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Nuclear Fusion Nucleaire Nuclear ATOMIC and PLASMA-MATERIAL nuclear fusion nucleaire qnepHbui cMHTes nuclear ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION (Supplement to the journal .VOLUME 5 ^v INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1994 M AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE, VIENNE, 1994 MEWflYHAPOAHOE ATEHTCTBO no ATOMHOM 3HEPTHM, BEHA, 1994 ORGANISMO INTERNACIONAL DE ENERGIA ATOMICA, VIENA,1994 The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN ICELAND PERU ALBANIA INDIA PHILIPPINES ALGERIA INDONESIA POLAND ARGENTINA IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PORTUGAL ARMENIA IRAQ QATAR AUSTRALIA IRELAND ROMANIA AUSTRIA ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BANGLADESH ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BELARUS JAMAICA SENEGAL BELGIUM JAPAN SIERRA LEONE BOLIVIA JORDAN SINGAPORE BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA BULGARIA KENYA SLOVENIA CAMBODIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON KUWAIT SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CHILE LIBERIA SUDAN CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SWEDEN COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND COSTA RICA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COTE D'lVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THAILAND CROATIA MADAGASCAR THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CUBA MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CYPRUS MALI TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKEY DENMARK MAURITIUS UGANDA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO UKRAINE ECUADOR MONACO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT EL SALVADOR MOROCCO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN ESTONIA MYANMAR IRELAND ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA FINLAND NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FRANCE NEW ZEALAND URUGUAY GABON NICARAGUA UZBEKISTAN GERMANY NIGER VENEZUELA GHANA NIGERIA VIET NAM GREECE NORWAY YEMEN GUATEMALA PAKISTAN YUGOSLAVIA HAITI PANAMA ZAIRE HOLY SEE PARAGUAY ZAMBIA HUNGARY ZIMBABWE The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". © IAEA, 1994 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the Division of Publications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 1994 ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) VOLUME 5 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1994 The volumes of ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION are published by the International Atomic Energy Agency as supplements of the journal NUCLEAR FUSION. For these supplements, papers, letters and reviews are accepted which deal with the following topics: — Elementary collision processes in fusion plasmas involving photons, electrons, ions, atoms and molecules; — Collision processes of plasma particles with surfaces of fusion relevant materials; — Plasma-material interaction phenomena, including the thermophysical response of materials. Each submitted contribution should contain fusion relevant data and information in either of the above areas. Original contributions should provide new data, using well established methods. Review articles should give a critical analysis or evaluation of a wider range of data. They are normally prepared on the invitation of the Scientific Editor or on prior mutual consent. Each submitted contribution is assessed by two independent referees. Every manuscript submitted must be accompanied by a disclaimer stating that the paper has not been published and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. If no copyright is claimed by the authors, the IAEA automatically owns the copyright of the paper. Guidelines for the preparation of manuscripts are given on the inside back cover. Manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed to: The Editor, NUCLEAR FUSION, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Publisher: International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Scientific Editor: R.K. Janev, Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences Editor: C. Bobeldijk, Division of Publications Editorial Board: V.A. Abramov (Russ. Fed.) A. Miyahara (Japan) R. Behrisch (Germany) R.A. Phaneuf (USA) H.-W. Drawin (France) D.E. Post (USA) W.B. Gauster (USA) H.P. Summers (JET) H.B. Gilbody (UK) H. Tawara (Japan) A. Kingston (UK) W.L. Wiese (USA) Yu.V. Martynenko (Russ. Fed.) Annual subscription price (one issue): Austrian Schillings 350,— Airmail delivery (optional): Austrian Schillings 40,— to any destination ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, VOLUME 5 IAEA, VIENNA, 1994 STI/PUB/023/APID/05 EDITORIAL NOTE The present volume of Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Data for Fusion is devoted to a critical review of the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of presently considered candidate plasma-facing and structural materials for next-generation thermonuclear fusion reactors. The material issue in the engineering design of fusion reactors is currently seen as one of the most complex ones, having a strong impact on the basic operational and engineering reactor parameters. The preparation of this volume was guided by the idea of providing the fusion reactor designers with a source of critically assessed material properties data, including information on the material response to high heat and particle fluxes and on the thermo-hydrodynamic coupling with coolants. Emphasis was given not on comprehensiveness, but rather on presentation of the most recent results for the materials considered as prime option for plasma-facing reactor materials. The IAEA is indebted to the contributors to this volume for their dedicated effort and co-operativeness, and to Drs. W.B. Gauster and V.R. Barabash for their advice in formulating the scope of the compendium. Vienna, December 1994 CONTENTS W.B. Gauster, W.R. Spears and ITER Joint Central Team: Requirements and selection criteria for plasma-facing materials and components in the ITER EDA design 7 D.E. Dombrowski, E.B. Deksnis, M.A. Pick: Thermomechanical properties of Beryllium 19 T.D. Burchell, T. Oku: Material properties data for fusion reactor plasma-facing carbon-carbon composites 77 T. Tanabe: High-Z candidate plasma facing materials 129 R.F. Mattas: Recommended property data for Mo, Nb and V-alloys 149 S.J. Zinkle, S.A. Fabritsiev: Copper alloys for high heat flux structure applications 163 A. Hassanein, I. Konkashbaev: Erosion of plasma-facing materials during a tokamak disruption 193 H.-W. Bartels, T. Kunugi, A.J. Russo: Runaway electron effects 225 M. Araki, M. Akiba, R.D. Watson, C.B. Baxi, D.L. Youchison: Data bases for thermo-hydrodynamic coupling with coolants 245 REQUIREMENTS AND SELECTION CRITERIA FOR PLASMA-FACING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS IN THE ITER EDA DESIGN W. B. GAUSTER, W. R. SPEARS AND THE ITER JOINT CENTRAL TEAM ITER Garching Joint Work Site Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik BoltzmannstraBe 2 D-85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany ABSTRACT. The goal of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes. The Engineering Design Activities (EDA) are developing the design of this next step experiment in controlled fusion energy research. Severe demands are placed on performance of" materials, especially of those in contact with the plasma. The present status of the design is summarised, with emphasis on the vacuum vessel and the in-vessel components. The requirements to be met by plasma-facing materials and components are highlighted, and the research and development needs are described. 1. INTRODUCTION The design of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) places unprecedented demands on materials performance in several areas if the projected performance goals are to be met [1]. Important topics include structural and electrical properties of superconducting magnet windings and the mechanical support elements of the magnet systems, structural and electrical properties of the vacuum vessel and blanket assemblies, and a wide range of requirements for the materials which come in contact with the plasma. The latter category is particularly extensive: it includes properties which influence plasma behaviour as well as those which relate to the functionality and lifetime of the material and the associated components. In all cases, availability of the materials, their fabricability, the construction, maintenance, and replacement processes, as well as costs, also play important roles. In addition, ITER is the first fusion machine in which the degradation of properties due to neutron damage is a prime concern. The first two years of the project's Engineering Design Activities (EDA) have resulted in an outline design [2,3,4]. Two operating phases for the machine are being considered. In the first, a Basic Performance Phase (BPP), breeding would not be needed. The function of the blanket is then to extract the fusion power that is produced and, together with the vacuum vessel, to shield the superconducting magnets. However, elementary breeding blanket modules would be tested functionally during this phase, in which the experience of a few thousand hours of plasma operation would be gained. In an Extended Performance Phase (EPP), tritium would be bred throughout the blanket. To be better able to test
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