of the most recent results for the materials considered as prime option for plasma-facing reactor materials. The IAEA is indebted to the contributors to this volume for their dedicated effort and co-operativeness, and to Drs. W.B. Gauster and V.R. Barabash for their advice in formulating the scope of the compendium. Vienna, December 1994 CONTENTS W.B. Gauster, W.R. Spears and ITER Joint Central Team: Requirements and selection criteria for plasma-facing materials and components in the ITER EDA design 7 D.E. Dombrowski, E.B. Deksnis, M.A. Pick: Thermomechanical properties of Beryllium 19 T.D. Burchell, T. Oku: Material properties data for fusion reactor plasma-facing carbon-carbon composites 77 T. Tanabe: High-Z candidate plasma facing materials 129 R.F. Mattas: Recommended property data for Mo, Nb and V-alloys 149 S.J. Zinkle, S.A. Fabritsiev: Copper alloys for high heat flux structure applications 163 A. Hassanein, I. Konkashbaev: Erosion of plasma-facing materials during a tokamak disruption 193 H.-W. Bartels, T. Kunugi, A.J. Russo: Runaway electron effects 225 M. Araki, M. Akiba, R.D. Watson, C.B. Baxi, D.L. Youchison: Data bases for thermo-hydrodynamic coupling with coolants 245 REQUIREMENTS AND SELECTION CRITERIA FOR PLASMA-FACING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS IN THE ITER EDA DESIGN W. B. GAUSTER, W. R. SPEARS AND THE ITER JOINT CENTRAL TEAM ITER Garching Joint Work Site Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik BoltzmannstraBe 2 D-85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany ABSTRACT. The goal of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes. The Engineering Design Activities (EDA) are developing the design of this next step experiment in controlled fusion energy research. Severe demands are placed on performance of" materials, especially of those in contact with the plasma. The present status of the design is summarised, with emphasis on the vacuum vessel and the in-vessel components. The requirements to be met by plasma-facing materials and components are highlighted, and the research and development needs are described. 1. INTRODUCTION The design of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) places unprecedented demands on materials performance in several areas if the projected performance goals are to be met [1]. Important topics include structural and electrical properties of superconducting magnet windings and the mechanical support elements of the magnet systems, structural and electrical properties of the vacuum vessel and blanket assemblies, and a wide range of requirements for the materials which come in contact with the plasma. The latter category is particularly extensive: it includes properties which influence plasma behaviour as well as those which relate to the functionality and lifetime of the material and the associated components. In all cases, availability of the materials, their fabricability, the construction, maintenance, and replacement processes, as well as costs, also play important roles. In addition, ITER is the first fusion machine in which the degradation of properties due to neutron damage is a prime concern. The first two years of the project's Engineering Design Activities (EDA) have resulted in an outline design [2,3,4]. Two operating phases for the machine are being considered. In the first, a Basic Performance Phase (BPP), breeding would not be needed. The function of the blanket is then to extract the fusion power that is produced and, together with the vacuum vessel, to shield the superconducting magnets. However, elementary breeding blanket modules would be tested functionally during this phase, in which the experience of a few thousand hours of plasma operation would be gained. In an Extended Performance Phase (EPP), tritium would be bred throughout the blanket. To be better able to test
Recommended publications
  • Lecture 5. Interstellar Dust: Optical Properties

    Lecture 5. Interstellar Dust: Optical Properties

    Lecture 5. Interstellar Dust: Optical Properties 1. Introduction 2. Extinction 3. Mie Scattering 4. Dust to Gas Ratio 5. Appendices References Spitzer Ch. 7, Osterbrock Ch. 7 DC Whittet, Dust in the Galactic Environment (IoP, 2002) E Krugel, Physics of Interstellar Dust (IoP, 2003) B Draine, ARAA, 41, 241, 2003 1. Introduction: Brief History of Dust Nebular gas long accepted but existence of absorbing interstellar dust controversial. Herschel (1738-1822) found few stars in some directions, later extensively demonstrated by Barnard’s photos of dark clouds. Trumpler (PASP 42 214 1930) conclusively demonstrated interstellar absorption by comparing luminosity distances & angular diameter distances for open clusters: • Angular diameter distances are systematically smaller • Discrepancy grows with distance • Distant clusters are redder • Estimated ~ 2 mag/kpc absorption • Attributed it to Rayleigh scattering by gas Some of the Evidence for Interstellar Dust Extinction (reddening of bright stars, dark clouds) Polarization of starlight Scattering (reflection nebulae) Continuum IR emission Depletion of refractory elements from the gas Dust is also observed in the winds of AGB stars, SNRs, young stellar objects (YSOs), comets, interplanetary Dust particles (IDPs), and in external galaxies. The extinction varies continuously with wavelength and requires macroscopic absorbers (or “dust” particles). Examples of the Effects of Dust Extinction B68 Scattering - Pleiades Extinction: Some Definitions Optical depth, cross section, & efficiency: ext ext ext τ λ = ∫ ndustσ λ ds = σ λ ∫ ndust 2 = πa Qext (λ) Ndust nd is the volumetric dust density The magnitude of the extinction Aλ : ext I(λ) = I0 (λ) exp[−τ λ ] Aλ =−2.5log10 []I(λ)/I0(λ) ext ext = 2.5log10(e)τ λ =1.086τ λ 2.
  • 小型飛翔体／海外 ［Format 2］ Technical Catalog Category

    小型飛翔体／海外 ［Format 2］ Technical Catalog Category

    小型飛翔体／海外 ［Format 2］ Technical Catalog Category Airborne contamination sensor Title Depth Evaluation of Entrained Products (DEEP) Proposed by Create Technologies Ltd & Costain Group PLC １．DEEP is a sensor analysis software for analysing contamination. DEEP can distinguish between surface contamination and internal / absorbed contamination. The software measures contamination depth by analysing distortions in the gamma spectrum. The method can be applied to data gathered using any spectrometer. Because DEEP provides a means of discriminating surface contamination from other radiation sources, DEEP can be used to provide an estimate of surface contamination without physical sampling. DEEP is a real-time method which enables the user to generate a large number of rapid contamination assessments- this data is complementary to physical samples, providing a sound basis for extrapolation from point samples. It also helps identify anomalies enabling targeted sampling startegies. DEEP is compatible with small airborne spectrometer/ processor combinations, such as that proposed by the ARM-U project – please refer to the ARM-U proposal for more details of the air vehicle. Figure 1: DEEP system core components are small, light, low power and can be integrated via USB, serial or Ethernet interfaces. 小型飛翔体／海外 Figure 2: DEEP prototype software ２．Past experience (plants in Japan, overseas plant, applications in other industries, etc) Create technologies is a specialist R&D firm with a focus on imaging and sensing in the nuclear industry. Createc has developed and delivered several novel nuclear technologies, including the N-Visage gamma camera system. Costainis a leading UK construction and civil engineering firm with almost 150 years of history.
  • Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion

    Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion

    CHAPTER 5 NUCLEAR ENERGY: FISSION AND FUSION Many of the technologies that will help us to meet the new air quality standards in America can also help to address climate change. President Bill Clinton 1 Two distinct processes involving the nuclei of atoms can be harnessed, in principle, for energy production: fission—the splitting of a nucleus—and fusion—the joining together of two nuclei. For any given mass or volume of fuel, nuclear processes generate more energy than can be produced through any other fuel-based approach. Another attractive feature of these energy-producing reactions is that they do not produce greenhouse gases (GHG) or other forms of air pollution directly. In the case of nuclear fission—a mature though controversial energy technology—electricity is generated from the energy released when heavy nuclei break apart. In the case of nuclear fusion, much work remains in the quest to sustain the fusion reactions and then to design and build practical fusion power plants. Fusion’s fuel is abundant, namely, light atoms such as the isotopes of hydrogen, and essentially limitless. The most optimistic timetable for fusion development is half a century, because of the extraordinary scientific and engineering challenges involved, but fusion’s benefits are so globally attractive that fusion R&D is an important component of today’s energy R&D portfolio internationally. Fission power currently provides about 17 percent of the world’s electric power. As of December 1996, 442 nuclear power reactors were operating in 30 countries, and 36 more plants were under construction. If fossil plants were used to produce the amount of electricity generated by these nuclear plants, more than an additional 300 million metric tons of carbon would be emitted each year.
  • The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors When Used As Radiation Dosimeters

    The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors When Used As Radiation Dosimeters

    Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 2013 The effect of gamma radiation on fibre Bragg grating sensors when used as radiation dosimeters Des Baccini Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons Part of the Nuclear Engineering Commons, and the Semiconductor and Optical Materials Commons Recommended Citation Baccini, D. (2013). The effect of gamma radiation on fibre Bragg grating sensors when used as radiation dosimeters. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/79 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/79 Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 2013 The effect of gamma radiation on fibre Bragg grating sensors when used as radiation dosimeters Des Baccini Edith Cowan University Recommended Citation Baccini, D. (2013). The effect of gamma radiation on fibre Bragg grating sensors when used as radiation dosimeters. Retrieved from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/79 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/79 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material.
  • A Review of Energy Storage Technologies' Application

    A Review of Energy Storage Technologies' Application

    sustainability Review A Review of Energy Storage Technologies’ Application Potentials in Renewable Energy Sources Grid Integration Henok Ayele Behabtu 1,2,* , Maarten Messagie 1, Thierry Coosemans 1, Maitane Berecibar 1, Kinde Anlay Fante 2 , Abraham Alem Kebede 1,2 and Joeri Van Mierlo 1 1 Mobility, Logistics, and Automotive Technology Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (A.A.K.); [email protected] (J.V.M.) 2 Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-485659951 or +251-926434658 Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar are frequently hit by fluctuations due to, for example, insufficient wind or sunshine. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) mitigate the problem by storing excess energy generated and then making it accessible on demand. While there are various EST studies, the literature remains isolated and dated. The comparison of the characteristics of ESTs and their potential applications is also short. This paper fills this gap. Using selected criteria, it identifies key ESTs and provides an updated review of the literature on ESTs and their application potential to the renewable energy sector. The critical review shows a high potential application for Li-ion batteries and most fit to mitigate the fluctuation of RESs in utility grid integration sector.
  • 3.Joule's Experiments

    3.Joule's Experiments

    The Force of Gravity Creates Energy: The “Work” of James Prescott Joule http://www.bookrags.com/biography/james-prescott-joule-wsd/ James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) was the son of a successful British brewer. He tinkered with the tools of his father’s trade (particularly thermometers), and despite never earning an undergraduate degree, he was able to answer two rather simple questions: 1. Why is the temperature of the water at the bottom of a waterfall higher than the temperature at the top? 2. Why does an electrical current flowing through a conductor raise the temperature of water? In order to adequately investigate these questions on our own, we need to first define “temperature” and “energy.” Second, we should determine how the measurement of temperature can relate to “heat” (as energy). Third, we need to find relationships that might exist between temperature and “mechanical” energy and also between temperature and “electrical” energy. Definitions: Before continuing, please write down what you know about temperature and energy below. If you require more space, use the back. Temperature: Energy: We have used the concept of gravity to show how acceleration of freely falling objects is related mathematically to distance, time, and speed. We have also used the relationship between net force applied through a distance to define “work” in the Harvard Step Test. Now, through the work of Joule, we can equate the concepts of “work” and “energy”: Energy is the capacity of a physical system to do work. Potential energy is “stored” energy, kinetic energy is “moving” energy. One type of potential energy is that induced by the gravitational force between two objects held at a distance (there are other types of potential energy, including electrical, magnetic, chemical, nuclear, etc).
  • Fuel Properties Comparison

    Fuel Properties Comparison

    Alternative Fuels Data Center Fuel Properties Comparison Compressed Liquefied Low Sulfur Gasoline/E10 Biodiesel Propane (LPG) Natural Gas Natural Gas Ethanol/E100 Methanol Hydrogen Electricity Diesel (CNG) (LNG) Chemical C4 to C12 and C8 to C25 Methyl esters of C3H8 (majority) CH4 (majority), CH4 same as CNG CH3CH2OH CH3OH H2 N/A Structure [1] Ethanol ≤ to C12 to C22 fatty acids and C4H10 C2H6 and inert with inert gasses 10% (minority) gases <0.5% (a) Fuel Material Crude Oil Crude Oil Fats and oils from A by-product of Underground Underground Corn, grains, or Natural gas, coal, Natural gas, Natural gas, coal, (feedstocks) sources such as petroleum reserves and reserves and agricultural waste or woody biomass methanol, and nuclear, wind, soybeans, waste refining or renewable renewable (cellulose) electrolysis of hydro, solar, and cooking oil, animal natural gas biogas biogas water small percentages fats, and rapeseed processing of geothermal and biomass Gasoline or 1 gal = 1.00 1 gal = 1.12 B100 1 gal = 0.74 GGE 1 lb. = 0.18 GGE 1 lb. = 0.19 GGE 1 gal = 0.67 GGE 1 gal = 0.50 GGE 1 lb. = 0.45 1 kWh = 0.030 Diesel Gallon GGE GGE 1 gal = 1.05 GGE 1 gal = 0.66 DGE 1 lb. = 0.16 DGE 1 lb. = 0.17 DGE 1 gal = 0.59 DGE 1 gal = 0.45 DGE GGE GGE Equivalent 1 gal = 0.88 1 gal = 1.00 1 gal = 0.93 DGE 1 lb. = 0.40 1 kWh = 0.027 (GGE or DGE) DGE DGE B20 DGE DGE 1 gal = 1.11 GGE 1 kg = 1 GGE 1 gal = 0.99 DGE 1 kg = 0.9 DGE Energy 1 gallon of 1 gallon of 1 gallon of B100 1 gallon of 5.66 lb., or 5.37 lb.
  • Work and Energy Summary Sheet Chapter 6

    Work and Energy Summary Sheet Chapter 6

    Work and Energy Summary Sheet Chapter 6 Work: work is done when a force is applied to a mass through a displacement or W=Fd. The force and the displacement must be parallel to one another in order for work to be done. F (N) W =(Fcosθ)d F If the force is not parallel to The area of a force vs. the displacement, then the displacement graph + W component of the force that represents the work θ d (m) is parallel must be found. done by the varying - W d force. Signs and Units for Work Work is a scalar but it can be positive or negative. Units of Work F d W = + (Ex: pitcher throwing ball) 1 N•m = 1 J (Joule) F d W = - (Ex. catcher catching ball) Note: N = kg m/s2 • Work – Energy Principle Hooke’s Law x The work done on an object is equal to its change F = kx in kinetic energy. F F is the applied force. 2 2 x W = ΔEk = ½ mvf – ½ mvi x is the change in length. k is the spring constant. F Energy Defined Units Energy is the ability to do work. Same as work: 1 N•m = 1 J (Joule) Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Potential energy is stored energy due to a system’s shape, position, or Kinetic energy is the energy of state. motion. If a mass has velocity, Gravitational PE Elastic (Spring) PE then it has KE 2 Mass with height Stretch/compress elastic material Ek = ½ mv 2 EG = mgh EE = ½ kx To measure the change in KE Change in E use: G Change in ES 2 2 2 2 ΔEk = ½ mvf – ½ mvi ΔEG = mghf – mghi ΔEE = ½ kxf – ½ kxi Conservation of Energy “The total energy is neither increased nor decreased in any process.
  • NETS 2020 Template

    NETS 2020 Template

    بÀƵƧǘȁǞƧƊǶ §ȲȌǐȲƊǿ ƊƧDzɈȌɈǘƵwȌȌȁƊȁƮȌȁ ɈȌwƊȲȺɈǘȲȌɐǐǘƊƮɨƊȁƧǞȁǐ خȁɐƧǶƵƊȲɈƵƧǘȁȌǶȌǐǞƵȺƊȁƮ ǞȁȁȌɨƊɈǞȌȁ ǞȺ ȺȯȌȁȺȌȲƵƮ Ʀɯ ɈǘƵ ƊDz ªǞƮǐƵ yƊɈǞȌȁƊǶ ׁׂ׀ׂ y0À² ÀǘǞȺ ƧȌȁǏƵȲƵȁƧƵ خׁׂ׀ׂ ةɈǘ׀׃ƊȁƮ ɩǞǶǶƦƵ ǘƵǶƮ ǏȲȌǿȯȲǞǶ ׂ׆ɈǘٌةmƊƦȌȲƊɈȌȲɯ ɩǞǶǶ ƦƵ ǘƵǶƮ ɨǞȲɈɐƊǶǶɯ ȺȌ ɈǘƊɈ ɈǘƵ ƵȁɈǞȲƵ y0À² خƧȌǿǿɐȁǞɈɯǿƊɯȯƊȲɈǞƧǞȯƊɈƵǞȁɈǘǞȺƵɮƧǞɈǞȁǐǿƵƵɈǞȁǐ ǐȌɨخȌȲȁǶخخׁׂ׀ȁƵɈȺׂششبǘɈɈȯȺ Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space Sponsored by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, April 26th-30th, 2021. Available online at https://nets2021.ornl.gov Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Thanks to the NETS2021 Sponsors! ...................................................................................................................... 2 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Schedule at a Glance ................................................. 3 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Technical Sessions and Panels By Track ............... 6 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Lightning Talk Final Program ................................... 8 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Track 1 Final Program ............................................. 11 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Track 2 Final Program ............................................. 14 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Track 3 Final Program ............................................. 18
  • Essay on Optics

    Essay on Optics

    Essay on Optics by Émilie du Châtelet translated, with notes, by Bryce Gessell published by LICENSE AND CITATION INFORMATION 2019 © Bryce Gessell This work is licensed by the copyright holder under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Published by Project Vox http://projectvox.org How to cite this text: Du Châtelet, Emilie. Essay on Optics. Translated by Bryce Gessell. Project Vox. Durham, NC: Duke University Libraries, 2019. http://projectvox.org/du-chatelet-1706-1749/texts/essay-on-optics This translation is based on the copy of Du Châtelet’s Essai sur l’Optique located in the Universitätsbibliothek Basel (L I a 755, fo. 230–265). The original essay was transcribed and edited in 2017 by Bryce Gessell, Fritz Nagel, and Andrew Janiak, and published on Project Vox (http://projectvox.org/du-chatelet-1706-1749/texts/essai-sur-loptique). 2 This work is governed by a CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You may share or adapt the work if you give credit, link to the license, and indicate changes. You may not use the work for commercial purposes. See creativecommons.org for details. CONTENTS License and Citation Information 2 Editor’s Introduction to the Essay and the Translation 4 Essay on Optics Introduction 7 Essay on Optics Chapter 1: On Light 8 Essay on Optics Chapter 2: On Transparent Bodies, and on the Causes of Transparence 11 Essay on Optics Chapter 3: On Opacity, and on Opaque Bodies 28 Essay on Optics Chapter 4: On the Formation of Colors 37 Appendix 1: Figures for Essay on Optics 53 Appendix 2: Daniel II Bernoulli’s Note 55 Appendix 3: Figures from Musschenbroek’s Elementa Physicae (1734) 56 Appendix 4: Figures from Newton’s Principia Mathematica (1726) 59 3 This work is governed by a CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
  • Active Short Circuit - Chassis Short Characterization and Potential Mitigation Technique for the MMRTG

    Active Short Circuit - Chassis Short Characterization and Potential Mitigation Technique for the MMRTG

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Multi-Mission RTG Active Short Circuit - Chassis Short Characterization and Potential Mitigation Technique for the MMRTG February 25, 2015 Gary Bolotin1 Nicholas Keyawa1 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Agenda Multi-Mission RTG • Introduction – MMRTG – Internal MMRTG Chassis Shorts • Active Short Circuit Purpose • Active Short Circuit Theory • Active Short Design and Component Layout • Conclusion and Future Work 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Introduction – MMRTG Multi-Mission RTG • The Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) utilizes a combination of PbTe, PbSnTe, and TAGS thermoelectric couples to produce electric current from the heat generated by the radioactive decay of plutonium – 238. 3 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Introduction – Internal MMRTG Chassis California Institute of Technology Shorts Multi-Mission RTG • Shorts inside the MMRTG between the electrical power circuit and the MMRTG chassis have been detected via isolation checks and/or changes in the bus balance voltage. • Example location of short shown below MMRTG Chassis Internal MMRTG Short 4 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Active Short Circuit Purpose Multi-Mission RTG • The leading hypothesis suggests that the FOD which is causing the internal shorts are extremely small pieces of material that could potentially melt and/or sublimate away given a sufficient amount of current. • By inducing a controlled second short (in the presence of an internal MMRTG chassis short), a significant amount of current flow can be generated to achieve three main design goals: 1) Measure and characterize the MMRTG internal short to chassis, 2) Safely determine if the MMRTG internal short can be cleared in the presence of another controlled short 3) Quantify the amount of energy required to clear the MMRTG internal short.
  • Re-Examining the Role of Nuclear Fusion in a Renewables-Based Energy Mix

    Re-Examining the Role of Nuclear Fusion in a Renewables-Based Energy Mix

    Re-examining the Role of Nuclear Fusion in a Renewables-Based Energy Mix T. E. G. Nicholasa,∗, T. P. Davisb, F. Federicia, J. E. Lelandc, B. S. Patela, C. Vincentd, S. H. Warda a York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK b Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH c Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK d Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LS, UK Abstract Fusion energy is often regarded as a long-term solution to the world's energy needs. However, even after solving the critical research challenges, engineer- ing and materials science will still impose significant constraints on the char- acteristics of a fusion power plant. Meanwhile, the global energy grid must transition to low-carbon sources by 2050 to prevent the worst effects of climate change. We review three factors affecting fusion's future trajectory: (1) the sig- nificant drop in the price of renewable energy, (2) the intermittency of renewable sources and implications for future energy grids, and (3) the recent proposition of intermediate-level nuclear waste as a product of fusion. Within the scenario assumed by our premises, we find that while there remains a clear motivation to develop fusion power plants, this motivation is likely weakened by the time they become available. We also conclude that most current fusion reactor designs do not take these factors into account and, to increase market penetration, fu- sion research should consider relaxed nuclear waste design criteria, raw material availability constraints and load-following designs with pulsed operation.