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4 At44 ' 4 44ia& 4 (ha' 4vt p(/ 4,044 * CóV I.rn iD4$Øj$fl' 14v4&/ a'fr?//"Y *0 %//;ø 4k JL p49 41 HMG/ Ministryof Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC) is the principal agency assigned with the policy-making, project implementation, forest resource management and coordination tasks of the in the field of forest and related natural resources. It has five functional departments separately for forest, soil conservation, research, wildlife and plant resources and a number of corporations.The ministryhas recently set up a national level Herbs and NTFPCoordination Committee chaired by the Ministerwith members representing all the major stakeholders which will set policies, coordinate research and developmentactivities and carry out, and bring various partners together for achieving the goal of sustainable use of medicinal and NTFPresources.

IDRC CRDI The International Development Research Centre (IDRC),headquartered in Ottawa, Canada with six regional offices locatedin Asia, Africa and Latin America, is a public corporation established by the Parliament of Canada in 1970. The Centre was created to help communitiesin the developing world find practical solutions to the social, economic, and environmental problems they face. Support is directed toward broadening local knowledge and capacityto enable communities to build healthier, more equitable, and more prosper societies. In doing so, IDRC also strengthensthe overall capabilityof research institutions to generate policies and technologiesthat can help create more equitable societies. The Government of Canada financesIDRC; its policies are however set by an internationalBoard of Governors.

MAPPA

The Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program in Asia (MAPPA) is a program of strategic research, networking and collaborationto comprehensivelyaddress critical research issues related to the sustainableand equitable use of medicinaland aromatic plants in Asia. Mappa is a joint initiative of IDRC, IFAD and the Ford Foundation. Through collaboration and partnerships, and based within a regional approach to these issues, MAPPA is involved in formulating and implementinga holistic program which will complement and build on other related researchand development activities in South Asia. This will be achieved by supporting strategic research, building partnerships among the key stakeholders including donors, and enhancing regional and international networking.6 cco The Canadian Co-operationOffice (CCO) is a program support unit of the Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency (CIDA) that assists in the planning and deliveryof CIDAs development program. This program is a direct response to the development priorities of His Majesty's Government of Nepal. Established in Nepal in 1987, the CCO provides the knowledge of Nepal's realities that is essentialin the successfuldesign and implementation of CIDA programs. This contributes to the achievement of development results. The CCO also supports the Canadian Embassy to Nepal and contributesto the implementationof Canada's shared agenda on Foreign Affairs, InternationalTrade and Development. LOCAL EXPERIENCE-BASED NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF MAPs/NTFPs IN NEPAL

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL WORKSHOP HELD AT , NEPAL

27-28 February2004

Organizedby Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation,HMGINepa1

In collaborationwith Medicinal and AromaticPlant Programin Asia (MAPPA),

International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, South Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, And Canadian Cooperation Office (CCO), Kathmandu, Nepal

Editors NIRMAL BHATTARAI MADHAV KARKI

September2004 K kK @ 2004 Medicinaland Aromatic Plants Programin Asia (MAPPA), International Development ResearchCentre (IDRC)

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program in Asia (MAPPA) is a joint initiative of International ResearchCentre Development (IDRC), InternationalFund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD) & the Ford Foundation.

The presentation of materialin this publication does not imply the expressionof anyopinion on the part of MAPPA or IDRC concerning the legal status of any country,or the delineation of frontiers or boundaries.

To obtain extra copies, please contact the authors directly.

Medicinal and AromaticPlants Program inAsia (MAPPA) International Centre for IntegratedMountain Development(ICIMOD) Khumaltar,Lalitpur P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu,Nepal Tel: (9771) 5525 313, 5525 314, 5536 743, 5522839, 5536 739 Fax: (9771) 5524 509 or 5536 747 Website:www.icimod.org

Designand production Art Options Tel.: 91-11-5175 5368 Mobile:9811472005, 9810233009 [email protected] [email protected] FOREWORD

'ft ffajority of the developing country cultural, and biological resources. Plant I Ill population depends on traditional resources, especially non-timber forest V £includingfolk medicines. Modern products (NTFPs) including medicinal and pharmacopoeiasstill contain between 25-30% aromaticplants (MAPs) have traditionallybeen drugs derived from medicinal plants, apart the major source of livelihoods to majorityof from many others that aresynthetic analogues the rural people in Nepal. Due to population built on prototype compounds isolated from growth and increasing domestic and plants. The bulk of the medicinal plant international market demands, recent years materials traded are still harvested from the have witnessedrapid shrinkingof theresource wild sources and only a small number of base of these plants mainly due to factors like species are cultivated. The expanding and deforestation, habitat loss, unsustainable exploitativenature of trade has posed serious harvesting,etc. This frighteningtrend although challenges to the survival of wild medicinal witnessed only afew years ago has reached an plant species and ecosystems. alarming level of concern today.

Nepalis a small country by itsgeographic size, Theplanning andorganization of the National butit is vast interms of itsrichness indifferent workshop on LocalExperience-based National aspectsof diversityincluding ethnic, linguistic, Strategy for Sustainable Production and

5 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Management of MAPs/NTFPsin Nepal have of medicinalplants and other NTFPsin Nepal. been supported by the International In addition toidentifying information gaps and DevelopmentResearch Centre (IDRC), Canada research priorities, it outlines a set ofpossible and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program interventions at various levels, which could in Asia (MAPPA) in collaboration with the lead to the promotion of an up-scaled version Ministry of Forests & Soil Conservation of thesuccessful initiatives. The purpose is also of (MFSC), His Majesty's Government Nepal to generate new ideas basedon our successes and the Canadian CooperationOffice (CCO), and failures,which could leadto amore bigger to address the aboveissues in holistic Nepal a and sustainable projects in future. It is our manner. The broader of the objective two-day earnesthope that thepackaging of the available wasto share and meeting experiential practical information will be both of practical different learning gained by agencies through and academic use to the readers. However, their work on various aspects of conservation, I should alert the readers that many problems and developmentof MAP/NTFP management and challenges facing the sustainable sub-sectors toinform andhelp sound planning, development of the MAP sub-sector designand implementation of newprojects and remain inadequatelyaddressed. They are: programs in Nepal. The main aim was, a) assessment andmanagement of the resource therefore, to discuss, share and develop base; b) sustainable harvestingand processing experience and ideas in a participatory and for different and multidisciplinarymanner involvingthe policy practices species regions; trade and and makers, researchers, resource managers, c) enterprisedevelopment issues; conservation scientists, field workers, d) aspects dealing with organic production, development planners and community certificationprocedures and IPR related issues. organizers in a common platform. I express my sincere appreciation to the and other The views expressed by the distinguished Honorable minister, the Secretary panel of speakers during the opening session officials of the MFSC for their critical support providedan apt setting for sharing knowledge and active participation. The three MAPPA and information by the participating project implementation partners, namely organizations focusing on actual works they FECOFUN, CECI and ANSAB provided are supporting, their programs and policies. valuablecooperation, leadership andfacilities The individual researchers'presentation also to makethe event successful.FECOFUN's staffs reflected their rich skills, knowledge and deserve special thanks for their efficient experience in the field of MAP and NTFPs, managementof logistics includingthe excellent especially in western Nepal. On behalfof the secretarial servicesprovided. organizers, I would like to thank the contributors of the papers and the posters for I have great satisfactionto see this document their valuable ideas and experiences. come out within a shortspan of time. I hope that it will serve as a useful reference for all The aim of this volume is to bring to you a the partners involved in the development and useful collection of papers on various aspects managementof medicinal plants. I amsure that

6 Foreword the report will be useful to government agencies, developmentalplanners, researchers, NGOs and donor agencies for an enhanced cooperativeand collaborative work tomake the sub-sectormore sustainable and equitable.

Finally, I thank everyoneconcerned, especially Dr. NirmalBhattarai, MAPPA's NepalProgram Coordinator for the excellent technical coordination in bringing out this publication.

Thank you.

Madhav Karki, Ph.D. RegionalProgram Coordinator New Delhi, India September, 2004

7 National Workshop

LOCAL EXPERIENCE-BASED NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF MAPs /NTFPs IN NEPAL

27-28 February2004, Kathmandu, Nepal

WorkshopOrganizing Committee

1. Mr. Chandi Prasad Shrestha, Secretary,MFSC: Chair

2. Dr. DamodarPrasad Parajuli,Joint Secreatary, MFSC: Member 3. Dr. Uday Raj Sharma, DG, DPR:Member

4. Dr. MadhavKarki, Regional ProgramCoordinator, IDRC/ MAPPA: Member 5. Mr. Charles Pradhan, CCO: Member

6. Mr. Pradeep Jung Pandey, FNCCI: Member 7. Mr. Rana Bahadur Rawal, HNTFPCC: Member 8. Mr. BhishmaPrasad Subedi, ANSAB: Member 9. Mr. Bhim Prasad Shrestha, FECOFTJN: Member

10. Ms. Julia Snachez, CECI-Nepal: Member 11. Mr. SagendraTiwari, IUCN-Nepal: Member 12. Dr. Nirmal Bhattarai,Nepal Program Coordinator, IDRC/MAPPA: MemberSecretary TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD 5

INAUGURAL STATEMENTS 13

WelcomeStatement 14 DamodarPrasad Parajuli

Inaugural Statement 16 RogerFinan

Inaugural Statement 19 Jean Marc Mangin

BriefRemark about the WorkshopProgram 21 MadhavKarki

BriefRemark 23 R.B.S Rawat

Inaugural Speech 25 Hon. Sarbendra Nath Shukla

Welcome Speech & ClosingRemarks from the Chairperson 28 Chandi Prasad Shrestha

LISTOF PARTICIPANTSAND CONTRIBUTORS 31

ORAL PRESENTATION 41 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAP5/NTFPs in Nepal

Strategies for working together:Nepal-India collaborationfor the 42 developmentof medicinal plants sector R.B.S Rawat andMadhavKarki

Enterprise-orientedcommunity forestryin Nepal: Strategies and lessons 55 Bhishma P Subedi, Surya B. Binayeeand Indu B. Sapkota

Use of traditional knowledgefor participatorysustainable 65 managementof MAPs! NTFPs inthe hills of Nepal ChhoteLa] Chowdhary

Privatesector partnership for NTFPs development 79 Eklabya Sharma, ElisabethKerkhoff and C.NAni1

Reviewing current issues and prospects of non-timber forest product 87 (NTFPs) sub - sectordevelopment in Nepal Uday Raj Sharma and Pankaj K Das

Community-basedapproaches to conservationand managementof 97 MAPs for sustainable livelihoods in district: Experience of IUCN-Nepal Sagendra Tiwari, Julia Robinson and GiridharAmatya

Organiccultivation and certificationin Nepal: Status and prospects 128 Krishna Ram Amatya

Community participation in cultivationof medicinal and 143 aromatic plants at Daman area in Nepal LokendraR. Sharma, KuberJ. Mafia andMahendra N. Subedi

MarketingNepal's non-timber forestproducts: Challengesand opportunities 150 Rana BahadurRawal

Commercializationof medicinal,aromatic and other NTFPs in Nepal: 165 Self-reflectionsand cross learning MadhavKarkiand Arun Nagpal

Medicinal plants tradebetween Nepal and India: 176 Regulatoryframework, implementationproblems and solution JanakRaj Rawal

POSTER PRESENTATIONS 185

Actionresearch of SAFE Concern on medicinal and aromatic plants: 186 Resultsobtained and experiencesgained D.P Parajuliand R.K Dev

10 Table of Contents

Non-timber forest products and community development in 190 Dang-,Mid-west Nepal KrishnaK Shrestha, Sangeeta Rajbhandari and Narendra N. 7iwari

Herbs Production & Processing CompanyLimited: 214 Experiencegained & lessons learened Narendra N. Tiwari andJawahar M. Bajracharya

Communityinitiatives in conservation, developmentand 218 managementof MAP/NTFP resources inUdaipur District,Nepal. Nirmal Bhattarai and Pradip Maharjan

Communityinitiatives in conservationand sustainable 221 managementof NTFPs: Experiencesfrom GhodaghodiLake System,Far-western Nepal Yarn Bahadur Barn

Cinnamomum species: 224 Potentialities for better income generationthrough improvedmanagement practices Bhaweshwar Das

Organicproduction & certificationin Nepal: 228 Sample checklistfor pre-feasibilitystudy MaheswarGhirnire

WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS 233

Theme: 234 Quantitative resource assessment, conservationand sustainable managementof important NTFPs/MAPs

Theme: 236 Value-addition/processingand trade/marketingof MAPs/NTFPs

Theme: 237 Organicfarming/production and certificationof MAPs /NTFPs

11

WELCOME STATEMENT

Damodar Prasad Parajuli, Ph. D. Chief, ForeignAid Coordination Division Ministryof Forests and Soil Conservation His majesty'sGovernment of Nepal

hairperson of thisInaugural Session & critical to their existence, involving local Forest Secretary Mr. Chandi Prasad communities in the conservation and Shrestha, Chief Guest & Honourable sustainable production and management of Minister of Forests and Soil ConservationMr. these resources should not be a very difficult Sarbendra Nath Shukia, distinguishedguests, task. However, there are ways to achieve this participants, ladies and gentlemen: goal. We need to build the capacity of the local resource managers, by assisting and It is my honour and privilegeto welcome the empowering them technically, socially, Chief Guest and all the distinguished guests economicallyand managerially. and participants attending this two-day National Workshop on LocalExperience-based The ministry has been emphasizing the National Strategyfor the SustainableProduction conservationand sustainableuse of medicinal andManagement of MAPsINTFPs in Nepal. plantresources for both local healthand rural livelihoods in recentyears. The setting up of Theimportance of non-timber forestproducts the high-level Herbs and NTFP Coordination (NTFPs) including medicinaland aromatic Committee (HNT1ZPCC) under the leadership plants (MAPs)in poor and remote area peoples' of theMinister of Forests andSoil Conservation, livelihoods needsno emphasis. As NTFPs are I believe,is a clear reinforcementof thispolicy.

14 Welcome Statement

We are committed towards the holistic his busy schedule. I sincerely appreciate the development and management of the NTFP efforts of IDRC including MAPPA, Ford sector in the country with required policy Foundation and the Canadian Cooperation reforms and administrative streamlining. Office (CCO) in Nepal for joining hands with During the last few years we have observed a the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, phenomenal increasein the number of NTFP- His Majesty's Government of Nepal in oriented projects, workshops and seminars organizingthis important National Workshop. in the country with different set of recommendationsto improve this sector. The Once again, on behalf of the organizers and Herbs and NTFP Coordination Committee myself,I would like to extend avery warm and has duly considered the practical cordial welcome to you all, and wish the recommendationsin its recently draftedNTFP workshop a grand success. Policy which is expected to be approved by the government soon. Thank you.

I am pleased to have received an over- whelming response to our joint invitation for this workshop by different experts, government officials, NGO representatives, internationalorganizations, community-based organizations, farmers, traders and representatives from private sector concerns. We are also happy to have guest colleagues from India. The present workshop is aimed at discussing and recommending local and regionalexperience-based national strategyfor the sustainable production and management of medicinal and aromatic plants and other non-timber forest products in Nepal. I very much look forward to getting valuable ideas and recommendationsfrom this gathering of scholars and experts that could further help the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation and the HNTFPCC for improving the policies and practices of the Ministry.

On this occasion,I am privilegedto welcome our distinguishedChief Guest, the Honourable Minister of Forests and Soil Conservation Mr. SarbendraNath Shukia,who kindly agreed tograce the ceremonyand inaugurate it despite

15 INAUGURAL STATEMENT

Roger Finan RegionalDirector IDRC, SARO New Delhi, India ft if r. Chair, Chief Guest, the importantNational Workshop. I amvery happy I %J honourableMinister of Forests and that our other partnersICIMOD andIUCN have V £ Soil Conservation, Mr. Sarbendra also collaboratedour regionaleffort. I welcome Nath Shukia, Mr. Jean Marc Mangin, Mr. this multi-donor, multi-partner collaboration Rawat, Dr.Parajuli, distinguished participants, and am very happy that a number of senior ladies and gentlemen, level governmentofficers, foresters,scientists, researchers, donor representatives, private On behalf of the International Development sector partners and civil society workers are ResearchCentre, Canada, it is my pleasure to participating in this national level meeting. welcome you to this National Workshop on LocalExperience-based National Strategy for I am also very pleased to see the presence of Sustainable Production and Management of Mr. R.B.S. rawat, the CEO of the National Medicinal and Aromatic plants I Non-timber MedicinalPlants Board (NMPB)of India inthis ForestProducts in Nepal. IDRC is pleased to This I consider is an of joinhands withthe Ministryof Forests and Soil workshop. example south-south which IDRC takes Conservation, Canadian Cooperation Office cooperation the (CCO) and MAPPA-Nepal partners ANSAB, pride in championing throughout CECI and FECOFUN in organizing this developingworld.

16 Inaugural Statement

IDRC- the InternationalDevelopment Research cultural heritageand biodiversity conservation Centre, an agency of the Government of needs no emphasis. However,Nepal is facing Canada,helps researchersand communities in a growing and serious threat to its rich the developing world find solutions to their boidiversitydue toincreasing demand for food, social, economic, and environmental fuelwood, fodder, timber, and medicinal problems. IIJRC connects people,institutions, products and grazing under conditions of and ideas to ensure that the results of the growingpopulations and shrinking per capita research we support and the knowledge that land resources. research generatesare shared equitably among all our partners, North and South. IDRC has aglobal programon medicinalplants. Established in 1998, the Medicinal and IDRC supports three main program areas of AromaticPlants Programin Asia (MAPPA)has research for development: the South Asia focus. It is one of our most successfulinitiatives and has become amulti- Information and Communication 1. donor activity withFord Foundation, WAD and Technologies for Development the Canadian CIDA, all closely collaborating 2. Social and EconomicEquity Program withIDRC. Environment and Natural Resources 3. MAPPA's mission is to develop, provide and Program promoteappropriate and wise practices,critical information,sound technologies,ethical trade Over the last two decades, the importance of and business activities, and appropriate medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and conservation and development solutions of other NTFPs have been increasinglyrecognized medicinal plants to benefit the poor and as akey component of health, biodiversityand of South Asia. Ourgoal is livelthoods.These products have been indigenous peoples peoples' of life of and a unique role in preserving and to enhance the quality poor playing in and improvinghuman health, socialwell-being and disadvantaged people uplands fragile and to have favourable on rurallivelihoods. This is especiallytrue inthe eco-regions impacts the mountain country like Nepal. Globally, the the quality of health, the livelihoods and demand for Medicinal and Aromatic Plant environment of poor and marginalized Products is increasing both in volume and communities. value. Adiverse group ofproducts andservices we at Canada are are based on medicinal and aromatic plants: Toclosing, IDRC, verypleased with andthe medicinesfor local healthcare systems,foods, to collaborate government, NGOs, sector in and the Our nutritional supplements, therapeutic services private Nepal region. and healthtourism a few names to mention collaborationand partnership with the Ministry and Soil mostly issues, which are of interest to us at of Forests Conservation,HMG/Nepal, interest to this national workshop. are based on a mutual help develop a multi-stakeholderprocess in forest resource The importance of medicinal and aromatic management including medicinal plants. We plant resources in Nepal's socio-economy, also work with NGO/INGO partners and

17 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

increasinglywith civil society, CBOs and private sector partners so as to achieve greater impact onpoverty alleviation and environment conservation.

It is heartening to find participation from a wide ranging organizations and agencies in this workshop. I am convincedthat your vast experience and diverse knowledgewill help achieve the objectivesof the workshop.

Finally, I would like to congratulate the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation,the Canadian Mission in Nepal and MAPPA's Nepal partners for organizing this workshop in a coordinated manner. And, on behalf of IDRC, I warmly welcomeyou in this meeting.

With my best wishes for success.

Thank you.

18 INAUGURAL STATEMENT

Jean Marc Mangin CIDA Representative, FirstSecretary (Development) and Consul

onorable Chief Guest Hon. Minister to the rural disadvantaged communities for Forests andSoil ConservationMr. living in these fragile ecosystems.NTFPs HSarbendra Nath Shukia, Secretary, compriserange of resources that could be Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation capitalizedto enhance thelivelthood of the Dr. Mr.ChandiPrasad Shrestha, Damodar people. Prasad Parajuli, Head, Foreign Aid CoordinationDivision, MFSC, Mr. Roger Finan, • From the significantbaseline work carried Regional Director, IDRC, Dr. Madhav Karki, out in the area of NTFPs in Nepal, for IDRC and Regional Program Coordinator, example enumeration of NTFP species, and DistinguishedGuests Participants: distribution, ethno-biologicalstudies, markets, micro-enterprise development, • A diverse range of Non-Timber Forest it is clear that NTFP/MAPs can Products Medicinal etc., play (NTFPs), especially role in of rural andAromatic plants (MAPs), found more significant upliftment tonesof abundantly in the middle hills, high livelihood.Approximately 13,000 NTFPs areharvested in hills and mountain mountainsand Himalayan ranges in Nepal are known to provide basic health care of Nepal and sold in India for millions of needsas wellas critical livelthoodsupport US$ per year.

19 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

• The impressiveparadigm shift inresource 2. The combination of naturalconservation managementhas created opportunitiesto (In situ) and conservation through tap the huge potential. The handing over cultivation (Ex situ) are required for of asignificant part of the national forests sustainable harvesting. ofmore than onemillion hectares tomore than 13 thousand CommunityForest User 3. There are untapped opportunities for Groups (CFUG5) involvingmore than one processing, market information and million households inthe lastseven years products marketing through different is a great success story that needs channels to make significant continuous support and provides sound improvements in the livelthoods of poor foundation for sound economic people in the remote areas. development Based on ongoing learning process, NTFPs/ • Since 1980, CIDA has been supporting MAPs sustainable conservation and community-based development, which management for rural livelihoods has includes rural livelihoodand community tremendous opportunities for creating health. development of rural economy. This is fully consistent with Nepal's 10th Plan. • Efforts of Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation,IDRC/Ford, CECI, ANSAB, Finally, I wish you the best that this 2-day FECOFLJNare laudable. Looking into the workshop will produce meaningful, realistic future, we can ask ourselves several and practically implementable national questions: strategy for NTFPslMedicinaland Aromatic Plants conservation and economic a. What are some of the lessons/experience development that will benefit the needy rural from the ongoing "Conservation of communities of Nepal. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Sustainable Livelihoods" project in Thank you. Baitadi and Darchula districts, Far Western Development Region, to be completed in March 2004 that can build more robustprojects? b. What is the relevanceof NTFPs inbringing about social justice resolution?

May I suggest the followingpoints:

1. The public/private partnership (Government/INGO/Donor/NGO) can work at central, district, village community level.

20 BRIEF REMARK ABOUT THE WORKSHOP PROGRAM

Madhav Karki, Ph.D. RegionalProgram Coordinator IDRC, MAPPA, SARO New Delhi, India

hair of the session Secretary Mr. years, their importance has witnessed Chandi Prasad Shrestha, Respected opportunitieson many fronts - food,medicine, ChiefGuest, the honourable Minister dietary supplements, cosmetics, and health of Forests and Soil Conservation; Mr. JeanMarc tourism to name a few. His Majesty's Mangin, Head of the Canadian Mission in Government of Nepal has recognized MAPs! Nepal, Director Roger Finan, esteemed NTFPsas one of the most potential sub-sectors colleagueMr. R.B.S.Rawat, CEO,NMPB, India; for rural livelihood enhancement and poverty Dr. DamodarParajuli, Head of the Foreign Aid alleviation. These products are also being Coordination Division, MFSC, distinguished managed as vehicles to conserve nation's participants, ladies and gentlemen: valuable biodiversity. The setting up of the Herbs and NTFP Coordination Committee More than 1600 plant species have been (HNTFPCC) is one of the major policy steps recorded as Medicinal and Aromatic Plants taken by the government to develop this sub- (MAPs) in Nepal. More than 100 species of sector. Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are harvested from different parts of the country. IDRC,Canada throughits regional program has These NTFPs are mostly traded to Indian been supporting research in this area since markets and some are sold overseas.In recent 1998. Currentlyit is pilotingconservation and

21 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMA Ps/N TFPs in Nepal livelihood oriented MAP/NTFP Project in new and practical tools,which will help us all Baitadi and Darchula districts of Nepal. CCO to move forward. and Ford Foundationare also supporting this project, which is being implemented by Thank you for your kind attention. ANSAB, CECI and FECOFUN. Multi-tier coordination committees guide this project from national to local level to linkresearch to policy andkey diverse stakeholdersincluding policymakers, developmentorganizations, line agencies, research institutions, producers, buyers and processors. The deliberations of the workshop will hopefully lead to a broad- based strategy, practical methodology and multi-sectoralimplementation framework for the NTFP sub-sector.

All the papers have already been internally reviewed and are being circulated to the participants for further review, discussions, comments and suggestions. Based on these papers, a Resource Book will be brought out for use by all partners. In order to conduct focused deliberations, three working groups are planned. The adopted recommendations will be submitted to the Ministry, which we hope,will be an important input to the ongoing NTFP sector policy formulation and implementationprocess. Itwill alsobe shared with all the INGOs, NGOs, CBOs and private sector concerns for use in their work. The IDRC,MAPPA andCCO partners will beusing the outcome as the guidelinesto prepare their second phaseprogram.

In closing, I would like tothank the Ministry, especially the honourable Minister and the Secretary for the able leadership, inspiring guidance and purposeful direction they have provided in planning and organizing this workshop.I amsure this meetingwill generate

22 BRIEF REMARK

R.B.S. Rawat Chief Executive Officer National Medicinal Plants Board Governmentof India

espected Chairperson and Secretary and programmes related to diverse issues Mr. Chandi Prasad Shrestha, Chief concerningmedicinal plants arebeing pursued uest, the honourable Minister of independently by numerous Ministries, Forests and Soil ConservationMr. Sarbendra Departments! organizations, but there is Nath Shukia; Mr. Jean Marc Mangin, Head of inadequate coordination and an absence of a the Canadian Mission in Nepal; IDRC's focusedapproach. An appropriatemechanism Regional Director Mr. Roger Finan; Dr. for coordinationand implementation of policies Damodar Parajuli, Head of the Foreign Aid relating to medicinal plants both atthe Central Coordination Division, MFSC, MAPPA and State levels is necessary to facilitate CoordinatorDr. Madhav Karki; distinguished inter-Ministry, inter-State and institutional participants,ladies and gentlemen: collaboration and to avoid duplication of efforts. The National Medicinal Plants Board, Governmentof India (NMPB, GOT) was set up The activities of the Board would be focused under a Government Resolution notified inthe followingareas: on 24th November 2000 under the Chairpersonshipof the Union Health & Family • Registration of farmers/cultivators and Welfare Minister.Presently, various activities traders of medicinalplants to beentrusted

23 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

to the respective State Medicinal Plants far 23,500 acresof landhas beenbrought under Board/Vanaspati Van Societies; medicinal plant cultivation. The Board is also building itsprogram on the strength of India's • General and specialized surveys of the leadership in InformationTechnology sector, international market for medicinal plants Biotechnology, Scientificreach and dairy. and products to be undertaken for identifyingniche areas; The NMBP GOI islooking forward to work with the counterpart agency as well as other • Manufactures,NGOs and representative research, academic and line ministries of His individuals to be supported for Majesty's Government of Nepal. I am highly participation in international fairs, thankful to the Ministry of Forests and Soil seminars & meeting with aview to create Conservationfor invitingme toshare andlearn awareness and explore the international from the Nepalese officials and scientists on market for plant basedherbal products; different aspects of potential collaboration between our two countries. I am also highly • of Transit Permit! Simplification appreciative of IDRC-MAPPA's efforts in certificate for legal procurement developing regional collaboration and of raw transportation drugs; cooperation. • R & D studies in the areas of harvest post I wish the national workshop a grand success. management,shelf-life, storage andsimple agro-techniques to be evolved with the Thank you. involvement of CSIR, NBRI, CIMAP, ICFRE,RRLs, DBT, Horticultureand Forest Department;

• Constitution of State Medicinal Plants Board in everyState/Union territory of the country for overall development of medicinal plants sector;

• The32 Prioritized MedicinalPlants, which are in great demand both indomestic and internationalmarkets have been identified for cultivation, conservation and development,as per recommendationsof various committeesat national level.

During the first year of the Board's activities, in situ conservation was the priority. In the second year, ex situ cultivation and management has received higher priority. So

24 INAUGURAL SPEECH

Hon. Sarbendra Nath Shukia Minister of Forestsand Soil Conservation His Majesty's Governmentof Nepal

Mr. Chairman,distinguished guests, ladies and unique role in preserving and improving gentlemen: human health, socio-economicwell being and rural livelihoods of our poor people. This is irstof all, I am very happyto inaugurate especially true in the hillyand remote regions this two-day National workshop on of our countrywhere other alternatesare scarce. sharing national experience organized the demand for Medicinal and r & Globally, jointly by the Ministry of Forests Soil Aromatic Plant products is increasingboth in Conservation, International Development volumeand value.Nepal being abio-culturally Research Centre(IDRC), CanadianCooperation rich country, it has very high potential to Office and the Conservation of (CCO) produce and trade a diverse group of non- Medicinaland Aromatic Plants for Sustainable timber forest products and services such as Livelthoods Over (CMAPSL)project partners. medicines, foods, nutritional supplements, the last two decades, the importance of therapeutic services and health tourism. medicinal and aromatic plants has been However,Nepal's experiencein this sectorhas increasingly recognized as a key component notbeen very successfuldue tovarious reasons. of health, biodiversityand peoples' livelthoods in Nepal. These plants and other non-timber As demand and trade increased over time, forest products (NTFPs) have been playing a habitat destruction in our forests and pastures

25 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal accelerated.It has resulted in serious threats developing a draft NTFP Policy for Nepal as to both the biological resources and the well as in establishing good linkages with livelihoods ofour people.Many of our people, NGOs, donors and research institutions both who have been traditionally dependent on within and outside the country. I am very MAPs for health and livelihood, represent happythat the CEO of the National Medicinal often disadvantagedgroups, women, and Plants, Government of India is attending this or tribal indigenous peoples, living in workshop as our guest. His knowledge and socio-economic extremely marginal and experience, I am sure, will be useful to the natural environments. Many of our valuable HNTFPCC to plan its future institutional and endemic and their diversities species genetic program development. are being lost rapidly, through habitat destruction, non-sustainablelevels of harvest, I am also happyto note thatIDRC, Canada and andinadequate policies. This is fuelledin part CCO mission in Kathmandu along with a economic by poor development and lack of number of INGOs like ICIMOD and IUCN, inrural communities.Lack capacity of market, NGOs and government agencies like HPPCL technical and scientific information and have been supporting action research in this infrastructureare another serious bottleneck. area that aims to link livelihoods with sustainable managementof MAP resources. I Furthermore, knowledge anduse ofthese plant understand that the projects funded resources and our traditional medicine such through IDRC'sMedicinal and Aromatic Plants as Ayurveda and other folk medicine related Program in Asia (MAPPA) in remote Dachula and traditional knowledgesystems are also being Baitadi districtswill be one ofthe keyhighlights threatened by rapid socio-culturalchanges in of this workshop. My own is also our society. The consequences have been: a ministry promoting a multi-stakeholder and decreasingavailability of the MAPs andNTFP community-based in the research resources, both for local consumption and approaches and of thissector. This we markets, a lack of systematic scientific development policy believe, will lead to the sustainable use of the research, poor institutional support resourcesand in and uncoordinated development of the help improvingthe conditions Medicinal Plants and NTFP sub-sectors. ofrural andmarginalized peoples. His Majesty's As a consequence, conservation of the Government of Nepal also recognizes the of biodiversity and sustainable use for health importance medicinal plants for use as and livelihood has both become collective a local primary health care and the concerns for His Majesty's Government of interconnection with issues relating to social and Nepal. This concern led to the setting up of equity justice. Clearly, these issues are not the National-level Herbs and NTFP mutually exclusiveand future action research Coordination Committee (HNTFPCC) under projects must address themholistically. my chairmanship with its secretariat in In once I am the Department of Plant Resources. closing, again, very pleased tobe part of this national and regional experience- In ashort span of about ayear, I amvery happy sharingworkshop. We in the MFSC are looking to say, HNTFPCC has made good progress in forward to establishing collaboration and

26 Inaugural Speech partnership with national and international partners,especially with the institutions inour friendly neighbour India based on a mutual interest and collective goal of safeguarding Himalayanbiodiversity wealth andalleviating poverty and human sufferingsof our people.I am sure, the two-day deliberations of the workshop will provide clear directives to all of us todesign andimplement better programs and projectsin the sector ofMAPs and NTFPs.

I congratulatethe organizers for organizingthis meeting, and wish you all a grandsuccess.

Thank you.

27 WELCOME SPEECH & CLOSING REMARKS FROM THE CHAIRPERSON

Chandi Prasad Shrestha Secretaiy fvlinistiy of Forestsand Soil Conservation His Majesty's Governmentof Nepal hiefGuest and Hon. Ministerof Forests His Majesty's Government of Nepal has and Soil Conservation Mr. Sarbendra attributed high priority to biodiversity 'NathShukia, distinguished guests and conservationfor economicdevelopment in the participants: country. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are high value and low-volumecash As the of the of Forests and Secretary Ministry commodities that are most suitable to meet Soil Conservation,His Majesty's Government subsistence and commercialgoals of the rural of Nepal as well as Chairperson of the economy.These NTFPs constitute one of the WorkshopOrganizing Committee, it givesme six programsin the Forestry SectorMaster Plan a big pleasure to address this inaugural of His Majesty's Government of Nepal. Seven gathering of the National Workshopon Local NTFP sub-sectors are for experience-based national strategy for highlighted viz,medicinal and aromatic conservationand sustainable managementof promotion, plants, sabal MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal, organized by my Daphne paper, pine resin, katha, grass, Ministry in collaborationwith IDRC-MAPPA canes and bamboo. The highly liberal small- andCanadian CooperationOffice. I would like enterprise development policies adopted by to extend our warmest welcome to all the our Government, I hope, will help promote distinguished guests and participants. non-timber forestproducts inthe country.

28 We/come Speech & C/osing Remarks from the Chairperson

It is well known that majority the rural I would like to thank the distinguished guest Nepalese people depend on wild medicinal speakers Mr. Roger Finan, Regional Director, plants for the major part of their health care IDRC; Mr. Jean-MarcMangin, Head of CCO in needs. Apart, the collection and trading of Nepal; Mr. R.B.S. Rawat,*CEO, National MAPs and other NTFP resources have been Medicinal Plants Board, Governmentof India providinga steadysource ofincome in the rural andDr. MadhavKarki, MAPPACoordinator for areas of the country. The Forest Policy their useful and encouragingstatements. implementedby our Governmentputs greater emphasis on community participation in the Moreover, as representatives of international management of forest resources. The fast organizations, government organizations, growingforest-user group system inNepal will NGOs, CBOs, universities and research assist inthis by acting as the key stakeholders. institutions are gathered here, you have a The Government has fully recognized the unique opportunityin this forum to shareyour importance and potentialities of NTFP/MAP knowledgeand practical experiences in Nepal's resourcesas key componentsof health services, NTFP/MAP sector. This workshopis expected biodiversityconservation and rurallivelihood tocome up with recommendationsthat, besides enhancement,as wellas significantcontributor helping the government implement sound to poverty reduction in the country. programs, could also facilitate formulating practically feasible national strategies for the In Nepal, considerablenumber of institutions holistic developmentof theNTFP/MAP sector. and agenciesare involved inthe conservation, development and sustainable managementof Finally, I would like to thank the Workshop these renewable natural resources. However, OrganizingCommittee members for theirhard it has been experienced that the immense work andefficient management efforts. I would potentialshave not so farbeen fully recognized also like to thank IDRC-MAPPAand itspartner and exploited.Despite a numberof initiatives organizations in Nepal - ANSAB, CECI and underway,there remains much tobe done. In FECOFUN for theircontributions necessary for myview, this workshop is both timely and of this workshop. immense importance to the people and wish the success. environment of this country. It is timely I workshop a grand because the rapid deterioration of biological Thank you. resources in the country threatens to impact all of us. It is of immense importance to the local people, because there is a more urgent need than ever to uplift the critical socio- economic quality of the lives of people in the rural areas, which proper management and wise use of these resources may serve to accomplish. I am sure this workshop will significantly advance the efforts currently underway in these areas.

29

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Mr. Achyut Raj Gyawali C/o IDRC, SARO Associate Professor 208, Jor Bag, New Delhi 110003, India Institute of Forestry, TribhuvanUniversity Tel: 00-91-11-4619411 , Nepal Fax: 00-91-11-4622707 Tel: 00-977-61-20469 / 21689 Fax: 00-977-61-28847 Mr. BabuRam Rijal E-mail:[email protected] ProgramOfficer FECOFUN Central Secretariat Ms. Apsara Chapagain Old Baneshwar,Kathmandu, Nepal Vice- Chairperson Tel: 00-977-1-4485263 /4469473 FECOFUN Central Secretariat Fax: 00-977-1-4485262 Old Baneshwar,Kathmandu, Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4485263 /4469473 Fax: 00-977-1-4485262 Mr. Bhairab Risal E-mail: [email protected] Member Nepal Federationof Environmental Mr. Arun Nagpal Journalists (NEFEJ) IDRC Consultant Maitighar, Kathmandu,Nepal

32 List of Participantsand Contributors

Tel: 00-977-1-4232042 Mr. Bhuban Raj Sharma E-mail: [email protected] Chairperson FECOFUN-Baitadi District Dr. Bharat KumarPokharel Baitadi, MahakaliZone, Nepal Project Manager Tel: 00-977-95-520494/520235 Nepal Swiss Community ForestryProject Fax: 00-977-95-520410 Ekantakuna,Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-555 1704 Fax: 00-977-1-5551701 Mr. Bira Datta Bhatta E-mail: [email protected] Program Assistant FECOFUN DistrictChapter, Darchula Mr. BhaskarKarmacharya Darchula, Mahakalizone, Nepal Coordinator Tel: 00-977-93-420267 MALE International E-mail: [email protected] 17 Sinchahiti, Lalitpur, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-5530518 / 5543317 Dr. Chandra Prasad Sapkota Fax: 00-977-1-5543316 Associate Professor E-mail: [email protected] Ayurveda Campus, Naradevi,Kathmandu, Nepal Mr. BhaweshowarDas Tel: 00-977-1-4355848 Director E-mail: [email protected] SystematicIndustrialization of Nepal (SION) Jawalakhel,Lalitpur, Nepal Mr. Charles Pradhan Tel: 00-977-1-5530354 CLIFE Coordinator/ Environment Advisor E-mail: [email protected] Canadian CooperationOffice (CCO) Kathmandu, Mr. Bhim Prasad Shrestha Lazimpat, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4415193 / 4415389/ 4419412 Chairperson Fax: 00-977-1-4410422 FECOFIJN Central Secretariat E-mail: [email protected] Old Baneshwar,Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4485263 4469473 / Mr. Chhote Lal Chowdhary Fax: 00-977-1-4485262 ResearchOfficer E-mail: [email protected] Canadian Center for InternationalStudies and Mr. BhishmaPrasad Subedi Cooperation(CECI-Nepal) ExecutiveDirector Baluwatar,Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1- 4426791 / 4426793 / 4414430 Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture Fax: 00-977-1-4413256 and Bioresources (ANSAB) E-mail: [email protected] Bhimsengola,Baneshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4497547/4478412 Mr. C. N. Anil Fax: 00-977-1-4476586 Operation Officer E-mail: [email protected] International Centre for IntegratedMountain

33 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs In Nepal

Development(ICIMOD) and Bioresources(ANSAB) Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal Bhimsengola, Baneshwar,Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-5525313 Tel: 00-977-1-4497547 Fax: 00-977-1-524509/536747 Fax: 00-977-1-4476586 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Damodar Prasad Parajuli Dr. Sharma Chief Eklabya ProgramManager ForeignAid CoordinationDivision InternationalCentre for Integrated Mountain Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Development(ICIMOD) Singha Durbar, Kathmandu,Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4223862 Khumaltar,Lalitpur, Nepal Fax: 00-977-1-4223868 Tel: 00-977-1-5525313 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 00-977-1-524509/536747 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Dhiran Budathoki Chairperson Ms. Elisabeth Kerkhoff FECOFUN- AE Agroforestry Darchula,, Nepal International Center for IntegratedMountain Tel: 00-977-93-420267 Development(ICIMOD) E-mail: [email protected] Khumaltar,Lalitpur, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-5525313 Mr. Dinesh Poudel Fax: 00-977-1-524509/536747 ForestryDevelopment Coordinator E-mail: [email protected] Nepal Swiss CommunityForestry Project (NSCFP) Mr. GiridharAmatya Ekantakuna,Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal ProjectManager Tel: 00-977-1-5542305 SetiNTFP Promotion Fax: 00-977-1-5542304 Project IUCN Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Bakhundol,Lalitpur, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-5528761 5528781 Mr. DiwakarDutt Pandey I RegionalDirector, Far-west Development Fax: 00-977-1-5536786 Region E-mail: [email protected] Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Dhanagadi,Kailali, Nepal Mr. Gobinda Pokharel Tel: 00-977-91-521127 Director E-mail: [email protected] MALE InternationalPvt. Ltd. 17-Sinchahiti, Lalitpur, Nepal Mr. DurgaDatta Regmi Tel: 00-977-1-5530518/5543317 Field Coordinator Fax: 00-977-1-5543316 Asia Networkfor Sustainable Agriculture E-mail: [email protected]

34 List of Participantsand Contributors

Mr. Han Awasthi Herbs Production and ProcessingCo. Ltd. Field Coordinator Koteswor, Kathmandu,Nepal Canadian Center for International Studies Tel: 00-977-1-6630452/6630067 and Cooperation(CECI-Nepal) Fax: 00-977-1-6630232 Baluwatar, Kathmandu,Nepal E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 00-977-1- 4426791/4426793/4414430 Fax: 00-977-1-4413256 Ms. Kamala Thapa E-mail: [email protected] Ranger, NTFP FECOFUN Central Secretariat Mr. Indu Bikal Sapkota Old Baneshwar,Kathmandu, Nepal Manager-NRM Tel: 00-977-1-4485263 / 4469473 AsiaNetwork for Sustainable Agriculture Fax: 00-977-1-4485262 and Bio-Resources E-mail: [email protected] Bhimsengola, Kathmandu,Nepal [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4497547 / 4478412 Fax: 00-977-1-4476586 Dr. Krishna KumarShrestha E-mail: [email protected] Professor, Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan Mr. Janak Raj Rawal University Medicinal Plants Market Researcher President, EthnobotanicalSociety of Nepal A-72,Phase-2, Ashok Bihar (ESON) Delhi - 110052, India Kathmandu,Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4351901 Fax: 00-977-1-4332636 Ms. Julia Sanchez E-mail: [email protected] RegionalDirector, CECI-Asia Canadian Center for International Studies Mr. Krishna Prasad Lamichhane and Cooperation(CECI-Nepal) Chairperson Baluwatar,Kathmandu, Nepal FECOFUN, Tel: 00-977-1- 4426791 / 4426793/ 4414430 Pokhara,Nepal Fax: 00-977-1-4413256 Tel: 00-977-61-533170 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 00-977-61-528934 / 520677 E-mail: [email protected] Ms. Julia Robinson Coordinator Dr. Krishna Ram Amatya ProgramDevelopment and LearningUnit ManagingDirector IUCN Nepal Shambhala Herbal & Aromatic Tel: 00-977-1-5528761/5528781 Industry Pvt. Ltd. Fax: 00-977-1-5536786 Kathmandu,Nepal JawaharMan Bajracharya Tel: 00-977-1-4478359 Senior Planning Officer E-mail: [email protected]

35 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFP5 in Nepal

Mr. KuberJung Malla Tel: 00-91-11-4619411 Assistant ScientificOfficer Fax: 00-91-11-4622707 Department of Plant Resources E-mail: [email protected] Thapathali, Kathmandu,Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4261966 /4251161 /4251159 Mr. MadhukarThapa Fax: 00-977-1-4251141 Secretary E-mail: [email protected] Jadibuti Association of Nepal (JABAN) Nepalganj, Banke, Nepal Ms. Laxmi Poudel Tel: 00-977-81-5200866 Treasurer E-mail: [email protected] FECOFUN Central Secretariat Old Baneshwor, Kathmandu,Nepal Mr. Mahendra Nath Subedi Tel: 00-977-1-4485263 / 4469473 Assistant ScientificOfficer Fax: 00-977-1-4485262 Department of Plant Resources E-mail: [email protected] Thapathali, Kathmandu,Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4261966 / 4251161/ 4251159 Mr. LokendraPurush Dhakal Fax: 00-977-1-4251141 Planning Officer E-mail: [email protected] Foreign Aid CoordinationDivision Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Mr. Man Prasad Khatri Singha Darbar, Kathmandu,Nepal Vice-Chairperson Tel: 00-977-1-4223862 Himali Jadibuti SarokarSamuha (HJSS) Fax: 00-977-1-4223868 Old Baneshwar,Kathmandu, Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4482526 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. LokendraRaj Sharma [email protected] ScientificOfficer Department of Plant Resources Mr. Mohan Bania Thapathali, Kathmandu,Nepal Chairperson Tel: 00-977-1-4261966 / 4251161 / 4251159 Himali Jadibuti Sarokar Samuha (HJSS) Fax: 00-977-1-425 1141 Old Baneshwar,Kathmandu, Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4482526 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Madhav Karki [email protected] RegionalProgram Coordinator International DevelopmentResearch Center Mr. Narayan Balami (IDRC) NTF1 Ecology Assistant Medicinal and AromaticPlant Program in Nepal AustraliaCommunity Resource Asia (MAPPA) Managementand LivelihoodProject South Asia Regional Office(SARO) (NACRMALP) 208, Jor Bag, New Delhi 110003 India Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal

36 List of Participantsand Contributors

Tel: 00-977-1-5552849I 5524910 Mr. Pradip Maharjan Fax: 00-977-1-5527224 Senior Officer Herbs Production and Processing Co. Ltd. Dr. Narendra Nath Tiwari Koteshwor, Kathmandu,Nepal General Manager Tel: 00-977-1-6630452 / 663067 Herbs Production and ProcessingCo. Ltd. Fax: 00-977-1-6630232 (HPPCL) E-mail: [email protected] Koteshwar, Kathmandu,Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-6630452 / 663067 Dr. Pushpa Ratna Shakya Fax: 00-977-1-6630232 President E-mail: [email protected] Natural History Society of Nepal (NAHSON) Kathmandu,Nepal Mr. Narendra Rasaily Tel: 00-977-1-44272783 Program Coordinator E-mail: [email protected] Rural ReconstructionNepal Lazimpat,Kathmandu, Nepal Mr. RabindraNath Shukla Tel: 00-977-1-4415418 / 5543069 Advisor Fax: 00-977-1-4418296 / 4443494 Jadibuti Associationof Nepal QABAN) E-mail: [email protected] Nepalganj,Banke, Nepal Tel: 00-977-81-4524884 Dr. Nirmal Bhattarai Email:[email protected] MAPPA Advisor, MAPPA-Nepal Coordinator Mr. R. B. S. Rawat International DevelopmentResearch Center Chief ExecutiveOfficer (IDRC) (CEO) National Medicinal Plants Board Medicinal and AromaticPlants Program in Asia Government of India (MAPPA) Chandralok 'NIRMAL' Building 36, Janpath, New Delhi 110001 538/6, GhattekuloMarga India Dillibazar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-91-11-23319255 Tel: 00-977-1-4443548 4436356 / Fax: 00-91-11-23319360 Fax: 00-977-1-4473020 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Raj Kumar Pandey Mr. Pankaj Kumar Das Forest Officer Officer Program Asia Network for SustainableAgriculture Herbs and NTFP CoordinationCommittee and Bioresources (HNTFPCC) (ANSAB) Thapathali, Kathmandu,Nepal Bhimsengola,Baneshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-425 1160 Tel: 00-977-1-4497547 /4478412 Fax: 00-977-1-4251141 Fax: 00-977-1-4476586 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

37 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFP5 in Nepal

Mr. Roger Finan Baluwatar, Kathmandu,Nepal RegionalDirector Tel: 00-977-1- 4434820/ 4434970 / 4410942 International Development Research Center Fax: 00-977-1- 4438458 (IDRC) E-mail: [email protected] South Asia Regional Office (SARO) 208, JorBag, New Delhi - 110003 India Ms. Sabitri Chand Tel: 00-91-11-4619411 ProgramAssistant Fax: 00-91-11-4622707 FECOFUN, Baitadi,Nepal Dr. Ramji Prasad Neupane Tel: 00-977-95-520494 ProgramCoordinator Fax: 00-977-95-520410 Canadian CooperationOffice (CCO) E-mail: Lazimpat,Kathmandu, Nepal [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4415193 Mr. Tiwari Fax: 0-977-1-4410422 Sagendra Coordinator E-mail: [email protected] Ecosystem and SustainableLivelihoods Mr. Ram KumarDev Program ResearchOfficer IUCN Nepal SAFE Concern Bakhundol,Lalitpur, Nepal Baneshwar,Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-5528761 / 5528781 Tel: 00-977-1-4491034 Fax: 00-977-1-5536786 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail:[email protected]

Mr. Rana Bahadur Rawal Mr. Sahas Man Shrestha Member Forest Officer HNTFPCC Department of Forest Researchand Survey Thapathali, Kathmandu,Nepal Babaramahal,Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4494514 Tel: 00-977-1-222601 Fax: 00-977-1-4251141 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Ms. Sangeeta Rajbhandari Dr. Rishi Ram Koirala Lecturer,Central Department of Botany Registrar Tribhuvan University Ayurveda Council Treasurer,Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal Kathmandu,Nepal (ESON) Tel: 00-977-1-4425078 Kathmandu,Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4241167 E-mail: [email protected] Ms. Rudriksha Rai Parajuli Program Officer - Mountain Mr. Shambhu Charmakar WWF Nepal Program Community Forestry Facilitator

38 List of Participants and Contributors

Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture Mr. Surya B. Binayee and Bioresources Asian Networkfor Sustainable Agricultur Tel: 00-977-1-4497547 / 4478412 and Bioresources Fax: 00-977-1-4476586 (ANSAB) E-mail: [email protected] Bhimsengola,Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4497547/4478412 Dr. Shanta Raj Gyawali Fax: 00-977-1-4476586 CPME E-mail: [email protected] King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation Dr. Uday Raj Sharma Jawalakhel,Lalitpur, Nepal Director General Tel: 00-977-1-5526573 Department of PlantResources Fax: 00-977-1-526510 Thapathali, Kathmandu,Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4261966/4251161/4251159 Fax: 00-977-1-4251141 Mr. Sher Singh Thagunna E-mail: [email protected] Assistant Planning Officer Department of National Park and Wildlife Mr. Yam Bahadur Bam Conservation ProgramManager Babar Mahal, Kathmandu,Nepal Ghoda Ghodi Project Tel: 00-977-1-227926 Kailali,Nepal E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 00-977-1-4782026 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Stephan Robey Volunteer Canadian Center for International Studies and Cooperation (CECI-Nepal) Baluwatar,Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 00-977-1-4438478 Fax: 00-977-1-4413256 E-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Sunil Regmi CountryDirector Canadian Center for International Studies and Cooperation (CECI-Nepal) Baluwatar, Kathmandu,Nepal Tel: 00-977-1- 4426791/ 4426793 / 4414430 Fax: 00-977-1-4413256 E-mail: [email protected]

39

STRATEGIES FOR WORKING TOGETHER Nepal - India Collaboration for the Development of Medicinal Plants Sector

RBS Rawat Madhav Karki

BACKGROUND factorsseem toimpede the pace of development in the region. While there are several sub- are vast, gigantic, diverse regions intensively subjected to severe and youngest mountain in the system environmentaldegradation, many resourcerich world. The expression — Himalaya- pockets still exist. Medicinal plants rich eco- evokesglory and somesort ofexoticness of the regions are one of the which is the subcontinent on several and examples, planes: spiritual of this philosophical as well as materialistic, subject paper. economicand ecological. Himalayas givebirth The Himalayason account of it's vastness and to our mighty rivers, regulate climate of the distinct have social and ethical entiresub-continent and are home to world's entity biological, and that have far unique biodiversitywealth. There are several diversity problems reaching and even valuable plant and animal species, minerals local, regional global importance, and diverse mix of human societies exclusive which deserves action on priority basis. The to the region with unparallel bio-cultural and magnitude of problems directly or indirectly natural diversity. However, the difficult and related toenvironment and development vary rugged terrain and inhospitable and extreme from place to place. Much is known about the climates coupled with other topographical originand consequencesof these problems but

42 Strategiesfor Working Together

what remainsto be done is tofind out workable This inaccessibility, marginality and fragility solutions to these multiple problems. have fostered local inhabitants to depend on Recurrent soil erosion, flooding and locallyavailable resources for survival, leading biodiversity loss are few common problems to an extremelyrich indigenousknowledge of that can be listed as those needing urgent resourcessuch as medicinal plants among the attention. traditional hill societies. Medicinal uses of plants widely vary among the hill societies More than 3000 kms in length and 300 kms isolated by linguistic, cultural and terrain wide, the Himalayas are spread over many barriers.To sum-up we can say thatHimalayas states of India, viz. Jammu & Kashmir, are rich lands inhabited by poorpeople. Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Medicinal plants constitute 80 % of raw material for of traditional Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and a part of preparation drugs. In modern contribute at least Assam and one district of West Bengal as well drugs also, they as Nepal and Bhutan apart from other 25%. In the wake ofrapid growthin the global anddomestic demand for the medicinal countries.Theregion is characterized by sparse plants, the traditional industries in the are population, undulating terrain, far — flung drug region the of decrease in smallvillages difficult to approach, tiny and constantly facing problem raw material and its This is scatteredland holding more so on slopeswith supply quality. true in India and be so in unstable soils, agro— pastoral economy, scanty specifically may Nepal as well. irrigation, little use of modern technology and low etc. These inputs, productivity, MEDICINAL PLANTS SECTOR difficulties,coupled with almostno industrial IN INDIA AND IN THE development and thereby low employment HIMALAYAN REGION potential, stimulate local young men to seek employment away from their homes. The India is rich in all the three levels of problem of youth moving to cities gets biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic aggravatedin the areas where an inhospitable diversityand habitat diversity. There are about climate combines with continuous neglect of 426 biomes representing different habitat theirnative land and theirpeople's well being diversity that gave rise to one of the richest by their governments. Agriculture is the centres of bio-diversityin the world for plant primary occupation of the people all through genetic resources, Although the total number the region, whichunfortunately has not seen of floweringplant species is only 17,000, the the benefits of the so-called green revolution intra— specific variability found inthem makes technologies. it one of the highest in the world.

The small size of holding in the Himalayasis Medicinal plants are used at the household combined with low productivity, adverse levellargely in a self-treatmentmode. One and climates, poor education and lack of a half million practitioners of Traditional skilled people to manage agriculture. Medicineuse medicinal plants in preventive!

43 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

promotive and curative applications. There threatened inthe wild (Table 1). Two hundred are about 5 lacs registered practitioners of and forteen species have been declared Traditional Medicine using medicinal plants endangered,a large number of thembelonging inthe codifiedstreams. Further, there are9000 to the entire Himalayanregion and 37 species of Traditional registeredpharmacies Medicine have been entered into the schedule I of the and a large number of unlicensed small-scale Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1991, which units. Besides meetingnational demands, they needspriority attention. Consideringthe gravity cater 12% of global herbal medicine trade. ofthe situation from the loss ofphyto-diversity North-East has been Thousands of medicinal and aromatic plant standpoint, Himalayas species have been reported so far from the declaredas oneof the 18biodiversity hot-spots Himalayanregion. A majorityof them are on of the World. continuous decline in their number and abundance. Threat assessment exercise as per Realizing the ecological importance and variousCAMP exerciseshas listed around 200 economic utility of medicinal plant resources species of medicinal plants under various thereis growingconcern throughoutthe world degreesof threat. CITES has notified14 Indian about the needof theirlong-term conservation. medicinal plants in its schedule and in 1988, Duringthe recent past suchconcern has found the Government of India has restricted the expression in the establishment of several export of 29 species, which are believed to be national and international initiatives and

Table 1. Species of plantsrelevant to Nepal & India that are listed in CITES appendices

SL APPENDIX

1. Geropogiapubescens Milkweed Mirkelahra 11 2. 'vathea spinosa Tree Fern Unau II 3. GvcaspccUnata Cycas Kaiwal II 4. Dioscorc'adeli oidea Potato Yam Van Tarul II 5. Orchidaceae spp. Many Species of Orchids Sungabhahru II 6. Picrorhiza kurrooa Picrorhiza Kutki II 7. Podophyfiwn hexandrum May Apple Laghupatra II 8. Rauvolfia serpentina Serpentine Sarpgandha II 9. 7bxus wallichiana Himalayan Yew Launth Salla II 10. Genturn montan urn Gnetum Bhotelahara III 11. Meconopsisregici Himalayan YellowPoppy Kyasar III 12. Podocarpus neriijblius Podocarpus Gunsi III 13. Talaurna hodgsonii III 14. Tetracenlronsinonse Tetracentron Jharikote III

44 Strategies for Working Together committees such as Genetic Resource for the medicinalplants sector and developthe ConservationInitiatives of the CBD andWHO potential of this sector through schemes and committee on Good Agriculture and Field projects that encourage investment in this Collection Practices (GAFCP). Various sector. programs have been launched and some measures have been taken to conserve the In response to these growing problems and recommendationsof various national natural resources in the Himalayas. meetings, the Government of India in the year 2000, INITIATIVES TAKEN BY THE decided to establish an independentbody GOVERNMENT OF INDIA called "National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB)" under the Chairpersonship of the In India, for the last many years, various Minister of Health & Family Welfare. The Ministries/Departments and Organisations Board's functions include coordination with have been dealingwith various issues relating Ministries/Deperments /Organisations/State/ for to medicinal plants, and a need was felt to Union Territorygovernment development of medicinal in and assessment strengthen coordination and develop linkage plants general of matters, relatingto the activitiestaken up by individual demand/supply, policy guidance, stakeholders. Concerns have also been inventorisation, promotion of conservation/ cultivation, promotion of cooperative efforts, expressed about the erosion and degradation dissemination of information on matters of bio-diverse resources, un-sustained relating to import/export, value addition, availability of quality raw drugs, high and research and development, agro-technology fluctuatingprices, improper marketing, lack of development,IPR protectionrelated issues, etc. organizedcultivation, secretivenature of trade Under the Traditional Knowledge Digital and the small share in the export market. Library (TKDL) project of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), a The medicinal plants sector at presentis not Comprehensive Ayurvedic Knowledge well organized and needs special attention. database has already been released in five Althoughdifferent Ministries and Departments in the Government sector and NGOs and languages. individuals in the sector are private making The objective of establishing the Board is to efforts in different directions, there is a need establish an agency which would be to better coordinate and these systematize responsiblefor coordinationof mattersrelated efforts. An mechanism for appropriate to medicinalplants, including drawing up coordination and of implementation policies policiesand strategies for conservation,proper to medicinal both at the relating plants harvesting,cost-effective cultivation, research National and State levels is to necessary anddevelopment, processing, marketing ofraw facilitate inter-ministry, inter-state and material in orderto protect, sustain and develop institutional collaboration and to avoid this sector. duplicationof efforts. Therefore,a need for the establishment of a national level nodal body The implementationwork would continue to was felt to formulate a comprehensive policy be carried out by the respective departments

45 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

and organizations but the Board would Internationalorganizations, NMPB iscurrently coordinate and provide a direction and an collaboratingwith. impetus tothe activities. Anumber ofacademic andresearch institutions as well as NGOs have The NMPB has identified 32 medicinal plants also been carrying out promotional and atthe national levelwith a view to develop and capacitybuilding work indifferent parts ofthe promote them more intensively,Of these, the country (Prajapatiet al. 2003). followingplants are focused in the Himalayan region (Table 2). National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) has launched Promotional and Commercial NATIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS schemes for all kinds of stakeholders. These BOARD'S EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING schemesinclude production of qualityplanting material, conservation, extension, marketing, Improvementof themedicinal plants trade may inventorisation, R&D, value addition semi- offer an alternative to poor local habitants processing, etc. To achieve these objectives so especially at the primary stage. Improvements far 30 State MedicinalPlants Boards (SMPBs) could takethe formof harvesting and marketing have been established. During last two years co-operatives or village based processing more than 1000projects have been sanctioned facilities. Cultivation of threatened and other worthRs. 45 crores in differentparts of India. valuable species is certainly warranted, even About 25,000 acres of land has been brought though we do realize that the potential under cultivation of commerciallyimportant benefits will reach to a populace possessing species like — Amla (Phyllanthusemblica), limited land, labour, capital and time, at a Senna (Cassia angustifolia), Safed slower pace. NMPB has now started funding Mush (Chlorophytum arundinaceum), pioneer NGOs like Society for Himalayan Ashwagandha( Withania somnifera),Kalmegh Environmental Research (SHER), Institute of Ftharchur (Andrographispaniculata), (Coleus Himalayan Environmental Research and Bach amboinicus), (Acorus calamus), Isabgol Education (INHERE) and NERA Mahila (Plan ovata), Brahmi tago (Bacopa monnieri), Samiti, (NMS) to do such task in the state of Atees Kutki (Aconitum heterophyllum), Uttranchal whose work may be relevant for (Picrorhiza Gudmar kurrooa), (Gymnema western part of Nepal. sylvestre), Bael (Aeglemarmelos), etc. Website containing all information about National The cultivation and use of medicinal and Medicinal Plants Board (NIMPB) has also been aromatic plants (MADPs) has agreat potential launched (www.nmpb.nic.in).National and for employment generation, particularly in internationalbodies, working in medicinal and rural sectors.The recent emphasis ontribal and aromatic plants have been contacted for rural developmentindicates that cultivation of dissemination of information and for the medicinal and aromatic plants can play a meaningful collaboration. IDRC, FAQ, Ford prominentrole inthis direction, if undertaken Foundation, WHO and IPGRI are the properly has been embraced by the Board in

46 Strategies for Working Together

Table 2: Common medicinal plants and their medicinal characteristics

Aconitum IndianAconite Tuberous Root Antipyretic, anti Astisine, heterophyllum periodic, Heteratisine, Wall.ex Royle astringent. Hetisine

2 Aconitum IndianAconite Root Sudorific, cardio Pseudaconitine ferox Wall. tonic, fever, ex Seringe neuralgia, paralysis. skin diseases, anti- inflammatory, diuretic, diaphoretic, sedative, febrifuge 3 Aeglemarmelos Stoneapple Fruit, Leaf, Aromatic, Coumarins, (L.) Corr. Bark astringent, Alkaloids, marmesin, carminative, Imperatorin, cooling, laxative, Alloimperatorin, febrifuge Xantholoxol, Scoparone, Scopoletin, Slimmin, Marmelide, Aegelenine

4 Asparagus Asparagus Root Lactogenic, Saponins, Alkaloids, racemosusWilid. aphrodisiac, Proteins, Starch, nervine tonic, Tanin cooling. rejuvenating, carminative, appetizeretc. 5 Bacopa monnieri Thyme leaved Whole plant Nervine tonic, Triterpenoid, Pennell gratiola memoryenhancer saponins, glycosides, Brahmoside, Brahminosido, Baconides A&B, Hersaponin, Betulic acid, Monnierin

6 Berberis aristata Indian berberry Root, Stem Stomachic, tonic, Berberine DC. diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice, useful in eye diseases, toothaches

47 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

S BOTANICAL ENGUSH PART USED ACTION AND NAME NAME USES

7 Cedrusdeodara Himalayan Wood Skin diseases Gum, Cholesterin, Roxb.ex D.Don cedar Essential oil, G.Don Ascorbic acid

8 Cinnamomuin Indiancassia Leaf, Bark Anthelmintic, Essential oil, engenol, tamala lignea Gardiotonic, cinnamic aldehyde (Buch.-Ham. carmi native. Nees & Eberm. diuretic

9 Crocus salivus Saffron Stigma with Antiseptic, Groun. Picrocroun, Linn. style cooling, cloning, Lycopene, a-b- aphrodisiac, canotenezearanthin digestive 10 Phyllanthus Indian Fruit Aperient, Vitamin C, Ascorbic emblica L. gooseberry astringent, acid,Tannins, digestive, diuretic Emblicol, PhyllantiLine, Phyllantine 11 Nardostachys Muskroot Rhizome Astringent. Jatamansone grandiflora DC. cooling, aromatic. (Valeranonel, antiseptic, digestive, Spirojatamol, carminative, Patchonli alcohol, epilepsy, narseychelanone, hysteria. erysipelas, Jatamol liver stimulant

12 Ocimum Holybasil Seed, Leaves Aromatic, cough, Volatileoil lEngenol, tenuiflorum L. asthama, fever, b-caryophyllene), stornachi, Serquiterpenes and demulcent, monoterpenes digestive, vermifuge, diaphoretic, expectorant 13 Picrorhiza Picrorhiza Root Acrid, cooling, Iridoid glycosides, kurrooa Benth. laxative, picroside-l, ex Royle carminative, Kuthoside, Picroside digestive, veroniccaside, stomachic, Minecoside, Picein, hepatitis, Androsin jaundice, flatulence, antipyretic, galactopurifier

48 Strategiesfor Working Together

14 Rauvolfia Rauvoifla Root Hypertension, Reserpine. SerpentinaEL.) acrid, laxative, rescinnamine, Benth. ex Kurz anthelmintic, Serpentine, appetizer, sedative Deserpidine. Yohimbine, Corynantheine 15 Rhododendron Rhododendron Flowers Fish poison, Ericolin, arboreumSmith appliedto andromedotoxin R. barbatum forehead for Wall.exG.Don headache 16 Sapindus Soapnut tree Fruit, Expectorant. Saponin, mukorossi Fruit rind emetic, nauseant Gaertn. mucorosm

17 Swertia Chiretta Whole plant Anti- Amarogentin. chirayita inflammatory, Amarowserin, (Roxb.ex Fleming) antipyretic. Ghiratol, Mangiferin, Karsten antiperodic, Swertiamin, sudorific. Chiratamiri dvspepsia, blood purifier 18 Saussurea costus Costus Root Acrid. Thermegenic, Saussurne, C.B. Clarke aromatic, cronic and Bitturesin. foul ulcers, cough, Bicyclic lactone asthaina, hiccough. carminative, digestive, stimulant 19 Taxus wallichian Himalayan Leaf, Fruit Antiflatulent. Taxine. taxinhine Zuc. Silver fir Antispasmodic, appetizer, astringent, carminative, digestive its program. In addition, these medicinalplants promoted for sustainable developrndllt in the provide dense vegetation cover, which iii Himalayanregion (Table 3). turn helps to check soil erosion in the steep mountain slopes. POTENTIAL AREAS FOR COLLABORATION BETWEEN Thereare hundreds of medicinal plants found INDIA & NE PAL in the Himalayan region. which are having greatpotential. However on the basis of market In the light of vast similarities in the hio- potential. following species need to he physical, socio-economical & politico-cultural

49 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

system and traditions in India & Nepal, there plants underthe ambit ofbilateral trade and are certain potential areas in the medicinal, commerceb meetingquality, efficacy, shelf aromatic, dye plants sector for which joint life and other goodsourcing practices regime working group for collaboration could he required by the GOl and WHO. initiated. The suggested areas may he: 2. Setting domestic facilities for primary 1. Trade regulations by bringing medicinal processing, drug manufacturing and value

Table 3: Demand projection of key medicinal plants from the Himalayas

LOCAL NAME

1. Abies speclabilis Talispatra 700 2. Aconitum chasmanthum Vatsnabh 3450 3. Aconitum Iwlerophyllurn Atis 410 4. Aquilariaagallocha Agar 420 5. Bacopa monnieri Brahmi 5800 6. Berberis aristata Daruhaldi 1830 7. Garum carvi Kala jeera 101 8. Ginnamomum tamala Tej Pat 888 9. Coptis teeth Mishmiteeta N.A. 10. Crocus sativus Kesar NA. 11. Ephedragerardiana Somlata 920 12. Gentianakurroo Kurru 1091 13. llypericuni perforaturn Hypericum 144 14. Inula racemosa Pushkarmool 760 15. Nardostachvs grandiflora Jatamansi 866 16. Picrorhiza kurrooa Kutki 317 17. Pistacia chincrisis Kakrasinghi 120 18. Polygonatum cirrhifo!ium Mahamaida 106 19. Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpgandha 588 20. Saussurea costus Kuth 1826 21. Swertiachira vita Chirata 1285 22. Taxus wallichiana Himalayan Yew N.A. 23. Valerianajatarnansii Samayo 216 24. Zanthoxylum armaturn Timur 23

Source: Demand & Supply assessment by Centre for Research Planning and Action(CERPA), New Delhi.

50 Strategies for Working Together

additionnear to the source ofcollection and their mandate and capacity of respective cultivation. organisation.

3. Integrating of Traditional Medicine with The NGO and CBOs could be involved in Modern Medicine at all levels with policy enhancing awarenesslevel, capacity building and implementation back-ups giving and imparting training and building local priority to primary healthcare system. capacity. The leading research & training institutions inthe governmentsector could be 4. Promotion of Kitchen-herbal to gardens associatedwith nursery development and accessible and affordable health provide ensuring quality plantingmaterial production, care facilities at rural areas, to empower agro-technology development, suitable women andto provide additional source of harvestingmechanism, value addition, quality income generationfor rural women. testing management, etc. The key players for developing linkages in India has been 5. Sharing of experiences in JFM, eco- presented (Chart 1). development boards, Shelf Help Groups (SHG5) in India and Community Forestry ORGANIC PRODUCTION OF User Groups in Nepal for integrating MADPs medicinal plants with participatory and CommunityForestry activities. For the Hiamalayanregions of both India and Nepal,organic production ofMADPs hold good 6. Jointly developing and sharing policies, promises as these regions are, infact organic. experience and expertise in organic and Most organic certificationstandards in case of certified production of MADPs to meet the wild collection emphasize on sustainable growing international concern and harvesting and reducing any adverse requirements for qualityand safe products. environmental impacts of the extraction process. These aspects coupled with high 7. Policy reconciliation and coordination on quality requirements of processing of forest- CITES species and on emergingmedicinal based food, medicine and nutrition products products like Cordyceps sinensis between could be jointly developed and promoted the two countries to discourageunethical, through groups of organized collectors and irregular and exploitativetrade practices. cottage scale processors.Ideally, as there is an overwhelming agreement that the problems MECHANISMS FOR related to unsustainablecollection of medicinal COLLABORATION plants can only be addressed if cx situ cultivation of medicinal plants is also carried Various Government and Non-government. out simultaneously with the development of agencies are actively involved in the growth sustainable harvestingregimes, this can be an and development of MADP sector in India & additional area for collaboration. The chart Nepal. These bodies could act as facilitators below indicates the nature of collaboration with appropriate classificationof tasks as per recommendedwithin India (Chart 1).

51 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPS in Nepal

For developing such linkages with the 2. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Uttaranchal organization, institutions and universities Education(ICFRE), Dehradun, working inthe Himalayanregion, whichhave 3. RegionalResearch Laboratories of CSIR (at broad mandatefor theregional networking and Jammu, Jorhat and Itanagar). individual MoUs can be worked out. Some of 4. Herbal Research and Development the institutions relevantfor both and key Nepal Institute, Gopeshwar,Uttaranchal. India in the context of the Himalayan 5. Altitude Plant Research medicinal plants are as follows: High Physiology Centre,Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttaranchal. 1. GB Pant Institute of Himalayan 6. Defence Research Lab (DRDO), Environment and Development, Head Pithoragarh, Uttaranchal and Field Quartered at ,Uttaranchal, Research Lab, Leh, U&K).

Chart 1 .Multi-stakeholder, participatory and collaborativeapproach forthe medicinal plants sector developmentin India & Nepal

PUBLIG/REPORT CULTIVATORS & -EXTENSION COLLECTORS MATERIALEtc.

TRADERS rn-- Dornestic & DJ+flM International)

LRNATIONJ

GOVERNMENTAGENCIES, FOREST,AGRIIiULTURAL, HORITGUTURAL DEPARTMENTS,NGOs, PUBLIC ENTERPRISES,

52 Strategies for Working Together

7. GB Pant University of Agriculture and CONCLUSION Technology, Pantnagar(Uttaranchal). By ensuring conservationof various rare and 8. Central Institute of Medicinal and valuable medicinal valued species and AromaticPlants (CIMAP), Lucknow, UP. cultivationof the commerciallyviable MADPs sustainable 9. CentralCouncil for Researchin Ayurveda and subsequently adopting local in and Siddha (CCRAS), New Delhi. harvesting practices the community the Himalayas can be immensely benefited. 10. ForestDepartment, Debradun Uttaranchal. Such initiatives would generate local employment, enhance the standard of living The Government of Uttaranchal, India has and subsequentlyplay animportant role inthe recently issued a workableGovernment order economic developmentof the region. There is on Conservation, Development and also a need to create opportunities for Harvesting (CDH).For conservation, the main increasing the flow of economic benefits role is to be played by the Forest Department derived from the collection and sale of with active participation of community. medicinal, aromatic and dye plants, to local For development, the keys Government communities through launching other Organizations and Non-government programs such as rural development, Organizations have been designated to play watershed management and agri-export of Uttaranchal pivotalrole. Forharvesting of medicinalplants promotion like the Government on sustainable basis, the main role has to be has recently launched. Local economic and social initiatives aimed at playedby the Forest DevelopmentCorporation development of MADPs and along with existing cooperatives. In processingand value-addition are need of the hour for the conservation, development and harvesting, their products, involvementof local communitiesin the form Himalayan countries. For the long-term of medicinal sector in of active participations of Joint Forest development plants South Asia, of quality assured Management Committees (JFMCs) and Van production international Panchayats have been envisaged through products meeting phytosanitary standards, minimum chemical residue and micro-planning andmanagement of forests and microbial contamination levels and other setting of specific conservation and norms is a must. We need to work togetherin development areas such as Medicinal Plants an objective and concerted manner if the ConservationAreas (MPCAs) and Medicinal organic movement in herbal sector is to truly Plants DevelopmentAreas (MPDAs). In the benefit the people and conserve our case of like Cordycepssinensis, Panax species environment. pseudo - ginseng, Hippophae species, etc., there is a need to develop some workable REFERENCE models in the interest of the community to benefit the people of India andNepal and the Karki, M. (2003). Standardsfor Wild-harvested greaterHimalayan region. & Primary-processed MP Products: Recent

53 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Survey Findings of the IDRC/MAPPA Work. Nepal,IDRC Canadaand WWF-UNESCO, 15th- Paper presented at the New Millennium 20th December, 2002, Kathmandu,Nepal. Workshop onQuality, Safetyand Standardsfor Traditional Drugs at the National Botanical Demand study for selected medicinal plants Vol. Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow, India I, 11(2001—02):Compiled by Centre for (Nov. 10-13, 2003). Planning & Action, New Delhi,India.

Karki, M. (2003). Organicproduction of MAP! NTFPs in forest & degraded lands in South Asia; paperpresented at the Regional and National Seminar on Organic Farming for Indian Mountain States (24-26 Nov 2003); Dehradun, India

Karki, M. & R.B.S Rawat (2003). Non-wood Forest Products: Certification & Good Management Practices. In: Encyclopaedia of Forest Science (in Press); Four Volumes; AcademyPress, London.

PrajapatiN.D., S.S. Purohit, A.K Sharma and T. Kumar (2003). A Handbook of Medicinal Plants: A Complete Source Book. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.

Rawat, R.B.S. and Uniyal, R.C. (2003): Commercialization of Medicinal Plants — Indian Perspective.(XII World Forestry Congress, Quebec, Canada, 2Oth—3Oth September2003).

Rawat, R.B.S. and Uniyal, R.C. (2003): Medicinal Plants Sector in India — Initiatives taken by Governmentof India. Global Summit on Medicinal Plants, Mauritius.

Rawat, R.B.S. and Uniyal, R.C. (2002): Sustainableuse andmanagement of medicinal plants in Himalayan region. Regional workshopon "Conservationand Management of Himalayan medicinal plants" by Ministry ofForests and Soil Conservation,Nepal, WWF

54 ENTERPRIS&ORIENTED COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN NEPAL Strategies and Lessons

Bhishma P. Subedi Surya B. Binayee Indu B. Sapkota

INTRODUCTION unproductive animals, and slash and burn farmingpractices are indicated to be the main T n Nepal, the Himalayan and trans- proximate threats to biodiversity, but the • Himalayanregion people are among the underlying cause is acute poverty (Subedi poorest with lowest development index, 1999;Burch et al. 2003). underlining the fact that poverty,remoteness the of conservation and biodiversity richness go together in However, majority resourceshave been allocatedto area developingcountries. Agriculture accounts for protected system models or subsistence mode of less than 5% of the total geographical areas, resources management is framed, while and most of it is rain fed. In some parts, rocky people-centeredand economic incentive based surface and snow cover combine to account resourcemanagement strategies have received for about 60% of the area, severelyrestricting less attention.Balancing economic, social and opportunity to bring about development. environmentalconcerns is adifficult task, and Alpine and sub-alpine meadows and forests there are few, if any, examples to follow in are generally rich centers of biodiversity. adopting a balanced approach (Subedi2001). Burning of forests/meadows, uncontrolled harvesting of NTFPs including MAPs, This paper attempts to analyze and document unmanaged grazing with high number of the advances in community forestry evolved

55 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

from the initiatives and experiences of Asia APPROACH AND STRATEGIES Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) in designing and Enterprise oriented community forestry is implementingits approachesand strategies on essentiallya participatoryprocess thatrequires enterprise-oriented community forest strong technical assistance and encompasses management in Himalayan and Trans- sub-sectoranalysis, threats analysis, strategies and Himalayanregions of Nepalwhere Non-timber development planning, research, and reviews. the Forest Products (NTFPs) including Medicinal implementation Expanding of local communities and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) constitute a property rights over valuable group of products for local resources and empowering them with and communities. The paper also draws lessons knowledge, information, technologies skills for forest and from the IDRC supported project on management institution are the Conservation of Medicinal andAromatic Plants building basic building blocks for the oriented Gender for SustainableLivelihoods implementedsince enterprise communityforestry. and equity concerns are addressed from the September 2001 in Darchula district, Nepal program design so that the poor, women, and (Map 1). marginalized members of the communities Established in 1992, ANSAB has a vision of receive fair benefits from the program. rich andproductive biodiversity resources that The program emphasizes with are actively managed and used by local working partners so that the institutional capacity at communities who are capable of addressing national level is enhanced and post-program existing and potential threats to biodiversity sustainability is ensured. Working with local and maximizing local benefits out of it and as well as national institutions, the program thereby harnessing social equity. ANSAB is pools unique expertise to promote delivery of committedto enterprise oriented solutions to quality and critical servicesthat are needed to biodiversity conservation and sustainable local communities. The program maintains communitydevelopment. It strives totranslate close interactionwith other programsthat have its commitmentthrough natural products similar goals and field activities to avoid based enterprises, community forestry and duplication of efforts and create synergy in natural resources management, capacity service delivery. building of key stakeholders,and creation of environment enabling policy by working The program promotes an approach whereby with local directly community and all partners and implementers maximise their collaboratingwith other stakeholders.ANSAB learning through actions and reflections. has afocal position in the fieldthrough its work Various mechanismsof interactionfacilitate the for a decade on biological, technological, sharing ofknowledge gained at different levels economic and socio-culturalfronts associated of the program. The program has in-built to people-centeredconservation, management mechanisms to facilitate synthesis and anduse ofbiodiversity both withinand outside communication of learning with respect to Nepal. contexts, concepts,processes, andtechniques

56 Map 1. Districts of Nepal where ANSAB programs are being implemented

'Types of Landscape: Mid Hills and Mountains Dit Field Implementation: Bajhang, Humla, , Mugu, Dolpa, Darchula, Dolakha Baglung Nationw Activities Networking, Information Service, Policy Advocacy

ANSAB's Head office Kathmandu Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPSINTFPs in Nepal among partners andrelevant stakeholders, and managementthat aretranslated into theirforest to make timely adaptations. management Operational Plan (OP)1. The process for enterprise oriented CF is more A brief of description major steps of program rigorousthan the traditional FUGprocess and implementation, not necessarily in the given iterative at all stages from identification of sequences, is given below. options to management and benefit distribution. Sub-sector Analysis (SSA) Central to enterprise oriented community Enterprise development planning forestry is the concept of seeking union Possible options for enterprises are examined between biodiversity conservation and and prioritized consideringthe factors related economic developmentof local communities. topolicy, resource abundance, market,finance, This involves identifying a sub-sector (a local skills, technologies, and social issues. A product or arange of products) most potential detailed enterprise development plan is for economic creating incentives while developed for the most potential enterprise environmentaland balancing social concerns. identifiedfrom the feasibilitystudy. While it is Reviewing along the value chain (from unlikelyto develop the enterprise planwithout productionto consumption) SSA identifiesthe external technical assistance by local interventionareas that providehighest leverage communities, their role is crucial from the both economically andenvironmentally in the inception since the success depends on given context (Subedi1999). community taking ownership and active role in the management. Threats Analysis and Community Forestry Planning Implementation With each community, participatory threats Proper implementation of both forest analysis, resources assessment and strategy managementplan and enterprisedevelopment development in terms of community forests plan is equally important, as they are management are undertaken. Considering interdependent to produce the desired results. the variability within and between the Enterpriseis directly dependent on the health communities and forests, the process requires and productivecapacity of the forests,and the adaptation in moving forward with identified role of the programat this stage is to fosterthe communities.As the Forest User Group (FUG) positive links between the community forest isready, members assess resources and analyze managementand enterprise operation. At the the threat to biodiversity. Optimizing the beginning of activities implementation, along enterprise opportunities and to address the with the direct technical facilitation to threats,communities devise strategies for forest communitiesand enterprises local partnership

community groupto formallybecome a FUG requires to be registeredat the DistrictForest Office with its Constitution. The Constitution defines the social arrangement and the responsibilities and rightsof the group where as the OP specifies how the forestis managed and utilized. To incorporate provisions ofmanaging additionalproducts or expanding the area, the OP needs to be revised and approved.

58 Enterprise-OrientedCommunity Forestry in Nepal

and networking among the key stakeholders Acommunity group to formallybecome a FIJG is strengthened. ANSAB proceeds through a requires to be registered at the District Forest network of local NGOs andcooperatives so as Officewith its Constitution.The Constitution to ensure sustainability of the programin the defines the social arrangement and the field. In of addition, capacity building key responsibilitiesand rights of the group where stakeholders (government, as well non-profit as the OP specifieshow the forestis managed as privatesector) is promotedfor widerimpact. and utilized. To incorporateprovisions of additional or the Monitoring and Participatory Action managing products expanding the OP needs tobe revised and Research (PAR) area, approved.

The enterprise oriented CF is an evolving Policy practice and there are many unknowns and Even with the most progressive and grey areas including the biologyof individual policy on in species,ecosystem dynamics, product research legislations community forestry Nepal, there are several in and and development, and consumer preference. challenges provisions Learning component is, therefore, an in-built practices for the promotion of enterprise ingredient of the ANSAB program design. oriented community forestry. The existing Biological monitoring is introduced to ensure provisions and practices make it difficult to the sustainable supply and conservation of visualize the forest management and use biodiversity. Social, institutional and beyond subsistence (ANSAB 2003b). enterpriseperformance monitoring are carried Therefore, the program facilitates policy out to get the continuous feedback to the development process through networking, management. Building on the existing coordination, interaction and sharing of knowledgebase (bothindigenous and external) specific policy issues from the grassroots, PAR is and inthe designed implemented areas supporting forums and federations building, identified and with prioritized together and strengthening their capacity in policy communities. The include examples analysis and advocacy. experimentations on sustainable harvesting, regeneration, productivity, cultivation, and Reviews and reflection nursery raising of important NTFP species interactions, (ANSAB2003a). Regular workshops,meetings, and interactions with communities and wider From time to time, innovative tools and audiences, visits and feedbacks, monitoring practicesare identified, tested and refined for and impact studies done in a participatory ensuring sustainability and improving way as well as occasionalexternal evaluation production efficiencyand servicedelivery. For provide a continuous surveillance of the example,to ensure sustainability in resource program effectiveness. Lessons learned and management, ANSAB is piloting Forest insights gained from this reflection make the StewardshipCouncil (FSC)group certification basis for new program design and for forest management and chain of custody development, and indeed in its in Nepal. implementation.

59 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFP5 in Nepal

OUTCOMES Through its regular business development services (BDS) and marketing information ANSAB's programs on enterprise-oriented services to a wide range of stakeholders and resources management have demonstrated organizations nationwide, bargaining power remarkable successes in bringing forests and and ability of NTFP harvesters (majority of upland meadows, which are globally whichare poor and belong tothe marginalized significant for biodiversity, under improved sections of the society), community groups, local traders and CBFEs to match the market management with community participation and in and developing community-based forest requirements have been enhanced, cases have from enterprises, generating both social and many they significantly gained the and trade of NTFPs. economic capitals at local levels, and in production improving policy environment for the The program has initiated market-basedtools sustainable and use of forest management for sustainable and fair practices such as FSC resources including NTFPs in Nepal. certification. It has raised the awareness and strengthenedthe capacityof national andlocal With the initiativesof ANSAB, more than 100 stakeholders on the requirements of FUGshave been and organized strengthened, sustainabilitytools like certification. Asa result, which has brought over 60,000 hectares of the FSC certification is now becoming a forests and pastures under improved national agendaamong some key stakeholders management. In addition to improved such as FECOFUN. collectionand tradingpractices by individuals and informal groups, 12 community-based In most cases the SSA resulted into the policy enterprises are established in these remote related interventions with high potentials for mountain districts benefiting about 15,000 generatingimpacts. With its founding and/or households (Mapi). The increased income coordinating roles ANSAB promoted several from the enterprise-oriented CF, enhanced forums such as NNN (Nepal NTFPsNetwork) and Public PrivateAlliance FECOFUN capability of local institutions, and increased (PPA), and who have been and entrepreneurshipskills among community HJSS generating recommendations in membersresulted into thevarious self-initiated holding many positive environment. community development activities from policy local communities such as infrastructure Ourcoordination and facilitating rolesin policy school, water, development, drinking development process in the promotion of communityhealth, electricity, andcommercial NTFPs sub-sector has resulted into several activities like production and marketing of positive outcomes. Through grassroots forestproducts, processingand manufacturing consultations to organizing national offorest based products. Their progress on fund workshops, and contribution to drafting generation and mobilization is promising nationalNTFPs policy, ANSAB has contributed and is likely to lead towards increased significantly.Moreover, through its research incomeand employmentin rural communities and coordination ANSAB has been able to (Subedi 2002). influence the government, donors, and non-

60 Enterprise-OrientedCommunity Forestry in Nepal profit andbusiness organizations to putNTFPs Analysis and understanding of threats, which high on their agendafor povertyreduction and are driven and perpetuated by economic conservation,for example,in thelOth five year necessity like slash and burn, overgrazing, plan of the Government of Nepal (ANSAB which required economically inspired 2003b). solutions, if not considered in the FUG planning and management,will lead to further ANALYSIS AND LESSONS degradation of resources, and ultimately LEARNED increase poverty. Therefore, economic incentivesare necessaryfor communitybased Enterprise oriented resource management is biodiversity conservation, and it is more relatively a new concept. There is a big gap relevant within the frameworkof community fromunderstanding to realization regarding the forestryin Nepal. potential of this approachto conservationand poverty reduction. The traditional beliefthat Looking from the perspectives of matching conservation withsocial we found enterpriseundermines sustainable use offorest goal justice, resources is still prevalent among some that NTFPs are a group of resources that has to accessand benefits professionals, advisors, and government higher potential provide to a rural the authorities and policy makers. This thinking large population, especially poor The landless and often has led to the programs and policy andmarginalized. poor do not have other alternatives than engaging implementationpractices towards subsistence in NTFPs collection that are available as orientation and severalregulatory and market common resources. The abundance related barriers for community based property of resources with market demands which is enterprises (Subedi and Binayee2000). growingas well as the availabilityof traditional skills and show a The Community Forestry Act of His Majesty's technologies great potential of NTFPs for in the Governmentof Nepal has classifiedthe forest enterprise development mountains of Theselection of subsector into five categories: government managed Nepal. and identification of enterprise options have forests, protected forests, community forests, implications on the overall success of the leaseholdforests, andreligious forests (HMGN program and equity development (Subedi 1995). Of these categories,as of February2003, 2001). about 18% (or 939,040 ha) are under forests, but this is community percentage Communitiesthat are not getting meaningful growingeach year. Representinga third oftotal benefits from forest resources were found to households are population, 1,321,311 beindifferent to the conservationpractices. For into Forest User organized 11,920 Groups example,in Humla local people used to burn nationwide (CFD 2003). This givesan average their forest and pasture, destroying valuable of 0.7 ha of forestper household compared to MAPs such as Jatamansii (Nardostachys 6.25 ha per household in ANSAB supported grandiflora),to promote growth of grasses for FUGs. This shows that the FUGsmanaging CF their livestock. Despite several temptations with enterprise-orientation are managing a from the governmentand project rangersthey significantlylarger area of forest. were not interested in community forestry.

61 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

With the introduction of an enterprise intheir The technical assistance availableto this field locality, due to which they got opportunity to inmountains ingeneral and more remote areas sell NTFPs harvestedfrom adjacentforest, they in particular are very limited, and if any became interested toget tenure of forestso that technical assistance is available, that is often could they be assured of regular income from notuseful or appropriateto communities.Very the sustainable collection of NTFPs. The littlecan beexpected from those who aretrying enterprise oriented community forestry to provide technical assistance to these allowed them toexclude outsiders and manage communitieswith very littleunderstanding on their members. It group was worthwhile to enterprisesand their linkages with the broader establish that added enterprises value to the conservation. The government agencies are resources and allowed communities to mainly found trying to impose the restrictions that were perceive they makingeconomic gain and almostforget their service delivery roles to from their biological resources (Subedi and communities. Bhattarai 1998; Subedi2001; Burchet al. 2003). Once a program is made for the enterprise- However, the relation between conservation oriented community forestry, our experience and are not so and enterprises simple shows that the followingfactors are important straightforward. Extraction and production for its success. models for biodiversity conservationare not effectivewhen they promote more of the same • Size of forests, atleast tosustain enterprise activities and simply link producers to a operation at break even level. market.The interrelationships between the two • to the are defined or atleast influenced by anumber Expandedproperty rights encompass free and fair trade of the products and of factors including policy and regulatory innovations. mechanisms, practices of resources use and inspire management, local capacities and external • Technicalknowledge, skills and extension supports,available technologies and enterprise services for commercial production of modalities,nature and functioningof markets, selected species that provides raw etc. (Subedi 2001) materials for the enterprise. The management requires not only the Therefore,it is important toprovide useful and knowledge of a commercial species but appropriate external technical assistance that also the ecosystemdynamics on which the fosters the linkbetween the conservationand valuable products are produced. enterprises in such a way that the interplay of these elementsleads to abalanced interfaceof • Enterprisemanagement—understanding of the link withoutdistorting the market. While business fundamentals by the groups facilitatingthe programit is important to work managing enterprises with local communities so that they take an • Accessto markets and marketing activerole, feelownership, and learnall aspects of the programfrom the very beginning. • Accessto finance

62 Enterprise-OrientedCommunity Forestry in Nepal

• Favorable policy support, not only in conservationstatus. Aprogram that is focused provisions but also in their proper on the enterprise-orientedcommunity forestry implementation. and completeto encompass all the steps along the value chainis likelyto achieve the success CONCLUSION in conservationand poverty reduction goals.

Forests are integral part of livelihoods in REFERENCES mountain region in Nepal. With community forestry initiatives, mountain communities ANSAB. 2003 a. Annual technical report: have shown concerns on conservation and Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic management of forestry resources. However, Plants for Sustainable Livelihoods in Nepal subsistence oriented community forest (CMAPSL). Asia Network for Sustainable management has undermined the potentials Agriculture and Bioresources, Kathmandu, of the resource base and has not been able to Nepal. inspire communities to devise innovative solutions to biodiversityloss and poverty. ANSAB. 2003b. WorkshopProceedings: Non- Timber Forest Productsin Nepal, National ANSABs experience has shown that when PolicyWorkshop, July 4-5, 2003, organizedby communities are empoweredto manage their Asia Networkfor SustainableAgriculture and resourcebase andprovided enterpriseoptions Bioresources,Kathmandu, Nepal. that are linked to biodiversity, it can generate incomes and employment to reduce poverty Burch, W. R., Singh,S.P., Kanel, K.R. 2003. mid while providing incentives to conserve the term evaluation report of enterprisebased resources.It is important,however, to note that biodiversity conservation-Nepal project. the result depends on the quality of EnterpriseWorks Worldwide(EWW) and Asia relationship between conservationefforts and Network for Sustainable Agriculture and enterpriseactivities. For themountain dwellers Bioresources (ANSAB),Kathmandu, Nepal. of Nepal, the enterprise oriented community forestry appears to be the last resort for CFD. 2003. Community forestry national improving their livelihoods. The enterprise database. Community Forestry Division, oriented community forest management Department of Forest, Kathmandu,Nepal. should be promoted not only for poverty reduction but also for conservationof forests HIVIGN. 1995. Forest regulation 2051 (1995). and biodiversity. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation,His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, When subsistence oriented community Nepal. forestrymoves to enterprise oriented mode, it however elevates the concerns of equity, Subedi, B.P 1999. Non-timberporest products gender,and good governance, andadds on new sub-sector in Nepal: Opportunities and challenges of enterprise management and challenges for linking the business with marketing, commercial production of forest biodiversity conservation. Paperpresented in products, and ensuring biodiversity the Workshop on Natural Resources

63 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPsINTFPs in Nepal

Managementfor Enterprise Development in Himalayas, August 19-21, 1999, Nainital, India.

Subedi, B.P. 2001. Economic incentives for biodiversityconservation in Nepal: Issues and options. Paper presented in the National Workshop on Applied Ethnobotany on Community Based Approaches to Conservation ofMedicinal and Aromatic Plants in Nepal,October 9-12, 2001, Pokhara,Nepal.

Subedi, B.P. 2002. Decentralization and communityforestry inNepal: Innovationsfor sustainable colmnunity development. Paper presented inthe National Seminaron Human- Institutions-NaturalResources, March 27-28, 2002, Institute of Forestry, Pokhara, Nepal.

Subedi, B.P. and Bhattarai, N.K. 1998. Community managed enterprise: Participationof rural people inmedicinal and aromatic plants conservation and use. In: Medicinal Plants: A Global Heritage. Proceedings of the international conference on medicinal plants for survival.International Dvelopment Research Center (IDRC). New Delhi, India. Pp. 251-257.

Subedi, B.P and Binayee, S.B. 2000. Linking conservation to business and local communities: An approach to sustainable management of in situ biodiversity in Nepal. Paper presented at the 3rd SEANN Workshop on Community Based Non-Timber Forest Products Management, April 7-8, 2000, Kathmandu,Nepal.

64 USE OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE FOR PARTICIPATORY SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MAPs/NTFPs IN THE HILLS OF NEPAL

Chhote Lal Chowdhary

ISSUES ADDRESSED utilization of many NTFP species. But their knowledgeand practicesare not well studied ommunityForest User Groups are reqarding sustainable harvesting of NTFPS. activelyinvolved in the conservation, Since the conversion of government forests management and utilization of into community forests, most of the high Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) in the value Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) middle hills of Nepal by conserving the traded in Nepal are collected from naturally available NTFPs in their community forests,where scientific resource community forests. Rural people, including management systems are not practiced. Community Forest User Group (CFUG) Domestication of MAPs on private lands members, collect NTFPs from forests and and cultivation in community forests have posturs and trade them in the Nepalese and rarely been adopted due to the lack of Indian markets. Several issues however need adequate technical knowledge, facilities and to be supported in order to make this a awareness.Another important issue relates to participatoryand sustainable livelihood model. the equitable distribution of benefits The traditional knowledge of these through such mechanisms as the communities is used in the identification and representation of women and other

65 Local Experience-basedNational Strategyfor Organic Production andManagement of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

disadvantagedgroups (DAG)in the executive PROJECT AREA and assembly of CFUGs for improved access to NTFPs. The Conservationof Medicinaland TheBaitadi district islocated in theFar Western of Aromatic Plants for Sustainable Livelihoods Region Nepal. It is richin plant diversity with varied altitudinal and climate. (CMAPSL) project had included all the range The total area of the district is 147 678 ha and it has a interested groups in the different activities population of 200 716 (CSD, 2001). Forested and decision-making processes in order to areas cover 52.66% (77 781 ha) of the district. support more equitable benefits from NTFPs. A total of 292 CFUGs have been established Project activity monitoring was undertaken in Baitadi whichbenefit 67.79 % (27,378 HH) at all levels and included the community, of the district's households (DFO, 2003). The line agencies and political & administrative CMAPSL project, supported by IDRC and groups. Members of the DistrictDevelopment implemented by CECI in collaboration with Committee,Village DevelopmentCommittee, the district FECOFUN,has been conducted in DFO, CFUG members and local people were six CFUGs — Kedar, Durgabhavani, Gwallek, involved in the monitoring process and Sidhnath, and Niglasaini. Agriculture is the main dissemination of the results. The process source of income in these but the collectionand trade for incorporating resource surveys, villages, of NTFPs an role in the livelihoods quantificationand management of NTFPs into plays important of many rural women and the community forest operational plan people, including disadvantaged villagers. Awareness in this (FOP) was also supported by CMAPSL. FOP is district of sustainable management and one of the key entry points at the community utilization of NTFPs is very low. Beneficiaries level to combine the traditional knowledge, from CMAPSL are 4229 people from culture and technology of the communities 730 households of six CFUGs. Table 1 details with the technical inputs from the forestry the CFUGs,area covered, benefited households technicians. and the population.

Table 1: Name of CFUG, Area, HH and Population within CMAPSL project

Kedar 1169.43 103 751 Durgabhawani 105 124 650 Gwallek 189.32 326 1724 Sidhanath 205.9 65 405 Sigas 286.7 57 335 Niglasaini 227.4 55 364 Totalarea 1183.75 730 4229

66 Use of Traditional Knowledge for Participatory Sustainable Management of MAPSI NTFPS

DATA COLLECTION, includingvariations inaltitude and manur. Soil COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS type, aspect, and water availabilitywere kept similar as that in the natural environment of Selection of MAPs the MAPs. Medicinal plants were selected using Regular monitoring preferenceranking and pair wise rankingtools. For preferenceranking, a form was developed Domesticationplots incommunity forests and with the criteriaof economicvalue, traditional private land were monitored once a month. use, abundance and cultivation, processing During the monitoring, survival of plants, feasibility and conservation status of MAPs. growthand other effectswere recorded.CFUG Participants' preference where scored for the members including farmers actively important MAPs found in Baitadi. participatedin themonitoring of these research plots. Focus group discussion Inventory of sampling plots Information on status, distribution, habitat, management,market andcultivation practices Soilsamples from the six CFsunder the project of MAPs, guidelines for site selection, plot were collected and tested in the Regional preparation,study criteria, guidelinesfor plant ResearchStation, Banke, for pH%, OM%, total material collectionfor chemical analysis, and N%, P205 Kg/ha, clay%, silt% and texture of monitoring of plots were gathered through soil. Forthe chemical analysis,rhizomes were primary and secondary sources. collected in different seasons, and were analyzedin the SION Lab orataryKathamndu. Establishment of permanent study Herbarium speci were elaborated for four plots community forests to identify the number of wastaken Permanent plots were established in the existingspecies. Samplingintensity to 1 of the CFs. community forestshaving more potentialities represent percent Similarly, total enumerationwas carried out tosurvey the for NTFPproduction. For each permanentplot, numberof within the CFs. type of area, altitude, habitat, aspect, soil type species and water availability were recorded. Approaches Accessibilityfrom the district headquarter to frequentlymonitor the sites was alsotaken into The InternationalDevelopment and Research consideration while selecting the sites. Center (IDRC), Canada has provided financial Permanentplots were used to studythe effect and technical assistance underthis project to of different harvesting practices on promote the conservation of MAPs in the regeneration,yield and quantity of MAPs. The Baitadi andDarchula districts. Nepal IDRC has observationhelped to find the bestharvesting recognizedthe potential of NTFPs inimproving practicesfor MAPs. To observethe cultivation livelihoods,preserving natural ecosystemsand potentiality of MAPs, domestication of MAPs generating employment. IDRC's research under different treatments was conducted program in NTFPs especially MAPs is aimed

67 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

at achieving tangible improvements in the training was focused to provide livelihoods of poor and indigenous information about the general overviewof communities. NTFPs/MAPs, inventory techniques, methods of herbarium preparation, • with FECOFUN and Partnering quantification of NTFPs/ MAPs and ANSAB incorporationof NTFPs/ MAPs inthe Forest The research project "Conservation of Operational Plan (FOP) for the use and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for managementof resources. SustainableLivelihoods in Baitadi District with stakeholders ofNepal" is partnered with the Federation • Networking of Community Forest Users of Nepal The CMAPSL project has a multi- (FECOFUN) and the Asia Network for stakeholders approach. There are three Sustainable Agricultureand Bioresources main partners implementing the project: (ANSAB). (fig.1)CFUGs andthe farmersare the main beneficiaries. The monitoring and • Increasing technical capacity of dissemination of CFUGs information is done at different levels of the project, such as the Various types of training were provided district levels that comprises of the DFO, to CFUG members to increase their CDO, DDC and district level key leaders. technical and conceptual capacity. NTFP The VDC Coordination Committee inventorytraining and nursery preparation includesthe representationof village/ward training workshops were organized. The level key leaders, CFUG members and

Figure 1: Stakeholders of the CMAPSL project

Project participantr Monitoring

DI)CCC

Implementing Partners

Target partners Beneficiaries [ecEl

68 Use of Traditional Knowledge for Participatory Sustainable Management of MAPS! NTFPS

traders who play a crucial role in the The mini-ConservationAssessment and project. For the technical, policy and Management(CAMP) workshop identified financial resources, international and ranked the most preferred NTFPs/ organizationssuch as IDRC, and national MAPs in the Baitadi district with level organizationssuch as the Federation preference and pair-wise ranking tools. of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and The most preferred MAPs identified by Industries (FNCCI) and representation local communities (based on economic from central levels are included. values, traditional use, abundance, distribution, domestication potentiality, • Resource and knowledge survey processing feasibility and conservation status) were: NTFPs were surveyedat two levels, district level and CF level. District level surveys 1. Chirata (Swertia chirayita Roxb. were done to determine the major NTFPs ex Flem. Karst); in the district that arefrequently used and 2. Sugandhwal (Valeriana jatamansii traded. CFUG members, collectors and Jones); farmers participated in the survey procedures. At the CF levels, a detailed 3. Satuwa (Paris polyphylla); was carried out to the inventory identify 4. Gannano (Angelica glauca); and species, volume, collection, preference 5. Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC.) and perception of farmers on NTFP domestication. b. Growing stock of MAPs/NTFPsin six CFs Findings An inventory was carried out in NTFP The findings are categorized under the effective areas of each block of the six followingheadings communityforests to find out the species andvolume of NTFPs. Table 2shows A. Technicalaspects major the total number of plants in six CFs B. Integratingtechnology according to species, their density per C. Domesticationof MAPs/NTFPs hectare andthe recommendedsustainable harvesting levels. D. Capacitybuilding E. Policy feedback and Institutional c. Annualharvestable yield strengthening For the sustainable managementof MAPs A. TECHNICAL ASPECTS in six CFs of the Baitadi district, annual yield of some majorMAPs was calculated a. Selection of Medicinal and Aromatic from the inventory data. This provided Plants (MAPs) informationon howmuch quantitycan be

69 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

Table 2: Growing stock of MAPs according to CF and area covered.

(HA) TOTAL NO.

Kedar 169.43 3,858,027 22,771 Durgabhawani 105 6,788,824 23,679 Gwallek 189.32 4,509,665 23,820 Sidhanath 205.9 3,674,088 17,844 Sigas 286.7 5,731,015 54,561 Niglasaini 227.4 7,142,903 31.411 Total area 1183.75 31,704,522 174,086 Average 5,284,087 29,014 SD 1,492,960 13248.23 orr. toef. De 0.391872614

harvestedannually taking into considering (2) Siddanath (3) Kedar and (4) Gwallek. therotation period. Table 3 showsthe total The NTFP species selected for the quantity of MAPsin each of the six CFs cultivation plots were Satuwa and recommendedto be harvested annually. Gannano. Each CFUG has 24 cultivation plots (12 Satuwa and 12 Gannano plots). d. Cultivation plots Therefore, altogether there are 96 Cultivation plots were selected by using cultivation plots in four CFUGs. The PRA methods in four CFs: (1) Niglasaini materials used for cultivation were roots,

Table 3: Summary of the allowable cut of NTFPs

70 Use of Traditional Knowledge for Participatory Sustainable Management of MAPSI NTFPS

rhizomes and seeds. Three types of Table5 shows that Satuwawas not affected treatments and four replications were by treatments butGannano is significantly applied to the cultivation plots. Organic affected when it is transplanted from the manure was provided at the rate of 1-2 wild to cultivationplots. For example, Doko (about25Kg) at two-month intervals. Gaimano increasedfive times with manure was done once in month and Weeding a treatmentand six times with weeding.But was done watering at the rate of 10 to 30 the yield increment was notas successful liters of water per day, depending on with the watering in comparison to whether the was north or south. plot facing fertilizer andweeding treatments. Growth dynamics of Satuwa and e. Enrichment plantation Gannano (Vegetativegrowth) Enrichment plantation refers to the The vegetativegrowth of Gannano under supplementary plantation of different fertilizer treatment was found to be three species to increase the biodiversityof the times higher (130 cm in Nov 2003 from forest. Enrichmentplantation was carried 45.5 cm in September 2002), but the out inall the sixcommunity forestsof the Satuwa attained only 30.3 cm height in project in Baitadi district. Three major November 2003 against 34.25 cm in species (Chirayita, Satuwa and September 2002. The transplantion of Sugandhwal) were used for enrichment Satuwa from the wild habitat gave poor plantations. Satuwa showed the highest growth. Gannano showed positive results yield compared to Chirayita and underall thethree of types treatmentswith Sugandhwal in the enriched and non- the height in a and doubling year tripling enriched plots. The yield of Chirayita in two years. (Table 4) varied significantlyat the three different CF sites and showed much better results Yield ofSatuwa and Gannano in in the non-enrichedplots. cultivation plots in (community forests) f. Soil condition Theyield growth of Satuwa and Gannano Sugandhwaland Timur prefer acidic soil, was different under similar treatments. whereas Satuwa, Gannano and Chirayita ' Table 4: Growth dynamics of Satuwa and Gannano in cultivation plots (cm)

Satuwa Gannano Satuwa Gannano Satuwa Gannano

Manunng 34 25 45.5 28.75 98.87 30.37 130 Weeding 33.5 41 25 24.25 78.75 24.5 106 Wterfng 243 3466 25,06 56.87 2487 101 87

71 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

TABLE 5: YIELD OF SATUWA AND GANNANO IN GRAMS IN CULTIVATIONPLOTS

TREATMENTS SEP-2002 AUG-2003 NOV-2003

Satuwa Gannano Satuwa Gannano Satuwa Gannano

Manure 58.125 121.75 30.88 96.87 33.75 643.75 Weeding 43.75 90.25 25.88 78.75 26.75 500.5 Watering 34.88 260.88 19.63 56.87 20.88 381.25

preferred the neutral one. Chirayita and minimum essential oil percentage in Timur can grow in diversified organic Gannano is 0.4% and the maximum is matter (1.88 to 4.34%), but Satuwa, 1.3%. The oil percentage resulting with Gannano and Sugandhwal can grow in a fertilizerwas 1.2%, with weeding0.8% and limited range of organic matter (4.13 to with watering treatment 0.5%. 4.94). Similarly, Sugandhwal and Timur have a small range of Phosphorus Diosgenin, the activeingredient of Satuwa, percentage (2.24 to 2.91), but Satuwa, wasfound tobe high (1.2%) withfertilizer Gannanoand Chirayitacan grow ina large treatment, 0.8% with weeding and 0.8% range of phosphorus (2.46 to 55.02%). withwatering. Diosgenin is apure organic compound. The higher the purity of g. Chemical analysis of rhizomes Diosgenin, the better the result for Chemical analysis was done to find out marketingpurposes. the chemical constituents of the three The active of individual NTFPs, which were collected ingredient Sugandhwal (essential oil) was 1% in Niglasaini CF, from different plots withthree treatments to 0.5% in Kedar. watering,weeding and fertilizer in each compared research site. A total of 32 samples It was found that lower altitudes on (Satuwa-14, Gannano-14,Sugandhwal-4) northern aspectsshowed better oil content were collected, Out of the 32 samples, 26 in Sugandhwal, fertilizer and northern were collectedfrom cultivation plots and had a on six from the natural forest. Active aspects (shade) positive impact essential oil content in Gannano, and ingredients were analyzed individually. southern aspect (Warmer condition) with on Contentof activeingredients in fertilizer has positive (+ve) impact Gannano, Satuwa and Sugandhwal biomassand diosgenincontent in Satuwa.

Fertilizer and weeding treatments have B. INTEGRATINGTECHNOLOGY significanteffects; andwatering treatment has a less significant effectto enrich the Documentation of traditional active ingredient of Gannano. The management practices

72 Use of Traditional Knowledgefor Participatory Sustainable Managementof MAPSI NTFPS

13 Localpeople use MAPsfor the household About 109 CFUG members (79 male, 17 executive were medicinalpurposes and have been trading female and committee) funds thus for generations. Traditionally local supportedby capitalization through CFUG. funds were people have been recorded to collect 56 Capitalization established in six CFUGs with the sum of species. Approximately65% of MAPs are collected for household use, 15% Rs. 30,000each. Loansfrom capitalization funds inthe of Rs 1000to 5000 were medicinal and spices and 20% are used range to collectand domesticate MAPs for commercial purposes. provided in their private land. Traditional managementof NTFPs isbased CMAPSL project also supported on local knowledge for collection, use, distribution of seedlings from the project propagation, harvesting and post managednurseries and providedtechnical harvesting methods (see Annex 1 for brief and institutionalsupport for domesticating traditional management method). Field MAPs. About 97 community members datashows that64.2 9% of farmers collect domesticated 32,633 plants of NTFPs from community forests, 25% Sugandhwal,Chirayita, Timur, Fkhanbed from collect from private land and 5.36% and Satuwa. governmentforests. Domestication was a function of land based on the An adaptive technology tenure, incentive (i.e. seedling support, in project's experiences nursery, technology) and institution. Incentives value addition cultivation,harvesting and providedto the CFUGs included seedling for six major MAPs (Chirayita, Gannano, support, technology and nursery Satuwa, Timur, Sugandhwal and Tejpat) establishment in the community forest was developed and integrated with the area. But more and more CFUG members communities' traditional knowledge.The prefer to cultivate MAPs in fallow lands integrated technology increased the ratherthan their farm land. Amongthe 97 germination percentage of seedlings, CFUG members who participated in maximized the yield of selected NTFPs, domestication, 68 members cultivated and reduced the loss during harvesting MAPs in fallow land where as only 29 and improper storage. (30%) used their best lands for domestication. C. DOMESTICATIONOF MAPWNTFPs About 75.25% of participating CFUG Seedlingsof Chirayita,Timur, Pakhanbed members domesticated MAPs on land and Sugandhwal and rhizome of sizes less than 50 m2, 19.58% on 50-100 Sugandhwalwere collected fromthe wild m2 and 5.15% on over 100 m2. Most of and planted in the domestication plots, the community members are small size bothinside the CFs and inth privateland. landholders. Table 6 shows the type and

73 Local Experience-basedNational Strategyfor Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Table 6: Details of domestication in six communityforests

extent of domestication of MAPs in the per person per year) of six CFUGs of the project CF areas. Baitadi district.

NTFPs arean important source ofincome D. CAPACITYBUILDING generation for community members, a. I information traders, farmers and school children An Training workshop! dissemination end-of-projectsurvey showed that NTFPs contributes 4 percent (Rs. 636 per person The CMAPSL project increased the per year) of the total income (Rs. 11,615 technical knowledge at the community

Figure 3: Contribution of NTFPs to total income

I Employment 4% 25% U Agriculture NTFP's

Others

74 Use of Traditional Knowledgefor Participatory Sustainable Managementof MAPSI NTFPS

level through NTFP inventory training, of the major entry points to incorporate preparation of each CFs NTFP inventory, NTFPs into the sustainable management NTFP-based enterprize development of CFs. To address the needs of the user training andnursery developmentworks. groups concerning NTFPs, the inventory They were also trained in identification of NTFPs, yield regulation, and of plants, estimation of growing stock of managementmechanism where integrated forest vegetation and NTFPs, and intothe FOPs. In thisconnection, CMAPSL incorporating them in the forest project supported 6 CFUGs to renew and operational plan (FOP) for sustainable revisetheir FOPs. The previouslyprepared management. A total of 287 CFUG FOPs had been lacking the provision of and 117 members (170 male female) NTFP inventory;yield regulationand their participated in the training programs. sustainable management. b. Information dissemination A District LevelCoordination Committee - Price Information Systems (PIS) were which was composedof various line establishedin Baitadi toprovide up todate agencies, local leaders, development - market rates for NTFPs to CFUGs, agencies and administrative units was collectors and farmers. The Price found to be an effective mechanism to Information System consisted of the share information and generate policy buying prices of NTFPs in Baitadi by the feedback and for the participation and Terai suppliers and traders of other coordination of different interest groups. marketing places, for example Tanakpur, Semi-Annual Review Planning and Nepalgunj, Kathmandu and Delhi. This Annual Review Planning (S/ARP) informationis available toNTFP collectors processes were central to the joint on a monthly basis through a board planning and monitoring of the project of established in the district headquarters activities. Through these mechanisms, Baitadi and the main market place in CMAPSL was able to generate awareness the Khodpe and additionally through anddiscuss aboutthe projects experiences FECOFUN These efforts range chapter. at the policy level. showed that the bargaining capacity of collectors has increased and increased 6 LESSONS LEARNEDAND number of people are attracted towards CONCLUSIONS NTFPs as an additional source of income. 1. Rural people are source of traditional FEED BACKAND E. POLICY knowledge on selection, identification, STRENGThENING INSTITUTIONAL domestication, propagation, utilization One of the lasting impacts of CMAPSL at and marketing of MAP/NTFPs, many of the policy level has to do with the Forest which are scientifically justifiable and OperationalPlans (FOPs).This plan isone environmentallysuitable.

75 Local National Experience-based Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

2. The projectrevealed that the ruralpeople areheavily dependent on NTFPs including MAPs, which is directly linked with poverty and lack of off-farm employment opportunities.

3. The project has demonstrated that challenges exist in achieving a balance between biodiversity conservation and NTFP/MAP-based livelihood enhancement.

4. Developing participatory regulatory mechanisms for sustainablemanagement of NTFPs/MAPs can be an effective took to obtain sustainable livelihood options togetherwith resource conservation.

5. Technical inputsto traditionalknowledge and practices may produce better results that are acceptable culturally, sociallyas well as economically, with positive responses to livelihoodenhancement and biodiversityconservation concerns. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The International Development Research Center (IDRC)/Medicinal and AromaticPlants Program in Asia (MAPPA) is gratefully acknowledged for the financial assistance providedfor the smoothrunning of the present project. Special thanks go to Stephen Robey and Julia Sanchez of CECI for their comments and editing of this paper.

76 Use of Traditional Knowledge for Participatory Sustainable Managementof MAPS/ NTFPS

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77 Local Experience-based National Strategy for Organic Production andManagement ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

78 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTNERSHIP FOR NTFPs DEVELOPMENT

Eklabya Sharma Elisabeth Kerkhoff C.N. Anil

INTRODUCTION trade inNTFPs, both legal and illegal is atypical regional affair. Therefore the outcomes have T Tindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region never delivered to their potentials. The is a'mega centre' for biodiversity, one initiativepresented in this paper is anattempt Iofthe ten largestcentres in theworld, to involve the private (or corporate)sector in endowed with a rich variety of gene pools, the research on and development of NTFP species,and of ecosystems globalimportance. enterprises for poverty alleviation in the Biodiversity suchas non-timberforest products mountain areas of western Nepal. This paper (NTFPs)especially the medicinaland aromatic deals withstrategic alliances and the results of plants have agreat potential for cash increasing the private sector partnership on the economies and markets within and between developmentof NTFPs in Nepal. the countries of the HKH region. In the past, efforts to research and developthis sector have As part ofthe pre-implementationresearch for mostly focussed on specificparts, omitting to the International Fund for Agriculture view the value chain as a whole, and without Development (IFAD) supported 'Western the business involving key players.Most efforts Upland Poverty Alleviation Programme' have been limitedto the national level,whereas (WUPAP), ICIMOD is implementing a pilot

79 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal research activity for cultivation of selected Erratic supply and low quality of NTFPsin collaboration with Dabur-Nepal and NTFPs DEPROSCin Humla and Jumla.The objective For Nepal, the NTFP sector is one of great of thetrials isto identify suitable NTFPs, report potentials,however, NTFPsupply iserratic and their economic and social feasibility and of low quality due to unorganised and confirm the modus operandifor disseminating unsustainablecollection methods. Smooth and the technologyto leasehold forestrygroups. consistentsupply of NTFPs, due to cultivation, would stabilise market and reduce the Despite modest assumptions on yields, the prices returnsper unit of land and per day of labour market share of substitute products, hence for cultivation of NTFPs are estimated to be increasingthe price of respectiveNTFPs. significantly higher than those of alternative Unreliable markets NTFPs crops. Estimating yield figures, by reducing for those claimed by Dabur-Nepal,incremental International markets for NTFPs areunreliable hectare of land cultivatedto NTFPs returnper with high quality requirements; while the is estimated at about NRs 30,000 per year NTFP business in Nepalhas markets mostly in 8 on (Working Paper Marketing, Appraisal India, which are speculative, controlled by Reportfor WUPAP,September 2001). However, cartels formedby traders and middlemen and as there is little or no with the experience prices changeover a shortperiod of time. The cultivation of NTFPs on farmer fields; these medicinal plant basedcompanies are used to estimatescannot besubstantiated by empirical getting their raw material at very low prices. evidence. Thecollectors are not organised and command hence, their The partnership is envisaged to produce a list insignificant bargaining power; are less than 10 percent of the final of strategic proven medicinal and aromatic margins obtained in India. Collective marketing plant species that can be cultivated by food price as well as the insecure households. Other outputs include and forest management of market information would (i) an assessment of the benefits of NTFPs availability as well as as a potential micro-enterprise, (ii) a tested reduce premature collection modus operandi for effective technology encroachment on highly marginal forests in disseminationunder WIJPAP for the final list high altitudes. of appropriate NTFPs; and (iii) partnerships Unsustainable with regards to NTFP policy. The partner harvesting Pvt. to company (Dibur Nepal Ltd.) is At present, harvesting from the wild is the atan guaranteebuy backof the produce agreed dominant way of collection.Figures estimate price. that almost 80% of the raw material procured by the companiescomes from wild sources; and KEY ISSUES exploitation of natural resource takes place to the of of loss of certain The key issues identified for the NTFP point danger species. and from traders enterprise sector in Nepal are the following: Higherprices urgentrequests

80 Private Sector Partnership for NTFPs Development sometimes cause uprooting of some species, the risk of crop failure due to diseases,drought hence jeopardising future outputs. NTFP and shortage of irrigation water and hence cultivationwould reduce the risk of some increased vulnerability to food insecurity. In speciesbecoming extinct. Furthermore, having addition, exposure to the forces of market and an additional source of income from NTFP volatile prices would also increase to food and farmers cultivationwould discourage encroachmenton vulnerability insecurity, cannot afford to undertake such a risk. marginal forestland for agriculture and high Risksharing with farmerswould be viableafter unsustainable NTFP collection practices. trials in the farmer fields atvarious altitudes. Lack of know-how Policy gaps There is interest on the part of local farmers to The legislation banningthe collection and cultivate NTFPsbut they lack technical know- trading of certain NTFPs is subjectto frequent how and access to sufficient The inputs. changes, and enforcement of bans is not relevant and government organisations many consistent throughout the country.It does not NGOs atthe district level do nothave adequate servethe purpose ofprotecting the species,but technical to facilitate cultivation of capacity rather opens new waysfor parallel marketsand NTFPs and promote sustainable harvesting further exploitationof thecollectors. Ingeneral, techniques. In addition, cultivation of NTFPs only asmall proportion of the collectedNTFPs is an untried technologywith high degrees of are reported. Royalties and taxes from NTFPs associatedrisk, and many farmers arenot in a have a greater growth potential; significant position to take such risks. With appropriate amounts are lost because of hidden trading. training, farmers are ready to trycultivation of NationalPolicy on NTFPs has beendrafted and NTFPs particularly in the areas with is being reviewed, which will address most of insignificant opportunity costs, e.g. leasehold the issues raised on this section. forestryland or within the communityforestry INSTITUTIONS land area where production of regular PARTNERS, INVOLVED AND ROLES agricultural crops is not allowed. Dabur Nepal1 is responsible for setting up Riskfor the target group experimental sites / demonstration plots for The introductionof non-traditional crops in cultivation of new and existing species someparts ofthe programmearea may increase providing saplings and necessary inputs and

1DaburNepal was established in 1989, and has startedresearch and development projectson medicinal plantsin Nepal toprovide the modern technology forsustainable cultivation ofmedicinal andaromatic plantsto farmers,It has established a 'State ofthe Art'greenhouse facility atBanepa cultivatingmarketable medicinal and aromatic plants, whichhas with a capacity toproduce 3 to 4 million saplings perannum. Moreover, Dabur has developed satellitenursery programmes to provide technical assistance for the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants and for demonstration to local farmers. Dabur remains the only company atthe moment, which has the technology for domestication ofcertain species andthe capacity to engage in contract farmingof medicinal andaromatic plantswith abuy back guarantee. The company islarge enough to absorbcertain risks with regardto cultivationand price fluctuation.

81 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFP5 in Nepal overalltechnical assistance for productionand International Centre for Integrated Mountain selection of sites. Development (ICIMOD) is a learning and knowledgecentre workingon thefundamental Deprosc2is for the responsible organising target issuesof povertyalleviation and environmental group, satellite nurseries, and establishing sustainabilityin mountain areas. ICIMOD has ensuringthat the findings are disseminatedand been entrusted with providing implementation adopted by the target group for the Western support to the Project; it is responsible for Upland Poverty Alleviation Programme qualitycontrol, assessmentsof thebenefits and (WUPAP).The findings from the experimental accessibility ofthe potentialNTFP-based micro- sites / demonstration plots are up-scaled enterprises by the target group with specific through the nurseries and is training provided consideration to the socio-economic tothe DEPROSCProject staff. The nurseries in conditions, as well as and the districts serve as demonstration sites and ecological environmental and field women are to be trained to operate the sustainability All relevant are nurseries and to provide technical advice to monitoring. findings being the beneficiaries. shared with, andprogress reported to WUPAP Under the leasehold and NTFP Under the leasehold forestry and NTFP forestry of Western production component of Western Upland production component Upland Alleviation Poverty Alleviation Programme (WUPAP)3, Poverty Programme (WUPAP), and development and production of domesticated development production of domesticated NTFPs that have an identified demand is NTFPs that have an identified demand is promoted as an incomegenerating activity for promoted as an income generatingactivity for the targetgroup. DaburNepal is to provide the the targetgroup. DaburNepal is to provide the training and supervision; the Project would training and supervision; the Project would financethe transport costs of the saplings,costs financethe transportcosts of the saplings,costs of training DFO staff and the beneficiaries,as of training DFO staff and the beneficiaries, as well as the costs of establishingnurseries. well as the costs of establishing nurseries.

3Development Project Service Centre (DEPROSC) is a non-profit making organization, established in September 1993 underthe Association Registration Act 1978as a non-governmental organization (NGO). DEPROSChas beenpromoting participatorydevelopment byenabling communities tohelp themselves through various income generating programmes. Ithas extensive outreach in the remotest areasof Nepal and has deep experiencein leasehold forestry, social mobilisation, microfinance and institutionbuilding.

4The Western Upland PovertyAlleviation Programme(WUPAP), which wasmade effective in 2002,has fivemain components: (a) labour-intensiveinfrastructure development,(b) leaseholdforestry and NTFPproduction, (c)production system enhancement in agriculture/livestock (d) micro-finance and marketing promotionin supportof income generating activities;and (e) institutionalsupport, It is being implemented. The proposed projectarea would covereleven upland(hills/mountains) districtsin the Far and Mid Western Development Regions. The Project has begunoperating in four districtsduring a firstphase (Hum/a, Jumla, Bajura andBajang). The overallresponsibility for the implementation ofthe project rests with the Ministry ofLocal Development (MOLD).At the Districtlevel, the Local Development FundBoard (LDFB), which includes staff of District Livestock ServicesOffice (DLSO), District AgriculturalDevelopment Office (DADO) and District Forest Office (DFO)plays the primary role ofimplementation ofthe Project.

82 Private Sector Partnership for NTFPs Development

METHODS FOLLOWED experimental design has been employed, INCLUDING MULTI- OR TRANS- whereby different treatments (control and DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES compost plots) have been applied. The main demonstration plots are divided into small It is observed that as of the part changing plots calledsplit plots. The reason that the split scenario of there has been a development, plot design has been selected is because it is move to encourage constructive engagement difficult to find suitable sites having similar of private sector and to in put place characteristics. There area total of 40 split plots mechanisms for transparency. In this light, and the average size of one split plot is 50 sq ICIMOD would like to present a model that metres. Seven species tried are Lauth Sallo brings together, public,private and community, (Taxus waiichiana), Kuth (Saussurea costus), recognising that in working together the Sugandhwal (Valeriana jatam ansii), Atis comparative advantages of different (Aconitum heterophyllum), Akarkara institutions can be capitalisedupon. (Anacyclus pyrethrum), Kutki (Picrorhiza Between IFAD, Dabur and DEPROSC, the scrophulariiflora) and Chiraito (Swertia initial months were spent establishingcontact, chirayita). the and on the mode clarifying agenda agreeing GEOGRAPHIC AND of collaboration.Extensive interaction helped DEMOGRAPHIC AREAS to establish a common understanding of the COVERED objectives and the experimental sites and demonstrationtrials were planned withthe full The WesternUplands Poverty Alleviation support of IFAD. It was agreed that progress Programmeis planned to cover 11 districts in be evaluatedby allparties involvedaccording theFar and Mid Western Development Regions. tothe agreed criteria, whichare the following: As of 2002, it has been initiated in Jumla, and will to other a. Socio-economic adoptability by IFAD's Humla, Bajang Bajura, expand targetgroup; districts such as Mugu,Dolpa, Kalikot,Jajarkot, , Rolpa and Rukum. Demonstration b. Bio-physical appropriateness in terms of sites have been set up inJumla and Humla. agro-ecological potential; In Jumla, the Chandan Nath site is at 2570 c. and sustainable Marketability private meters,the aspect is south east, average rainfall sector demand; and is 667 millimetres and the maximum d. Ecological and environmental temperatures is 30 degrees and the minimum isminus 12 In the Simikotsite sustainability. degrees. Humla, is at 3100 meters, the aspect is east south, Demonstration sites are established in average rainfall is 815 millimetres and the Humla and Jumla of the western Nepal. In maximum temperatures is 26 degrees and the the demonstration, split—plot statistical minimum is minus14 degrees.

83 Local Experience-based National Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAP5/NTFPs in Nepal

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS reportingof practicesincluding measurements of production, chemical composition,quality The tripartite agreementbetween the private of species and economic returns, so that sector, NGO involved in social mobilisation activities are shared and understood. andICIMOD out control thus carrying quality Furthermore, the provisionof consistent,timely farhas that with proved good communication, and appropriate price and other market ofthe results of researchdata and transparency information would remedy some of the dissemination to organised groups and problems associatedwith volatile markets. communities,the modus operandiis promising for providing an income generatingoption for By partnering with Dabur Nepal there is the upland communities. In this light, the risk that by virtue of vertically integrating and partnership bringstogether, public,private productionand marketing incollaboration with in community, recognising that, working government and other organizations, they we can on the together, capitalise comparative would be able to increase their bargaining of different institutions. advantages power andhave near monopoly power,which may drive out many other small-scaletraders The general trend in development today is to and reduce competition in the market. encourage greater corporate governance and Therefore, there needs to be clauses within support constructive engagement of private agreementsbetween the cultivatorsand larger andparticularly corporate sector. International so that when the offered do companies are beginning to make more companies prices not suit them, cultivators will notbe bound to transparent information about the an unattractive contract that they cannot get environmentaland social impactsof what they outof. Theother to the NTFP do, alongsidethe familiar financial information key aspect protect cultivators'interests is tomake efforts to which they publish every year. Furthermore, change the of the market from private sector organizations has begun to take present equation being account of the economic, social and a buyercontrolled market to a seller's market, the to do collective environmental impacts of their activities,and by organising producer In terms of it has tobe take complementary action to address those bargaining. competition impacts, drawing on their own resources and born in mind that Dabur Nepal is the only expertise. company presentlyactive inNepal that islarge enough to bear the risks involved in providing As part of the changing scenario of buy back guarantees to the farmers, and that international development and the move farmers are not forced to sell their produce to towards greatercorporate social responsibility, this company, but at present there are very the challenge would be to put in place limited other options. mechanisms so that the private sector is transparent. In this partnership with Dabur, In remote areas, where markets are far from ICIMOD has been encouraging transparent functioning properly,the risk of the change of

84 Private Sector Partnership for NTFPS Development land use from subsistence to cash cropping domestication of certain species and has needs to be mitigated to the extent possible. the capacity to engagein contract farming Apart fromthe risks ofcrop failure and falling of NTFPs of these species witha buy back prices, dependence on market forces also has guarantee. The company is large enough implications on the food supply side. to absorb certain risks with regard to Mechanismsshould be put in place toprotect cultivationand price fluctuation. This farmers against heavy risks (i.e. company's could present tremendous opportunities responsibilities in case of crop failure), but for farmers in the programmearea. equally care is needed to supply these areas with foodstuffs that are affordable and 3. The flow of information is to be sufficient. facilitated for better partnerships Given that these activities are LESSONS LEARNED FROM piloted successful,the informationwill be passed BOTH THE SUCCESSES AND on to WUPAP, so that it can be FAILURES disseminated to the communities. of chemical 1. Private sector development needs to Analysis production, of the have afacilitative policy environment composition, quality species cultivated and socio-economicfeasibility, For private sector activityto be promoted; is to be shared with partner organisations the Government needs to create a and used as a decision making tool to transparent environment. This is not an identify gaps and constraints requiring areawhere ICIMOD can play adirect role corrective action.ICIMOD presence is seen but we have begun by flagging some as a trusted source of information by the important policy issues, which can be Project. pickedup by the networkand policy group for NTFPs that has been created.Through 4. Private sector to encouragecultivation this group, ICIMOD has taken up the ofI\ITFPs against collection from the wild issues of cultivated species, where Through the collaborationprivate sector currenfly there is no clear policy by the will get better adjusted to dealing with governmentand provisions for collection NTFPs as a cultivated crop produced by of propagated species, whichare banned farmers,rather than as a collected from collection from the wild. product from the wild. This is expected to have for and 2. The comparative advantage of the implications quality price as well as the of private sector can be harnessed standards, functioning their contractors. In terms of technology; thereare areas, like cultivation of NTFPs, for whichonly the 5. Contractbetween cultivators of NTFPs and private sector can provide technical private sector are to be made before - assistance. Dabur has the technology for cultivation The contractneeds to include

85 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

the quantity and price of specified Atsuko Toda, ICIMOD / IFAD Partnership products that thefarmers agree to produce Programme; and Surya Acharya, Project andthe traders agreeto purchase within a Coordinator, Western Upland Poverty specified time frame. It is nearly AlleviationProgramme. impossibleto predict future marketprices with any degree of certainty and agreed BIBLIOGRAPHY prices are usually aguess or at best based Asia Network for SustainableAgriculture and on past trends, which may be highly Bioresources Certification and under-estimate or over-estimate. Either (2003). Sustainable Marketing of Non-Timber Forest case would have repercussions for Products — Public Private Alliance. Annual sustainability of marketing and Performance Report to USAID, Nepal. production. it is, therefore,important that a clause be added to all risk-sharing International Centre for Integrated Mountain contracts when active promoting Development (2003). Medium Term Action marketing/contractfarming. Plan (2003-2007) for Partnerships in SustainableMountain IMPLICATIONS Development:Securing the Future of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. ICIMOD, GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu,Nepal. • Privatesector developmentneeds to have a facilitative environment. policy International Fund for Agricultural • Thecomparative advantage of the private Development (2001).Appraisal Report, Western sector can be harnessed. Upland Poverty Alleviation Project - Nepal, IFAD, Rome. • Theflow of informationis tobe facilitated for better partnerships. Dabur-Nepal Pvt. Limited, and DEPROSC • Privatesector to encouragecultivation of Nepal (2002-2003). Progress Report on Trial NTFPsagainst collectionfrom the wild Demonstration of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants inJumla and Humla. Report submitted • Contractbetween cultivators of NTFPs and to ICIMOD, Kathmandu,Nepal. private sector is to be made before cultivation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Theauthors appreciate the inputsand support provided by S. Bardinarayan, Head of Medicinal Plants, Dabur Nepal; B.K. Singh, CoordinatorDabur Nepal-ICIMOD Programme; Aziz Arya, Food andAgriculture Organization; Pitamber Acharaya, Chairperson, DEPROSC;

86 REVIEWING CURRENT ISSUES AND PROSPECTS OF NONTIMBER FOREST PRODUCT (NTFPs) SUBSECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL UdayR. Sharma Pankaj K. Das

ABSTRACT MajestyGovernment ofNepal (HMGN)towards resolving these issues for the overall W Ton-mberForest Products (NTFPs) are developmentof this sub-sector. The highlightof receiving increasing importance for the draft Herbs and IVTFP Development Policy t their role in sustaining rural preparedthrough a consultative process throw livelihoods andneed for prom oting sustainable lights on the expectedcourse the government management ofthe resources.The demand for may take in thefuture. the NTFP resources in national and international markets has been growing and INTRODUCTION Nepalhas to take advantageof this opportunity On the otherhand, Nepalbeing one of the recent In Nepal, all forest products, except timber, members of World Trade Organization (WFO) fuelwood, and fodder are considered as non- has to face the challengeof how to effectively timber forestproducts (NTFPs).Altitudinal and manage these resources on sustainable basis climaticvariations in small areaof 14.7 million as required by this policing body. This paper hectares has made Nepal rich in biodiversity. reflects the existing issues and constraints There are all together 10091 plants enlisted hinderingthe developmentof NTFPs sub-sector with5884 flowering plants andremaining non- in Nepal andthe policyinitiatives taken by His flowering plants (HNTFPCC). 246 species of

87 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement of MAPsINTFPs in Nepal flowering plants are endermic to the country. Organization(WTO) isexpected to enhance its Over 700 species have been recorded to have position in participating into world economic medicinal and aromaticvalues among which trade where NTFP products can be promoted. about 238species have been tested chemically. The country has to be conscious however on Likewise, the essential oil content of 219 its implications. While WTO opens the door species of aromatic plants have already been for manifold commercial opportunities, there determined. is a need at the same time for developing controllingmechanism for the protectionof its NTFPs arean of therural integralpart economy resources and the national industrial rights by of Nepal as plenty of people in rural areas the concerned nation state. dependon this sub-sectorboth for subsistence and incomegeneration. Mostrural peoplehave There do exist laws and statues that support been traditionally engaged in the collection, the development forest resources, NTFPs cultivation, processing, and marketing of included, inNepal. The Master Plan for Forestry these resources. However these people have Sector (1988), Forest Act (1993), and Forest notbeen able to geta fair share ofbenefits from Regulations (1995) are major innovative these activities. Similarly, several processors, initiatives towards the conservation and traders and exporters are engagedin this sub- sustainable managementof forestresources by sector employing thousands of peoples in His Majesty'sGovernment of Nepal (HMGN). Nepal but they do not get proper price due to Nepal is also a signatory of different lack of marketing information, variations in international treaties like Convention of quality and quantity of the products, and International Trade on Endangered Species of inappropriate policy and legislativesetup in Fauna and Flora (CITES) which prohibit and the country andacross the border.In the Tenth strictly regulate the international trade for the Five Year Plan of the government, NTFPs listed endangered species. Convention on has been given high priority because of its Biological Diversity(CBD) provides the genetic potential in employment and income rightsof these resourcesto Nepal andpromotes generation and export promotion. conservation, sustainable utilization, and equitable sharing of ensuing benefits to the There is a growing international market for local communities. Several other relevant NTFPs and can take of this Nepal advantage legislations, strategies, plans, and legal opportunity. Internationalinterests in Nepalese provisions have been developed for the herbs to provide opportunity positionNepalese promotion of forest resources. Despite these products ininternational markets.However, it initiatives, the NTFP sub-sector is still faced is also abig challenge for Nepal to organizeits with several constraints that hinder its efforts in terms of avoidingrapid depletion of promotionespecially the lack of specificpolicy the resourcesand ensuring sustainable supply and legal framework. of the products in the long-term. Sustainable managementof NTFP resources therefore is a Nepal has a comparativeadvantage as source must. Nepal's membership to the World Trade of NTFP resources. Some of its NTFP species

88 Reviewing Current Issues and Prospects of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP)

have unique characteristics and of excellent Village Development Committee (VDC), qualities. Nepal is endowed with traditional municipalities,local clubs and schools; knowledge and practices that can be taken • Royalty rates fixation is arbitrary and is of. To harness these advantage opportunities, not periodicallyreviewed; it is stronglyfelt that a separatepolicy for the NTFPbe developedas the current forestpolicy • Traders pay royalty even for NTFP and legislations do not clearly address the produced on private lands; conservation, and proper management • Procedures for the export is too utilization issues the and affecting promotion cumbersome,time consuming,and costly; development of the NTFP sub-sector. • Equitable benefit sharing provisions ISSUES AND CONSTRAINTS IN among the NTFP collectors, traders, and PROMOTING NTFP SUB- other parties are grossly absent; SECTOR DEVELOPMENT • DFO, Customs Office, Police, and other authorities lack tools and to Below are some of the critical issues and knowledge identify NTFPs, particularlyrestricted concerns identified that hinder NTFP sub- MAPs toprevent their ifiegal collection and sector and in development promotion Nepal: trade;

• Lack of NTFPs resourcemanagement and • Lack of uniformity in naming of NTFPs utilization directives,guidelines; mentioned inForest Regulations 1995 and royalty rate differ sometimeseven for the • Ban of medicinal and eight important same species as they have different local aromatic plants for export without local names; processing; • Lack of established formal credit system • Collection permit for government- for interested groups and entrepreneurs managed forest have to be obtained from who are mostly poor; the District Forest Office (DFO) whereas • Lack of marketing information of NTFP Community Forestry User Group among the collectors and village traders Committee (CFUGC) issues permit for about the market, prices, grading for collection from community forests. required quality and quantity ofproducts; Howeverin both the case DFO issues the and transit permit (releaseorder); • Absenceof legal provisions and guidelines • Checkpoints at different places during aboutNTFP certification andtrade labeling NTFPs transporting encouraged to conserve, sustainably utilize and corruption and have led the transaction monitor the resource base while cost In taxes are levied high. addition, by maintaining the social rights of the local District Development Committee (DDC), communities.

89 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

INITIATIVES UNDERTAKEN TO technology development, marketing ADDRESS THESE ISSUES trainingand publicity related toNTFP; and

Seeing the need toaddress the issuesidentified • The Committee will update on going above, the government has taken a bold step activities, at national and international in order to address them. Following are the levels, and exchange informationwith highlightsof the initiativesundertaken by the related organization. In addition, it will government coordinate to apply appropriate information related to NTFP with various 1) Establishment of the Herbs and organizationsand institutions. NTFP Coordinating Committee (H NTFPCC) 2) Major steps of HNTFPCC towards NTFP promotion HIvIGNestablished the Herbs and Non-Timber Forest Product Coordination Committee The committeehas met alreadyseveral times sinceit was established and has made crucial (HNTFPCC)" on August 20, 2003 under the decisions related to chairmanshipof HonorableMinister of Forests facilitating necessary and Soil Conservation. The Committeehas a technical, policy, and institutional support to the sub-sector. mandate to undertake the following: • Review of rates for all the NTFPs • To set long term goal and formulate royalty mentioned in the Forest Regulations1995 national policiesrelated to NTFP; has been initiated through coordinating different stakeholders. • To formulate and implement legislation and directives for the sustainable • Recommendedto uplift ban on collection of NTFPs as development per the policy; of Kutki (Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora).

• To develop strategies for programs in • An action research is being conducted for accordance with national policy and the sustainable utilization of root bark of implement these programs through Okhar (Juglansregia). coordinating different agencies; • Initiative has been taken for the resource • To coordinate, evaluate, and monitor assessment of five important NTFPs viz. NTFP related activities between Panchanule (Dactylorhiza hatagirea), Kutki government,non-government and private (Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora), sector; Yarshagumba (Cordyceps sinensis), Lauthsalla (Taxus wallichiana)and Timur • To establish and coordinate Zanthoxylum armatum). of interrelationships programs regarding • A list of 30 commercially important resource conservation, research, indigenousmedicinal and aromatic plants

90 Reviewing Current Issues and Prospects of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP)

(MAPs) has been prepared; among them worldwide as "Treasure of Herbs and NTFPs" 10 species have been selected for in the global market within 2020 A.D. by domestication and other research increasing its production, processing, purposes. marketing and other development related activities the conservation and • Active coordination and collaboration through sustainable managementof NTFPs. have been initiated with governmental organization (GOs), International/Non- OBJECTIVES Governmental Organizations (IINGOs), donor institutions representatives,private The overallobjectives of this draft policy are and experts for the promotion of NTFP as follows. sub-sectorin Nepal. 1. To obtain maximum economic and • A project for the establishment of environmental benefits Rhododendron garden and MAPs through conservationand sustainable demonstration plot in the Mountain management of the NTFP by its BotanicalGarden Daman (declaredduring considering and other InternationalYear ofMountain, 2002), has regeneration, reproduction factors so that there will be been approved. ecological minimum adverse impact during • Documentation works and database collection,production and processing. management related to NTFP is gaining momentum. 2. To help in the increment of national income and employmentby focusing on • Draft Herbs and Non-Timber Forest the commercial cultivation of high value Product has been Development Policy NTFPs. formulated through long process of and national level consultation grassroots 3. To increase the income and employment with different relevant GOs, I/NGOs, opportunitiesof the remoteand rural areas private institutions, and experts. by doing primary processing works of collected NTFPs at local level. 3) Highlights of the draft herbs and Similarly, the and final and NTFP development policy secondary processing other value addition works should also be TheNew Herbsand NTFP Development Policy carried out in the accessible collection has been drafted for the overall development centre andcommercial centre for retaining ofthis sub-sectorwith vision, following policy, maximum economic benefits locally. and strategy. 4. To contribute in the poverty reduction by Long term vision improvingthe livelihoodscondition ofthe The longterm visionof this draft policy is to poor people through providing required make the Kingdom of Nepal well-known capital, infrastructure, technical

91 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

knowledge and skill, and marketing Arrangement for the sustainable supply of managementknow how. NTFPs will be made from farm or forests or from both as peridentified demand of national 5. Tofocus the natural resourcemanagement and or international markets.Finally, separate program based on social and gender short term and long term plans will be perspective, confirming the participation formulated and implemented for the overall of disadvantaged, poor,and women groups development of NTFP sub-sectorin Nepal. ofthe societyin the collection, production, 2. Participation emphasized processing,sale and distributionactivities of MAPs and other NTFPs. As the NTFP collectionfrom the naturalforest is notsufficient andcauses resources depletion, 6. To earn foreign currencies through the the cultivation activities will be emphasized sales and distribution of these resources on the community forests, and other private in competitive way in the global market. land for its commercialization.Besides forest user group, user groups of conservation area, HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DRAFT buffer zone area, and agriculture sector will POLICY be made participated. The priority for participation in benefit sharing will be This draft policy covers all aspects of NTFP primarily provided to the people below sub-sector development under five different poverty line. headings for achieving the above-mentioned objectives. Priority should be given to GOs, NGOs, and private institutions for local value addition to 1. Conservation and sustainable those NTFPs that could be processed within utilization country. Similarly, Institutional development will be carried out by bringing producers, For the sustainable management of NTFPs, collectors, and sellersunder one umbrella and resource inventorywill be carried out and on then assuring quality and quantity of the basis of the resultsobtained management production for the proper marketing prescriptions will be made. NTFP harvesting management.Private and cooperative approach will follow the same prescriptions. The will be stressed in the establishment of threatened plant species of MAP and other manufacturingunits, sales and distribution. NTFP will be conserved through balanced program of in-situ and exsitu conservation. 3. Certification and tax system Similarly, "Herbal Area" willbe declaredon the simplified basisof resources availability study and then NTFP certificationand tax (includingroyalty) intensive development, conservation and system for the private land production will be managementprograms will be launched. simplified and the provision should be made

92 Reviewing Current Issues and Prospects of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) for free sales and distribution either in raw or 5. Awareness and facilities for skill commercialization inprocessed form. Forest certificationfacilities development and should also be made available for the NTFPs Awareness among peoples will be increased collected from sustainably managed forests. for the collection, cultivation, processing, sales, Differentfacilities for the quality e.g. material and distribution activities of NTFPs and also safety, product analysis,product certification, different opportunities and required facilities etc., will be made through arrangement of the will be provided to themdevelop appropriate well-equipped certification laboratory at skills. national and at levels. gradually regional STRATEGY

Similarly, royalty of NTFPs that is collected Following strategies will be taken into from forestswill be determined on the basisof consideration while implementing the marlet values ofthe atlocal level and products aforementionedpolicies. royalty rate will be reviewed once in aperiod of maximum five years regularly. 1) HMGN will play the role of facilitator, catalyst, and regulator in the process of 4. Researches and development NTFP sub-sector development and will (R&D) accessible to communities also have role in timely adjustment and amendment in policy through Cultivation technology for the commercially coordination. potential NTFPs will be developed through will be R&D and the certified technology 2) An arrangement should be made for the transferred to communities. Similarly, loan facilities from Agriculture arrangement should be made for bio- Development Bank and other organized prospecting work by coordinating different sector to the land of cooperative foreign organizations and institutions for organizationsand the private institutions. the commercially potential indigenous NTFPs Loan facilities will be provided for sales having demand in international markets. In cultivation, collection, processing, and distribution activities of NTFPs. such case, arrangements should be made so Similarly, some funds from the "Local that Nepal could get maximum benefits from Fund" and these activities. Different measures will be Development "Poverty AlleviationFund" will be managed for poor taken for the familiarization of high value and disadvantaged groups of the society native NTFPs in international markets. for commercialactivities.

Herbsand NTFP CoordinationCommittee will 3) Forthe sustainablemanagement of NTFPs, have major role in monitoring and evaluation sales and distribution procedureswill be of different activities carried out inNTFP sub- adopted on the basis of annual allowable sector. harvest data obtained through inventory

93 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

of these resources. Any biodiversity rich graduallyat regionallevels for the quality area will be declared "HerbalArea" and control and certificationof NTFPs so that different income and employment- supply of quality Nepalese products will will be launched in generatingprograms ascertainits place ininternational markets. sucharea with localpeople's participation for the development, conservation, and 6) Capacity of Herbs Production and of these resources. management Processing Company Limited will be enhanced as an institution to supply 4) An effort would be made towards the quality products of NTFP accordingto the cultivation of NTFPs in agriculture land market demands. Similarly, along with other agricultural crops. capacity building of the other GOs and NGOs Similarly, focus would be given towards in the NTFP sub- the cultivation of appropriate species in working responsibly sector will marginal lands and government lands be enhanced as per withoutany ownership. In suchkinds of requirement. Focus will be given to activities poor, landless, and marginal establish and develop ayurvedic and familieswill be encouragedto participate. allopathicpharmaceutical industry within Cultivation technology of high value the country, which is essential for the NTFPs will be developedand transferred betterment of human health. In addition, tofarmers and entrepreneurs. For focusing identification, collection and cultivation NTFPs cultivationworks within leasehold technologies of the MAPs required by forests and community forests, different industies will be provided. managementprescription will bemade in their management plan. Required 7) Foreign investment will be attracted and technical assistanceand financial support prioritized for the establishment of will be provided to forest user groups advanceand large scale industry based on Permission (FUGs). willalso begranted for locally available NTFPs. Priority will also collection and cultivation activities of begiven for domesticinvestment for micro NTFPs within government managed and medium scale industries that can forests through and private cooperative utilize thetraditional knowledge and skills. sector approach. Duringthese processes, attentionwould be provided for the protection of domestic 5) Scientific storage, processing, packaging, and Act to and chemical extraction works of high industry entrepreneur rights. potential Nepalese NTFPs will be regulate genetic resources and benefit emphasized.Priority will be given tosmall sharing will be formulated and enacted andmedium scale industries for such kind separatelyfor the overalllegal rights of the of activities. Well-equipped laboratorywill individual, groups, and the nation upon be established at both national and these resources.

94 Reviewing Current Issues and Prospects of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP)

8) For the familiarizationof Nepalese herbs • Endorse the draft policy that has been ininternational markets Herb TradeFair" developed as soon as possible together willbe organized occasionallywith active with the action plan to implement it; coordination and help from diplomatic • Develop inventory and sustainable mission situated in different country and harvesting guidelines for NTFPs for their other relevant organizations. Similarly, better managementof the resources trade fairs will be organized at district levelswithin the country.Mechanism will • Capacitybuildings ofrelevant GOs, NGOs be developed for establishing marketing for performing active role in NTFP sub- information system and dissemination of sector promotion. required information to producers, collectors, processors, and traders of • Staff involved in NTFP activities NTFPs. regulation should be trained in identification. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION • Develop cultivation technologiesfor high valueplants and transfer them to farmers. NTFP sub-sectorhas a great potential for • Conduct study for the uniform naming of improving the socio-economicstatus of local the NTFPs and selling prices of primary people as well as increasing national income collectors at local level in different parts and employment. Market is expanding at of the country for determining royalty national and international levels because of rates. Review royalty rates on periodic people's continuing interest and belief on the basis. efficacyof the herbal products. In thiscontext, Nepal has a good opportunity to engage in • Develop mechanisms for differentiating sustainably managing and utilizing the production from private land and from NTFP resources in order to maximize the government forests. The certificationand very economic, social,ecological benefits that taxation system for cultivated products can be derived from them. Although this should be simplified. sub-sector has several issues and constraints • to credits to concerning conservation, utilization, and Develop provisions provide poor and disadvantaged people to start trade, HMGN has taken steps inthe direction theirown NTFP promotional activities and of making Nepal known worldwide as an also to increasetheir bargainingpower to herbal nation in the decades. Given coming deal with external traders. the present statusand prospects in the NTFP sub-sector, following initiatives/plansare • Develop central as well as regional recommendedto push the development ofthe marketing informationcentres to provide NTFP sub-sectorforward: price, quality and quantity of products on

95 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

demand, and other relevant information tothe NTFP collectors, cultivators,traders, and industrialists.

• Develop national NTFP certificationand tradelabeling guidelines for adding values to the products.

96 COMMUNITY BASED APPROACHES TO CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MAPs FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS IN Experience of IUCN Nepal Sagendra Tiwari Julia Robinson GiridharAmaly

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY management ofMAPs. This articlepresents the learning of our work on two aspects:i. to what edicinal and Aromatic Plants extent the MAPs could contributeto secure the if make a I (MAPs) significant livelihoods especially of thepoor and dalits in V contribution to the livelihoods, a sustainable manner; ii. Whatpotential exists health care and income the for people of to enhance the productivity of MAPs in Their economic is also Nepal. huge potential communityforests for the desired social, Yet neither the increasinglybeing recognized. economicand environmentalbenefits. MAPs-dependentcommunities nor the state have been ableto make thebest outof this sector Out of 36 generally collected MAP species in and the MAPs themselves are at risk of great Doti, 10 are widely traded of which 3 are often lossesin abundance and diversity protected in the homesteads and 7 collected from forests. The project is promoting IUCN Nepal has been working closely with sustain able harvesting methods, building local communities in Doti district since capacilyforcultivation oflocally suitable MAPs 2000 in order to explore ways to promote andgroup approach to addressingsocial and sustainable livelihoods with conservationand economic bottlenecks hindering MAPs

97 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFP5 in Nepal collection, and strengtheningpost-harvesting An additionalstudy is recommended to examine andmarketing skills. existing mechanisms that support pro-poor benefitfrom MAPs. The learning so far indicates that although almostevery type of mountain household collect INTRODUCTION MAPsfor their livelihoods, includingpoor and relatively richer, and all castes and ethnic Experts estimate that 700 to 1,700 species of groups. However, the poor and landless MAPs occur in Nepal. Out of these over 100 (includingdalits) are more dependenton MAPs species are widely traded and exported. In since they lack alternative livelihood options terms of the distribution patterns of MAPs, andmeasures are requiredto see theyget a fair Nepal's tropical region (below 1,000 m) holds share of the sector. Furthermore, the potential 49 percent of them, subtropical region (1,000 ofMAPs in national andcommunityforestlands to 2,000 m) 54percent, temperateregion (2,000 has yet to be adequately tapped. Legal to 3000m) 36percent, sub alpine region (3,000 the tenure MAPs collectors recognition of of to4,000 m) 18percent andalpine region(above remains the heart the threats to at of existing 4,000 m) holds 7 percent (Malla and Shakya conservation andmarket in MAPs sector. failure 1986). The high mountain MAPs are widely Local mechanisms a governance offer possible known for their high value, and hence fetch solutionand there is a needfor the coordinated relativelyhigher prices. effortsof MAPs collectors,traders andregulators and for the desired outcomes atsocial, economic Traditionallyconsidered as common property ecologicalfronts. resources. MAPs are collected from the wild by villagersand traded through multiple actors The paper recommends that as a pro-poor and marketchannels within aconfusing policy livelihood strategy, MAPs production in environment (Kanel 2001).The bulk of MAPs communityforests can be widely undertaken collected from the mountains of Nepal are by thepoor and landless as a sub-group within to India. MAPs are CFUGs. This requires amendments to the CF eventually exported estimatedto contribute 5 in rules and guidelines to specificallyfavor the presently percent al. and have poor, disadvantaged and landless. A multi- Nepal's GDP(Malla et 1995) huge stakeholder approach to developing and economicpotential especially in the mountains enforcingsustainable harvestingguidelines at (Olsen and Larsen 2003). They, however, national,regional and district levels is desirable. constitute only 10 percent of the total annual However, incentives must also be in placefor revenue from the forestry sector (the collectors to adopt sustainable harvesting Departmentof Forest's revenue recordsof 1997/ practices. The paper recommends a 98 quoted in Kanel2001). collaborative study atnational level for ajoint ecological andmarket analysis to examinethe The poor, who may be largely dependent on potential effects of regulations and incentives the collection and harvesting of MAPs, have forsustainable MAPs cultivation andharvesting. increasingly been struggling with strong

98 CommunityBased Approaches to Conservation And Management of MAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods

competition due to the growing market and project has been to enhance the livelihood interest ofnewcomers in MAPs collection.The opportunitiesthrough MAPs promotion andto District Forest Offices (DFOs) responsible for institutionalize MAPs-based CF management regulating the collection, sale and export of among CFUGs. MAPs have so farbeen doingso inthe absence This article aims at of adequate knowledge, information and sharing IUCN Nepal's to date on two main capacity. CommunityForest User Groups learning aspects: (CFUGs) in general have rarely had the i. The extent towhich MAPs cancontribute opportunityand capacityto concentrate on the to rural livelihoods, and in particular to MAPs andNTFPs potentialof their Community the poor and dalits, while ensuring their Forests (CF5). Manysmall and mostlyscattered conservation; efforts have beenmade underdifferent projects for the last decade or so to MAPs and promote ii. The potential to increase productivity of NTFPs sectoras aviable means ofboosting the MAPs within community forests as a rural as well as national economy but with contribution to the livelihoodsof the poor limited success to date. The overall situation within the CFUGs. to-date indicates that: The article willfirst present somebackground i. MAPs-dependents in communities are to IUCN's involvementin Doti District and an unable toget even the opportunity cost of overview of typical benefit flows from MAPs. their time invested inIVIAPs collection; It then shares IUCN's strategiesfor promoting sustainableharvesting and cultivationof MAPs ii. Local MAPs traders continue their work and examineswhether the benefits to date are even when their profit margins are small, reaching those disadvantaged in the region — and the poor, dalits and ethnic groups. It then discusses strategies for sustaining benefit — iii. Theforests and once full ofMAPs pastures from economic, social and ecological seem to be exhausted gradually getting perspectives.It closes witha discussionon the with limited regeneration. implications for national policies and regulations and offers some Since 2000, IUCN Nepal started workingwith recommendations to provide incentives for communities under a collaborative action pro-poor sustainable MAPs promotion. learningproject in Doti district to understand and support livelihoodsand conservation IUCN'S COLLABORATIVE opportunities of MAPs in Nepal. The ACTION LEARNING PROJECT underlying purpose was to explore ways to IN DOTI promote the conservationand sustainable use of MAPs within the existing social, economic IUCN strives to test approaches leading and ecological contexts. The thrust of this towards natural resources conservation,

99 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAP5INTFPs in Nepal sustainable use and equitable benefit sharing to and/or Nepalganjfor export to as stipulated under the Convention on India. Biological Diversity (CBD). This requires IUCN selected Doti a workingtogether with communities and their Nepal representative for the for the of institutions to understand local conservation district project promotion MAPs basicallydue to: anduse practices and the underlying rationales and shortfalls. It also the eco- requires i. its location in the far-west mid- and strategic biological, social/institutional, legal mountains; economic perspectiveswithin whichthe use and management decisions are taken at ii. road links with other districts inthe region; individual,households and communitylevels. iii. rich forest cover and MAPs diversity; The broad purpose of the project is totest and develop sustainable MAPs management iv. Widespread poverty and poor approaches that ensure insitu conservationof development. MAPs and at the same time contributes to the Located in the of FWDR Doti is a livelihoods of those dependent on them. mountainous district ranging from 305m to above sea level and 2025 Doti ranks 64th of 75 districts in Nepal 2,430m covering sq. according to the human development km. The district has 53 Village Development Committees (VDCs) with a population of indicators (HDI)1 and has widespread poverty 177,789 in 33,562 households (HH5). The andlow literacyrates. Dotiis representativeof district has approximately 144,690 ha (65 the districts of Far Western Development percent)under forest with subtropical,tropical Region (FWDR) in that most livelthoods are and forestsand The forests based on forest resources and subsistence temperate pastures. serveas areservior of valuableMAPs and other farming. MAPs constitute a prime source of NTFPs. Most of the species of MAPs found in income in the district and in the region as a midmountains of Nepalare found inthe forests whole.Far-western mountain districts ofNepal of Doti and its adjoining districts. are connected with the major markets of Terai through Dhangadhi-Dadeldhurahighway. The Theofficial recordsof the Regional Forest Office major portion ofthis highway being locatedin in Dhangadhireveal that atotal of 10,017tons Doti, the district provides many newly of MAPs worth NRs. 32.4 millions (as royalty) emerging yet small road head markets to the was traded between 1995 — 2003 from this ruralpopulation of the area. Mostof the MAPs region. The contribution of Doti district alone collected throughoutthe regionaccumulate in was 1,199 tons worth NRs. 5.46 million.MAP's such road headmarkets prior totheir transport annual trade fromDoti officially is at ascale of

'Where I is the highest and 75 the lowest. Nepal Human Development Report 1998 (submittedto UNDP)by Nepal South Asia Centre.

100 CommunityBased Approaches to Conservation And Management of MAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods

hill approximately 100 tons contributing about the majorityof the HHs have ban (rain-fed NRs. 3.5 to 4 million into the national coffer. terraces), only 55% have Kbet (fertile irrigable The actual trade figures however, should be rivervalley lands). It also revealedthat 60% of muchhigher since plenty of MAPsare traded HHs earn their livelihoods through forest and and exported unofficially to avoid paying livestockbased subsistence farming while 40% royalty fees and due to the open border are unable to do so. Hence, they depend on between India and Nepal. Table 1 shows a tenantfarming, wage laboringand/or seasonal meet their comparative situation of MAPs in Doti, Far- migrationto the terai and/orIndia to Westernand national economy. annual livelihoodneeds.

IUCN Nepal selectedsix Village Development Peopledepend on commonproperty forest and Committees (Chhatiwon, Ghanteswor, pastures for the collectionof MAPs because: Laxminagar, Saraswotinagar, Nirauli and i. have access to Gadsera) in the Jorayal Range Post of Doti they traditionally easy forests and MAPs in there District Forest Office (DFO). A household was done in 2001 to understand the survey ii. they lackknowledge, materials and skills baseline situation related to livelihoods. It regardingcultivation and managementof showed 3,151 households (HH5) with an MAPs average familysize of 7.5 (> national average). The average land holding in case of the iii. they are not aware of the potential of majorityHHs isbelow 0.5 haof which 2% are sustained financial benefits from MAPs landless and 15% have less than 0.2 ha.While cultivation

Table 1: Contributionof MAPs to the national economy

3113 2527 National QtyTons) NA 11795 4367 3122 3761 11449 2885 3091

Royalty NA 17,277 24,479 21,142 26,344 25,818 16,994 26,414 15,329 12,748

561 400 708 FWDR Qty (Tons) 5,019 398 343 517 586 678 809 (NRs.'OOO)

Royalty) 7,675 777 1,932 2,796 2,936 4,512 3,822 2,966 1,745 3,332 (NRs.'OOO)

97 97 327 Doti QtyfTons) NA 156 42 96 126 143 116

Royalty NA 203 236 516 667 621 550 622 677 1,367 (NRs.000)

Source: District forest office records

101 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

MEDICINAL PLANT be curbed through the cultivation of such PROMOTION IN DOll species in the community and private lands. Individuals and communities have expressed 36 species of MAPs are generallycollected for interest to get involved in the production of various household purposes in Doti district. species that are easy to grow, need minimum However, there are only 10major widely traded care and provide attractive returns in a MAPs species, 3 of which namely, Tejpat relatively short time. More importantly there (Cinnarnornurn tarnala), Rittha (Sapindus should be readily availablemarket for farmers rnukorossi) and Timur (Zanthoxylurn to get competitive prices. Farmers were also armaturn) are raisedand/or generally protected interestedto producethe speciesthat they have in the homesteads. The 7 remaining species dealt with in the past. These were key factors collected from forestsand pastures seasonally to be considered in the selection of MAPs include Chutro (Berberis aristata), Pashanved species for promotion in the area. The (Bergenia ciliata), Kachur (Hedychiurn prevailingmarket prices and the traffic survey spicaturn), Jhyau (Parrnelianepalensis) , Amala also provided a basis for selection; however (Phyllanthus ernblica), Chiraito (Swertia price was not the prime criteria. chirayita), and Sugandhawal (Valeriana AMAPs traffic surveyrevealed Lichen,Rittha, jatamansii). Kachur, Chutro, Tejpat, Amala, and Pashanved to be the highly preferred species for trade. Thein situ conservation of such traded widely Table 2 below shows theranking of someMAPs MAPs could be species guaranteed only of Doti based on their market prices in their sustainable through harvestingensuring Dhangadhiand adjoining markets. sustainablereproduction in places fromwhere they are collected. The pressure on common Based on these facts IUCN selected property resources for these MAPs could also Tejpat, Amala, Ritha, Bojho, Timur and

Table 2: Ranking of MAPs of Doti based on their market prices

Alaichi jAmornu,nsubulcilwn, Bojho lAcoivscalarnus Chutro Berberisaristataj Arnala llanthus IF/n emblica) Jhyau(Pormelia nepalensis) Kachur(Hedvchiuni spicaturn) Chiraito Swertia chirayitaj Kurilo 'Asparagus racemosus) Kaichuri (Litseaglutinosa) Daichini (Ginnamomum tarnala-Barkj Satuwai'Puris palyphvlla Kaulo (Percea bombvcina) Gamdol (Brachvcorviliisobcordala) Rishanved (Bergeniaciliate) Sugandhawal (Va!erianajatarnansii) Rittha(Sapindus mukorossi) Timur'Zanthawlum armatumj Tejpat Ginnaarnomum tamala- leavesj

102 Sustainable Livelihoods Community Based Approaches to Conservation And Management ofMAPs For

area Sugandhawul for promotion through in the 6 VDCs of the project depend NTFPs for household plantation and Bojho, Pashanved, Kachur, on MAPs and for income 3). Of Jhyauand Sugandhawal and others basedon consumption and/or (Table these collectors, only 11% were dalits. The their availability in the wild for their in situ contribution of MAPs to HHs annual income conservationin the adjoiningcommunity and was to range from MRs. 370 to 2,366. other forests. reported This was reinforced through a Benefit flows from MAPs — the finding assessment in 2003, which without scenario participatory project showed that 33% of HHs in 12 wards2 collect MAPs provide benefits to many people, both MAPs (Table 4). The assessment further collectorsand traders. Collectorsgather MAPs showed that HHs from all economic from the wild and also cultivate some of them backgroundscollect MAPs Furthermore,of the intheir homesteads. At the onset ofthe project, 110Dalit HHs inthese wards,25% are involved no MAPs were being cultivated by in IvIAPs collection. This shows that it is not who collect communitiesin groups althoughsome HHs did only the poor and groups MAPs for theirlivelihoods. However, they may protect and manage the naturally regenerated be more on them as a livelihood Ritha, Tejpat and Timur as their private dependent as by Olsen and Larsen property. strategy, proposed (2003) who state livelihood dependency over assets A household survey conducted in 2001 MAPs/NTFPsvaries with theHH's capital and revealed that on average 39% of the HHs (land, livestocketc.) manpower.

Table 3: HH involved in MAPs collection

390440 2366 Saraswotinagar 523 NA 165 (31.5%j 14 )8.5%J 74306 413 Laxrninagar 777 NA 180 (23%) 21(11.7%) 1079 Gadsera 607 84 245 (40.36%) 36 (15%) 264285 370 Chhatiwon 461 157 98 2t25%. 20 4.33%j 36237 721 Ghanteswor 335 54 236 )70.4% 35 (14.83% 170226 1292 Nirauli 448 34 314 f70% 9(2.86%.( 405,618 1083 Total 3,151 329 1,238 )39.28%) 135 (10.9%) 1341,112

2Where 1 is the highest and 75 the lowest. Nepal Human Development Report 1998 (submitted to UNDP) by Nepal South Asia Centre.

103 Local National Experience-based Strategyfor OrganicProduction and Management of MAPsINTFPs in Nepal

Table 4: MAPs collecting HHs of 12 Wards by Wealth Class (2003)

An incomeranking exercise of 12 wards of two neighbouring VDCs and far distances. CFUG VDCs further indicated that MAPs contribute membersdiscussed the difficulties in excluding less than 4% to annual income. Table 5 outsidersfrom harvestingtheir cared-for MAPs comparesHH income from MAPs withoverall since most forestsare readily accessibledue to HH income for dalit and non-dalit HHs. openborders. Government-managed forestsare Accordingto the group estimates, dalits earn open to any collector (subject to paying the NRs. 20,287 on of the averageper year, 54% appropriateroyalty fee). annual HH income that non-dalits earn (NRs. 37,791). MAPs constitute 4% of the annual The role of traders income for non dalit HHs (NRs. 1,538), and In order to understand the only 2.3% (NRs 466) of dalit HHs. trading routes and influences, traffic surveys were undertaken in Typically, women play a major role in the 2001 and 2002 at various herb collection collection process, while men have the centres in the project area. Additionally, a responsibility for selling. At the onset of the workshop with local MAPs traders washeld to project, no major processingwas being done discuss their ideas and issues concerning the for commercialpurposes so there was littleif project. These discussions shed light on the any value-added happening within the critical role that traders play in setting prices communities.Some traditional practices were and influencingharvesting practices. being done such as cleaning,drying or boiling as requested by the local traders. Basically there are local traders and commission agents of the Nepalganj and Collectorsalso come from outside the VDCs Dhangadhi-basedregional traders whowork at during harvesting season, both from road head markets within and adjoining the

Table 5: Total annual income and income contribution from MAPs (12 wards of two VDCs)

104 CommunityBased Approaches to Conservation And Management ofMAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods

project area. MAPs collection lasts from for SugandhawalwasNRs. 35 while the selling November until April. The buyers fix the price range was NIRs. 50 to 100. The purchase opening purchase rates for all preferredMAPs price increased to NRs. 60 mid season. and inform the collectors starting in early Similarly, the purchase rate for Amala October. No cash advances or credit are fluctuated between NIRs 22 to 27 whereas the to collectors within the provided project sellingrate for itranged between NRs.30 to 48 district. to the the According collectors, in the same year. purchaserates fail totake into accountthe time and effort for required sustainable harvesting Local traders are often blamed for not giving and transportation (for e.g. a person cannot fair price of MAPs to the collectors. Yet the collect > of and it takes 5kgs/day Jhyau two traders expressed concernover the carelessness additional for the days transportation, yet of collectors in post harvesting activities. For person wouldreceive only NR5.75 for 5 at kgs instance, collectorsboil amala iniron pots that the road head). destroysits color andthey do notremove seeds (this falselyincreases the weight).One reason To set the price, local traders develop an idea why local traders do not often fair of the possible supply situation of different pay a price to collectors is that the wholesalers to whom MAPs based on the quantitypurchased during they MAPs often less due to the the first two months. Then theyoften compete supply pay reduced ofthe MAPs tothem. with each other by raising the purchase rates quality supplied of highly demandedMAPs. Sucha situation is Also the wholesalers often accept the supply on credit created in response to the request for supply leavingno option to the local traders from the regional traders, wholesalers, (who lack storage facility) and consequently, exporters or companies with whom the local enhancing the financial risk for them. Traders traders deal with. need to get a permit from the regulating authority and pay the set royalty apart from The nearer the local trader to the collector's buying the MAPs from the collectors. It is the lower destination, generallyis the purchase neither cost effective norpractical for collectors rate. Traders do offer relativelyhigher purchase to obtain a collection permit in advance rates at distant road heads, however, such especially in situations when the designated higher purchaserate still does not compensate authority is located in a distant place. for the time invested by collectorsfor bringing the MAPs to the distant road head center. The Targeting MAPs benefits to the poor openingpurchase rates declaredby the traders One of the of the ingeneral are 50percent less than theirselling key objectives project is to rate allowing a 100 percent profit to traders. promote the sustainable cultivation and However, when thereis a higher demand for a harvesting of MAPs for the benefit of the poor MAP in a particular year the trader's profit and disadvantaged.This section of the paper margin is reduced due to the competition. In will look at the strategies adopted to see that 2002, for instance, the opening purchase rate benefitis reaching the poorand disadvantaged,

105 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAP5INTFPs in Nepal followedby an analysis of the benefit flows. IUCN Nepal's work in the project area is Giventhe fact thatmany years arerequired for confinedto 25 (46%) outof 54 wards of 6 VDCs some of these benefits to be realized, this will and includes a total of 49 (36%) of 136 look at both actual benefits to date and settlements. Analysis of a well being ranking projected benefits. exercise of the project villages in these VDCs illustrates that the villages IUCN is working Several strategies were adopted to target the with are relatively poorer than the average. poorer and disadvantaged groups as partners Figure 1 shows the distribution of all villages and beneficiaries. Project settlements were in the 6 VDCs accordingto locally identified selectedbased ona series of criteria: (i) people indicators (Annex la and ib). Figure 2 shows —especially poor and Dalits - alreadycollecting the that IUCN isworking with. IUCN's MAPs;(ii) annual incomefrom agriculturewas villages a of insufficientfor 12 months for most ofthe HHs; project villages have higher proportion are of and (iii) people showed keen interest and 'poor'villages, representative 'verypoor' 'medium' and are least of willingnessto get involved in promotingMAPs and representative as a viable livelihood option. the relatively 'richer' villages.

Fig. 1: Class Wise Distributionof Total Villages of 6 VDCsin Doti District I Don't Know Medium • Very Poor Poor 26% Rich

Fig. 2: Class Wise Distributionof IUCN's WorkingVillages

2% 6% Don't Know

Medium

Very Poor Poor 41% Rich

106 CommunityBased Approaches to Conservation AndManagement of MAPs ForSustainable Livelihoods

The projectstaff built rapport with women and Table 6 summarizesthe types of HHs IUCN is men in economically andsocially marginalized workingwith in itsproject groups in 14 wards. communities often through small support for The class analysis was basedon ranking and their immediatepriority needs (drinking water, indicatorsdeveloped by communitymembers sanitation, literacy classes etc.). Small groups in a well-being ranking exercise (details in of people involved in the collection of MAPs Annex 2). and interested in generating livelihoods through MAPs promotionwere then organized The findingsof the equity analysisconducted into MAPs conservation groups (CGs). in the 14 wards reveal that IUCN is working Presently there are 54 such MAPs-CGs — 17 with a full representation of the community. (31%) of them all women, 4 (7%) all men, 7 69% of HHs from 14 wards has beeninvolved (13%) dalits and 26 (48%) mixed in in MAPs promotion by IUCN Nepal. Out of a composition.The average size of the groups is total of996 HHs in14 wards, 79% areBrahmin/ 20 FIBs. Chhettri, 17% are Dalit and 4% are Janajati (figure 3). When a similar analysis of the HHs In order to further probe into the question of working with IUCN is done (figure 4), the who actually benefits from our project among relative proportion of these groups is very HHs indifferent class and caste/ethnicgroups, similar - 83% are BrahminJChhettri, 14% are a participatory assessment using well being Dalit and 3% are Janajati. Expressed another ranking and various other participatorytools way,72% of the Brahmin/ChhetriHHs; 59% of was conducted in the 25 wards of the project the Janajati HHs and 55% of the Dalit HHs are area. To date, the data has been analyzedfor involved in IUCN's program. only 14 wards3. The findings of this exercise shed lighton the effectiveness ofour strategies This indicates that JUGN is working with all for targetingthe poor and disadvantaged. caste and ethnic groups in the communities,

Table 6: Equity Analysis of the 14 wards of Seti NTFP Project Area

B/C* Janajati Dalit B/C Janajati Dalit Total

Rich 81 0 4 30 1 0 116

OK 186 1 8 61 1 1 258 Poor 161 20 28 63 10 10 292 Very Poor 141 3 53 64 5 64 330 569 24 93 218 17 75 996

* Brahmin/

3a11 wards ofGadhsera; 4, 7, 8of Nirauli; 4 ofLaxminagar, and 7 ofSaraswotinagar VDC.

107 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Fig. 3: CastewiseDistribution of Total HHs

17% • • M B/C

Fig. 4: CastewiseDistribution of IUCN Involved HHs

14%

3% I Janajati U Dalit B/C

in a waythat reflects their distribution in that 26% are manageable and 12% are rich community. In terms of equity targeting, this (Annex 5). could be interpreted in two ways. First, that Of the HHs participating in IUCN's project IUCN has not been successful at targeting groups, 29% are very poor, 31% are poor, 28% dalit and janajati HHs. Alternatively, it aremanageable and 12% are rich. This data is could be argued that without the efforts to compared in Figures 5 and 6. Expressed target these HHs, even less HHs from these according to the different groups, 73% of all would be in IUCN's groups participating rich HHs; 76% of all Manageable class HHs, programme. 72% of all Poor HHs and 60% of all very poor HHs are involved in the project. When the same analysis is done according to well-being or class groups, the finding is This indicatesthat again, IUCN isworking with comparable. According to the well-being the full range of HHs according to well-being classes identified by the communities (see or class categories.While poor and very poor Annex 2 for indicators), of the total liFTs of households are involved in IUCN's project 14 wards, 33% are very poor, 29% are poor, groups, they have not been targeted at the

108 Community Based Approaches to Conservation And Management ofMAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods

Fig. 5: CastewiseDistribution of Total HHs

12% 33% Very Poor OK

Poor I Rich 29%

Fig. 6: Castewise Distributionof IUCN Involved HHs

29% 12% LI Very Poor OK

Poor I Rich 31% exclusionof relatively better off HHs. The same communallands, degradedforests and around comment can be made that without targeting, the homesteads and wastelands.The impetus even less of the poorest HHs would be of the project support was: included. Furthermore, itmust beremembered i. capacity building for sustainable that this isa relativecomparison of well being. harvesting practices; In general,all the HHs in the farwest are poor, relative to the rest of the country. A review of ii. technical and material support for the indicatorsfor these HHs reinforcesthis, as establishingand managing plantationsand HHsin the 'OK' categoryare still only food self- nurseries; sufficient for 9-12 months, have an average iii. social and institutional skills for group incomebetween 7-15,000 NRs andhave a land to MAPs and MAP-based holding of 0.5 —1.0 ha (Annex 2). approach enterprise development. Theproject focused at supporting communities for conservationand sustainable use of MAPs Benefits from the project can be generally inthe forestsand also to establish andmanage categorizedaccording to social,economic and plantation of viable MAP species in the ecological categories.

109 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Social benefits somegood examplesof enterprises initiatedin the area. Many of the projects activities focus on Monitoring resultsof theproject shows that in 2003, 34 groups of 96 building theskills and capacities ofcommunity consisting members have started their skills for members inboth thetechnical and institutional applying IGAs throughloan mobilization. Totalloan flow sides of group-based MAP promotion. is NRs. 123,700.00 and gross income is Rs, Understandingwho participates in our groups 59,250.00 (Annex 3). The sustainabilityof these provides the first indication of benefit. This income generating activities will continue to has been presented analyzed above.Tracking be monitored. the beneficiaries of training programmes is another way to seewho is benefitingfrom the The project has supported the establishment project. of9 communitynurseries and 26private (home garden) nurseries that provide the area with Since 2001, 65 training events were held. MAP saplings. The nursery caretakers have These events were attended by 1,956 people, receivedskills in technical operation,and also of whom 38.4%were women and 61.6%were in business planning, as they must be self- men. Of 536 persons provided training for sufficientwithout IUCN's financialsupport. To date these nurseries capacity andincome generationopportunities have earned over NRs. from in 2003, 68% were Brahman/Chhettri, 8%were 100,000 the sale of MAPs plants, and business plans are in place to move towards Janajatiand 24%were Dalit. When compared financial self-sufficiency. to the overall distribution of these groups in the IUCN has community (Figure 3), An additionalreported social benefit is the new Dalits and successfully targeted Janajatis. Of skills in the group operation. This has been 885 persons who attended the technical provided through training (such as in book- sensitization workshops, 358 (40%) were keeping) and through ongoing coaching and women and 527 (60%) men. support from the project community mobilizers. This has been particularly In addition to promotingplantations of MAPs, important for the women and dalit groups. the project has supported locally feasible These new or enhanced skills or capacity is income generatingactivities through capacity essential for the groups to continue in the as well as material support. Based on the future, to standup for their rights and to have interest and needs reflected by the the ability torecognize and resolve conflicts. communities, training on different kinds of To ensure local and foster income generating activities have been ownership longer term sustainability, IUCN required that HHs in provided to 129participants of the MAPs-CGs groups contribute through labor and in 2003. MAPs/NTFP based food processing, participationas theircommitment in the MAPs and have been nursery management apiculture promotion efforts. MAPs-CGs contributed in-

110 Community Based Approaches to Conservation And Management ofMAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods

kind support4 of NRs. 1.44 million where as harvested. However, these benefits can be IUCNNepal provided funding support of only projected based on the plantations to date. 0.775 million in creating and maintaining plantations (Annex 4) in 2003. More than Since 2001 the MAP-CGs have established 16,000 human days of labor was involved in 312.6 ha of plantations with 153,309plants of 2003 alone. six different MAPs species (Table 7). The income projected to be earned from these Economic benefits plantations is estimatedin Table8. As stated above, economic benefits from the A detailed account of the MAPs plantation MAP plantations have not yet been realized because of the time it takes for the plants to be managed by the 49 MAPs-CGs including the

Table 7: MAPs Plantation Established and Managed by MAPs - CG5

2001 32043 19.6 2002 52382 96.0 2003 68884 197.0 Total 153,309 312.6

Table 8: Potential Benefit from selected MAPs Species Plantation (Estimated from the plantation of 2003)

Teipat 29,990 25 Lvs. & 749,750 25 7497.5 (after 6yrs) 12 bark 359,880 10 8997.0 (after 10 yrs Amala 11.046 9 99.414 7 7695.9 (after 7yrs Ritha 6,628 30-45 198,840 8 1590.7 (after 7yrs Bojho 7,300 0.1 5g-0.25g 1,095 27 29.56 (after 2 yrs) dry rhizomes Tiniur 224 1.5-2 336 95 31.9 (after 7 yrs) Sugandha 656 55-60 36,080 55 1984.4 (after 7 yrs) kokila

4!n kind contributionfrom groups has beencalculated in terms oftheir labor contributionin land preparation, pitting, fencing/erecting stonewalls and planting etc. as per localdaily wagesmarket rates

111 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

anticipated production year and quantity as (Phyllanthusemblica) as opposed tothe fruits, well as the income is gross presented in stripping of all bark of Tejpat (Cinnamomum Annex 3. The of the synthesis potential tamala), Pawan or Kaulo (Percea bombycina), production and income from different MAPs Kaichuri or bark of Bhorla (Litsea glutinosa) species once matured they get (Table 8) or the complete removal of roots, tubers, indicates that the annualincome of a member bulbs or rhizomes of plants such as Kachur of MAPs-CGs is to from NRs. expected range (Hedychium spicatum), Sugandhawal 4,600 to 28,000 after 2006 from their (Valeriana jatamansii), and Satuwa (Paris plantations (Annex 5). Such significant HH polyphylla)which halts propagation. income through relatively small plantations should not only contribute in the sustainable The project has supportedvarious training liveithoodsbut also reduce on forests pressure programmesto raise awarenessand build skills for these MAPs thereby the in-situ ensuring on sustainable practices for harvesting MAPs. conservationstatus. Since 2001, 292 members (143 women, 149 men) of MAPs-CGs have been From the in situ conservation, 6 MAPs-CGs technically assisted in sustainable conserving Sugandhawal, Amala, Kurilo, harvesting techniques to the and conservation Timur, and Bojho in 6 plots (25 ha) have support management ofMAPs. 6 MAPs-CGs have managedto earnNRs. 16,400 from sustainable established 6 plots for insitu harvesting practices of these MAPs. (25 ha) conservationof Sugancihawal, Amala, Kurilo, Timur, and Bojho. The project In addition to expected income from the sale also prepared and disseminated sustainable of MAPs, the project has supported NTFP- harvesting guidelines for certain species in based enterprises in the groups. In 2003, 17 local dialect ( language). members (16 women, 1 men) from 6 MAPs- CGs who are involved in pickle making have The groups report that the sustainable produced 600 kgsof pickle, of which theyhave harvesting methods are being increasingly sold 338 kgs and earned a net income of NRs. adopted. Trained members share their 16,500. Similarly 14 members trained for knowledgewith others, for exampleduring the improved bee-hive construction have days allocated for MAPs harvesting in constructed and sold 30 bee-hivesworth NRs community forests. The use of better practices 12,000. has been seen during fieldvisits toforest areas nearby the MAPS-CGs. Ecological benefits benefit Prior to the project intervention, MAPs had Sustaining the seen agreat decline in abundance in national As an action learning project, IUCN wants to and community forests. This is attributed to ensure that these benefits will be sustained unsustainable harvesting practices. For beyondproject support, and for the ideastested removalof example, the entirebranch of Amala to be able to be replicated locally and

112 Community Based Approaches to Conservation And Management of MAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods nationally.For the benefit to be sustainable, it Overall, collectorsfeel that the purchase rates must be assessed from economic, social and of MAPs ignoretheir opportunity costs. MAPs collectionis consideredan additional ecological perspectives. Toooften it isassumed basically that once communities or institutions have activity. Thetraffic surveyfound that a collector often does notrecover adequate price to cover knowledgeand skills, this will be sufficientto his/her time. This is exacerbated when changebehavior. However, frequentlythere are collectors sell their MAPs on an individual perverse incentives that encouragepeople to basis to traders, as they lack bargainingpower act differently. Forexample, while people may and frequently deal with intermediarytraders be aware of the benefits of harvesting MAPs who provide a lower price than road-head sustainable the extra time using practices, traders. To some extent this is a reflection of to do so is not required always compensated market efficiency— the price willstay lowuntil Until the for for economically. price sustainably collectorsare nolonger willing to collect MAPs harvestedMAPs than for is sufficientlyhigher at that price. This would require an alternate it is MAPs harvested using quicker methods, livelihood strategy with greater return than unlikely that these new practices will be MAPscollection. regularly adopted. This section will examine local traders to the strategies in place to sustain the benefits Competition among procure MAPs also results of the project from social, economic and higher quantities of specific inmarket distortion.This createsperverse ecological perspectives and discuss existing price incentives among the collectors to quickly perverseincentives that needto be addressed. harvest MAPs and thus typically use i) Economic perspective:Will there unsustainable harvesting practices. continue to be economic benefit from MAPs The project has been addressing the issue of promotion? price fluctuations to try to maximize local benefits collector and trader As a livelihoodstrategy, MAPscultivation and by organizing groups and strengthening the links between harvestingmust generatesufficient subsistence them. The first is to a and economicbenefit. This economic benefit strategy promote group marketingapproach by the MAPs-CGs, so that will come through the sales of cultivated and collectivelythey will have higher bargaining wild MAPs, through income generating power to get abetter price. activities by the CGs, and from employment opportunities that lastbeyond the project (e.g. The project has also supported and facilitated nursery or plantation management).From an dialogues and discussions among collectors, economic sustainabilityperspective, there traders, VDCs, DFO and other relevant must be sufficient sustained benefit to the institutions. As a result 3 NTFP networks collectorsand the local traders. The project is covering 5 VDCs have emerged with the looking at strategiesto enhance this benefit. objectivesof:

113 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

i. promoting group approach to marketing, or toreduce the time or efforttaken to produce ii. regulatingharvesting within theusers and ahigher quality MAPproduct. To date, IUCN's ensuring the exclusionof outsiders, projecthas onlyaddressed this ina modest way. Solardriers havebeen introduced to speed up iii. educating the collectors on sustainable drying of certain MAPs (e.g. ginger and other harvestingand post harvestingtreatments. rhizomes).This increases their quality (which should lead to from This network will soon begin its activities. a higher price traders) and also reduces the weight (thereby easing the A Trader's Cooperativehas also been formed burden of transferring them to the traders). that has 9 members from the MAPs traders of Exploringother ways ofvalue-added processing all six VDCs and is known as "Shubha Laxmi mayrequire more attention in the future totry Jadibuti Byapari Samuha". The objectives of to increasethe return to collectors. this cooperativeare to: Ourwork underthe project withthe collectors i. take measures to ensure fair price to and traders indicates that the unsustainable collectors, harvesting practices are not always caused by the ii. enhance capacity of collectorsfor quality ignorance of collectors. Most of the products procurement and sustainable collectors are aware of traditional harvesting harvesting, practices that might need some modifications, yet are more or less responsive to the iii. eliminate competitionwithin traders, reproduction needs of different MAPs. The iv. developmechanisms to discourage outside problem however, lies in the opportunities of traders who occasionallyintervene inthe the financial returns from the harvesting. In area. general, sustainableharvesting methods require more careful efforts and therefore take more This cooperativeis newly formed and has not time. Yet this extra time is notreflected by the yet started its activities. purchase rates. For example,Tejpat is sold ata lower if the leaves The overall aim is to strengthen local price are still on a branch, institutionalnetworks that increase the benefits butthe price difference for separatingthe leaves to local collectors and local traders. It is too is notgreat. It is not surprising, therefore,that soon to gauge the effectiveness of these collectors do not always use their skills of networks. The integration of the MAPs-CGs sustainableharvesting. Currently, marketprices within CFUGs should further facilitatebetter for certain MAPs serve as a disincentive for prices to collectorsas theycan selltheir MAPs sustainable harvesting. Given the power of usinga group approach. economic return, we need to look at MAPs pricing to find an economic incentive for Another strategy to address the low return for collectors to regularly adopt sustainable MAPs is to focus on value-added production harvesting practices.

114 CommunityBased Approaches to Conservation And Management of MAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods

Because royalty rates on MAPs are linked to once the value of the MAPs becomes evident, theirlocation, tenure issues also affect the price particularly whenthe plantations are ready to received by collectors. In general, MAPs be harvested, that powerful members of the collected from community forests, legally- community will try to divert some of this registered private forests and homesteads are benefit, or threaten the livelihood security of not subject to royalties, while those gathered the groups who have cared and nurtured the from government-managednational forestsor plants over the years. This isparticularly a risk unregistered private lands are subject to for groups who lack secure tenure. royalties.One problem with thissystem is that it is difficultto trace the origin of the MAPs — In absence of the tenure rights, collective collectors may falsely claim their origin, or actions are unlikely to generate any tangible government regulators may not believe the benefit to the groups. The thrustof the project collectorsand impose aroyalty. Country-wide in its initial years was to identify vulnerable standards for which species are subject to groups of people depending on and/or royalties are difficult to be setin part because interested in MAPs promotion as a viable origin is also site-specific.For example,Tejpat livelihoodoption. Suchgroups of landless and and Rittha are not available in the national poorwere identifiedand involvedin protecting forests of our project area and therefore they their surrounding forests while concurrently should beexempt from aroyalty, yet itis levied establishingand managingMAPs plantations. on them. When a royalty is paid, this cost is It was realized later that most of these lands typically bornby the collectorin the form of a are either national forests or owned by the reduced price. A District-based system is VDCs. The groups were at risk of losing the required to identify the source of MAPs and right to benefiting from their plantations, apply royalties in. a transparent manner. especially if those plantationswere seen to be Furthermore, support is required to facilitate of high value. At a minimum, without being registration of private forests as an incentive formally registered, they would be subject to for farmers to raise and manageMAPs in their royalties that would limit their financial private property without being subject to returns. royalties.Not only will this increase the price received by farmers, but it will reduce In 2003 the project started initiating and pressures on forests. facilitating the integration of the MAPs-CGs into CFs and LhFs to secure their tenure. ii) Social and Institutional perspective — Several MAPs-CGs could be brought together Willthe poor and dalits continue to reap with others to integrateinto an existingCFUGs the benefits once the MAPs are harvested? or tocreate a newCFUG or LhFUGs. There are 22 CFUGs withhanded over CFs inthe project If MAPs areto be apro-poor livelihood strategy, area and an additional 4 CFUGs are in the the benefits must continue to reach the poor process of handover. To date, 29 of the 54 or other Onerisk isthat disadvantagedgroups. MAPs-CGs have been incorporated into 15 of

115 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

these CFUGsand an additional 3 are inprocess. timber. With the anticipated future benefits The intentis to integrateall remaining MAPs- from MAPs, now even the landless, poor and CGs into some form of secure tenure. dalit groups of the communities have shown keen interest in CF management. TheCFUGs have agreedto honor the exclusive ownership and management rights of the To date therehas been little resistance faced in MAPs-CGs over the future benefits of their integrating the MAPs-CGs into CFUGs. plantations. The CFUG will receive a fixed However, in some areas, users wanted to percent of the net income generated (roughly separate the groups according to caste, 10%). This is seen as a win-win situation as indicating that there remain social barriers to the MAPs-CGs receive secure tenure for their fullintegration of sociallymarginalized groups. plantations, they will not be subject to the In this case, LHF is being exploredas anoption royalty and theynow enjoy the fullrights and for securing tenure rights for the dalits. responsibilitiesregarding other CFresources. An additional benefit of linking with the CFUGs is In addition to securing benefit agreementsfor the increased ability tomonitor and the poor andlandless, this strategyfocuses on regulate MAPs harvesting practices by the increasingthe production of MAPs within CFs. group. A MAP management committee has been established as The experience from CF practices all over asub-committee of the CF executive Nepal shows that CFUGs are less able to committee.This provides awindow to increase the of dalits address the livelihood and poverty issues of participation women, and the as the harvesters of all involvedif itsmanagement focuses only on poor, prime MAPs, in roles in CFUGs. Not basic forestryneeds e.g fuel wood,fodder and decision-making only should this enhance the relevance of MAP timber. There is often little point for the decisions, but it an landless and poor to participate in CF management provides for of these management since those with farm land and opportunity empowerment groups who particularly lack a voice in far western livestock tend to benefit most. With a greater Nepal. emphasis on MAPs production, the landless and land poor dalits be more including may The focus of the project. has now shifted to interested in involved in CF being assistingwith the integration of MAPs intoCFs Our initial management. experience suggests to test whether MAPs can enhance forest this is the case. Before the there were project, production and providepro-poor benefits. As 18 CFs in 5 VDCs of the area5. In only project this is essentially about empowering the in CF was limited to past, participation disadvantaged groups, this needs to be general assembly meetings and on harvesting supported and monitored to see that benefits schedules for the collection of fuel wood and ofMAPs continueto reach thepoor and socially

5Gadsera VOC hadno CFin the past and isnow in the processof establishing 3new CFs 'which will incorporate the remaining 21 MAPs-CGs.

116 CommunityBased Approaches to Conservation And Managementof MAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods marginalized.If successful, thisexperience will topromoting monocultures.Once the benefits serve as a model that could be replicated are evident, valuable MAPs can become an elsewhere in the mid hills. As highlighted incentive for forestry management that above, the challenge is to ensure access by promotes a diverse and productive forest the poor and dalits to forest space (i.e. ecosystem.Such in-situ conservationwill also underutilized forest floors) for MAPs support gene pool conservation. cultivationor protection ina way that ensures The project's interest in MAPs-CGs their rightsto manage and benefit from these merging into existing or new CFUGs is therefore also a resources.The project expectsto come up with wayto encourage longer term ecosystem health some concrete learning in this line in coming and sustainability. Currently, MAPs do not years. figureprominently in CFUG operationalplans, and therefore, forests are not managed to iii) Ecologicalperspective — Will the MAPs conserve and promote high production of continue to be harvested in an ecologically MAPs. to the CFUGs focuses sustainable Support project way? on including MAPs in CF inventories, operationalplans andgroup processes.CFUGs Thefinal sustainability pillar is ecological— if can provide the local governance to MAPs prove to be a valuable livelihood systems better regulate whether users are harvesting strategy, particularly for the poor or MAPs sustainably.A group approach to MAPs disadvantaged,how can itbe ensured thatthey sellingwill hopefully also indirectlyencourage will be harvested in a sustainable way.What more sustainablepractices, as itis expected that is needed to seethese in the practices adopted groups will be ableto secure ahigher price for run, when there are so long many perverse the MAPs collected using better harvesting incentives?As the perceived andreal value of methods. MAPs increases,the pressures fromoutside the groups will also increase. Regulations, incentives and policy implications- some recommendations The project's strategy is to raise awareness of the benefits and techniques of harvesting Ourlearning so far in Doti indicatesthat policy MAPs more sustainably. As mentioned, this and institutional innovations are urgently needed has included training of group members and to create incentives for communities andin the and the production of sustainable harvesting particular poor sociallydeprived to get more involved in the sustainable guidelines in the local dialect for local groups of MAPs resources for their and CFUGs. The in situ areas serve to management livelihoodsecurity. This section sets out some demonstrate how MAPs can regenerate ideas for creatingsuch incentives. naturally if they are protected. While MAPs in underused or cultivating degraded Tenure and governance areas provides another source of income, it is more ecologically sustainable to support a Akey lesson ofthe projectto datehas beenthe diversity of MAPs within forests as opposed importance of securing tenure for groups that

117 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal promote MAPs cultivation. There is no point institutions such as CFUGs and MAPs trading trying to economically empower poor or networks. These guidelines would outline marginalizedcommunities if there is no legal appropriate methods for harvesting specific basis that willensure their rightsto accessand species and the steps to determine harvesting benefit from these resources. levels. These levels can be set and regulated by the DFO for the Districtor within CFUGs. Presently no governance mechanism exists for except CF to formally ensure any kind of Incentives for sustainable harvesting stewardship of those traditionally dependent on MAPs resources.Integration within CFUGs Recognizing that knowledge and skills for is agood strategybecause ofits provenabilities proper harvesting are insufficient to ensure for local level regulation and benefit sharing, these methodsare consistently used, additional and will be explored in more detail below. incentives are required. Although some However, in realitythe major portion of MAPs perverse incentives have been identified, a are collected from forests and rangelands more thoroughanalysis needs to be undertaken outside CFs. at a national level to explore and propose appropriatepolicy andregulatory mechanisms Althoughthey are supposed to MAPs regulate and positive incentives. This study would collection, DFOs lack adequate information examine both the economic and ecological about the stock, distribution and density of drivers for MAPs and propose mechanisms for different MAPs to be collected. Such determining appropriate prices that promote information however, is crucial for the fixing sustainable harvesting practices without sustainable harvest levels and regulating the distorting the market. MAPs prices need to MAPs collectionaccordingly. Alternativelocal reflect the additional time and effort invested levelinstitutions need tobe exploredto fill this to harvest specificMAPs followingsustainable gap, and suitable incentives provided to harvesting rules. encourage themto play this role. Because of the criticalrole traders play inregulating MAPs The studyshould begin witha market analysis movement,it is worth examiningthe potential of existing MAPs programmes and examine if of NTFP Networks and Traders' Cooperative the potential price effects of increasing the for regulating and encouraging more nationalsupply of certain MAPs. This willhelp sustainable harvesting practices. assess the risks of the numerous MAPs the It should Sustainable harvesting guidelines programmesthroughout country. also explore the benefits of a national strategy Every district should have sustainable that coordinatesthe promotion of certain MAPs harvestingguidelines for all majorcommercial in different parts of the country. MAPswould MAPs tlat are traded from that district. Such be promoted in different regions based on guidelines should be prepared and widely ecologicalcriteria and to avoid over supply. Is disseminatedthrough different local level this advisable or would this degree of

118 Community Based Approaches to Conservation And Managementof MAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods coordination prompt market distortions and However it isclear that ifyou wish MAPs to be limit innovation? promoted as a pro-poor livelihood strategy, targeted efforts must be made to see that the A would examinethe second majorcomponent benefits reach these groups. In addition to costsand benefits of greaterregulation of MAPs specifically targeting certain groups and prices toensure greaterreturn to collectors who building their capacity, care should also be adopt sustainable harvesting practices. Price taken to identify specific species that are of regulation could include ways to either more interest to the poorer.For example,high increase the amount for the sustainably value MAPs may attract a greater amount of harvested MAPs, or could decrease the price attention fromelites andpowerful community for harvested until the unsustainably species members, and benefits could be diverted by price differential is significant enough to these groups. Landlessgroups are particularly encourage proper harvesting. vulnerableto this. An additionalstrategy being tested by IUCN is to promote ways for poorer Regulation could be coordinated nationally, groups to negotiate access to under-utilized through a certification and regulation portions of community forests for MAP processes, and administered through major cultivation. Clear agreementsare required to regional trading hubs. Alternatively local define rights and responsibilities in the mechanisms could be explored, such as constitution or bidan and to ensure long-term identifyinglocal institutions so that all major targeted benefits to poorer groups. players at district level including DDC, DFO, traders' andcollectors' associationsand district The group approachto marketing of MAPs has level FECOFUN coordinateto fix minimum a great potential for increasing the return to rate for all viable MAPs purchase commercially collectors and should be replicated in other of the district. areas, particularly through CFUGs or LhFs.

Promoting MAPs as a pro-poor The for MAPs - potential pro-poor promotion livelihood strategy getting the withindegraded or underused national forests benefit to the poor and socially should also be explored and appropriate disadvantaged policies established. This would benefit the Ourpreliminary project findings show that all poorand increase production from these areas. sectorsof society— poorest to relativelybetter This may be aided by establishing MAPs off, and all caste! ethnicgroups — collect MAPs. domestication and cultivation centers to We have yet to see major differences in the demonstrate to farmers whichspecies can be relative importancethat differentgroups place easily cultivated in their areas. The emphasis on MAPs as a livelihood strategy, or whether should be onstrengthening community-based specificMAPs bring greaterbenefits to the poor approachesto MAPs production inthese areas or disadvantaged. and fosterfarmer-to-farmer learning.

119 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

As a first step, it would beuseful to conduct a tenure for these groups. We needto learn from studyto draw the lessons from the experience this experience and make appropriate policy of many organizations as to which MAPs amendments to support these initiatives. This benefits the poor, how they benefit and what would include requirementsand guidelinesfor mechanisms support these benefits. integrating MAPs into inventoriesand OPs, and in particular to (i) identify ecologically- MAP PROMOTION WITHIN CFS appropriate MAPs that can be cultivated or promotedthrough in situ protection measures As stated earlier, the potential for MAPs in which areas of the forests, (ii) set targets! productionwithin CFs needsgreater attention. limits for MAPs harvesting based on existing Typicallyresource inventories are focused on diversity, distribution and abundance, and (iii) tree resources and often MAPs get ignored. establish group processes to regulate whether Operational Plans (OP) rarely pay adequate sustainable harvesting practices were being attention to MAPs management strategies. used and to impose penalty systems. Ifthis is Despitethe specific guidance of CF policy for meant to be a pro-poor livelihood strategy, catering to the needs of the poor and those systems must be established to see that these dependent on forest resources, the CF opportunitiesconsciously benefit these groups. institutional arrangements get tilted towards One example is by setting aside certain areas the needs and interests of socially and of underutilized forests for the poor or economicallypowerful people. The poor and disadvantaged to cultivate MAPs. Experience deprived generally get sidelined from the todate in Doti highlights theimportance of clear mainstream of CF decision-makingsystems. agreements on who isresponsible for managing Furthermore,it isincreasingly recognized that and benefiting from the cultivated MAPs and the to be many CFs could bemanaged tobetter increase plantations percentage paid to the CFUG. The CF or sub-set the productivity of forestresources, including management, a of MAP committee, would have MAPs. CF policies, processesand guidelines management need to be refined so that the social and the responsibility to gather and market the collectedMAPs toensure the best possible economic needs of the poor and deprived get price to collectors. priority without limiting the basic forestry needs of all CF users. This means a shift from ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS management for primarily subsistence purposesto also include incomeopportunities We in IUCN Nepal are grateful to the from MAPs. communitiesof six VDCsof Jorayal Range Post inDoti for theircommitment and contribution Thebenefit tested sharing arrangementsbeing in this collaborativeaction learning initiative. in IUCN's project between MAPs-CGs and Without their interest and involvement this CFUGs regarding MAPs production offer one partnership for learning would not have to enhance CF of possible way production generated the knowledgebeing generated. We MAPs, increasebenefits to the poorand secure are also thankful to Mr. Graham Chaplin, The

120 Annex la: Class wise distribution of IUCN working villages in Seti Project Area.

Out of total 136 villages of 6 VDCs in Doti District, IIJCN is working in 49 villages. In a PEA training. ( onducted in April 2003, Community iid u Mobil izerS and Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation Team calegoriied those villages in 4 categories based on the local i ators developed by themselves.

IUCN NON- TOTAL IUCN NON- TOTAL IUCN NON- TOTAL IUCN NON- TOTAL IUCN NON- TOTAL IUCN IUCN IUCN IUCN IUCN

Laxniinagar 2 4 6 2 5 7 3 5 8 2 0 2 0 0 0 hhattiwan 1 5 6 1 6 7 0 5 5 0 2 2 0 0 0 Gadsera 0 6 6 11 0 11 8 2 10 4 1 5 0 0 0 Ghanteswor 0 1 1 0 7 7 4 2 6 0 5 5 0 0 0 Nirouli 0 4 4 3 2 5 4 0 4 1 3 4 1 1 2 Saras.otinagar 0 8 8 0 7 7 1 2 3 1 4 5 0 0 0 Total 3 28 31 17 27 44 20 16 36 8 15 23 1 1 2

Percent 10 90 100.0 39 61 100 56 44 100 35 65 100 50 50 100

Annex ib: Common indicators set by the participants

Road access Agricultural land sufficient Very less agriculturalland Most people of this villages have for li elihood very less and unproductiveland Electricity Employment opportunity No education facility Big family size More Agricultural land Involved in income Big family size No education facility generation activities Education facility Education facility Unemployment No road access Market/Business Engaged in livestock raising Remoteness, Unemployment CommunityBased Approaches to Conservation And Management of MAPs For Sustainable Livelihoods

Livelihood andforestry advisor to IUCN Nepal for hisconstructive comments and suggestions in the preparation of this article.

REFERENCES

Kanel, K. R. (2001) Policy and Institutional Bottlenecks: Possibilities of NTFP Development in Nepal. In: Bhattarai, N and Karki, M. (eds). Sharing Local and National Experiencein Conservation of Medicinal and AromaticPlants in South Asia. Proceedingsof the Regional Workshop held at Pokhara, Nepal .International Development Research Centre (IDRC), New Delhi,India

Malla, S.B. and Shakya, P.R. (1986). Medicinal plants and vegetation of Nepal. Paper submitted to the seminar on the Ecological of Tropical Highlands, HMG,N/UNESCO, Kathmandu,Nepal.

Malla,S.B., P.R Shakya, K.R. Rajbhandari,N.K. Bhattarai, and M.N. Subedi. (1995). Minor Forest Products (NTFPs) of Nepal: General Status andTrade. Kathmandu.Forest Resource Information System Project Paper no. 4. Forestry Sector Institutional Strengthening Programme, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation,Kathmandu, Nepal. 22'pp.

Olsen, C.S. and Larsen, H. 0. (2003). Alpine Medicinal Plants Trade and Himalayan Mountain Livelihood Strategies. The GeographicalJournal 169: 243-254.

121 Annex 2: Participation in project according to class! poverty: based on well being ranking and indicators identified by the community 0

C

• Sufficient food with surplus • Sufficient for 9-12 months • Sufficient for 6-9 months • Sufficient for less than 6 months •Land holding more than 20 ropani • Land holding 10-20 ropani • Land holding 5-10 ropani • Land holdingless than 5 ropani • Average annual income More • Average annual income • Average annual income • Averageannual income than Rs. 22000 Rs.15.000-22000 Rs. 7,000-15,000 less than Rs. 7.000 • More than 20 goats • 10/15 goats • 5-10 goats • Less than 5 goats 2- • 4-5 Cows S 3-4 Cows • 1-2 Coss • I Co 0 IIJCN Involved I*ls 85 195 209 197

(12.31% of total IUGN 128.42 of total IUfN (30.46 of total IUGN (28.72 of total IUGN involved HHs) involved HI-Is) involved llHs) inolved HH5) 0. Non-IUGN FTHs 31 63 83 133

(10% of total Non-IUcN 120% of total Non IUGN (27% of total Non-IUGN )4396 of total Non-1UGN involved HHs) involved HHs) involved HFIs) involved HH5)

Total hills 116 258 292 330 9.

1296 of total IlIls 26% of total IllIs 29% of total lIlls 33% of total lills

0

C

0-

I-.- '5 0 0 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

0C 0 E I..0 a. 0C ci) C a) 0) ci) E U0 I- 0 0C '1, N 0 E C >

0. 0

ci) C

124 Annex 4: Community benefited (support from NTFP cultivation in 2003)

0n

C

a 'a a 0.

0 a n a 'a 0 0n a a 0 Annex 5: Expected income from MAPs plantation to the communities 0. NTFP plantation information of the groups a a '0 a a

0 hhatiwan 6 195 Tejpat 595 25 Lvs 14875 10 148750 'O l2brk 7140 25 178500 -n 0 Rittha 138 30 4140 8 33120

Amala 542 9 4878 7 34146

Sugandhakokila 143 55 7865 55 432575

Timur 74 1.5 111 95 10543

Amriso 100 lSSslips/ 15500 3 46500 plant Bhnjho 4800 0.15 720 27 19440 903576 4634.0 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs n Nepal

126 Community Based Approaches to Conservation And Management ofMAPs ForSustainable Livelihoods

127 ORGANIC CULTiVATION AND CERTIFICATION IN NEPAL Status and Prospects

Krishna Ram Amalya

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC thrive ifthey live inharmony with the delicate CULTIVATION balance of nature between plants, animals, earth and humans. Under organic farming he criteria for a sustainable systems, the fundamental components and agriculture can be summed up in one naturalprocesses of ecosystems—such as soil - which means I word permanence, organism activities, nutrient cycling, and adoptingtechniques that maintainsoil fertility species distributionand competition—are used indefinitely, that utilize, as faras possible,only as farm managementtools. renewableresources; that do notgrossly pollute the environment; and that foster biological The history of OrganicAgriculture spans over activity withinthe soiland throughout the cycles seven decades and is based on biological and of all theinvolved food chains." science and a bit of ethics, sociology philosophy.It started with Rudolf Steiner, an Lady Eve Balfour Austrian philosopher who conceivedthe idea that a good agricultural productivity can be The organic philosophy is that humans must achieved by working with the nature. He recognisethat humans can only survive and developeda formof organicagriculture known

128 OrganicCultivation and Certification in Nepal as biodynamic, meaning moving with life. Prohibitions: Nicholas Lampkin, another leading organic • Geneticallymodified materials agricultureresearcher defines theorganic farm as an organism in whichall the component • Synthetic chemical fertilisers parts — the soil minerals,organic matter, • Plantprotection chemicals microorganisms,insects, plants, animals and humans— interact to create a coherent whole. • Synthetic storage and ripening Organic agriculture also includes social Hormones,and considerations in its holistic approach • synthetic growthregulators recognisingthat peopleare as important as the • Harmful processingaids infood processing organic system. Soil fertility and nutrient cycles Organic agriculture adheres to globally consideredas accepted principles, which are implemented Soilis and in specific social, economic,geo-climatic • Growth medium for plants cultural contexts. • Water storage and supply BASOC PRINCIPLES OF site for materials ORGANIC AGRICULTURE • Decomposition organic • Anti-phytopathogenicpotential The following basic principles are (suppression of soil-borne diseases) tobe considered ciosely in implementing this Nutrient reservoirand system: • producer Nutrients supply Soil fertility The nutrient supply is maintained by • Sustaining and improvement of the soil minimising the loss of nutrients and keeping Plant protection themrecycling within the farm. • Biological plant protection through The the methods prevention following paragraphs give followedforproviding majornutrientsto the Animal husbandary crops: • Site and species appropriate animal husbandry Nitrogen balance Ecological This is done by Legume plantation,which will • Maintenance of the surrounding natural fix atmospheric nitrogen from the nodule landscape bacteria. Actinomyceteswhich are present in dead wood, soil bound Azobacter or Energy saving Beijerinckiabacteria, which live in association • Leastpossible use of renewable energy and with tropical fodder grass like Paspaluni resources notatum andother Gramineaeplants. In paddy

129 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for OrganicProduction and Management of MAP5/NTFPs in Nepal rice, the bacteriaAnabena azollae, whichforms Organic matter symbiosiswith the water fern Azolla can fix The benefits up to 400 kg of N per hectare. of organic matter in soil are so varied and extensive that it makes one think 20% of the soil surface under legumes in crop that the claims made are extravagant. However rotation or agroforestrysystems. it is true. The following are some of the important benefits of organic matter: Phosphorous • Source for N Enzymes and plant acids from the organic matter achieve solubilization of the insoluble • Major source of availableP and S phosphates inthe soil, which would otherwise be unavailableto plants. Water soluble • Assist inthe growthof soil micro-organisms phosphatefertilizers are notused. Groundrock • Contributes to cation exchangecapacity to phosphate or basic slag are applied either to the extent of 30 to 70 % of the total. CEC is the field or added to the compost heaps. an essential factor for the availability of Potassium cations. Cationslike K+, Ca2+, NH4 + will notmove far in the soil beforelarge portions Potassium is easily leached out from sandy of them adsorbed to the exchangesite. soils, whichcontain little organic matter. The followingstrategy is adopted to make enough • Increases the moisture holding capacity of of it available to the crops. the soil

• Regular applicationof organic matter, which • Organic matter acts as a chelate, a ligand the improves absorptionof potassium inthe that canbond to ametal. This phenomenon uppersoil layers, where it can be reached assistsin the mobilizationof micronutrients. by the plant roots. • Reduces erosion, shades the soil. • Using deep-rooted plants as a part of the crop cycle to mobilize K in the lower soil Production oforganic matterlocally layers. Organicsystem is based on productionand use • Using plants with in mixed high K-uptake of organic matter locally. The farmer has to cultivationsystems. produce enough organic matter for the crops on • A permanent mulching layer in order to the available area. He/she has to take the reduce the leaching of K. followingmeasures:

• Addition of potassium rocks or wood ash • Cultivation area covered the whole year in case of severek deficiency. round.

130 Organic Cultivation and Certification in Nepal

• Green fallowperiods/legumes into the crop raised dairy animals must have access to rotation pasture, the outdoors, shade, shelter, exercise areas, fresh air, and direct sunlight suitable to • Forage cultivation into the crop cycle. their stage of production, the climate, and the • Developmixed cultivation systems environment.Growth hormones or antibiotics are not permitted. Preventive medical cares, • In permanent cropping,provide a sufficient such as vaccines, and dietary supplements of numberof leguminous trees and shrubs. vitamins and minerals are provided. • Alleycropping with leguminousplants such as Leucenea. Thesystem believes on Optimum performance in opposition to maximising short-term Prohibit of the residue • burning crop performance. • Crop residue is left on the soil surface or mulched inthe upperlayer of the soil or as Composting fodder!bedding for animals or useddirectly Composting is considered as an essential as compost material. element of this system.This is the process that takes back the nutrients tothe productioncycle • When the organic matter is burnt as fuel, and makes them available to the the ash is fedback in the nutrientcycle via plants. conditions favorable for compost. Compostingrequires microbial growth. Aerobic decomposition is Livestock and animal husbandry usedto prevent formation of odiferous products and toxic such as and Enables the recycling of organic matter for gases ethylene, plant toxic acids and to increase the rate of optimizing the agro-ecosystemse.g. through the use ofcrop residue as fodder for the animals decomposition. For optimum decomposition, and by using the animal dung for the crops. the material should be kept moist and warm Thenumber of animalskept by a farm depends and with sufficient nutrient. upon the fodder available or the area used for methods of are the production of the fodder. Many composting practiced. Somemethods use inoculums,compost fleeces, Thefollowing conditions are tobe met under and addition of clay at 10% by volume, the the system: additionof finishedcompost at 10% by volume andthe inclusion of crusher. Temperature and Healthy living and feeding conditions C02 monitoringis also done regularlyby many The animals are to be provided natural compost makers. wholesome feed and fresh fodder not on hay alone. TheShed to live should beunder natural Use of earthworm in compost making conditions as far as possible. All organically (vermiculture) is also getting popular.

131 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Biological plant protection and - Neem seed kernel extract control of weeds: - Plant and animal oils Organic System is based on the principal prevention than curing MARKET OF ORGANIC PRODUCTS Biological prevention resorts to the use of predators and crop rotations, planting of trap Organic agriculture is currently practised in over 120 countries. In number of crops, mixed cropping, etc. a European countries such as Austria, Sweden, Weeds are also controlled to a great extentby Switzerland, etc., organic agriculture now crop rotation andby mulching.In caseswhere accounts for around 10% of farmed land. Italy leads the with over they persist mechanical and manual method way 50,000 certified organic of removal is used. Use of weedicides is farmers.Australia has the largest area of land converted with 1.7 million certified prohibited. organic hectares. Methodsfollowed: Hundreds of thousands farmers in the world • Creation of wide variety on the farm developing practise organic farming. Organictrade is also rapidly growing. For more • rotation tobreak life of and Crop cycles pest than a decade it has achieved annual growth diseases rates of 20-30%. In a number of food sectors • Planting of hedges and tress to provide (most notably baby food) organic has moved from niche to mainstream shelter for predators of insects markets in many countries. • Selection of resistant andhealthy varieties The worldwide value of trade has • Support of healthy soil organic doubled in the last 3 years and reached an Allowed correctivemeasures: estimated25 BillionUS Dollars inthe year 200. In the year 2000the turnover in the European • Release of beneficialorganisms: market was 5.6 billion US $. - Broad spectrum predators USDA estimates: U.S. certified organic - Pathogens for insects like Bacillus cropland doubled between 1992 and 1997, to thuringensis, var. kurstaki, 1.3 million acres. The figures of trade for the 1999and 2000 are 1 Helicoverpanuclear year 1990, 1996, Billion, $3.3 billion, $6.5 billion and $7.8 billion, - virus Polyhedrosis respectively. Thegrowth is equal to20 percent or more annually since 1990. The Japanese • of botanical insecticides,such Application market for organic products was estimated at as: between $3.7billion and $4.5 billion last year, Pyrethrum extract comparedwith $1.5 billion five years before.

132 OrganicCultivation and Certification in Nepal

PREMIMUM FOR ORGANIC Products derived from GMOs are explicitly PRODUCTS & REGULATIONOF excluded from organic production methods. TRADE Theregulations also include importsof organic Thepremium price for organic productsis from agricultural products from third countries criteria and control 20 % to 80 % over that of conventionally whose organic production have been recognised by theEU as their produced products. This situation can tempt systems equivalent. traders and producers to pass conventional products as organic. In order for the organic Certification in the USA farming to enjoy the confidence of consumer, inthe 1970'sPrivate to fraudulent claims to status early organizations, mostly prevent organic certification is to ensure the nonprofit, began developing regulations required standards.In the late 1980's some States authenticity of organic farming methods for began offering organic certification services. for the and production, labelling, processing The Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 - are now marketing of organic products. There national standards for organically produced regulations covering production and quality commodities, USDA promulgated final rules enforcedin all of the aboveregions. These also for implementing this legislation in govern imports of organic products into the December 2000.USDA is currently markets of most regions. implementing these organic regulations, and all agricultural products that are sold, Europe labeled, or represented as organic must be in compliance with the regulations after RegulationEEC No. 2092/1991] was drawnup the 18-month transition period is completed in Since its in 1991 and, implemented 1992, in October2002. implementation many farms across the EU have been converted to organic production Organically produced food cannotbe produced facilities.When farmers wishto claim official using genetic engineeringand other excluded recognition of their organic status, the methods,sewage sludge, or ionizingradiation. national list conversionperiod is a minimum of two years These standards include a of and before sowingannual crops and threeyears in approved synthetic, prohibited substances for use in the case of perennials. In August 1999 rules nonsynthetic, organic production and handling. on production,labelling and inspection of the most relevant animal species were also agreed USDA organic standards for food handlers EC N° This [Regulation 1804/1999] agreement require that all-nonagricultural ingredients, covers such issues as foodstuffs, disease whether synthetic or non-synthetic, be prevention and veterinary treatments, animal included on the national list. Handlers must welfare, husbandry practices and the prevent the commingling of organic with management of manure. nonorganic products and protect organic

133 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal products from contact with prohibited Its Major aims and activities: substances. The new U.S. Department of Agriculture Standards for Organic Foods are • To provide authoritativeinformation about stated to be fully implemented by October organic agriculture, and to promote its 2002. worldwideapplication.

To Regulation in Japan • exchange knowledge (e. g. via conferences,trade-fairs, and publications). FromApril 1st 2001, all agriculturalproducts (including processed food made of/from • To represent the organic movement at agricultural ingredients) labelled as 'Organic internationalpolicy makingforums (IFOAM (bothin Japanese and English)" must carryJAS has for exampleconsultative status with the Organic Seal on the products (in case bulk UN and FAO). products, JAS certification status should be declared on the invoice). • To make an agreed international guarantee of organic quality a reality. IFOAM • To establish, maintain and regularly revise People who believedupon the role of organic the international "IFOAM Basic Standards" agriculturefor asustainable and world healthy as well as the "IFOAMAccreditation Criteria formedthe InternationalFederation of Organic for Certifying Programmes". AgricultureMovement (IFOAM) meant for: • To build a common agenda for all • Leading, uniting and assisting the organic stakeholdersin the organic sector, including movement in its full diversity. producers, farm workers, consumers, the food industry, trade and society at large. • Worldwide adoptionof ecologically,socially and sound that are economically systems Memberships: based on the principles of Organic Agriculture. • Members (with voting rights at General Assemblies) can be acquired by: It has been formed as a democratic federation with all fundamental decisions taken at its Organisations, such as institutions or general assemblies,where its WorldBoard is companies, qualifying as being also elected. Members organise themselves "predominantly" organiccan becomemembers according to geographic regions or sector of IFOAM. Predominantly organic means that interests. The federation's activities are also more than half of the budget/turnover or carried out in various committees, working investment of staff time should be in the groups, and task forces. organic sector.

134 Organic Cultivation and Certification in Nepal

• Associates(same status as members, except organised as NGO. It has been conducting for votingrights): production of vegetableunder this system by local participation. It provides training and Organisationsand Companieswhich meet the conducts experiments on various aspects of requirements,but whoseactivities are not (yet) organic system. Theproducts from the activities "predominantly"organic. are marketed to interested consumers.

• Supporters:Individuals. The establishment of several NGOs followed this. Some of them are: Prior to the enforcement of organic law in European countries, USA and Japan the • Community Welfare and Development standards prepared by IFOAM and its Service, 1990 accreditedcertification agencies were accepted Service as the standards for trade inthose countries.It • Nepal Community Group (NCSG), 1992 can be said that the movementby IFOAM has initiatedthese countriesto have theirown Acts, • JajarkotPermaculture Group (JPG), 1993 and National Standards. Regulations • Environment Service Group, 1993

There arefive organizations from Nepal, which • Environment Service Centre, 1994 are active members of IFOAM. They are Some of the works, have done are: Permaculture Group, INSAN, EcoCentre, and they Formationof around 34 AgroforestrySections of UMN and CWDS. permacullturemodels; organizationof around 400 trainingworkshops, ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN where —100,000 farmers received training on NEPAL permaculture and sustainable agriculture.

Historical development There are now seven organizationsdevoted to total aspects of sustainable agriculture. Thehistory of sustainable agriculturein Nepal can be said to begin with the establishment of i. INSAN P0 Box 8162 Kathmandu, Tel: INSAN in 1986. This organization was 014497452;014496864 involved in promotion of Permaculture, a system akin to organic system. It provided ii. Grihasthashram (JPP) , Dhamboji, Tel: 081 621059 training,conducted research and publicity, and Nepalganj, promotedsustainable farming atfarmers' farm. iii. Ecological Centre, P0 Box No. 4, Narayangadh , Chhetrapur,Tel: 056 Another milestone in Organic Agriculture in 520574 Nepal is the establishment of AAA farm. This farm has been establishedby Judith Chase and iv. AAA, P0. Box 2008, GamchaBhaktapur, is agood model of organic farming.It has been Tel: 016631766

135 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement of MAPsINTFPs in Nepal v. U. S. C. Canada, P. 0. Box 2223, CWDSwasestablishedinlggoandis involved Baluwatar, Kathmandu,Tel: 014426378 in implementing Participatory Rural since 1991. It conducted vi. Sustainable Soil Management Project, DevelopmentProjects a National on P0 Box No. 2223, Bakhundole,Lalitpur, Workshop Regenerative Tel: 015521969, 01554391 Agriculture in during 5-8 October 1991. It is a full member of IFOAM since 1992. It started vii. Nepal Permaculture P0. Box Group, production ofEM in Nepalin 1996in technical 8132, Kathmandu,Tel: 014252597 collaboration with EMRO, Japan. It has establisheda private EMCO Pvt. Ltd., The following organizations are working on company, for and ofEM since 2001. certain aspects of sustainable agriculture: production marketing CWDS conducts training and extension of i. Nepal Institute of Agroforestry (NIAF), organic agriculture system and promotes EM. P0 Box No. 9594, Koteswore, Kathmandu,Tel: 014497672,01 4475043 Permaculture group: It is a networking of ii. LIBIRD, P0 Box No. 0615526834, organization like aimingassociations, which 0615532912 has been established with the objective of fostering sustainable agriculture. Ten such iii. Action Aid,P0 Box No. 6257, Lazimpat, associations are members of this Group. The Kathmandu,Tel:01 4410929 Chairman is elected for two years term from the member It also has iv. IDE, P0 Box No. 2674, Kathmandu,Tel: organizations. 015526221 individual members numbering 300. Eco Center v. ICIMOD, P0 Box 3226, Jawalakhel, a) Tel: 015525313 Lalitpur, b) ECCA EnvironmentConservation Consultancy Association Besides, other organizations such as Plan Care International, Nepal, UMN, Helvetas, c) JPP Jajarkot PermacultureProgramme GTZ, SNV, WWF, GARDEP, JICA, etc., are providingsupport tothis areathrough national d) HPGHimalayan Permaculture Group and local organizations. e) TOLl TeamOrganization for Local CWDC Initiative

f) LIBIRDLocal Initiative for Biodiversity Anotherorganization, which has beenactively Research& Development engagedin this activity, is CWDC(Community Welfare and that was DevaiopmentSociety), g) NECOS Nepal CommunityService Group established by an agricultural scientist, S. P Yadav. h) Nan Bikash Sangh

136 OrganicCultivation and Certification in Nepal

Permacultureembraces health, education, and When these products are to be marketed as transport along with agriculture. This is a organic,and when they are certified as organic, system that makes optimum utilization of there will be confidenceamong the consumer different available resources required for regarding the quality of the product. maintaining life. Its main objective is to Certification is obligatory for international establish capable base for sustainable market. The certification agencies need to be fulfilment of the requirement of basic accredited by the government of the country requirementslike foodstuff, energy, and shelter. where it is exported.

Certified Organic Production in Certified organic cultivationhas started in Nepal Nepal in 1995. National Association of SustainableAgriculture, Australia (NASAA) is The main objective of most organizationsin the first Agencyto be involved inthis activity the field ofsustainable agriculture in Nepal has in a regular way. It is a certification agency, beento help the farmersto have abetter quality which is accredited by IFOAM. It also issues of life and to stop the degradation of soil. A certificates for JAS and USDA specifications. studyshowed that only 16%of theparticipants Prior to NASAA, some other European of workshop had the same objective as that of certifying agencies also came to Nepal and the organizers —to sustain the agriculture certified some enterprises. These were not system. The actual percentage of the continued. Othercertification agencies are also participants,who would have implementedthe entering the country. idea,would be much lower. Thereason for the low could be lack of visible implementation NASAA has certifiedthe following enterprises: financial benefit from applying the methods. Benefitscould be attained only when the net 1. KanchanjungaTea Estate, whichhas been income is higher than from conventional cultivating tea in Panchthar Distrct since system. This could beby gettingpremium price 1995(75 hectaresin its own landand —50 for the products. hectaresin cooperation with small farmers in the northern part of the district). Awarenessamong the people on natural food and natural way of life is growing. Just like 2. ShambhalaHerbal and AromaticIndustry, naturopathy,natural food and organic food is whichhas beencultivating aromatic herbs gettingpopular among anotable section of the since 1995in Sunsari and SirahaDistricts society. It is now possibleto purchase food in (about 25 hectares). the market, which are sold as organic. The 3. Coffee in since are But the production buyers paying premium price. 1998 market is a niche one. For the products to be sold in the main stream market the premium 4. Guranse Tea Estate located in Guranese should be less than 20 % of the conventional near Hile in since 1998 products. (about 200 hectares).

137 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

5. Puma Kalash Traders in Kathmandu the south of Babiya, in Durmaha VDC on the valley, whichhas been tradingsince 1999 north of thehighway and in a community forest a part of the produce from Kanchanjunga in . Tea Estate. Thebuyer with the support of GTZ underPPP Shambhala Experience of programmefielded an expert from Bioherb as Cultivation advisorfor the strengtheningof the enterprise. Theyprovided training for the farmersand field Shambhalawas established in 1994with the staff through an expert from India and an support ofa German buyer, which ismarketing assistant fromNepal. It also provided training its products inthe Europe andother countries. to a senior manager in an institute in India. TheManagement of Shambhala implemented the system of farming under the guidance of Theenterprise is strivingto conductthe activity Mrs. Brigitt Boor from Bioherb of Germany, with the participation of the community. The whowas a regular visitorin connection with a policy that it is followingis: GTZ supported project in Gorakha district on domesticationof medicinal and aromatic • To purchase or lease land in the minimum Literature on the and plants. theory practice possible extent of the system was used for the work. The first area tried were some plots in Babiya and • To conduct cultivation in the enterprise Bhokra VDC in . A former owned or leased land as demonstration to employee of AAA farm, who had received the community training on the system in the USA was • To attract the community members to employed for running the farm. practice organic system in their ownfarm; The crops cultivated are: citronella, • To give a buy back guarantee to the lemongrass,palmarosa, and gingergrass corn cultivators mint, chamomile,holy basil and Frenchbasil. Accomplishment: The disaster of flood in Sunsari in 1996was a small farmers that have setback for the activity.The farm was flooded • Organized groups been and the standing crops were completely certifiedby NASAA destroyed. The local farmer who owned the • Built self confidenceto extend the activity farmland in Bhokra withdrew from the programme. It was inferred that lowlands are • Acquire the confidenceof the buyer not suitable for the It was decided to crops. Problems: look for a new land for the programme. Shambhala made trial cultivation is several • Lack of education and poverty. areas, such as Bhutaha VDC immediately on Subsequentlythere is shortsightedness

138 Organic Cultivation and Certification in Nepal

• Impression that application of inorganic STEPS FOR STARTING fertilizersand pesticides is necessary ORGANIC FARMING AND CERTIFICATION • High rate of pesticide application • Low land holdings Preparations Commitment of the farmer should be in total. • Very little area left for trees He/she should understand the requirementsof • Trees are considered to be encroachment the crops. He should understand the elements into cultivableland for cereals of organic farming.Then he should work outa conversion whichwill • Animal dung as fuel for cooking practical plan, comprise of: Harvest from the wild (wildcraft) • Selection ofcash crops and crops to support Rhododendron anthopogon and Abies soil fertility leaves and from three VDC in spectabilis twigs • Elaborationof a rotation plan in partnership with a local Fertilization source entrepreneur. • plan (compost, manure, for sufficient organic matter) The local partner was provided on - the - spot • Diversification plan: besides crops to be - training onharvesting so that the regeneration grown, integration of hedges,trees, etc. of the plants would notbe affected. They were also taught to keep the records of the area and • Identification of source of plant based the individual trees, which were harvested. materials and other treatment methods were made to overseethat the amount of They Documentation: leaf and twigs harvested from an individual tree/plant will not exceed the amount that In order for accredited agenciesto inspect and would prevent the tree/plant to regenerate. certify them, all processes of agricultural Regular cross checking monitoring was production,processing, storage, transportation and need to be documented in conducted. Similarly the enterprise organised handling a suggested manner. The aim of the plantation of fuelwoodtrees (A/n us nepalensis) documentation is to make the flow of product and Abies spectabilis. Shambhala as well as from field to the market transparent for the the local partner monitored these activities. certifying agency and for the controlling authority. Shambhalaobtained organic certffication of the area and the as toits exported product organic Steps: GermanBuyer. This activityhad to be stopped. Due to the lack of market response as • Appointments of a responsible person to anticipated. collectprocesses and record information.

139 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAP5/NTFPs in Nepal

• Introduction of a filing system should beused toidentify the lotsshowing the origin from the plots to the sale to buyer. • Introduction of a register of producers showingcode numbers, name, address and Management farms size, rotation system, inputs, yields, and maps. Excludedoperators and reasons When a commercial company is conducting for exclusion. its activity through a group/groups of small farmers,internal control system is applicable. For production: Its aim is to organise the contract farmers in a better manner and to give them definite 1. with identification Map number/codefor responsibility within the project. This will all plots comprise of appointment of a competent 2. Rotationplan for each plot coordinator, introductionof internal standards, tohave adocumented contract with the farmers 3. All farm activities such as sowing, for conductingcultivation in accordance to the plantation, weeding, irrigation, standards. The internal standards consist of fertilization, composting, pest control,etc. summary of international standards Origin and type of fertilizer and the adapted to the local conditions and to the substances used for pest control should compatible be recorded international regulations. This is written in local language for the local farmers. The 4. The origin of all inputswith documents contract will have a statement of commitment 5. All extension activities filled out in each by the farmer to conduct the cultivation in visit to the individual farm accordance to the standards and to allow internal and external It also has a 6. Contracts with the farmers inspections. showing statement of sanctions in case of commitmentto adhere tothe standards of noncompliancewith the standards. organic farming and also sanctions for nonadherence Extension service 7. Checklists and formats for internal Thefarmers receive regular training in organic inspection agriculture by local as well as external trainer 8. All purchases from the contract farmers as required. They will receive advice on the activities to be taken regularly and in case of For processing: only problems. All the of • steps processing showing the Internal inspection farmer and plot for the products All farmers registered with the commercial Forstorage, transport and sales organic companyneed to be inspected at least once a year. The report of the internal Registration of all incoming and outgoing inspection(audit) willhelp the externalauditor products is vital. A system of batch number in his work.

140 Organic Cultivation and Certification in Nepal

External inspection and certification 8. Issue of CertificateOf Registratrion The farms have to be inspected by accredited 9. Annual Re-inspection(or more frequent if certificationagency. This is done once ayear. deemed on the basis of risk Surprise inspection also is conducted. The necessary external inspection checks and evaluates the assessment) correctnessof the informationprovided by the internal control system. He checks the SUGGESTIONS documentationof the product flowand carried The reasons for of out spot checks to farm level to verify the promotion organic farming correctness of the documentation and are: functioning of the internal inspections. These are to be followed to comply with the • for improvingthe soil fertility requirements of control authorities. • fetch better return to the farmer Example of certification steps • reduce imports Most certifyingagencies will have steps to get For the domestic market national system of certificationsimilar to that of NASAA. Given certification be sufficient. But for the below are the instructions that NASAA has may marketin the Unionand given in its web page. USA, European Japan, where the demand for organic product is fast Steps for certificationby NASAA rising, the products will require certification in accordance to their regulations. 1. Read NASAA Production and/or ProcessingStandards The following activities are required for 2. Apply to NASSA promotionof organic cultivation in the country and certificationfor export: 3. Complete Questionnaire.

NASSA will then assess its inspection • Formationofnationalstandardfordomestic requirements and agree with you an market appropriateinspection deposit. • Research on the soil fertility, compost preparationat the farmer's level 4. Agreed payment is made and inspection is allocated. Inspection is completed and • Trainingof farmerson organic farming and report written. composting 5. Review Committee Inspection • Research on the biological pestmanagement recommendation • Development offacilities for soil analysison 6. Contract offered with appropriate a wide scale conditions and final account for fees

7. Return of signed contract and fees paid • Market developmentof organic products

141 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFP5 in Nepal

• Liaison with USDA, EU, and Japanese authorities on the certificationof Nepalese products

Finallymany agencies arealready active in one or the other of the abovementioned activities. These activitiesneed to be coordinated so that they can all be streamlined into a coherent effort.

142 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS AT DAMAN AREA IN NEPAL

LokendraRaf Sharma Kuber Jung Malla Mahendra Nath Subedi

BACKGROUND plants in order to control the further degradation of medicinal plants in nature if edicinal and aromatic plants in through herbal farms established at different V I Nepal are mainly collected from climatic regions of Nepal. Agro-farming V Lwild. The demandsfor some ofthe techniques for important species were items are very high in the local as well as developed and handed over to the farmers internationalmarkets, and the speciesare being residing in the vicinity of the farms. Some of over exploited.His Majesty'sGovernment had the farmers were attracted to cultivation of medicinal realized this scenario very early and had plants. The yieldhigh and low cost of were Herbal established Department of Plant Resources production encouraging. products have no domestic use for (then Department of Medicinal Plants) for the consumption as food, so the farmers did not conservation and development of medicinal take risk for the reason offood security. In spite plants under Ministry of Forests and Soil of the encouragingresult, thecultivation of the Conservation. Since its inception in 1960, medicinal plants in cropland was limited. of Plant Department Resources has been Cultivationwas done by unorganizedfarmers engaged, among other things, in the in small patches, which could not meet the domestication and cultivation of medicinal targeted result.

143 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

CommunityForestry Programme in Nepalhas economically viable managementof the forests. been globally recognized for conservation of The multiple use of forest principle has forests with involvementof local community. encouraged donors and INGOs to support About thirteen thousand forestryusers groups, national governmentalso for the development recognized by the forestry legislation, are of MAPs. This has resulted many NGOs and directly involved in managingthe forests and donor agencies to work together with the biological species in over 1.06 millions ha of communities inremote areas of Nepal for the national forests so far. This programme has cultivationand developmentof MAPs. This has benefited1,474,937 households(FUG database created congenialenvironment for Department record,Feb.2004). The Department was looking of Plant Resourcesfor increasing cooperation for suitable mechanism for introducing with donor agencies and community forestry medicinal plant cultivation in community user groups to work together for the cause of forests for poverty alleviation of the rural development of MAPs in Nepal and small peopleand realized that CFUGs could bemajor project is being implemented in Daman area viable partners for the above purpose. In the for the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic meantime, HisMajesty's Government formed plants. a high level Herbs and NTFP Coordination MODEL OF PROJECT Committee at the Coordination of Hon'ble Minister, Ministry of Forests and Soil Theproject is basedon participatory approach. Conservation, for the of Herbs development TheDepartment ofPlant Resources developed and NTFP in Nepal. Herbs and NTFP a proposal in collaboration with CFUGs of DevelopmentPolicy 2003, is being drafted at Daman andDANIDA funded Natural Resource the auspiciousness of the same committee, Management Sector Assistance Programme which cultivation of medicinal encourages (NARMSAP) for capacitybuilding of the forest in the forestland users plants through forestry user groups for cultivationof MAPs inDaman and other land for its groups private area. This project aims: commercialization. 1. To start a participatory programme with INTERNATIONALAND CFUGs in collaboration of DPR and NATIONAL SCENARIO NARMSAP.

With the of the International coming 2. To build capacity of CFUGs in cultivation conventionand treaties (CBD 1992, Agenda21, of MAPs/NTFPs for the sustainability of FAQ 1986) the old traditional management these product. concept of forestsfor the production of timber has been replaced by multiple uses of forests. 3. To make CFUGs self-dependent for the All these convention and treaties support production of seed and seedlings and for environment friendly, socially beneficial and marketing.

144 CommunityParticipation in Cultivation of Medicinal andAromatic Plants at Daman Area in Nepal

PARTNERS progressfor the managementof NTFPs in the forestin spite of having strong interest. One of In this context,participatory approach for the the identified causes for this is the lack of cultivationof MAPs incommunity forestry has knowledge and skill in the related field beenthought tobe beneficial tothe users' level. especially in cultivationaspect. Followingare mainpartners of the project. 2. Department of Plant Resources 1. Community forestry users groups (DPR) of Daman area The Department of Plant Resources is a This project includes 7 Community Forest Department underthe Ministry of Forests and Users Groups (CFUGs) of Daman Village Soil Conservation. TheDPR is organized intwo Development Committee. Daman Village divisions: the Natural Product Development Development Committee is one of the 42 Divisionand the Plant Research Division.The Village Development Committees of department provides services in the field of of Nepal and islocated at research and development of plant resources - 75 kilometerssouth west ofKathmandu valley in Nepal. The coordinated and multi- is connected by Tribhuvan Rajpath. The area disciplinary activities of the Department are rich in NTFPs/MAPs. Banmula (Dipsacus concentrated on: mitis), Bhyakur (Dioscorea deltoidea), Bikh (Aconitum sp.), Bisfej (fern sp.), Chiraito 1. Survey and collectionof plant specimens, (Swertia chirayita), Jiwanti (Epirnerantha identification and preservation at the macreai), Lokta (Daphnepapyracea), Majitho National Herbarium located at Godavari, (Rubia manjith), Satuwa (Paris polyphyia), Lilitpur. Sugandhawal (Valeriana jatarnansii), Tejpat (Cinnarnornurn tarnala), Timur 2. Maintainingbotanical gardens, germ-plasm centers and conservatories for (Zanthoxylum arrnaturn), etc., are important plant conservationin differentclimatic NTFPs found in different community forests diversity of of the area. Every year nearly 80 tons of regions Nepal. NTFPs have been estimated to be collected 3. from wild from this area and traded Conducting bio-technological research, especially tissue culture, to improve and towards (Kattel 2003). At this stage, raise plants of commercialand ornamental conservation and sustainable managementof value. these resourceshave been felt highlynecessary. Cultivation or enrichment of these plantation 4. Conductingphyto-chemical screening and is one of the towards sustainable species steps pharmacologicaltests. management. Many Forest Users Groups have been formed in this area but none of these 5. Developing agro-technology and providing groups have been able to make reasonable services to farmers about the cultivation,

145 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFP5 in Nepal

good harvesting practices and processing Funding of the medicinalplants. The major funding for the present project 6. Provide training and services on garden comes from the NARMSAP. His Majesty's development to interested farmers and Government, though Herbal PromotionProject entrepreneurs. of the DPR, also has provided some contribution to this project. 7. Germplasm conservation and research, documentation,characterization and field Monitoring gene bank activities. NARMSAPand DPR will monitorthe activities One of the Botanical gardens and in technical, financial and social terms. conservatories islocated atDaman, which also Problems will be discussed jointly with the conducts research on domestication of CFUGs. Proper evaluation will be made and medicinal plants. This botanical garden is necessary steps will be taken to mitigate the as one of the of this assigned partner project, problems. which is responsible for technical support for training, nursery development, cultivation, Activitiesof the project managementand good harvesting practicesof the medicinal plants. The activitiesof the project are divided in two phases: 3. Natural Resources Management Sector Assistance Phase 1: Programe(NARMSAB) After various discussions and consultations Funded Danish Government, the Natural by with CFUGs of the area, training on NTFPs/ Resources Management Sector Assistance MAPs was identified as the basic need for the is Program supporting Community Forestry management of NTFPs/MAPs. So for the first in since 1998. The Programme Nepal purpose phase it was decided to conduct training on of the NARMSAP is to the natural strengthen NTFPs/MAPs. The taken were as sector in steps being resource management Nepal. follows: The developmentobjective of the Programme is the improved livelihood of the people in • Selection ofparticipants from rural areas of Nepal. The immediateobjective communityforestry UsersGroups is improved management of the natural for training: resources, based on local participant and using sustainable social, economic and Selectionof the participants for thisprogramme environmental practices. The programme is was very important task. So a participatory expected to contribute to reduce poverty meetingwith ForestUsers Group members was by promoting the social and sustainable organizedin each Community Forest. District development of natural resources. Forest Officer ofMakwanpur was requestedfor

146 CommunityParticipation in Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plantsat Daman Area in Nepal coordinating the meeting for selecting the • To impart knowledge on identification participants basedon the followingcriteria: and conservation of locally available commercially valuable tradable MAP keen interest on NTFP • person having species. • person, who can devotetime in the work • To develop skill on nursery management, • person having basic qualification to read and write seedling propagation techniques, managementand good harvesting practices • Person, who has ability to lead other of important MAPs. members of his Community Forest User Group. • To involve them in the income generating • Training program: activitiesfrom the managementof MAPs in respective community forests. The first program was started from training. The objective of the training was: Participants: (see table below) a To build capacity for the usergroups on the The training was conducted from 6-20 May, management of MAPs in their respective 2003. Participants were trained in identifying community forests through conservation, local MAPs, sustainable harvesting practices, plantation, and cultivation of suitable conservation, nursery development and species. cultivationof MAPs.

Participants

There were 15 participants from 7 Community Forests (at least two from each community forest). Following 7 Community forestswere selected for this program:

I Aghore MahavirCommunity Forest, Aghore Namtar — 3 350.75 59 2 Jhirghari CommunityForest, Lamtar— 1 & 3 560 92 3 KarunabhumiCommunity Forest. Daman —6, 7. 8 & 9 988 549 4 Mahankalcommunity Forest, Daman — 7 358 177 5 Rikheshwor CommunityForest, Daman—4 & 5 122 260 6 ShidhakaliCommunity Forest, Daman — 6 83 275 7 SundariDevi Community Forest, — 9 100 200

Total 2561.75 1612

147 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

During the training period, participants and potential MAPspecies in consultation selected four potential MAP species for with CFUGs for cultivation and cultivation in different communityforests on management in seven community the basisof local trade and suitablilityin the local climatic condition. forests. • Nursery development: Development of Participantsalso targeted to raise seedlings of nursery ineach Community Forestry Users fourMAP species in the quantitiesgiven below for selected of MAPs with for plantation in 21 hectaresof the community Group species forestland. technical support from DPR

Seedlings of four MAP species

1. Swertia chiravita Chiraito 20,000seedlings 3.5 hectares 2, Taxus wallichiana Lath sallo 5,000 seedlings 3.5 hectares 3. Valeriana jatamansil Sugandhawal 35,000seedlings 7 hectares 4. Zanthoxvlurn armatum Timur 5,000 seedlings 7 hectares

Total 65,000seedlings 21 hectares

Nursery establishment: • Seedling production: RaisingSeedlings in each nursery based on the local demand Site selection for nursery establishment in 7 for planting materials. communityforests has beencompleted in joint • Enrichment or cultivation: effort of DPR and 7 Community Forest Users plantation will be in Group. Expert and technicians of DPR and Propagated seedlings planted forests areas of 7 selected CFs MountainBotanical Garden, Damanworked on community afterthe will the size the estrablishment of nursery. WINROCK seedling gain planting that includes cultivation as well as provided technical assistance to this work. enrichment plantation. Phase II: Conclusion: In course of the second phase of the project, the followingactivities have been planned to Integrating community forest with NTFP obtain fruitfulresults. activitieshas givennew opportunitiesto CFUG member to maximizethe sustainable use and Post-trainingprogram Management use of their community • Species selection: Selection of important forestland.It isassumed that the project could

148 in CommunityParticipation in Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants at Daman Area Nepal bereplicated to other community forestin the country;if itis accomplishedsuccessfully. The project could take the advantage of the countrywide networking the Community Forests having the NTFP/MAP management, development program. The farmers will be having off-farm employment through cultivation and processing of the herbs. Another important aspect is that community forestryusers groups, as anorganized group of farmers, will be capable of producing large quantity of MAPs so the price of the herbs, to some extent, can be regulated by the farmers themselvesas theywill be in position to bargain for the adequateprice.

REFERENCES

FAO,1986. Forests, Trees and People.Forestry Topics,Report, no 2, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization,Rome, Italy.

Kattel, L. P., 2003. A quantification study on Jadibuti trade from Daman and its adjacent areas (Makawanpur). In: Plant Resources. Bulletinno. 22. Departmentof Plant Resources, HMG, Nepal.

UNCED. 1992. Agenda21 .The United Nations Programmeof Action from Rio, United Nations, New York,USA.

UNEP. 1992. Convention on Biological Diversity, Nairobi,Kenya.

149 MARKETING NEPAUS NONTIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS Challenges and Opportunities

Rana B. Rawal

ABSTRACT Forest Products (NTFPs) as major challenges to maximize equitable economic returns. W geographical,allitudinal, and The existing support services such as taken I climatological conditions, communication, storage, organization, together with various local factors, transportation,and credit facilitiesare also the accountfor high species richness. Among 7000 addedchallenges of marketing systemin Nepal. species of plants recorded in Nepal, over 1624 species are of ethno-botanical NTFPs can provide a range of social and importance.However, Nepalhas notbeen able economic benefits at local, regional and to utilize them. General adequately lack internationallevels. Oneemerging opportunity of sustainable production practices, is through a system of recognizedcertification inappropriate harvesting and post-harvest whose aim is to optimize and maximize the practices, product adulteration,in appropriate economic potential of certain marketable value-addition, poorly organized marketing NTFPs, in order to provide a larger economic information price system, and lack of return from a given area for local growers and standardized production system has hindered collectors, without adverse impact on the internationalrecognition of Nepali Non Timber resource base. Appropriate policies and

150 Marketing Nepals Non-Timber Forest Products

do not know what regulation are very much essential in the However,most collectors NTFPs sub-sector to overcome the marketing products are in demand for what price, other challenges in order to reap the larger benefits. than the ones traded locally. There are no systems in place for them to acquire this words: Non Timber Forest Products, Key information. In recent years, the greater Marketing,Organic, Certification, Nepal. quantities of these plants, having medicinal BACKGROUND and aromatic properties, have been indiscriminatelycollected for export to India, In the Central Himalayas, Nepal occupies China, and overseas.Because of overuse,these a small area of 147,181 square relatively speciesare now in the depletedstage (Edwards kilometers in the northern part of the Indian 1994,1996a and b, Malla et al. 1995, Hertog sub-continent. In Nepal, with increase in 1995, Rawal 1995, Karki 1996, Sharma 1996). altitude, vegetationchanges its characterfrom and tropical, through sub-tropical temperate, Theliberalization of internationaltrade regimes to geographical, altitudinal,and alpine.Nepal's has created significantopportunities for, as well climatologicalconditions, taken togetherwith as challenges to, the sustainable use and various local factors, account for the richness conservation of forest resources. However, of Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) species. whateverinformation is availableindicates that is The flora of Nepal contains about 1000 the general flow of trade in NTFP species the resource-rich & economic plants species (14% of the vascular diverted mostly from plants of the country). These include 440 technology-poorsouth tothe biodiversitypoor world species ofwild food plants, 71 species of fibre- & technology-rich North. The total yieldingplants, 50 speciesused as fish poison, import ofNTFPs is of theorder ofUS $11 billion 30 species of fodder-yieldingtrees (Mallaand in terms of its value of which about 60% is Shakya1984). Among these, about 100 species imported by USA, Japan and European and AromaticPlants are of Medicinal (MAPs) community (Iqbal 1995). currently exploited for commercial purposes (Rawal 1995). This paper focuses on the marketing related challengesand opportunities of the NTFPs in Nepal is rich in traditional medicines. Nepal. This paper also covers the relevant Tibetanmedicines, Siddha, Unani, Ayurveda, issues on NTFPs as a whole. The reflectionis and Homeopathy have been Naturopathy, based on the lessons learned from past practiced for centuries. The major source of some suggestions on policy such medicines is plants and plant products. experience; are made for the living Therural poor in the mid hillsand mountains changes improving have been involvedin the collectionand sales conditions of the people through improved of these species since time immemorial. marketing.

151 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

MARKETING CHALLENGES OF unnecessary regulatory barriers. (The NTFPs support ofMAPPA-IIJRC in facilitating the establishment of Nepal Herbs and NTFPs About 90 percent of the total of NTFPs export CoordinationCommittee is remarkable in is still in the raw form. Local is processing the development of NTFPs in Nepal. This limited because of insufficient of knowledge forum canbe utilized in devising theNepal modern and the world market technology for NTFPspolicy) the processed products (Rawal 1995). • Some regulatory policies that are not andconstraints Marketingchallenges include: conducivefor marketing, andprovision on strict rule on export against advance • Inconsistent of raw supply quality payment or Letter of Credit has been materials, adding up hurdles inexportation of value • Scatteredsources ofraw materialsand the added products at importers preference. lack of marketing networks at the local • Lack of support services such as level.These cause availabilityproblem on communication, storage/warehouse, the partof buyers (wholesalers and/orfinal certifying agencies, organization and buyers), transportation and credit facilities play a • Inconsistent/irregulardemand for various critical role in enhancing local benefits raw materials on the part of buyers through marketing. (wholesalersand/or final buyers), • The technologyitself is a bigchallenge in • Inadequate knowledge of products and someof theNTFPs/MAPs based industries. markets on the part of collectors! For example,isolation of active chemical producers, causing lack of access to compoundsfrom essentialoils and extracts favorablemarkets and prices, is yet to be introduced in the country, because of lack of know how on • Lack of awareness and of recognition commerciallyviable technology. Nepal! NTFPs by international market organizations of environmentallyand • Unhealthy and tough competition in commercially sound. Minimum Nepal! domestic market for consumer products: attendance at expositions such as The country is importing many products international trade fairs and exhibitions from neighboring countries regardless result in poor linkages with related of its quality. This situation is causing international traders, tough competition with low quality low price imported products in the domestic • Lack of clear-cutpolicy on NTFPs so that market. there are irrational royalty fixation and collection, differentform of informaltaxes, • Limited availabilityof resource

152 Marketing Nepal's Non-Timber Forest Products

1. Over-extraction of NTFPs leads to tofacilitate local innovations, Atthe operational dwindling supply. level, the traditional separation between 2. Inappropriate NTFPs collection or research, training and extension must to facilitate interaction harvestingpractices is responsible for low disappear regular between production or even destruction. researcher and local communities. Duerecognition and reward of local initiations 3. Mortality of NTFPs by frequent fire and will go a long way to demystify research and indiscriminate collection. researchers and to bring scientific thinking to • Poor Marketing and Market Information the grassrootlevel. System • Issues on IntellectualProperty Rights (IPR) Inappropriate collection/harvestingand post- and Trade Related Intellectual Property harvesttechnologies result in poor or uneven Rights (TRIPs) quality, which is the major constraint to The concept of present Intellectual Property successful marketing.The lack of appropriate System has beenrooted since 19th century in market price information system at the rural, this modern world. It was initiated as aneffort district, regional, national and international to the interest of in level is also hindering the NTFP related promote private industry scientific and industrial An business. growth. intellectual propertyright usedwhen inventors do notwish Lack of • Institutional Support to patentin order to protect themselves from The limited skill and capability of collectors/ competitors. Unlike patents, these do not harvestersand processors are compounded by require that inventors register them and have lack of institutional support. Verylittle efforts no limit. This IPR is conceptualized in five have been made to improvethe level of, quality forms such as Patents, Plant Breeders'Rights standards and appropriate technology. (PBR), Copyright, Trademarks andTrade Secret. Nepal is very much silentin working in line • Lack of Linkages and Networking with IPR and TRIPs resulting very low A major drawback is the lack of linkages documentation system on the traditional between different institutionalinvolved in knowledgeand technologiesin the NTFPs. researches of NTFPs collection/harvesting. Interactionbetween relevant stakeholders such MARKETING SCOPE AND as, universities, research institutions and OPPORTUNITYOF NTFPs industries is poor, resulting in a substantial proportion of the research finding remaining The current global resurgence in the unused. consumption of 'green' products, especially drugs, flavors and fragrancesof natural origin • CommunityParticipation in Research have indeed amplified the scope of the NTFPs collection/harvestinghas failed to take utilization of indigenous or spontaneous flora recognitionof local technical know-howand as well as suitable exotic species. The vital

153 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAP5/NTFPs in Nepal question here is to tackle the situation • Many new diseases among the poorest due judiciously so that long-term benefits to microbialresistance and water shortage. may be enjoyedwithout any harm tothe fragile • for the Himalayan ecosystem. World Trade in More acceptances phytotherapy. Essential Oil averages over US $ 1.1 billion • Use of biotechnology and genetic annually or around NRs. 8000Crores (Principal engineering for the production of Aroma- Import Markets — EU, USA and Japan — Over based medicines (Cell culture, targeted 70%), (ITC, 1995). The entry of Nepal in the biosynthesis,etc.). WorldTrade Organization(WTO) and South Asian Free Trade would Agreement (SAFTA) • Demandof Aroma-based medicines for age- give a great opportunity to take the benefit in related diseases (autoimmune and and markets. The reaching regional global degenerativediseases). scope andopportunity inthe use of NTFPs are enumerated below: • Sourcesof newdrugs (especiallyfor cancer, HIV-AIDS, Hepatitis, etc. — e.g. Taxol from Plant are used as . products Taxus wallichiana).

— Foodstuffs In this era of the globalizationof economics — Fragrance, flavoring and spices and knowledgesystems, the fate of the NTFP isbeing determined as neverbefore, by millions — Perfumes and cosmetics of unseen hands, fromthose offorest collectors — Pharmaceuticaland biologicalagents to that of titans of food and drug companies — Neutraceutical sitting in far away places. The growth in demand for phytomedecine and natural — Industrial uses (Paints, Fiber, Paper products fueled by rapid populationgrowth in Tea, etc.) manufacturing, South, andhigh percapita consumption inthe North is outpacing the production of these a About 80% of the population is developing resources on a global scale. countries depend on NTFPs for their nutritional needs & primary heath, care, Benefits of appropriate certification of income activities generation (FAO, 1995) NTFPS

Over 120 from90 • compounds plantspecies NTFPs can provide a range of social and are available as prescription drugs. economic benefits at local, regional, and internationallevels. One emerging opportunity • Preventive herbal well being products or isthrough a systemof appropriatecertification medicines (intelligentnutrition, nutritional (organic, fair trade or eco etc.,) whose aim is to therapy etc.) will be more important — optimizeand maximize theeconomic potential Yarsagumba related products.

154 Marketing Nepals Non-Timber Forest Products of certain marketable NTFPs, in order to ECONOMIC BENEFITS provide a larger economic return from a given area for local growers and collectors, without NTFPs can provide a range of social and negativelyimpacting the resourcebase ofthese economic benefits at local, regional, and species.Appropriate certification doesn't create International levels. The intent of NTFP imbalancein existing traditional management certificationis to optimizethe socio-economic system, many of whichare based on complex potentialof certain marketablespecies, in order histories of bio-fertilizer use and belief in toprovide a larger economicreturn from agiven natural systems. Organic certification efforts forest area for local communities and forest attempts to minimize any potentially managers, withoutnegatively impacting local negativeimpacts of marketforces on traditional use of NTFP species. local use and management of resources by At some national and international building organic practices on local people's present, strength and developing necessary technical processing enterprises have been established and managerial capacity, required in the country.For example; a total of 39.5 tons infrastructure such as indigenous and of essential oils have been exported annually affordable system of certificationand quality from Nepal (HPPCL, 1999). There is a monitoring. promising market of NTFPs in Nepal because the traditional healing systems in this country While there are certain niches that can heavily rely on medicinal plants. The global potentiallycapture green premiumsas adirect marketfor Nepal'smedicinal plants is also large result of appropriate certification, it is likely because the developed countries have been that certification can be a tool for the better attracted to alternate medicines and natural marketing of already established high-value products (Subedi 2000).However, most of the NTFPs. Once certified,conscious consumer is established enterprisesin Nepalhave notbeen willing to pay a higher price for these NTFPs able to run at full capacity because of lack of (Hansenand Punches 1998). sufficientraw materialsavailable at affordable prices (Annex 1). At the same time the R&D Environmental impact of appropriate activities are minimal in the established NTFPs certification of enterprises in order to reap the expected economicbenefit from the NTFP sub sector. Certifiable NTFP management shall ensure long-term ecological viability of NTFP PRODUCT QUALITY AND populations. NTFP harvesting and QUANTITY managementgenerally have lowerimpacts on forest ecosystemsthan timberharvesting; but The marketsfor raw NTFPs materials outside care must be taken that species are not over Nepal have quality requirements. These harvested, andappropriate protection must be products offer higherprices only ifquality items provided for vulnerable species in residual (cleaned, dried, and graded products) are stands. supplied in large quantities. A very low

155 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal quantity of improvedproduct is of no interest small, collectors and even the intermediaries to outside buyers and even to the traders! are forcedto combinehigh and low qualityraw intermediaries supplying it. Even for large materials to obtain amarketable load. quantities, local and road-head traders show interest only if they know that the price Furthermore, addressingquality improvements differencesbetween India andNepal arehigh. at the primary level and at different levels to At present, collectors perceive a very low improve value addition (Total Quality incentive to invest additional labor inorder to Management-TQM, Good Manufacturing improve the quality of raw materials such as Practices-GMP)will benefit localcommunities, through selectingbetter seed stock,improving entrepreneurs as well as the end users. harvesting techniques or from value added activitiessuch as cleaning,drying, and grading. MARKETING CHAIN This is because many traders/intermediaries dealing at the village do not pay attention for In Nepal, market and trade channels of most high quality materials (Edwards 1996a). of the NTFPs follow the following pattern: Usually payments are made on the basis of forests/meadowsto hamlets to road head or weight or volume, regardlessof quality.Thus, local markets to larger regional trade centers improper harvestingand poor post-harvesting (such as Terai-based wholesalers) to India or practices affectthe quality of many NTFPs. other countries (Annex 2). This channel requires transit permits that often involves Some road-head traders have started to illegal financial transactions. differentiateprices for certain specific products suchas Ritha (Scipindusmukorossi), thoughthe The NTFPs collected in remote areas are price difference is less than 10 percent scattered at household and group levels and (Edwards 1996b). theirconsumption is in nominal quantities. In general, the demand for NTFP is from foreign Similarly, some buyers in Kathmandu and countries. Most of the products, either in raw Teraihave started to distinguishthe quality of or insemi-processed form, areexported to India Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) on the basis through legal and illegal routes. Export of ofseed sizeand maturity, harvest time, sources NTFPs to a third country (other than India) is of origin and price them accordingly. This is very small. The products are sold through a done for qualifyingsmell, taste, etc., and oil long market channel, which is inefficient in content to be used as spices andother specific terms of cost. The present trade channels do purposes. Thus, quality production at local not tothe collectors. These level isimportant for efficienttrade inthe long providegood profits rural markets have been for decades run. Unfortunately, information related to operating on a limited numbers quality is not well-documented and but are still dependent communicated to the collectors or to of wholesalers. The local traders are less intermediariesworking in remote areas. When competitiveand less informed.Consequently, the quantities from individual sources are they are more vulnerable to prices provided

156 Marketing Nepals Non-Timber Forest Products by the intermediaries.Some road-head traders collectiontake advanceloans at an interestrate in Central and Western Nepal dominate the of 3 to 5 % per month, and the products are collectorsand payless than halfof the current sold to the same moneylendersas the payment of the interest.The collectorsdo price paid at competitive road heads in the principal plus not obtain substantial benefits from the EasternNepal (Edwards 1996a). Thus, the trade marketingof NTFPs. chain of MAPs is quite complex. The NTFP-based cannot make MARKET AND PRICE industry without a free flow of market INFORMATION progress information.Therefore, wider disseminationof the market price of NTFPs at different levels The market and price information for NTFPs will benefit all stakeholders. If the collectors is not easily available in Nepal. Neither the cannot get such information,their bargaining government nor any other organizations power cannot be enhanced. In this regard, updates market and price information for EFEAhad initiated and developed a Market and NTFPs. Intermediaries control price generally Price InformationSystem for potential NTFPs information. Information related to is quality at the Mid-WesternDevelopment Region in not well-documented and communicated to Nepalgunj, in collaboration with Nepalgunj collectors or intermediaries.The mistrust and Chamberof Commerceand Industries and has, non-transparentnature of the pricing process, since 2000, initiated disseminationof market market and price control by few buyers, and price information at the interval of two artificiallycreated fluctuationin demand from months. This system needs to be linked with the buyers or processors, and the lack of the central level, and other regions such in knowledgeby the collectorsare the maindraw Kathmandu,Birganj, Biratnagar, etc., with the backs in the marketing of NTFPs. Market Information System recently establishedat the AsiaNetwork for Small-Scale Most of the individuals involved in the Agriculture and Bio-resources (ANSAB), collection of NTFPs are the members of poor Kathmandu,Nepal. families. Few wholesale traders in the Terai RELATION BETWEEN and major cities of the country not only MARKETING AND determine the price of the products, but also CONSERVATIONOF NTFPs supply the capital in advancethrough various channels to the rural collectorsat a very high Indiscriminateand illegal collectionof NTFPs, interest rate. disburse their cash to the They particularly collectionof premature plants for collectors well in advance of the collection economic reasons, is the greatest threat for period. Thecollected products ultimatelyreach conservation of the most traded NTFPs in these wholesalers.Therefore, there is a direct Nepal.Such collection is associatedwith rural link between the marketing of collected livelihood. As these products are being products and cash flow. Those involved in collectedhaphazardly in the wild, mainlyfrom

157 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

the government-managed forests, concerns China (Tibet). Most of the officials responsible have been raisedover how the plants havebeen for the control of illegal trade of NTFPs, such regenerated. For example, in Dolpa, Amchis as in the check posts in border areas, are not (traditional healers) do not know much about ableto identifyplants, their products, anduses. the specifics of harvestingpractices as dictated Consequently, information on NTFPstrade is by Tibetan medical texts. They also lack far from sufficient. Common issues such as information and training about sustainable uncontrolled harvesting and illegal trade in harvesting techniques, often picking plants valuableNTFPs transcendpolitical boundaries, indiscriminately(Gurung et al. 1996). and therefore requires joint action. This requiresmechanisms to developcommon legal There isa closerelation between the trade and frameworks and collaborative action on conservation of NTFPs. Nepal has a long enforcement. Trans-boundary conservation history of trade in medicinal plants (and their among Nepal, India, and China (Tibet) offers derivatives) and wildlife, between China and great potential for the conservation of NTFPs India. Since the year 600 AD, Tibet has had a from both production and marketing point of thriving trade in medicinal materials across views. Increase in communication, dialogue, borders with (Xiao et al. 1993, in Nepal Sung information share, and joint research; and Yiming 1998). Wildlife and medicinal coordinationin policies andlaw enforcement; plants found inthe are used HimalayanRegion and joint action on common issues could be in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicines effectivemeans for the trade and conservation in a major way. About 100 of species plants of NTFPs. used in Tibetan medicines come from Nepal and India (Yang and Chu 1987, in Sung and CONCLUSION Yiming 1998). For example, Yarchagumba (Cordycepssinensis) is one ofthe much-traded Nepal has a large potential for NTFP in local, species since long time. Though trade national and globalmarkets. This isimportant promotes economic development in border not oniy from their present market value but areas, it may also involve illegal transactions also from social and environmental in wild species. The international border perspectives.There is avast scope to improve betweenNepal and India is open tothe citizens the policy and regulatoryenvironment in this of these two countries. The control of illegal sub-sector to promote production efficiency, cross-border trade is vital for the survival of conservation, sustainable use and equitable endangered species that are vulnerable to sharing of benefits. Poor reconciliation of human activities. Beingsignatories of CITES, values, gaps and contradictions, both Nepal and India have the shared implementation irregularities, and more responsibility to control illegal trade of importantly,the defective policy formulation protected species. Similar is the case with process are unable to create an enabling

158 Marketing Nepals Non-Timber Forest Products environment to harness full benefits from up in order to have appropriate collection! NTFP sub-sector. harvesting, cultivation, and processing, marketing and end product development In spite of all these challenges,opportunities methods in the development of NTFPs in social exist to promote sound ecologicaland Nepal. practices in NTFP management and trade through market tools such as certification,and RECOMMENDATIONS their potential realization on practice could enhance to gain access to new markets. 1. Formulate Clear-cut NTFP Policy after consultation with relevant stakeholders The appropriate method of harvesting and (Holistic and comprehensive approach as post-harvesting techniquesand sustainable againstpiece meal approach). production and value addition techniques • Present Forest Act and Regulations need to (high value extracts, health related food be made simple and practical for the products, cosmetic product, etc., have to be utilization and developmentof NTFP sub- to maximizethe returns for collectors, adapted sector. entrepreneurs and users. • Royaltyrates needsto be revised based on Organic and certified production of NTFPs the judgment made at the extent of market holds great promises in promoting economic price of the NTFPs. Similarly, one section growth and social equity in poverty-stricken withthe provisionof benefits needed tobe but biodiversity rich rural areas of the added in the Forestry Act and Regulation Himalayas. wherever appropriate to encourage local in cultivation and local A has to be people promoting proactive marketing strategy value addition business. devised to realize bettermarketing. Provision revised for of capital tothe collectors,free flow of market • Export policy should be giving and price information, and clearly defined preferenceto importers choice. An export property rights are equally important. againstadvance payment or Letterof Credit Furthermore,there should bewell-established has been adding up hurdles in exportation market and price information systems with of value added products. better market channels at district, regional, • NTFPs based industries should be given national and level. global national priority to financing and export promotion. Thecomplex policy and week law enforcement system in Nepal needs to be rectified in order 2. With a view to eliminate the over- tohave rationalroyalty system, andtransparent exploitation of valuable NTFPs from the taxation policies and minimal regulatory natural environment, the Government of barriers. It isalso importantto have R &D back- Nepal should encourage Research and

159 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Development (R&D) on biology of plant • Marketing infrastructures such as species and high value product Godowns, Drying Yards, Quality Control development. Guidelines on the Facilities and Credit Institutions at the sustainable levels of harvest of various district, road head and regional centers species based onecological studies should need to be created urgently. be developedinvolving field-based. NGOs and local experts as well. 7. Need to document traditional knowledge documentationof NTFPs and work on 3. Build up reliable and transparent Market issuesrelated toIntellectual Property Rights Price Information System to enhance the (IPR) and Trade Related Intellectual linkages and to lead to unfair and Property Rights (TRIPs) for the benefit the inequitable trade practices between country and its people. processors, traders and collectors. The NTFP related marketand price information 8. Need to empower the entrepreneurs to systemcenters should be strengthenedand enjoy benefits of being member of the developed at the national level. World Trade Organization (WTO) and South Asian Dissemination of information generated Free Trade Agreement should bedone through IT, print, radio and (SAFTA). TV to ensure it reaches local collectors, 9. Trans-border cooperation should be producers, and other stakeholders. enhanced among Nepal,China, and India. 4. Need to identify different Quality • To control the illegal trade of rare and Parameters atdifferent stages of production endangered NTFPs; and value addition, as required by the industries and exporters. It is also • To increase communication and dialogue, necessary to set-up or strengthen existing collect and share information and private or government owned quality experience, conduct joint research, controlfacilities atthe central as wellas in coordinatein policyrelated issues, develop the NTFPmarketing centers of the country. common legal frameworks and enforce laws; 5. Develop Certification appropriate System, • To conduct collaborative actions on Nepalibranding, labeling and standardsfor commonissues on conservationand trade; selected products. • To develop capacity of the relevant 6. Facilitate support services such as authoritiesthat play a direct and important communication,storage, organization, role in monitoring and managing trans- transportation and credit facilities,which border trade in MAPs/NTFPs through play a critical role in enhancing local training programs for customs staff at benefits through marketing. border check points.

160 Marketing Nepals Non-Timber Forest Products

REFERENCES Forestry Working Group. The Business of SustainableForestry: Case Studies.Island Press, ofForest An Department (1999). Unpublished Washington,DC Report. Hertog, W.D. (1995). Trees and People in Department of Forest Research and Survey Balance: Forest Utilization in Salyan District. (1999). Forest Resourcesof Nepal.Department SNV-Nepal, Kathmandu,Nepal. of Forest Research and Survey, Ministry of Forests andSoil Conservation.Publication No. HMG and IUCN (1988). Buildingon Success: 74. The National ConservationStrategy for Nepal. Edwards, D.M. (1994). Non-Timber Forest Kathmandu: National Planning Commission Products and Community Forestry. Project and the World ConservationUnion, 179pp. Report G/NUKCFP/12, 36pp. HPPCL (Herbs Productionand Processing Co. Edwards, D.M. (1996a). Non-Timber Forest Ltd.) (1999). An Unpublished Report. Products from Nepal: Aspect of the Trade in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. FORESC Iqbal, M. 1995, A Studyof Trade Restrictions Monograph1/96, Kathmandu:Forest Research AffectingInternational Trade in Non-Timber and SurveyCentre, Ministry of Forests and Soil Forest Products, FAQ, Rome Conservation,Kathmandu, Nepal. Karki, S. (1996). Investigating Non-Timber D.M. Non-Timber Forest Edwards, (1996b). Forest Products (NTFPs) Opportunities in Products and Community Forestry: Are they Nepal. Nepal Australia Community Forestry Compatible?Banko Janakari 6 (1), 3-Bpp. Project, Kathmandu,Nepal 16p. EFEA (Environment and Forest Enterprise Malla, .S.B. andPR. Shakya(1984). Medicinal Activity) (1999). Annual Progress Report Plants. In: T.C. (ed.),Nepal: Nature's (1997/98), New ERA, Kathmandu,Nepal. Majupuria Paradise. Bankok, Thailand: White Lotus Co. FAQ bulletin, 1995 Ltd. 261-297pp.

Gurung,A. T.N., A. G. G. Lama, K. K. Shrestha, Malla,S.B., P.RShakya, K.R. Rajbhandari,N.K. and S. Craig (1996). Medicinal Plants and Bhattarai, and MN. Subedi. (1995). Minor Doctors in Traditional Shey-Phoksundo Forest Products (NTFP5) of Nepal: General National Park and Other Areas of the Dolpa Status and Trade. Kathmandu.Forest Resource District. WWF Nepal Program, Kathmandu, InformationSystem Project Paper no.4. Forestry Nepal. SectorInstitutional Strengthening Programme, Hansen, E. and 3 Punches. 1998. Collins Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, pine:Lessons from Pioneer' Sustainable Kathmandu,Nepal. 27pp.

161 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFP5 in Nepal

Rawal, R. B. (1995). Constraints in the Utilization of the Himalayan Medicinal Developmentof MAPs in Nepal: Voices from Resources". Organized by DPR-HMG, Nepal the Field. Riper presented during the writing and Society for Conservationand Development workshop organizedby the East West Center, of HimalayanMedicinal Resources, Japanheld Hawaii,USA. inNovember 8-10, 2000in Kathmandu,Nepal.

Sharma, P. (1996). Non-Wood Forest Products Sung, W and Li Yiming (1998). IllegalWildlife and Integrated Mountain Development: Trade in the Himalayas. In: EcoregionalCo- ObservationsFrom Nepal. Business Seminar operation for BiodiversityCooperation in the on Medicinal Herbs,Essential Oils and Other Himalayas. Report on the InternationalMeeting Non-Timber Forest Products held in on Himalayan Ecoregional Co-operation. Kathmandu, December 1996. DEG/N6CCI, UNDP inco-operation with WIATF andwith the llpp. assistance of ICIMOD.

K. Shrestha, K. et a! .(2001). Medicinal and Xiao, H. Y., Z. D. J. Zhuo, and M. Nm (1993). Aromatic Plants Database of Nepal Tibet: Border Trade Construction and (MAPDON), ESON, Kathmandu,Nepal IndividualPrivate Economic Development. Tibet People Press, Lhasa (In Chinese). Subedi, B. P.(2000). Policy and Regulatory Environment for the Conservation and Yang, J. S. and C. J. C. Chu (1987). Tibetan Utilizationof Himalayan Medicinal Resources Medicines.Yunan Nationality Press. Kunming in Nepal. Riper presented at the "Nepal-Japan (In Chinese). Joint Symposium on Conservation and

Annex 1 Major NTFP related enterprises in Nepal

SinghDurbar Vaidyakhana, Medicinal plants Avurvedic medicines Production and sales SinghDurbar, Kathmandu.

Herbs Production & Medicinal and Fssential oils, herbal Production domestic Processing Co Ltd., aromatic plants extracts, herbal care, sales, and export Koteshwar, Kathmandu rosin and turpentineoil

Everest Herbs Processing Medicinal and Herbal products, Production domeshc Pvt. Ltd, Buddha Nagar, aromatic plants essential oils and sales and export Kathmandu herbal extracts

Royal Drugs Ltd. Babar Essential oils and Allopathic medicines Production and Mahal, Kathmandu. medicinal exiracts of distribution medicinal and aromatic plants

162 Marketing Nepal's Non-Timber Forest Products

Shri Krishna Medicinal plants Ayurvedic medicines Production and sales Aushadhalaya, Keltole, Kathmandu

Unani Aushadhalaya, Medicinal plants Unani medicine Production and sales Bagbazar, Kathmandu Natural Products Industries,Chanauta, Medicinal and Essential oils and Productionand KrishnaNagar aromaticplants extracts export HimalaranGinger Medicinal and Essentialoils Productionand Gorkha aromaticplants export Gorkha Ayurved Co., Medicinal plants Ayurvedic Production and Chhetrapati.Kathrnandu medicines export Kunfen Aushadhalaya, Medicinal plants Tibetanmedicines Productionand Chhetrapati,Kathmandu sales Dabur Nepal, Tinkune. Medicinal and Herbal medicines Productionand Kathmandu aromaticplants and cosmetics export Nepal Lever Ltd. Hetauda Aromatic plants Cosmetics Productionand export cosmos Herbal Pvt. Ltd. Medicinal and Herbal medicines Productionand Baluwatar, Kathmandu. aromaticplants and cosmetics export Communitybased local Medicinal and Essential oils Productionand processingunits in Jumla, aromaticplants Massage sales Dolpa, Dolakha and Lalitpur-14 units Vaidyas, Dhamis and Medicinal and Tradilional Practitioners Jhankris aromaticplants ayurvedic preparation Nepal Rosin & Pine trees Rosin and Productionand TurpentineCo. Ltd. Turpenlineoil export Dhangadhi, Nepal LuxmiRosin & Pine trees Rosin and Productionand TurpentinePvt. Ltd., Turpentine export Nepalgunj

AcmeRosin & ., ,, TurpentineCo.

SuryaRosin& ,. ,, TurpentineCo.

163 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for OrganicProduction and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Annex2

Guthichyau— Himalayan Morel Mushroom (Morthella conica)

Traditionally localpeopie m the high mountainswere harvestingor collecting Guchichyanfor 1oa1 use as y asubstitute of vegetable and as adelicious food stuff but this practice is not very common now a days because oLtts increasingmarket dentand and thus it // is mostly sold to traders and ultimately exportedto internationalmarket Guchichyau is consumed for • '> / 1 the preparationof delicious food (from theHimalayas) inexpensive international star hotels andre taurants ,> 4) mostly in Europe and Japan (Market Study EFEA, 1ç J 1997) j/' 7 ;/ >

4/4/ Present marketingtrend %Ir) / 77 The trade of this Guchlcbyau started recently Accordingto the traders, more than 5 tans (dry) every year could be A '/' easily collected from the Karnah Zone for the business. Because of increasing demand in 4 international market, many traders even from Ka hmandu go to 4j, A1I4 different part of Karnall Zone like,Dolpa, 7'4A: Humla, Mugu, Juiüla to buy this product for the export Obviously the sellingprice is varied at differentmarket centers. r' A#

164 COMMERCIALIZATION OF MEDICINAL, AROMATIC AND OTHER NTFPs IN NEPAL Self-Reflections and Cross Learning

Madhav Karki Arun Nagpal

INTRODUCTION (Soapnut or Ritha), and dye plants like Woodfordia fruticosa,Acacia catechu, Albizia bout 1624 plant specieshave been and Erythrina spp. are the other major groups recordedas Medicinal and Aromatic of plants collectedand traded from the middle lants in Nepal (Shresthaet al. 2000). and foot hill rergions. More than 100 species of Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are harvested from middle Most high-value MAPs are harvested hills and high mountains of Nepal. These ingovernment-managed forests. Theincreasing NTFPs are mostly traded to Indian markets poverty and rapid population growth of the while some to Nepal and overseas markets. country has resulted in extreme pressure on Cordyceps sinensis (Yarsa Gumba), Valeriana the resourcethrough over-intensiveharvesting jatamansii (Sugandhwal), Nardostachys practices and lack of scientific resource grandiflora (Jatamansi), Picrorhiza managementsystem. Dueto small size offarms, scrophularliflora (Kutki), Rheum australe local farmers and collectors do not generally (Padamchal) and other MAPs are harvested practice cultivation of MAPs on private fromtemperate to alpine zones inthe hills and farmlands. Cultivation in community forests mountains of Nepal. Sapindus mukorossi anddegraded wasteland is also limitedbecause

165 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal of lack of technical knowledge and assured throughout the globe, especially in the markets. The lack of proper management of developedworld (Table 1). MAPs and the increasingmarket demand has resulted in an alarming decrease in the From the conservation perspectives, the common diversity, quality, quantity and availabilityof assumptions has been that the NTFP MAPs in the middle and high hills of Nepal. commercialization can provide much The consequences are serious for plant needed economic incentives to practice biodiversity and for local harvesters who environmentally sound harvesting practices and depend on the trade of MAPs to meet their may lead to ploughing back some of the livelihoods. revenues generated back into conservation.It is believed that increasing demand for NTFP, Very little information is available in Nepal especially MAP products from a forest and regarding wise commercial management forest-like environment will translate practices of MAPs on a large scale to date. effectively into demand for moreforest (Belcher Technicalinformation required for sustainable etal. 2003).Perhaps based on the premise that utilization ofMAPs could be obtainedthrough conservation-compatible livelihood and income a research project on growth of MAPs in generatingactivities may attract both the and local different ecologicalconditions in community government community to local as well as the government-managedforests. promote conservation, many NGOs and international conservationorganizations have The commercialization of MAPs in beenprominent amongthe advocatesof NTFP Nepal: Why? commercialization. There is the widespread unanimity among This paper examinesthe lessons learned from development planners and thinkers that the past experiences both within and without the and trade of production non-timber forest country andlists someideas for future actions: products (NTFPs), especially MAPs can contribute significantly to improve the Persisting Problems & Key Issues in livelihoods of poor people in an Commercialization of NTFPs: environmentally sustainable manner. It is Inequitabletrade: also believed that the continuing inequity prevailing in the otherwise Based on various data, it is fair to say that the successful community forestry program of marginsbetween thecollection points in Nepal the governmentcan also be addressedthrough and the main market at the border points like greaterincorporation of NTFPs-based activities Nepalganj, Tanakpur,Birganj maybe between in the management plans of the community- three to ten times the purchase price at the managedforests (CMF). This view isbecoming collectionpoints. Accordingto ANSAB (2003), stronger based on the growing resurgence of NTFP trade onwards to Delhi tends to show medicinalproducts andneutraceutical markets an additional margin of 60% over Nepalganj

166 Commercialization of Medicinal, Aromatic and other NTFPS in Nepal prices,following the trader's ruleof thumb that Continuing policy gaps: the Delhi markets pay roughly the same Alarge number of study(Kanel 2002;Winrock amount in figures, but in Indian currency. 2002; ANSAB 2003) have repeatedly These ratios indicate that the collectors get mentioned that there is a lack of clear policy a limited margin share in the generally very on the NTFPs sector, which is severely trade of NTFPs. This situation appears to be hindering the business at local level. There is even worse whenthe collectionof a species is no in fixing the royalty and forbidden or otherwise restricted, Another proper guideline restrictionon collection andtrade ofthe NTFPs. study (Regmi and Bista 2001) indicated the The rates from as low as benefit shares of 11%, 43% and 12% for existingroyalty range 4 percent to a high of 83 percent of the market primary collectors, Jumla-based traders and The royaltyrate for Pakhanbed(Bergenia Nepalganj-based traders, respectively, when price. is 125 of the market For dealing with non-restricted herbs. With ciliate) percent price. timber, there are restrictions for sales outside restrictedspecies, the respectivebenefit shares the a tremendous disincentive are 7%, 22% and 52% respectively. CFUGs, against rational use of these resources, and possibly one of the causes of the observed under-use Table 2 of timber in community forests (Karki et al. NEPAL:SOME BACKGROUND STATISTICS 2003).

The have been 1. 88% of the populationlives in rural existing permit regimes areas historicallydesigned to controlthe harvesting, and of MAPs which are 2. 80% of labor force engaged in utilization marketing "agriculture" costly to enforce and in most cases, the total the and its enforcement 3. Average GDP/capita Nepal is USD cost of getting permit 246 is greaterthan the benefits from the marketing of the products. Policies do not recognize 4. Average GDP/capita in the "agricultural" sector is USD 140 environmentallyand commercially sound harvested or processedNTFP 5. Per capita annual growth in the "agricultural" sector is + 0.12% Wild harvesting and Cultivation land is 0.94 ha 6. Average holding Dichotomy: 7. More than 40% of agriculiural The NTFP-based materialsare householdshave less than 0.5 ha major currently harvested from more or less extensively 8. Poorerhouseholds have poorer managed 'wild' sources (rangingfrom forests qualityland; to grasslands).But discussions and activities 9. Most of the NTFP rich forests are in are increasingly focusing on ways in which the relatively inaccessible hills and mountains commercializationmay shift production from the wild toa domesticated(actively cultivated)

167 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

source on farm, forests and degraded forms suchas whole dried plants (ginseng), raw wastelands. This shift is basicallyhappening herbs (dried or fresh), selected plant parts, to address the issue of quality and required ground powders, fresh liquid extracts, semi volume on a consistent manner. As well, on solid extracts, freeze dried powders, tinctures global markets, buyers are increasingly (an infusion of herbs in alcohol) and extracts demanding standardized and quality assured (greaterconcentration of the active materialof MADP products. We are therefore, seeing a the plant with the aid of a solvent). prospect of an NTFP-basedcultivation and The cosmetics uses a numberof trade beyond the collectionand local level. industry large medicinal plants as ingredients in soaps, Globally, countries like Indonesia, which has lotions, ointments, shampoos and natural colors other — witch been traditionally a timber exportingcountry, among products hazel, calendulaand aloe vera, to name a few. Some has recentlydeclared that NTFPs mightsurpass medicinalherbs the timber exportvalue soon. In India, there is (e.g. turmeric,saffron, sageand indigo) are sources of natural used in muchoptimism among NGOs andgovernment coloring other as well - that NTFPscan offer a means to alleviaterural applications regional cuisines, textile industry and religious ceremonies, to poverty (Belcher et al. 2003). Bhutan is name a few (Nagpal 2004). currently debatinga community-basednatural resources model basedon forested medicinal There is increasing consumer interest in all products such as and Matsutake Cordyceps thingsnatural. Consumers are calling, across mushrooms (Namgyel 2004). sectors, for healthier and more natural products. Increased consumer sophistication GLOBAL MARKET PROSPECTS andawareness of and OF MADPs ingredients,performance healthbenefits are changingthe personal care and cosmetics industry. This has led to The lastten years have seen agreat increase in increased use of new, active ingredients, the popularity of plant-based medicines. including natural products with defined Phyto-remedies are increasingly becoming constituents andspecific biological effect. The mainstreamconsumer products manufactured increasingpopularity of aromatherapy - the use by multinational corporations others, among of essential oils obtained from plants, to and sold in supermarket chains and in a promote balance and harmony between mind variety of other outlets A globally. parallel and body is a good example of the trend has been the of development incorporation towards "therapeutic" products (worldwide derivatives into an plant increasing number growth of the aromatherapy industry will of health foods and dietary products. The provide healthy opportunities for fragrances combined market is now a multibillion dollar and essential oils). Next to aromatherapy,spa industryin which hundreds ofmedicinal herbs treatments and traditionalrecipes of historical are being sold in an ever increasingvariety of significancesuch as Ayurveda are important

168 Commercializationof Medicinal, Aromatic and other NTFPs in Nepal

segments of the cosmeceutical market. approach would probably not be Moreover,lifestyle shopping trends, general conducive for vigorously pursuing the public knowledgeand extensiveR&D budgets income and livelihood improvement goal from mass manufacturers will also positively as indicated in the logical framework. In affectcosmeceuticals. many CFUGs, whichhave forestproducts surplus to subsistence needs, these often Most natural dull shades and dyes produce include a wide range of products. very few of them provide for fast colors. Industrial dye manufacturers have over the • The framework of a holistic MAP/NTFP years, developeda newproduct line oforganic Planningand model should necessarilybe dyes as a replacementfor naturaldyes, which a multi-stakeholder by nature. This offer the same color qualitywith minimal toxic respondsto the complexityof the issues at residue. This has resulted in a decline in the stake,and to the multitude of functionsand natural dyes market world wide, especiallyin stakeholdersinvolved inthe management the textiles sector. However, use of dyes as forest resources management, use, natural colorants for food, drug and cosmetic processing and marketing. Its applicationsis likelyto see steady growthdue organizational set-up is complex, but to increased sensitivityof consumers towards builds on interfaces, serviceprovider poois natural foods and cosmetics. To sum up, and organized target populations that do MADPs can be to continue only expected already exist. Hence, its approach isbased at brisk growing a pace. on the principle of subsidiarity,meaning that it will assumefunctions that other SUGGESTED MARKETING only stakeholders do not hold presently. STRATEGIES FOR MAPs & NEPAL NTFPs IN • There must be a policy dialogue component within the FRPP, consistent Key lessonsfrom the region: with the identified constraints. Policy • The driving force should be enterprise dialogue is meaningfulonly if all relevant promotion along various value addition stakeholdersparticipate, and if demand for chains of timber and non-timber forest policy change can be substantiated by products, to be determined based on the tangibleand first-hand experience from all establishmentof a chain of production-to- levelswhere policiesmatter. Consequently, consumption and marketing system. aproject focusingon policydialogue alone However, an exclusivefocus on some few would probably not have critical mass. selectedvalue additionchains, at the start, Value-chain would be too risky, given the rapid management: evolution of demand and quality Given the wide variation in international requirements in internationalmarkets. prices of raw materials/commodities, it is Moreover, the Value-Chain-focused recommended that the fundamental objective

169 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal of any sustainable initiative must be to hedge sector in its commercialization drive, against such variations by moving particularlyfrom the point ofview ofleveraging progressivelyup thevalue chain, offering semi existingrelationships, knowledge and expertise processed and processed material, and even already available in the field, and to avoid finished products wherever possible. Some repeating the learning curve. While this is a simple examples of such activities have been strategicobjective in anycase and needsto be identified. A logical further extension would examined in greater detail, some potential be intothe area ofservices, where eco-tourism, strategic partners have been identified — hotel supplies, and spa treatments could be corporateentities in the agri-business/exports major potential areas, with high growth rates area,industry associations,specialized buyers as well. Some recent examples are herbal ofraw materialsand extracts,and retail organic drinks, herbal toiletries,and herbal massages. food chains. Some initial contact has already been established by the IDRC/FAO/IFAD/Ford The in regulatoryenvironment, particularly the funded MADP projectwith organizations such EU countries and the US, is becoming as ITC, M&Mand ADMA - whileit is obviously increasinglymore stringent apart from adding too early to provide for any definitive or to the time, efforts and considerably expense concrete planof actionin this regard, theinitial involved in into the breaking market for response has been sufficientlypositive to state medicinal products. In view of this, it would that it is worth a serious examination and be in the initial of the prudent, stages sector attempted move forward (Nagpal2004). development,to focus more on the market for foodsupplements, andpersonal care/cosmetic While the role of the middleman has largely products, such as creams/body lotions, been portrayed as a negative one in MADP shampoos, mouth wash, scrubs, henna related transactions,the middleman doesbring powder, etc., in both the national and some undisputed strengths to the table, so to international markets. At the same time, the say, and there could be ways in which their lucrative and far larger medicinal products involvementon aselective basis canbe woven market cannot be ignored, and a parallel into the overall sub-sectorframework. objective should be to prepare the ground to address these markets as well, preferably While there is obviouslya huge and lucrative through strategic relationships with globalmarket for MADPs andrelated products, Companiesalready inthe field in the markets it would be incorrectto ignore a large domestic of the US and Europe. Regional markets in market in the individual countries as well (a) South Asia should of course, always remain a from the point of view of a large percentage of priority the population which is unable to afford western medicine in any case, and (b) for a Strategic relationships with organizationsin growingbase of the elite who are increasingly the field of MAPs, as well as in related areas turningto natural forms of treatment, medical would be a key success factor for the MAP as well as beauty and'wellness'. Drawing a leaf

170 Commercializationof Medicinal, Aromatic and other NTFPs in Nepal

from China's handling of a similar scenario, whichwill ensure thatplayers with likely and understanding the strides made by the divergent viewpoints and priorities will ChineseGovt. ineffectively combiningmodern come togetherto ensure the success of the Westernsystems of medicines with TCM, the overall sub-sector. respectiveGovts. In South Asia would do well to similarly encourage the sustained parallel Co-opt stakeholdersin designing development of MADPs in conjunction with solutions that of modem western intheir own medicines, • This has been an integral part of the sub- domestic markets as well (Nagpal 2004). sector philosophy since its inception, whichwas reflected in the conduct of the RECOMMENDATIONS stakeholdersmeeting in Jan. '03, andin all sub-sector related activities. The fundamental guiding factors in the subsequent analysis and assessment of available The Desk Research report and recommendations also seek to reflect a information,and inmaking recommendations have been: similar philosophy and approach.

Leverage existing assets and CONCLUSION relationships Thereis growingagreement among the experts • Resources are always scarce and will on thebasic approachin uplifting the medicinal continue to be so. The MADP sub-sector plants sub-sectorin theHimalayan region. This has ambitioustargets to beachieved within approach is to organizecultivation, collection, a relatively short time span, before the processingand value additionof medicinal and same can be scaled up to a full-fledged aromatic plants with a commercial focus development project. Leveraging the to enable production of quality assured available knowledge base, skill sets and sustainable quantities of products to meet the existing relationships within the growing demand of trade and processing stakeholders, as well as with other industry. Success of any commercial or organizations in related areas where business venture depends on a number of synergies could exist, will be a key factor factorsbut most important of all are, the timely contributing to the success of the sub- availability of quality inputs, services and sector. policy support. While the governments are increasingly showing their willingness to A value proposition for everyone provide the necessary policy and • The sub-sector must seek to generate a administrativesupport, non-availability ofgood win-win situation amongstall concerned planting materials and quality extension, but — customers, suppliers as well as the market serviceremains a majorbottleneck. intermediaries. It is only this approach, Our experience of the quality and delivery of

171 Local Experience-basedNationa/ Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal these servicesby the existing organizationsin ensure that the farmers and collectors receive farm or forest production sectors have been assured and remunerative market for their largelyunsatisfactory. As well, consideringthe produce.Besides, s/he should also have a share nascent stage of the MAP sub-sector, thereis a of the profits generated by the business clear need, both to developcapacity of existing structure over aperiod of time. organizations and more importantly for the — long-termbenefits, to develop business-based As conservationof biodiversity bothnatural approach in input delivery, extension, and agriculture-based— has to be an integral marketing,processing, certification and value objective of the MAP Sub-sectordevelopment addition related activities. One of such part of the profits earned by the business should alsobe back intoconservation approaches is creation of business platforms. ploughed related activities at the local The basic concept of the business platform or levels. Such will then can be a bio- the small and medium enterprise (SME) approach truly and initiatives with stiucture is to assign the task to each player in partnership projects environmental, social and economic the chainbased on her/his inherent expertise. builtinto it. Forexample, a general farmer or herb collector sustainability should on best b focusing her/his skillsor core REFERENCES competence i.e., collectionand farming. This is essential to MAP sub-sector absolutely for ANSAB (2002,2003), Central Level Market towards more heading a specialized production Information System for Non-timber Forest such as or system organic goodpractice system Products in Nepal, Annual Report 2001, due to the nature and diversity of product Kathmandu, 2002, as well as continued, involvementof demand, skill-basedactivities unpublished statistics on NTFP, Kathmanduj, anddocumentation. Marketing, processingand 2003. value-additionby their nature have to be managed by specializedgroups with business Anzdec, (2002) Nepal Agricultural Sector philosophy and interest for their sustenance Review.(ADB TA No. 3536-NEP) Draft Final and client-focusedproduction. Report.Vol 1: Main Text, prepared for HMGN's MoAC andADB. It is obvious that business platforms need to be managed by professionals under the Belcher, Brian and Kate Schreckenberg guidance of a multi-stakeholder controlled (2003). I\JTFP Commercialization— A Reality managementstructure. The platforms should Check; With contributions from S. Alexander, have strong stake for the participating J.E.M. Arnold, A. Boaz, V.L. Borges, collectors and farmers. Appropriate J. Chamberlain, F. Duran, P. Frazier, institutionalstructures need to be designedand K.H. Gautam, J. Greenham, E.T. Jones, developed at different levels to link the R. Hart, T. Harnmett,N. Henning, M. Karki, G. producersto consumers. A criticalrequirement Kutty, R. Leakey, J. Lonner,D. Mitchell,M.N.B. of a successfulbusiness platform has to be, to Nair, B. Richards, M. Ruiz Perez, C. Sullivan,

172 Commercialization of Medicinal,Aromatic and other NTFPs in Nepal

P. Vantomme, E. Zanetti; Paper presented at Karki, M., B. Das, P.Robinson, and E. 12th World Forestry Congress, Quebec City, Schaltegger (2003). Nepal Forest Resources Canada. PromotionProject (FRPP) Project Appraisaland WorkingPapers Kanel, K.R. 2002. Policy and institutional bottlenecks: Possibilities for NTFP Namgyel, P. (2004). What LessonsCan 'Buddha Mushroom' Give to 'Summer Grass Winter developmentin Nepal. In: N. Bhattaraiand M. Worm'? Seven Key Principles For a Karki (eds.), Proceedings of the Regional Successful CBNRM Working Document workshop on sharing Local and National # 2004/1;Council of Researchand Extension, Experiencein Conservationof Mdicinal and Ministry of Agriculture,Royal Government of Aromatic Plants in South Asia. Medicinaland Bhutan Aromatic Plants in South Asia. Medicinaland Aromatic Plants Program in Asia (MAPPA), Nagpal, A. (2004). Marketing of Medicinal, International DevelopmentResource Centre, Aromatic & Dye Plants (MADP). Draft Report New Delhi,India.pp.54-61. Submittedto IDRC-MAPPA; IDRC, SARO, New Delhi Karki, M.B., BK Tiwari, AK Badoni & NK Bhattarai (2003). Creating Livelihoods Regmi, S. and Bista, 5. 2001. Developing for Sustainable of Enhancing and Biodiversity-rich Production methodologies Management Value Medicinal and Aromatic Systems Based on Medicinal and Aromatic High Sharing Plants inJumla District, In:N. Bhattarai Plants: PreliminaryLessons from South Asia; Nepal. and M. Karki Local andNational Oral Paper Presented at The 3rd World (eds.) Experiencein Conservaton of Medicinal and Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Aromatic Plants in South Asia, Proceeinings for HumanWelfare (WOCMAP111)3-7 February of the Regional Workshop held at Pokhara, 2003, Mai, Thailand. Chiang Nepal, 21-23 January 2001, International DevelopmentResearch Center (IDRC), New Karki, M.B. (2003). Policy and Institutional Delhi,India, pp 96-100 Reforms in the Medicinal Plant Sector in Uttaranchal: Lessons from an IDRC Study. WinrockInternational (2002), PolicyAnalysis Paper presented at the Policy workshop of Nepal's Community Forestry Programme-A organizedby the Dutch government'sTropical compendium of Research Papers. Kathmandu. ResearchInstitute (KIT), Netherlands

Karki, M.B. (2003). Community-based Approaches in Medicinal & NTFP Plants Resource Management: Key Lessons for CBNRM. Invited paper presented at the regionalCBNRM meet (Nov. 4-7, 2003), Bhutan

173 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

Table 1: Commercially Important MedicinalPlants of Indian Sub-continent

1 Satawari Asparagus racemasus Roots 690 2 Ashwagandha l4lthanio somnifero Roots 820 3 Karkatshringi Pistaciachinensis Galls 200 4 Amla Dry Phyllanthus emblica Pericarp 1400 Covers the kitchen use volumesalso 5 PushkarMool Inu/a racemosa Roots 370 6 Haritakihhi1ka Terminalia chebula Pericarp 1200 7 Ashok IJhhal Saraca indica Bark 970 8 Bedarjkand Puerariatuberosa Tuber 700 Often, Ipomooa digita is used but incorrectAPI seeksp.tuberosa 9 Dhat-Ki-Pushpa Woodfordiafruticosa Flowers 1100 10 Bedang Embc/ia jibes Fruits 230 11 JastiMadhu Glyccrrhiza glabra Roots 600 Covers retail sales 12 Shankh Pushpi Gonvolvuluspluricaulis Whole plant 700 Evolvulus alsenoidesis marketed. API sees Cpluricaulis 13 Jiwanti Leptadeniareticulata Roots/stem 200 Includesthe usagevolume ofDendrohium species. API Seeks1. reticulata 14 Barahikand Dioscorea deltoidea Tuber 650 15 Kutaki Picrorhiza kurrooa Rhizome 65 16 Neel Kamal 'Iymphaea ste/Iota Flowers 250 17 ChandanWhite Santa/urn album Heartwood 15 Use fo essentialoil in lieu ofcrude drug isan rise 18 Sona fihhal Oroxvlum indicum Bark (1) 400 19 11hitrakmool Plumbago rosea Root 300 20 Nagkeshar Dana Mesuaferroa Stamen 150 Flowers are widely used as there is nopractice of collecting stamens 21 AmlakiBhumi Phyianthus arnarus Whole plant 800 22 Guruchi Tinaspora sinensis Stem 700 23 Kanikari Salanumxanthacarpum Aerial parts 500 24 Punarnaa Boerhuavia diffiisa Roots 4(10 25 Chiraita Swertiachirayita Aerial Parts 150 26 Agarkasth Aquillaria ugallocha Heartwood 350 27 Gokshur Tribulus terrestris Roots 500 28 Gugglu Black omrniphora inukul Resins 85 29 Gambhar Chhal Gmelina arborea Bark(1) 380 30 Parul Chhal Stereosperni urn suaveolens Bark1l 380

174 Commercialization of Medicinal, Aromatic and other NTFPs in Nepal

31 Ghore-Botch Acorus colomus Rhizome 180 32 Katchur Cucwno zedoorio Rhizome 370 33 Kasani Uchoriumintybus Roots 200 Larger volumeis used in coffee industry 34 Bahera Ghilka Terminalia billirica Pericarp 1400 35 Mustak Gi'perus rotundus Rhizome 400 36 Be! Ghhal Aeglemormelos Bark (1) 350 37 Kaknasha Martynia onnuo Fruits 350 Shortages of suppliesare oftenfor this material 38 Jatamanshi Nordoslochvs grondifloro Roots 85 39 Gulabanafasa Violo odoroto Flowers 25 40 Agnimonth Glerodendrum phlomidis Roots 375 41 RevandGhini Rheum ouctrole Rhizome 150 42 Sugandhbala Povonio odoroto Roots 45 43 Senna pods 'assio ongustijblio Pods 200 44 B1a Silo curdifolio Aerial Parts(2) 450 45 Bhringraj Dry Ediptuprostrota Aerial parts 250 46 Manjistha Rubioman jith Roots 90 47 Lodhrafhhal Suiiplocos rocemoso Bark 200 48 Basak Leaves Josticia odhatodo Leaves 370 49 Prishnaparini Uraria picta Roots 370 50 Brihati Solanum indicum Roots 370 51 Khadir Kasth Acacio cotechu Heartwood 180 52 Brahmi Ba opomonnieri Whole plant 200 53 Salparni Desmodium gongeticum Aerial parts (2) 350 54 Atich Aconitum hc'terophyllum Rhizome 12 55 Mudgaparini Terrnnus lobiahS Aerial parts 350 56 Sarpagandha Rauvolfia wipenhino Roots 25 57 Mashparini Phaseohistrilobus Aerial parts 280 58 Anantmool khnocorpus fruitistens Roots 50 59 Arjun Chhal Terminoiiooijuno Bark 200 60 Nisoth Operculino Luipethum Rhizome 690 61 Kutaj Chhal Holarrhenopubescens BarkiSeeds 150 62 Ghabya Piper refrofroctum Roots 60 63 Amaltas cassio fistulo Fruits 200 64 Babul IThhal Acacianilolico Bark 145 65 KapurKachri !-!edvchiumspicotum Rhizome 34 66 Jawasa Alhagi psuedolghi Aerial parts 95 67 Chandan Red Pterocaprus santalinus fleartwood 45 More oftenused as substitutefor Sandalwood

175 MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADE BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA Regulatory Framework, Implementation Problems and Solutions

Janak Raj Rawal

INTRODUCTION enumeratedin Nepal, around 500 areused in medicine. (Amatya,2003). T epal and India have traditional cultural and commercial links. b) Themain sources of herbs are the hill and Amongst other items of commerce mountain districts. According to a between the two countries,trade inmedicinal Enviornment and Forest Enterprises is old as the two countriesshare the plants age Activity (EFEA) project study in 1999, traditional of as a common system Ayurveda among the NTFP's collected from the heritage. project area, only 1% was collected from Banke and Bardia districts in the Terai Theauthor has been researchingthe medicinal and the rest was collected plants trade between the two countries since region (99%) 1999 AD. Based on the same as well as from the hill and the mountain districts. secondary research of published literature the India is the ultimate destinationof around followingpicture regardingthe tradebetween c) 97% of all medicinal collected in the two countries emerges: plants Nepal. The collected herbs are being a) Of the 5484 species of vascular plants exportedeither throughthe traders ofTerai

176 Medicinal Plants Trade Between Nepal and India

or after being processedin the country. Current regulatory framework: About 20 species of medicinal plants are Ministries in the His beingtradedregularlybetweenNepaland Following Majesty's with the India in significantquantities despite the Governmentdeal directlyor indirectly fact that few are either under banned in export trade in herbs from Nepal: The Forest Act, 1993 or comes under of Affairs CITES (Appendix- 1) a) Ministry Foreign

Appendix — 1

Top 20 medicinal plants of Nepal origin being traded in India

1. Acocia rugata Shikakal Sikakai Fruit 2. Acorus calamus Bach Bojo Root Root 3. Asparagus racemosus Shatawar Satawar 4. Berberis aristala Daruhaldi Daruhaledi Bark

5. Beigenia ciliata Pakhanved Pakhanbhed Root 6. innamornum tamala Tejlflalchini Dalchini Bark 7. Cinnomomum tamala Tejpat Tejpat Leaves 8. Desmatrichum fimbriatum Jivanti Jibanti WholePlant Fruit 9. Phyllanthus emblica Amla Amia Under Forest 10. Juglansregia Datun Okhar Root-bark Act, 1993 11. Juniperusindira Dhoop-lakkad Dhup/Dhupi Wood 12. Nardostachys gandiflora Jatamansi jatamansi Root UnderForest Act, 1993 Forest 13. Parmelia spp. Chadila Jhyau Thallus Under Act, 1993

CITES& 14. Picrorhiza scrophulariiflom Kutki Kutaki Root Under Act also

& 15. Rauvolfia serpentina Sargandha Sarpgandha Root Under CITES Act also

16. Sapindusmukorossi Reetha Rittha Fruit 17. Swertia chirayita Chirayita Chiraita Whole Plant 18. Valeriana jatamansil Tagar Sugandhwal Root UnderForest Act, 1993

19. Zanthoxylum armatum Timur Timur Fruit 20. Zingiberofficinale South Sutho Root

177 LUca! cxperience-oaseaNational for Strategy Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

ofForests b) Ministry and Soil Conservation b) The Forest Regulation, 1995 i) Department of National Parks and c) National Parks and WildlifeConservation WildlifeConservation Act, 1973

ii) Departmentof Forest — d) His Majesty's Government TradePolicy iii) of Plant Department Resources e) Export Import (Control) Act c) of Finance Ministry (Department of f) Export Import Regulations,1977 Customs) g) CITES, 1975 d) Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies (Departmentof Commerce) The forest Act, 1993 has regulated collection, use, sale, transportation The collection,trade and export of medicinal and export of 18 plant species plants in Nepal are regulated by: including medicinal plants as under: a) The Forest Act, 1993 (see Plants under legal protection)

Plants under legal protection (In pursuantwith section 70(a) of the Forest Act, 1993 Plants bannedfor collection,uses, sale and distribution, transportation and export

Plants banned for export exceptprocessed with permission of Department of Forest

1. Nardostachys grandiflora Spikenard Jatamansi 2. Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia Root Sarpgandha 3. Cinnamomum glaucescens Saugandhakokila 4. Valeriana jatamansii Valerian Sugandhwal 5. Parmelia Spp. Lichen jhyau 6. Abies spectabilis EastHimalayan Silver Fir Gobre Salla 7. Taxus waiichiana Himalayan Yew Launth salla 8. sinensis Cordyceps Yarsagumba

178 Medicinal Plants Trade Between Nepal and India

Plantsbanned for transportaion,export and commercial purposes

1. Michelle cha.rnpaca Mangnolia hamo 2. Auwia catechu Cutch Tree Khair 3. Shorea robusta common Sal Sal 4. Bombax ceiba Silkcotton Tree Simal 5. Dalbergia latifolia Rose Wood Satisal 6. Pierocarpus rnc.zrsupium Indian Kino Tree Bijasal 7. legions regia Walnut Okhar

Source: Nepal Gazette, February 2001

Convention on internationaltrade Jeparlneit ofForests inthe Ministryof Forests in species - CITES endangered and Soil Conseration has been given the Till recently the Department of Plant charge of ManagementAuthority of CITES in Resources was the CITES Management Nepal for plants, with the Departmentof Plant Authority for plants in Nepal, who were Resources ha become aScientific charged with providing the CITES permits ing Authority for Export and Imports. Presently the for plants in Nepal.

Following species of plants are listed in CITES appendices as under:

1. Geropegiapubescens Milkweed Mirkelahra II 2. cvatheaspinosa Tree Fern Unau II 3. Gvcas pectinata Cycas Kaiwal II 4. Dioscorea deitoidea Potato yam Ban Tarul II 5. Orchidaceaespp. Species of Orchid Sungabha II 6. Picrohizakiarrooa Kutki Kutki II 7. Podophyilum hexandrum May Apple Laghupatra II 8. Rauvolfia serpentine Serpentine Sarpgandha II 9. Taxus wallichiana Himalayan Yew Launth Salla II 10. Gentuni montanum Gnetum Bhotelahra III Ii. Meconopsis regia Himalayan Yellow Poppy Kyasar III 12. Podocarpus nerilfolius Podocarptis Gunsi III 13. Talauma hodgsonii III 14. Thtracentron sinense Tetracentron Iharikote Ill

179 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

CUSTOMS CLEARANCE AT if found intact is allowed further NEPAL / INDIA BORDER transportation.

Source : Nepalexporters handbook, 2000 • If OTL found defective or broken,the cargo is checked and verified with the CTD, a A. Customs clearance at Nepal/India fresh OTL is puton the container andthen border: after allowed for further transportation When exporting to India, clearance at the towards the destined seaport (Kolkata). customs offices/check post at Nepal/India • As to the non-containerised goods, such border is sufficient.But, normally dispatching goodsis verified and examined on the basis the goodstowards third countriesdestinations ofCTD. If found correct.The consignment viaIndia requiresfurther clearance procedures is cleared for further transportation. atNepalllndia border points and Kolkata Port. • All the four of CTD are endorsed Generally, arrangementsfor transporter to the copies by the Indian BorderCustoms. Out of the destinationis required tobe undertaken by the four, two and are sent to exporter or the authorised agent. copies (second third) the Kolkata Customs, the first copy is 1. Documentsrequired for clearance returned tothe exporter/ clearing agent and the fourth copy is retained with the • Customs Transit Declaration (CTD) Customs Office for the record. in quadruplicate duly endorsed by NepaleseCustoms Office. • Forthe importsinto IndianTerritory, import duty is leviable according to Indian Tariff • CommercialInvoice. Schedules. • Packing List B. Border customs office • IjC copy authenticated by the concerned Nepalese bank or the Certificate ofAdvance According to the Nepal/India Treaty of Trade Payment. renewed on 6th December 1991 for 10 years until 5th December, 2001 following 22 land • Authorisation letter in the name of the routes atNepal-India border havebeen named forwarding agent. to conduct mutual trade between Nepal and 2. Indian customs procedures India. Accordingly, 22 custom offices of both the sides at these points have been made • The declaration on the CTD and other responsible for customs clearance passing documents are examined. through these points. Goods exported to India • The One-Time-Lock (OTL)of containerised by surfacetransport isto exit fromone of these cargo towards thirdcountry ischecked and points(see overleaf):

180 Medicinal Plants Trade Between Nepal and India

1. Pashupatinagar (11am) SukhiaPokhari 2. Kakarbhitta (Jhapa) Naxalbari 3. Bhadrapur(Jhapa) Galgalia 4. Biratnagar (Morang Jogbani 5. Sotubandha(Sunsari) Bhimnagar 6. Rajbiraj (Saptari) Kunauli 7. Siraha (Siraha)/Janakpur (Dhanusha) Jayanagar 8. Jaleshwor (Mahottari) Bhittamore (Sursand) 9. Malangawa Sar1ahi Sonabarsa 10. Gaur Rautahat) Bairgania 11. Birgunj (Parsa) Raxaul 12. Bhairahawa(Rupandehi) Sunauli 13. Taulihawa(Kapilbastuj Khunwa 14. Krishnanagar (Kapilbastu) Barhni 15. Koilabas (Dang) Jarwa 16. Nepalgunj (Banke) Nepalgunj Road 17. Rajapur (Bardiya) Katarniyaghat 18. Prithvipur/Sati(Kailali) Tikonia 19. Dhangadhi(Kailali) Gauriphanta 20. Mahendranagar(Kanchanpur) Banbasa 21. Jhulaghat(Baitadi) Jhulaghat(Pithoragarh) 22. Darchula tDarchula) a) According tothe Nepal-India Treaty of Trade, • Timber the Governmentof India providesaccess to the • Ayurvedicand Herbal Medicines Indian market free of customs duties and quantitative restrictions for all articles IMPLEMENTATIONS& manufactured in Nepal. PROBLEMS b) There is also another facilitatingprovision 1) Non implementation of legal according to which the following primary prohibitions: of are eligible for products Nepalese origin It has been observedthat despite the following preferential treatment. species being banned for collection, use, sale and and • Agricultural, horticultural and forest distribution, transportation export and produce and minerals which have not have been found to be freely exported undergone any processing. traded in the Indian markets:

181 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

1) Dactylorhiza hatagirea (SalamPanja! c) Cinnamomumglaucescens Panch Aunle) (Sugandhkokila): 2) Juglans regia (Akhrot/Okhar) The said species ofNepal origin though banned 3) Picrorhizascrophulariiflora (Kutki) also for export except processed, is available in the Indian markets at the wholesale rate of The above fact pointsto non-implementation INR 70 per Kg. of regulationsby all the concernedagencies of the government. d) Valeriana jatamansii(Sugandhawal):

In addition it is interestingto note some facts Thesaid speciesof Nepalorigin though banned which are species specific as under: also for export except processed, is available in the Indian markets at the wholesale rate of a) Nardostachysgrandiflora Uatamansii): INR 100 per Kg. The has been as species regulated under: e) Parmeliaspp. (Jhyau): "banned for export except processed with permission of Department of Forest" Thesaid species of Nepalorigin though banned also for export except processed, is available The ground reality is that there two kinds of in the Indian markets at the wholesale rate of Jatamansii from originating Nepaland entering INR 40 per Kg. the Indian markets. One called Jatamansii No.1, which is found in, raw and with oily All the above mentioned banned species are quality andis availableat a rate of INR 140per being openly traded in all major markets in Kg. in the Delhi market. India such as Delhi, Kolkata, Patna, Lucknow, Kanpur, Hyderabad,Kannauj, etc. Theother, calledthe dry qualityis the left over material from which processing units have I) CITES restrictions extractedoil. The Delhi rate (wholesale) of this It has been observed that the followingCITES is INR 60 per Kg. listed species cross the international border without having a CITES permit for as b) Rauvolfia serpentina (Sarpgandha): export required underthe provisions of CITES. The species has been regulated as under: i) Dioscorea deltoidea "banned for export except processed with Rauvolfia permission of Department of Forest" ii) serpentina II) Common Despite ban, this species is being frequntly malpractice: traded in large quantity in the Indian It has been found that oftenthe bannedspecies markets at the wholesale rate of INR are exported misdeclared as a non regulated 90 perKg. species in common trade such as

182 Medicinal Plants Trade Between Nepal and India

Cinnamomum tamala (Daichini), Asparagus facilitating rather exploitative in racemosus(Satawar), Rubiaman jith (Majitho), application. etc. d) The CITES Act may be soon promulgated Ill) Publicity to highlight the importance of the same to all concerned. It hasbeen found that while on the one hand various organizations tend to the highlight e) Research on 'opportunity cost' of market demand and rates therein as (Nepali increasingexport in the raw rather than in well as Indian markets) there is little attempt the processedform needs to be conducted to publicize the legal situation including bans to understand and to suggest the if any oncollection, trade and exports,etc., by development planners and policy leval them. personnel for the refinements inrules and regulations, if needed. WHY IS THIS HAPPENING? a) Lack of local demand for wanting of manufacturingunits within Nepal b) Lack of awarenesswithin the Regulatory agencies c) Lack of Identification skills within the Regulatory agencies d) Despiterampant illegaltrade having been highlighted by various researchers, little action seems to have taken place on the ground in practice.

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS a) Establishment of local processingand manufacturingunits within Nepal,if need be through governmentsubsidy. b) Organisationof sensitizationand training courses / workshops for the regulatory agencies c) Rationalizationof regulatorymechanisms like permits and taxes to make them

183

ACTION RESEARCH OF SAFE CONCERN ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Results Obtained and Experiences Gained

Damodar Prasad Parajuli Ram Kumar Deo

INTRODUCTION of the JDRC/MAPPA funded project implemented during 1999-2004. mportance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has beenincreasingly recognized Project area because of their commercial, socio- The project area covered two economicand ecological values. SAFE Concern Village Development Committees (VDCs) each in has realized the need for provision of Kabhrepalanchok ((Dhungkharka and Nala sustainable income generating activities to Tukucha VDCs) and Bhaktapur (Tathali and farmers and community forest user group Nagarkot VDCs) districts, central Nepal. The (CFUG) members through actionresearch on vegetation ranges from sub-tropical to non-timberforest products (NTFPs),especially temperatetypes. DhungkharkaVDC lies in the medicinal and aromatic tomake plants (MAPs) temperate zone while the otherthree fall in the apositive transition from subsistenceto market sub-tropical zone. economy with equitable benefits to the This producers/users. paper highlight some Average household size of the VDCs range of the major activities and the results from 5.13 to 6.27 while the population ranges obtained by the SAFE Concern in course from 1414 to 6630. Size of land holdings are

186 Action Research of SAFE Concern on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants generallysmall, and 70% householdshave less available NTFP/MAP resources, resource than a hectare of land holding. The average assessment, nursery practices, cultivation, livestock holding is 2.6 per household, which sustainable harvesting, primary level value is the principal source of income and manure addition/processing andmarketing. In addition, to the farmers. Thirty-seven percent of the the trainingprograms also included familiarity population is literate with comparativelylow with the NTFP/MAP-related laws, rules, rate for women. literacy regulations and other relevant issues. The wild medicinal availablein plant species Nursery and plantation the projectarea having commercialvalues are In order raise Acorus calamus, Asparagus recemosus, to develop nursery practices, to Bergenia ciliata, Gaultheria fragrantissima, seedlings, and to train local people including Phyllanthus emblica, Swertia chirayita, farmers and CFUG members,medicinal plant Taxus wallichiana, Valeriana jatamansii, nurseries have been established in the Zanthoxylum armatum, etc. In addition, the respective CFs using locally available resources local inhabitants in traditionalhome remedies like farm-yard manure, organic compost, and folk healing systems use a large number vermi-compost,etc. of plant species. Propagation of Launthsalla (Taxus waiichiana) Focus activities fromstem cuttinghas been successfullycarried out. Chiraito has been SAFE Concern has focused the project (Swertia chirayita) from seeds as well as from the activities mainly on: propagated splitting of clumps. Medicinal species like - Knowledge and skill development Tejpat/Dalchini(Cinnamomum tamala) and on NTFP/MAP production and Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) have been management; successfully propagated from seeds. Other importantplanting materials produced in these - and enhancement of Capacity capability nurseries are Valeriana jatamansii local farmers and CFUG members,and (Sugandhawal), Asparagusracemosus (Kurilo), - Promotionof income generationactivities Acorus calamus (Bojho), Mentha spicata through NTFP/MAP production and (Babari), Ocimumsanctum (Tulsi), Morus alba management. (Kimbu), Chammomile,etc.

PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS The local farmers and CFUG members have become quite familiar with these propagation Training programs techniques. Planting materials produced in One week duration training have been thesenurseries together with necessaryfarming provided to 300 farmersand CFUG members, toolsand equipment have been providedto the in 10 batches. The training program involved training participants and local farmers for general introduction and uses of locally plantation in community/leaseholdforests and

187 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

private land for their commercial production. Committee as aromaticplants like Dhasingare The nurseries are still having 13,000 seedlings (Gaultheriafragrantissima) and wild basil are ofTaxus wallichiana, 8,900 seedlingsof Tejpat/ available in abundance in the area. Dalchini (Cinnamomum tamala), 300 seedlings of Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Skill development, marketing and 12,000 slips of lemongrass, half kg seeds of networking Chiraito (Swertia chirayita), and two kg seeds Targeted beneficiariesin the area have started of Chammomile, waiting for distribution to herbal interested farmers and CFUG members. preparing tea, incenses, and some Ayurvedic medicines based mainly on their Study/observation tour farm produce and local collections. People arenow familiar with different herbal markets, A study/observationtour to different parts of herbal traders and manufacturers the country has been conducted every year, together with focusedon the variousMAP-related issueslike the market values of their produces. The collectors and identification,cultivation, management, value primary herbal farmers addition/processingand marketing. The study! have established networks for MAP-based observation sites included different herbal enterprise development which they call as farms, processingfacilities and market places. Jadibuti Uddham Vikas under the guidance The participants got opportunities to observe and assistance of SAFE Concern in cultivation and management techniques on .Farmers and collectors various NTFPs available and/or suitable for have alsoinitiated the establishmentof a herbal their localities. These study tours have cooperative for easy access to markets with been successful in providing knowledge increased bargainingpower. and information regarding cultivation, management, storage, and processing of the LESSONS LEARNED various NTFPs that also has encouraged people towards MAP/NTFP-based enterprise • The strategy to promote MAPs and other establishment.Based onimpression generated NTFPs must be based on people's in course of the study/observationtour, some participation. farmers have started the cultivation of lemon grass, chamomile, citronella, babari (Mentha • Good linkage and networking has to be spicata) and French basil in their private land establishedwith concernedstakeholders for and have initiated the manufacture of herbal the success of any MAP/NTFP oriented tea for domestic as well as commercial uses. project. In the same line, CFUG members and local farmers of Dhungkharkavillage are planning • Peoples' capacity building for managing to install a essential oil distillation unit in MAPs and other NTFPs must be coordination with the CommunityForest User strengthened through education,

188 Action Research of SAFE Concern on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

information sharing/dissemination, training, observation/studytours and access to markets.

• NTFP/MAP-oriented farmers/CFUG members should have the guarantee for marketingtheir products with morereturns in comparison to the traditional crop farming.

• Action Researchneeds tocreate economic incentives to farmers for effective conservation and management of NTFP/ MAP resources.

189 NONTIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN DANG-DEUKHURI, MIDWEST NEPAL

Krishna K. Shrestha, Sangeeta Rajbhandaiy Narendra N. Tiwari

ABSTRACT hundred and two species of NTFPsbelonging to 69 families have been documented, among he Non-timber Forest Products them 155 species are having medicinal uees, (NTFPs), one of the important followedby 62 species of edible plants. Based componentsof forest biodiversity, has on the field observations and group beenexplored and assessedin Dang-Deukhuri, discussions, 25 species of NTFPs are MidwestNepal, during 2002-2003. In order to recommended as high value potential species assess the NTFPs resources, the household in situ management and sustainable for survey andgroup discussion PRA and through commercialcultivation. RRAmethods with the CommunityForest User Groups,government officials, as well as forest INTRODUCTION plotting and resource mapping of selected communityforests was conducted. Indigenous Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) includin, knowledge of local communities on NTFP Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) play utilisationand conservationpractices was also vital role in Nepalese livelihood, health, and compiled to identify the contribution of socio-economic prospects. More than 1,600 NTFPs in community development. Two species of medicinal and aromatic plants are

190 Non-Timber Forest Products and CommunityDevelopment in Dan g-Deukhuri, Mid-West Nepal

known to occur in Nepal, of which many documentation of indigenous knowledge on are used in species folk medicine and few the utilisation of NTFPs, thir management species aretraded (Shresthaet al. 2001). Basnet practices by local communities, and (2001) has reported 61 species of NTFPs from prioritisation of potential NTFP species for the Terai Arc Landscape area, all having domestication, sustainable management and medicinalvalue. Shrestha et al. (2003) reported community development. 270species ofNTFPs fromwestern TALregion to of which (Dang Kailali), nearly 70% species STUDY AREA are medicinal and aromatic plants, followed by 20% species of wild edible plants. Dang district is located in the Rapti zone of Ethnobotanicalstudies in Dang district were Mid-west Developmentregion of Nepal, and carried out by Manandhar (1985), Acharya liesbetween 27°37' - 28°21' N Lat. and 82° 02' - (1996), and Poudyal (2000), and reported 82°54' E It extends over an area several species of NTFPs, particularly the Long. (Figi). of medicinal plants as used by the local 2,337 sq. km and a range of altitude communities. from 150 m to 2060 m above sea level. The study area extends from Bhalubang Major objective of this study was to explore (east), Amiliya-Lamahi (west), Gadwa- the diversityof NTFPs in Dang-Deukhuri area, Koilabas (south), Tulsipur-Salyan border

Fig. 1 Location map of the study

SALYAN

ARGAKHANCHI

SHALUBANG

KAPILVASTU

191 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for OrganicProduction and Management of MAP5/NTFP5 in Nepal

(NW) and Ghorahi-Pyuthan border (NE), people are agriculture and animal husbandry ranging from 200 to 1100 m. and depend mostly on the production of agriculture crops, vegetablesand fruits. The study area has subtropical type of climate and consists of three distinct seasons. From Methodology Octoberthrough early April theweather isdry, The study is focussed on primary data from Aprilto June the temperature extendsup collection in the field, supplemented by to 400 C in May, this is followed by the relevant secondary information available in monsoon rain that lasts till September. various forms (articles, reports, books, etc). The geological formationis the alluvialplains Mostof the communityforests in the studyarea in the valleys while the rest of the area in were visited, along with the local Community tertiary siwaliks.The district has 81,900 ha of Forest User Groups. During the study, land, which issuitable for cultivation, whereas documentation of NTFPs and utilisation data 1,980 ha is covered with forest (DDC, 1999). were collected. RRA and PRA techniqueswere The Dang valley is characterized by upper the major source of information, whichwere tropical to subtropicalvegetation type, andthe employed to gather confirm and validate Deukhuri the valley comprisespredominantly biological information. Focus was made on In lowertropical vegetation type. general, major group discussion with key people of the floristic of the area consistsof Sal composition study area along with a semi-structured robusta), Chilaune waiichii), (Shorea (Schima questionnaire. Discussion was made with Saaj (Terminalia alata), (Acacia Khayar differentpersons (localhealers, senior citizen, catech u), Dhayero (Woodfordiafruticosa), village heads, community forest heads, etc. Bhorla (Bauhinia vahlii), Thakal (Phoenix During the interview,emphasis was given on humiis), Bel Aeg1emarmeJos) , Chutro (Carissa relevantinformation, suchas: plant name (Latin carandas), Barro (Terminalia bellerica), Harro andlocal names),ethnobotanical information, (Terminalia chebula), Tendu (Diospyros parts used, local status, commercial status, tomentosa), Piyar (Buchanania latifolia), existing conservationpractices, etc. Emphasis Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Malagiri was also given to compile information on (Cinnamomumglaucescens), etc. source/access,threat of NTFPs, contribution in Majorinhabitants include Tharu, Brahminand householdincome, etc. Plant specimens of along with other ethnic groups like economic values were collected withthe help , , Sarki, damai, Gameetc. Tharu of local people. Herbarium specimens were comprises about 40% of the total population prepared and identified at Central (DDC 1999) and lives in dense clusters Department of Botany (TUCH), Kirtipur and generally mixed with Brahmin and Chhetri National Herbarium (KATH), Godawari, communities. The main occupations of the Lalitpur,Nepal.

192 Non-Timber Forest Products and Community Developmentin Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

Results and discussion Papaveraceae, Scrophulariaceae, Umbelliferae, etc. Information based on field survey and seconday sources (Acharya1996, Manandhar In the habitcategories of NTFPs, herbs aremost 1985, Poudyal 2000, Shrestha et al. 2003) dominant comprising102 species,followed by revealed 202 species of NTFPs, representing 52 of trees, 30 species of shrubs, and 166 genera and 69 families of vascular species 18 of climbers 3). plants (Tablel). Out of these families plants species (Fig. of Leguminosae depicted highest number Based on the uses of 289 considered NTFP (23 species), Compositae and Gramineae medicinal plants comprised of the comprising 11 species each, and species, highest number with 155 spp. (53.63%), Euphorbiaceae having 10 species. (Fig. 2). followed wild food 21.45%), Several families represent only species of by (62 spp.; uses NTFPs, such as Berberidaceae, Capparaceae, fodder (25 spp.; 8.65%), miscellaneous Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae, Onagraceae, (23 spp.; 7.95%), green manure, fibre,

Fig. 2: Dominant 12 families of NTFP species(Total families68)

Convolvulaceae

Malvaceae

Apocyrtaceae

Solanaceae

Anacardiaceae

Moraceae

Acanthaceae

Labiatae

Euphorbiaceae

Gram neae

Compositae

Legumnosae

0 5 10 15 20 25 No. of species

193 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

120

100 w U w 80 U, 'I-0 0 z 40

20 0- In w E U

Fig. 3 Habit Categories of considered NTFPs

2.07% 2.42% Medicinal(155 spp) • Fencing (6 spp.) Fermentation (7 spp.) 53.63% Green Manure Fibre Oil (11 spp) • Fodder (25 spp.) Misc. (23 spp.)

Edible (62 spp.)

Fig. 4 Various categories of NTFP oil, etc. (11 spp.; 3.80%), fermentation NTFPs HAVING MEDICINAL (7 spp.; 2.42%), and fencing (6 spp.; 2.07%) EFFICACY (Fig. 4). Traditional medication is mostly handled Plants parts used by traditional practitioner or religious Entire plant of 55 species are used, followed practitioners. Most of these practices involve by leaves (51 spp.), root (39 spp.), fruits (38 the use of simple as well as compound plant spp.), stem (27 spp.), etc. In some cases same formulations. Local healers as well as plant part may be used for a number of individualsutiise wide varietyof plants to treat purposes, while insome plantvarious parts of different types of diseases or disorders, for plants may be used only for one purpose. example, 21 species in cuts and wounds, 20

194 Non-TimberForest Productsand CommunityDevelopment in Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

species in diarrhoeaand dysentery, 19 species Community forests, user groups and in stomach disorders, 19 species in fever and conservation of NTFPs headache, followedby andskin diseases,ENT, Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are an and cough cold,respectively (Fig. 5). Similarly, important part ofNepalese rural economy. The 25 of NTFP are used for other species species expandingmarket of NTFPs, on the one hand, such as types of health problems, tonic, and thechallenge of improvingrural livelthood aphrodisiac, leucorrhoea, heat stroke, anti- on the other handdemand amore sustainable, that thirst, vomiting, etc. It is also noticed efficient and equitable management of NTFP usually fresh plantextract or decoctionof plant resources in a framework that provides as crushed stem and leaves parts such root, opportunities to collectors, local traders and are widely used by the local healers to treat the end consumers. the patients. Similarly latex of plants or paste of plant parts are applied externally in the Community forestry has been regarded as a affected areas to treat in cuts and wounds, successful approach in natural resource burns, skin diseases, etc. managementin Nepal. The approach has been

Fig. 5: Numberof species used for different ailments

30

25

20

15 U

0 z0 5

0 — - E W wz - • g - .2 .E w ' O O -D 0 -- - - '9 8 - 0 a ' 0 C 2

0C

195 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPsINTFPs in Nepal

SU C( essliii not oiilv i I h hills hut a Iso getting imop In's )art h i1)O jo ha e I men expe0 cflLNI success in I he Tern i. Conserva lion of to have far reachingimpacts on long—term hiod iversil in ( ommunit foresl through conservation.

Table 1. Enumeration of NTFPs of Dang-Deukhuri

NAME

ACANTHACEAE

1. rthclrograplncpuns u/nb Nees K lapnalh )'l'h) ii NI Vi hohc phmt used in fever. 2. Jkcr/eriuzrr,skilo L. II \I I.eaves and runt: in ough and iiiflanini,itions

1. !—IrriugruplosJuilu (\',chI) han U NI Plant juice in throat problem 'L Andrrsou (Man,mdhar 19115). 4. Ilcgrop/ciIu aurii ululu lalniakl cue II NI Sec1 usec I as tonh and )Schumah.) Ileine aphrodisiac. 5. Justkicc ac/hatodn I.. Rush ('1h), S Fe. C. Plants: iii fern. ag. green .\suin NI manure.Leaf: in rcsthnia. bronchitis, as hdcmostatic.

6. Penslzojthe bico]ii ulcitri Ii C liant used as gree ii cc an ire (Retz.) \ees )CSIR 19116). ADIANTACEAE

7. Adinnlum inrisum Ihrssk. II NI Whole plant usedas antiseptic. 8. ldiontumphthppense Forssk. Ratmul II NI Root in fever nd burns. ALISMATACEAE

9. AhsniriplnntoL'o—oquotic a 1. Nludkiva ('I hj II 1' Seeds used as pickle: leave used as vogel Ne. 1(1. 'ngittnringco-onc'nsis KnictIi Hansrhhccga TI NI P1 oct deco lion in lever )Manandhccc, 1983).

11. So,giltorio trifolia L. — II NI Tubers used in skin cI isocders; leaves in si crc' throat, mtlarmnal ion ofbreasts )CSIR 1986). AMARANTHAEAE

12. Achcraiithcs aspem I.. Ultakur ( l'h). II NI Root used in diarrhoea, \pamarga dvsi'nter, dcliv in child del is ei, snake bite. toothachic acid vomiting. 13. -1It erncmlhero secsi/is )L.) flc. Bhiringijhar. II NI Plant paste mixedwith ivater to hhringraj bath cml to treat heat stroke.

14. lirinronthus .cpinocusI. Marso ('I h) II E leaves used as vegetable. ANACARDIACEAE

15. Buchrcnrcnio Icitilolia Roxb. Pivar F F. \I Seeds edible.tonic.. I eaves I kidder.

196 Non-TimberForest Products and CommunityDevelopment in Dang-Deukhur. Mid-West Nepal

16. Lotus ii ommondelicu )al dabs 'I I sl loises oh o used in uts am I and as fodder. (1 butt.) \.lerr. ccound: good

17. !llius iii iiwnsis Miller T M Hark pot'dei in sccollen leg clue to mod.

•n I 8 1loni,i/c'co mdico I,. Aarn I'h(. I Hark jobs' used pneumonia. \amp stomarh pain Seed kei no! used in charthccisc.

19. $emrcacpos tinot uidiom Hhela. I E, \I I rod juic c' applied in chapped I..f. Kuma f Ih) feet. !'rUii cup edible.

20. Spondics pirinihi Amarcc I H. M I Jnripe (rutIs used in ph 1. e Li.) Kui z. Roasted truil iiic uugh: lactation in animal.

ANNONAEAE Leal I. Annunn squumutn I,. Sariti '1' L, Ic! Fruit edible. paste applied awund limls: applied to kill lii('S.

APOCYNACEAE

22. A/.slwuo i( hilt is Chhatnvan I' II. P Root juO e uSed in iccor: and IL.) H. hr. trot oh e or fish poiscdnng.

23. (c,ci.sccc ccciuekis L. Chutro. H. \I Fruit edible, used as StOInd(hO karaonti Root )uc' used fl abortion.

24. Holoriheiuc ins Kachari i'I'liI. I' M Hark juice in diarrhoea, puhesc in )Buch.—I-lam.)\Vall. ox G. lIon Dudhi dysentery. I atex applied s abios.

decu..tion used as 23. 1 hnoc orpoc /rutc'.s ins (,hliegard dhudi C NI Root stem as (1.) H. Hr. )l'h). llucthe lah'crc !clocxl puriiier Fntire plant tndder.

26. Pliunerio i obro I. Gulapi )Fhi. C 1 loccei's consumc'd asc egetabic' (lolainchi (Paudval 200tt(.

\1 Root in 0. 27. HciuisIf Ia s rpc'ntinti Sarpaga adha ii juice gast problem. snake bite. (ever md ocsomuii. (L.) ltenth. oc hOc, ARACEAE

28. Aic)I.II.s tOlalflus ,. Be h lFh)Bojho I! N! Rhi,.ome in dvseuterc, cough. ore throat.

29. .liiscwma tcniuasuni Baanku H F. .erial parts:goo( I egetible. )\Vall.(S hail

30. Pjs0o slrotiotes 1.. 11 L. C, Plant: ex client food for fishes: Xl, P lea esI uokc'd a id eateo: caloccd as manure InlI applied in ringworm (CS!H IORGj.

197 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAP5/NTFPs in Nepal

31. Scindopcus officinolk, Gaj pipal 11 M Roasted fruit given to cattle as Roxb.) Schott anthelmintic.

32. a1otropisgigantea Madar, Aank 11 Fi, M Latex used in snake, crabbite; L.j Dryand low back pain, sinusitis, constipation. Flowers used in clogbite. Fibrefrom fruit pod used in fillingpillows and mattress.

33. Colotmpis procera Aankh (Th) H M I atex applied to remove thorn (Aiton) Dryand. from skin.

34. Berberisoristata Dc. Ghutro S M Root bark decoctjon in malaria fever (Acharya, 1996).

35. 0mw/urn indiLum Tatolo T M Bark: in diarrhoea and IL.) Kurz dysentery.

36. Bornbox c.eiba L. Simal T E, F; M Leases: fodder, flowers edible, used in diarrhoea; and gum used in indigestion.

37. Helminthostochysievlanica Mayurkhutti H M Rhizome juice applied in toesof (L.J Hook. ITh), Kamraj ox when infected by worms. Roots are used astonic and aphrodisiac. BURSERAEAE

38. Gorugo pinnaia Roxb. Jhengra T E M Latex applied in cuts and bune fracture; good fodder. CACTACEAE

39. Opuntlo rnonuwritho Paate Siundi S Fe. M Plants: green ferne. Flesh1 part jWilld.j llaw used in boils. ANNABAEAE

40. Cannabis sot/va L. Ganja 11 M Paste ofinllores once in stomach pain ofcattle Ac.hdrya, 1996). CAPP

41. Gleorne vjscoso L. 1-lurhur H F;, M Leaf to treat earache. Seeds used assubstitute of 'methi'.

198 Non-TimberForest Productsand CommunityDevelopment in Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

CHENOPODJACEAE

42. Chenopodium albumL. Bethe II E. M Young tender partsused as vegetable and as appeliser.

43. Anogeissus lotifolius Baudhara 'r E M Leaves: fodder. Bark used in (Roxb. cx DC.) Bedd. diarrhoea and d3 senterv.

44. Trrnino1io 01(110 Hevne Asana (Ih), Saj T F M Leaves: fodder. Bark used in cx Roth. diarrhoea and dysentery.

45. Terminalia hdlirira Bahera. (Th. Rp). T F. M Leaves: fodder. Kernel eaten fGaertn.l Roxh. Barro likegroundnut: used in cough and cold.

46. Terminolio chebula Retz. Harro T M Roasted immature fruit: in bronchitis. Unripefruit: in diarrhoea and dysentery: ripe fruit: in constipation, cough, gastric.

COMPOSITAE

47. Agvrolurn convzoide L. Ganaura (Tb. RI)) H FM Fste ofleaves orwhole plants in cuts and wounds.Fodder.

48. Arkmisio incJico Wild Patee 11 M Leaf )uice applied in ring worm and nasalbleeding. in wounds and scahies.

49. Gentipcdo minimu Chhiunkc hair H M Seeds used in cold. (L.) A. Br. ex Aschers

50. Cirsiurn wolhchi DC. Markatiya H M Root powder givenin stomach inflammation (Manandhar, 1985).

51. Golulohemisphcrico A hchhvun jhar H M Aerial part used in sinusitis. (Rnxh.) Wall. cx GB. Clarke

52. Eclipla pro.stroto (L.) L. l3hangeriya )Th, Aid H F M I eaves used to cure skinsores causedhr mud. Fodder.

53. Elephantopu.sscnhcr L Laepase Th) 11 Fr, NI Entire plant:as fermenting material 'rnorcha', and used to checkbleeding.

54. Lounoeo ospk'niilbho Bankobi H NI Plantpaste in skin irritation (Willd.J Hook. f. Manandhar 1985).

55. Spilanthes olva DC. Marrati (Ni') I-I M,P Flowers in toothache (taken mixed with tobacco). Plant extract in fish poison.

56. Tridoxprocumbens L. Aathauil (Tb) H M Plant pdstein boils orpimples. Dhoseri Entireplant: fodder.

199 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPsINTFPs in Nepal

S Sc HABIT USE USE PERSPECTIVES

7. 'ont1tj,untiiiirtoiiiint I . KU(.llrIhij—i._hjVd II NI ruit tiPd 10 1 unjunc livitis )j\1atiiiidhei I cONVOLVULAIEAE

5tl. Lu ito ut/i\uRu\b. \kavtli C NI Plant paste used oxlernallv for liltlog: and in levitt

ijii)ilioi 0 qiiiinoi/11 1. UiIto/a Li I' Xl Plant deccation in blood gurulians vomiting (Nit andlia,. 191/5).

)jicrcrilirioturie/hooi \isciclh C \I Root: in hi peraciditv. Li SUsa

Croliulcic 000rrno/o!ois I)irigliiirniii plot! Ii NI Plant paste in siabins. F

urneo Iponioia Jaiij. Hi sa am Ilehas a I; Ii. NI. PlanIs used itt lenclug, I a rh lion subsp. Ii tulosa (Mart. Rp, Th( P ivall in house oxCboisv) D.I Austin conslruclion. Lslex used ill ivouiids. poisonous to man arid animal. UIJRB1TAEAE

(ocrrnio I. grondis (L.)Voigt Golkiankar ( F Thung leaves and uriripe fruits k' naru used as vegelahie.

Lot nuns sutiviis c r. ,\icIii, \irilu C XI Fruits: in bod md naval Iioiijinckj (Roh) Kitani. sniclling. CYPERACEAF.

05. Crioplrotri;riiOfllOSilfll (Wall. I Rani baijivo H I. Mi Fodder. PlanIs used in ritual Wall. oxC. B. Clarke ceremony n Socjrinc SonLmun/i )Rajbhandari. 21)111 DIOSCOREACEAE

Ill. l)iosiori ii buiLt/iiii F. ur .1 C H TbIer:vegetahlc.

07. fliosiann heIuphiiio C H '1uber: 'ego/able. Pr tin) \oigt ox I lames lilt. i)iocraria penloplni/o L. Mi/hoCub I F limber: vegetable. DIPTEROCARPACEAE

. robuslo (i'l '-doria CamIn. Sakhuwa. S11 1 Mi, () Leaves: in making phite: setds iel,l oil. Leakes asladder. DRYOPTERIDACEAE

70. 1)rr up/iriscm/thu/u Neuro.kni hiva 11 1. Young shoots: vegetable. (I). Don) L C) r.

71. c/aria ,.uu,ionoto li hi lo Heirr i II H, NI Young shoots: vegetaltIe: root (IVall. ax J. Smith) G.Chr. medicinal.

200 Non Timber Forest Products and Community Developmentin Dan-Deukhuri, Mid West Nepal

EBENAGEAE

72. Dio.spims fomentuso Roxh. Iendu 'I 1 NIi Leaves ii d to make 131(11vUllU. Ripe fruits edible.

EQUISETACEAE

73. 1 ipiiv tuizi thl/iisuni 1). lion Jortora 151j. II NI Root past in I UI edor \ririkhln liar disiutcited hones.

EUPHORBIACEAE

74. Antiilisznr,or li/urn Ret,. Dakhi I'li) S E. I. Iruit edible. Young leaves taken NI as pickI.and matuie leases as good fodder.

75. Luphwliio hulii I . Duilliiva liii) II Xl Plants: in cuts and ;sounds, and ibis11w jha dv.stiiI tory.

76. 1 up/wihiii /iru.stiolri\iton l)udhi (Tb). II M Plant pastein snake—bite (\hiuandhar 1911i)

77. Tuplioihiu no bonn Siudi II NI. P latexmixed svitli cows milk in Iloissier zlunkhu Phu/u Puicko. Latex used in fish poisoning.

78. Introjtho viius L. Sajiban II In. Xl, P1lots used in fencing: seeds: Xli emitii . Stemused as loothhrush

79. .'cloI/vlu philippi n sls Riihma. Robin 1 XI H rk: iii dvsenter : stellate hairs in.) \Iull \ni. and ghouls in ssoiminleslalion. Lenes as loddei.

80. Phvllunthus urnw us Gbhotaki II NI lest juice in pimples humach . & Thonn. dahi gola (Mar ant Ibar 1985).

81. Phi /Ionlhus oothlii a I. ,uraha [Tb). I' IC NI Fruit cilible. pickled: used in Ani:da hi pera idit. spoiiip gumand as tomi

112. liiiiniis i nnillliinis 1.. SuIi liii ('I hi S XI hot petioli blown into eat to iNnder treat beafness.Seed nil in rboumat han. and less es used to tie in joint pain.

83. ,cup1urnin signe Kb ii ro I, P Leaf used as lisli poison. (Rovie) bulb.ux I look. I. GRAMINEAE

84. ilpliiduninth a L. II I Leaves used asfodder.

85. Bnmhu.sn ho/coon Ro\h. Kalbebans. I 1 IC Mi Noung shoots edible: used in Ilbalu liaans ( onst mi lionscot Ks. Less is as ladder.

86. C/ni5090,00 uia i/ofus Saran Lb (.1 1) II NI Root paste in miIs and wound jRctius( Irinio, )Manandhar. 1985(.

201 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

87. Coix Jachrvmo-jobiL. Guinji)Thf H Mi Fruits used as decorative along the edge ofthe basket )dhakiva'j.

88. Gi nodon dactt'Ion Duba(Th) 1-1 M. Mi Plant religious aIue. and stem Pers. paste in headache. Entireplant: fodder.

89. Desmoslnch a bipinnala Kush II M, Mi Root: in leurorrhoea;whole L.) Stapf plant used in rituals. 90. Eulnliopsisbinafa Bankash. 11 Fi Entiie plant used forc.ardage. fRetz..) C. E. Hubh Bahivo

91. Impeinlo vlindrkc, Siru II NI Rant juice used in .s orm (I .) P l3eaus. infestation. Entire plant: fodder. 92 Swcharuin spontancwn L. Rhangra. Setha II Fi, M. Plant is used as materials for (Tb). Kans Mi roofing, partition, in making rope, andgrain storage (dalia). Root decoction used in urinary problem.

93. Themada orundwaceo Kadora (Tb, Rp) II Mi Materials for partition and (Roxb.) RidI. roofing.

94. Themoda IriandraFnrssk. Khar II Mi Aerial part used as thatching material. LABJATAE

95. Colcbrookea oppositifolo Sm. I hub bhatena, S M.Mi Leaf juice used in commoncold Dahigota and headache, in ee prohleni: (Th. Ftp). Dhurse usxl to ripen banana. 96. I,eocas ccphalotes II E, M Plant juice in liver disease. (Roth) Spreng. lever; and tenderparts as vegetable.

97. Mcnlha spb ala L. Pudin(Th) H Ft. M Leaves used as pickle: in vomiting and cooling agent.

98. Ocimuai bosilb yin L. Bahari IT M Leaves in common cold.

99. Ocimuin tenuiflorum L. Tulsi II M, Mi Leaves in cnnimon cold: ,eremonial.

100. Pa"ostcinon bcn,ghalensis Ma kopida S M Leaves, tender shoots in fever, (Burm. f.) Kuntze (rh, Ftp), Rudilo common cold, headache )Manandhar, 1985).

101. Vilex negundo L. Sewali (Th) S NI. Mi Dried leaves in headacheand fencing. LA

102. Cinnamomum glaucescens Malagiri, 1 Mi Seedoil used in (Nees Hand.-Mazz. Sugandha kokila porfumer. and as incense.

103. Litsca monopctolo Kutmira 1 M Bark juice used in cuts and (Roxb.jPers. vound. Leaves: a good source of fodder.

202 Non-TimberForest Productsand CommunityDevelopment in Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

104. thruspi'ec olorius L. l'ilihir(Tb). C M Paste ot seed taken in Lalgedi constipatiOn. 105. Aracio nilotico Babur 1' F.. \1 Pasteof burnt fruit applied in (L.) Wilid. cx Delile boils, lieaddChe. Seeds edible. 106. Acocio pennoto Aili (Th. Rpt S F, P Tender leaves asvegetable and (L.) Wilid. fruits forfish poisoning. 107. Acocio cotcc.hu Khavdr T \l Latex ('kaitha') used in cuts (Lf.) WilId. and wound. 108. Acnc ía fiirncsioori Babul. T M, Mi Stern used as toothbrush, in (U WilId. jatasankar losPr, headache. wounds and blisters.

109. Albiiio chinonsis T P Young leaves and buds )Osbeck) Merr. poisonous to animals.but used as insecticide.

110. Bauhinio tomrntocn L. Amilotaanki T M Leases used in scorpion sting. ill. Bouhinia vohlii Mdhurain (Th), C F. Ft. Roasted seeds edible. Wight & Am. Malu. Bhorla Fr Bark used as rope. Bark juice used as fermenting material. Good lodder.

112. l3ouhinin voriegnto I.. Kuiralo T F.. M Seed possdcr taken to control indigestion and stornachache. Flowers: goodvegetable. Leaves: good fodder. 113. Butea butciformis Bhujetro S M Seeds used asW0Tiii( ide. (\ksigt)Grierson

114. Buteo monospermo Dhaka (Tb., Rp..) T M Leaf used asappetiser and (Lam.) Kuntze anthelmintic (Acharva. 1996). I eaves: used in rituals, and fodder.

115. Goesolpinio bonthu' KaclanjajAb). C Fe, M Plantsused in lencusg. Seeds: (L.) Roxb. Bokshi Kanda in stomach pain, malarial fever.

116. Cuc",alpiniodn'cupetolo Karsuji S L Leases: in burns; asbidder. (Ruth) Alston

11 7. Gossiomimosoirlcs I.. hotaki au (1 Ii) H M I'lant paste used in leprosy (Manandhar, 1985).

118. cussiobra L. Sano chakaun 11 L. M Youngleaves and tender parts ('I Ii) used as vegetable. Seed used against dcv cough. 119. Grotoloriu albido H F Fi'uits edible. Heyne exRoth

120. Crotoioria prostroto Ban san )Th( 11 M Plantpaste in wound Rottb. cx Wilid. (Manandhar. 1985).

121. Dalbcrgio sissoo Sisawa ThJ, 1' M Bark decoction in gout, and leaf Roxb. cxDC. Sisau paste in fever (Manamidhar 1985).

203 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPsINTFPs in Nepal

122. thrinu sPArtaRoxb. [In Jingal. T NI Leaf juice as sermiluge lhr laledo cattle.

123. 1!uc unci pimAins (I..) DC. Kauso C M Seeds astoi cc.

124. PhilJuc/iunc pukhellurn Basanta(Th.. Rp) 11 Mi Plant used to make brooms. )L) Best.

125. Pleiucnrpus marsupium Chhattin kath 1' NI Water soaked c.sith wood taken Roxb. (Tii) Bijavasal to eliet cone and rheu math pain; and iii diabetes.

126 .jactlialohcn, prircitioicc, IThamiri lb I C F. \I Stem juice usm in cuts and jRoxb.j Kuntze Delire lahara wound: good fudder.

127. Vicia sath a L. Aakanda ('1hj II F.F Good tndder. Seeds edible. LILIACEAE

128. nbc ccru jL.) Burm. f. Ghiu kumari Ii NI Latex in stomach pain, in boils and burns and in ec beat.

12). .lspuruguc rca encoscc.s kurilo 11 I '. NI Root used to make lernienting \ViIId. material Marcha : used as tonic and in lack of lactation.

130. Chlorojthc'iuinnc'po]ensc Banpaj 11 'vi Root pastemixed with mustard ILiodleyl Baker oilin joint pain (Munandbar. 1985). LINACEAE

1:11. 1 mcmiusitu(c.ssicccucu 1.. ,\rsi ( lb) Aitus 1] F. Nt Seeds used in pit kIt'. Smoke ot dry plant to heal mud infected pait: to subsidethe abscess.

1.19. Ifeinn ccrdtju judoo Pva uli S NI Root pastein headac1w Dcimort. I Mauandhar, IOtIS I. LYTHRAGEAE

133. I.no rsinesnia pccni//cm Sidh,m jRpl. I NI IIeart—wood : autidiahc'tic. Roxh. Dhvra paati ('t'h

134. Vloodlordia tcuticuva Dhaiveru. S NI Flover juice used in urinewith (I..I Kunt,. Dha era blood. Bark jm(e with milk mail in d secitecv. Barkpcstc' applied on burns. MALVACEAE

135. 'the/moM/ois 01051 hubs Lata kasturi 11 NI Root juice usediii tvplimud.

1.16. Gossi'picoci urhoreimi 1. Ruwa (TImI. 11 NI Root: abortitac ent (for abortion): Kapas ash ( otton) is used icc cround.

117. Sida acuta Flurmn.f ('hirchira (Rp. S Fl. NI Bark For cocdage. \Vbolic plant I. Bishakhopari used as bc corn. Root and st'ecl cli'coction as tot c jManandbar. I985j.

204 Non-TimberForest Productsand Community Developmentin Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

138. Sida cordatri IBurm. f.( Bish khnpada. S XI PidnI juice ppIiedin scorpion Bors.(Svn.. Sida liwnilis \\ilicLi Biskapre S '4ingand in boils.

130.Sido rhombifolia L. llalu(bar S M Plant mixed Vtith niustard oil used in boils and wounds. MELIACEAE

140. ilzudirn hOt indtco Neeni T Fr, M I eavesused to makefermen ing A.Jos. material Marcha . Barkjuice used in headache.

141. Tro/nlw onnorouhs Pu be jengra 1 F I eaVeS and Iwigs: foddei (\ight & Am. Bents. (lbI. jingat MENISPERMACEAE

142. Cissninjw/ospoo'ilo L. Batul pate C M Leaf juice used in nab bite. Root juice in sinmar bat he.

143. Stephuolu joponicn ar. BatuIpate C \I Root: in gastric problem and dii olur (t\iiq.I Fllrrnao I. UI s and wounds. Leaves: fodder.

144 Tinosporn sincnc,c Curia 1 h(, Gur(o C NI Stem juice used hi dvseitiers (Lnui.) Met r. andho Cr. MORACEAE 145. Woe urpus inhgru Kalahar T Fr, Ni Leaf used to make fermenting (Thimb.) Merr. material Martha Latex usedin toothache.

1413. Fives hispida1. Fhote T F. Hintedible, used as pickle. LeasCs: Oxlder.

147. lit is lotor Buc.h.-i lam. Isahro. Gulir I E, Ni Yo togshoots: ogetahlr. Fiuits o eel in diarrhoea. clvscnterv.

148. Ficusrat mesa I.. Iii owe '1 E. F I eases as fodder. ire Is edible, Xl useil in diarrl ocaand ilvseulerv. and latex also forthe same purpose.

149. Ficus snmiroolotu Khnnieu 1' F. NI I rubs edible used in diarrhoea. Buch.—1 lain. e'Sm. 1jO. \'Joji: zoi'ro L. Kimbu 'I F.. Xl iinbc edible, as anti— thirst. MYRTACEAE 131. Psidiuni tuujai o I,. Ambaa. 1' C. Fl, FruiIs edible. Leaf juice used a. BelaUI Nt fermenting material .5bus ho Young shoot juiceused in dinrhoea, tunlhu hi. 152.Sziç'iuni vern tnt jarnun 1 F.. Xl. H'uits edible. Bark juice used a (U Skeed. P abdoinmel pan and diarrhoea. '\lso used is fish poison. NYCTAGINACEAE

153. lloiulu,ocio diflusa 1. Churc.huriva ('I'li). 11 NI PUnt uancl in snake b'te intl (1 puma night bliO1OCSS.

205 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

154. Mirobilis jrilupa L. Barka gurubaris 11 M Root powder in menstrual çFhj, 'slalati disorder. NYM

155. Velumbo nucifero Gaertn. Kam,il F-I F NI Flower juice,seed powder. in jaundice. Green seeds edible. ONAGRAEAE

156. Ludwigia octovoliis 11 M Plant juice used in wound jjacq.j PH. Raven caused duringrainy season (Mananrlhar, 1985). LOSSACEAE

157. Ophioglossum reticulum L. Ek patiya (Th), H L Whole plant good vegetable. Jibre saag ORCHIDACEAE

158. Vonda roxhuxhii R.Br. fladjor 11 M Entire plant pasteused in fracture. ACEAE

159. ()xojjs cornicu lain L. Amcbocha, H E, M Leaves used in earache, fever Chamseer (Th arid dvsenter3; also used to make sour pickle. P

160. Phocriiv hurnilis Thakal S 5, Nil Leaf: thatchingmaterial and dS Ro'le ox Becc & I took, broom. I'ruitedible and used in wine preparation. Tuberous root used asvegetable. PAP

161. Aiernone inexicano L. Bharbhanda jTh), H M Seed juh.ein indigestion: sap in Katare kanda wounds and blisters, and eye infection.

162. Piperlongum L. Pharipipper (Th), H Fr, NI Rootused as termenting Pipla material"Marcha'. Fruits used in jaundice. POLYGONAEAE

163. Persicoria hidropiper Bish jare, II F.,Fr, Tender shoots eaten as (L.) Spach. Biriva (Tb) M, P egetab1e.Entire plant juice used as fish poisonand as fermenting material 'Marcha". juice also appliedin headache and colic.

164. Polygonum plebejum Chiraik gor 11 M Plant paste in wound caused R. Br. (Thj duringrainy season (Manandhar, 1985J.

165. Rheurn au,strah' l).l)on Padamchal II NI Root juiceused in conjunctivitis.

206 Non-TimberForest Products and Community Developmentin Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

166. Rurnexnepolensis Spreng. Dbaldhalisa H F. M Leaves eaten asgreen vegetable. (IIs) Seeds used in chkken—pox (Manandhar, 1985).

167. Gheilonthe bicolor Roxb.j Dude jhar, H M Plant juice used in cut, and hi Grill cxEras-Junk. Dude sisiki abdununalpain.

168. Ronuncuius sclcrolus L. Nakapolava ('l'hj I-I M Plant juice in gastric inllanunation jAcharva. 1996).

169. Zixvphus rnouribono Lam. Bayar S F., NI Stens juice used to apply in leg sssulling. Fruit used in diarrhoea, d sets tery and also in cough: fruits edible.

170. Adino cordifolio (Willd. ax Roxb.j Haldu (Tb, Rpj. 1' M Bark juiceused in cuts Bentb. & Hook. f. ex Brandis Thulukarma (TIs) and wound.

171. Borrerio uluto (AubI.) DC. Paundisi (Tb) II M Plant juce in bone fracture of cattle Mauandliar, 1985). 172. 1lnenothcfron excclsum Bhurkuti jThj 1' NI, Mi Bark powder in snakebite, and (Roxb.j Wall. sood to make musical instrumeist 'Mandra'.

173. Xèroniphis spinuso Macu S F, M. Fruit juiceand ashused as fish jThumb.jI.ay P poison. Unripe truits as pickle. Seeds used asemetic. RUTMEAE

174 . Aegle mormelos jL.j Corr. Bel I M Fruit juiceapplied in cuts and stonsach-ache.

175. Murrovo koenigii (L.j Spreng. Binbinveria (Thj S F, P I,eaves usedas bisect repellent and insecticide. Fruits eaten rass.

176. Zonlho'n'Ium ormotum DU. Timur S F, NI Fruits in skin irritation, toothache: and as spites.

177. Schleichero uleuso Kusum T F, I'. NI Leaves: fodder. Fruitsedible: (Lourj Dken. seed oilused in skindiseases.

178. Aesondro hutvroceo Ghisiri T P Seed cakejPina( used as fish (Roxb.) Baehsni poison. 179. \4odhuco Iongifolio Mahuwa T E. M, Latex used in cuts. Flowers used (J. l(lrnigjJ. Macbr. Mi, C) to prepare local wino and broad. Seed oil used in cooking.

207 Local Experiencebased National 5trategyfor Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPS in Nepal

S

SCHIZACEAE

180. Ligodiuni //rxuosurn IL. Sw. Kali dabai 11 M Plant ii ed in skin diseases. Kochvc ihj SCROPHULARIACEAE

181. Scojiciriri cIulc.is L. Bbera chdc.buc a (Tb I ii Fr. NI PlanI (oire used in fec Pr. (Suni Jbcr headriche, boil, andas fermentation material Mari.Ii,c SOLANAEAE

182. Doluro mete! L. Ilhator ( Fh) S Ni I e tees, fruits: in stomach palm

I 8i . Solarcuircnngun'i I ati. tlhomara ('1 hi II F, NI Plantdc' ocijon iii hrorcc hitis: young shoot eaten as vegetalcIe.

184 Solonuni rio lccngencc L Bh,o La II \l Root dec I in the preepanc . to acililate ease labour.

185. Solonuncni"runc I Xluk,iia('['hi, ii F, NI Ft uits edible: used to induce Kamon phal 'ound sleep. 'lendershoots as c egetahlc's.ccrrl usc'cl in jaundic.c'.

186. Scdcnncm scrrccltc'nccc Burni. f. K c heriva (I h) 11 Ni Root cud plant clecnr.t inn: icc K,ic hccrahat brccrrc.bitic. TAMARICACEAE

187. ihinccm ixdiocu Roxic. ccx Roth hauwa I lbI S Xli Stern usoc I as flcauw,c' (Icasket andbroom. T1L1AEAE

188. G'ccco hp/Ic tr'i'ifolio I;dk S 1 Fruits edible. Wilt. ex (flion

I lit. Grc'nicc optivu Poo,i fib) S Xli Bark fibre: in ropes. nets. etc. R. ljrurnm. exl3cirret J. Light wood used IC) ioparcc plough.

190. Grr'wicc ckcophc'IIo S F Hark hbre: in ropes. Fruits Roth. ex G. Don edible.

1111. (,rc'ivio subinoeqiccths DC. Pbursi( t'b) 'F L Fruitsedible. UMBELLIFERAE

192. ('onto/Jo oslo//co )L.) lTrb. Golpate (Tb), II Xl Plant used as astringent and Ghoc] taprc.' cno!ing. URTICACEAE

I 3. Boehowi'ic, pIntcpio 11cc Khisreti S XI Plant goreapplied tic stop D.Fion bleeding.

194. (diwclcnio dii c'i'sjlo/in .\llo Xl Rot 1)10(0gis en to cirunLied (Link) l'riis forrooliug.

208 Non-TimberForest Products and Community Developmentin Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

195. Urtico diocoL. Sisnu H h Leafy part vegetable.

196. Callicarpa mocrophylla Dahigola (Tb) S E Fruitsedible. Vahi

197. Clerodendrum viscosum Titebhati, Bhattena S Mi Leafjuice used to remove lice Vent Th. Rp. Bhaat in man and animal. Stem used as toothbrush.

198. Lnnlanu camaroL. Ginauna H Fe Plantsused in fencing. Kalgedi

199. Phylanoditlora )L.j Greene Kurkure jhar H M Plant paste used in eczema.

200. Diplasiurn esculentum Neuro, Kochiya II S Entire plant: vegetab)e. (Ret'zj Sw

201. Gurculigo orchiaides Gaertn. Kalo muslee, H M Root juice used in boils, Musal len leucorrhoea, as aphrodisiac: to enhancelactation, and breast abscess in cattle.

202. Curcuma angusfifolia Roxb. Ilanjor H M Rhizome: in cough, cold, and swelling: and in fractured and dislocated bones.

1,ocal isanie: Abadhi i'lh), 110/put (Hp). Thorn rib): all othernmnes are \epali rcumes.

Habit: Climbers (Gj, Herbs (H). Shrubs (5). lives (T) tJsecategories: dibIe plants (F). lockle,' Ii), [i'ndng (Efl). !'ermvnhin rccaleriol (It). Medicinal i'M). llisvellaneou.c(.\ti). Oil—ii'lthng plants (0), Poisoflousp/inc/s !Ji. NTFPs with potentials for trade and domestication

Potential species ofN'I'F'Ps has been identified on the has is of their market sal ue and bc ,il util i sat icccc. lventv—fis e specieS hds'e been identified as potential species (Table 2). Abundance ofthe spec vs isranked trorn five to one on the descending order of their availabilit'.Sincilarh' trade value anddoniest caI ion br each ut the species have been identified 1cased on Ilic'field survey. PRA and RRA techniques. Species, which are cry useful and valuablei ecu for trade. ,cre highlypric c'cl are oncidered as bights traded species. Similarl sjcec irs coninionly available and trailed rind have high rlema sd. IcicI clueto less qudlit and quantil'.. not meet the market demandis considered as moderately tr,ccled.

Table 2. Species of NTFPs potential for trade and domestication

I Acarus calancus L. Bojho 3 3 1

2 Aeglemarmeios Bael, Be!, 1 2 1 (L.) Correa (RUTACEAE) Ben (Mag.I

209 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

210 Non-Timber Forest Products and Community Developmentin Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

Source: Field Survey (2003).

PS. Abundance: 5 = Dominant,4 = Common, 3 Less common, 2 = Ftequent, 1 = Rare. Tradevalue: 3 = High, 2 = Moderate, I = Low, 0 = Not known

Domestication:3 = Large scole, 2 = Moderate scole, 1 = Low scale,0 = Not cultivated

Mostof CFUGs have preparedtheir operational harvesting, processing, value addition and pianby themselves with the helpof concerned marketingignorances are themajor constraints District Forest offecepersonnel. Mostly, NTFP for the sustainablemanagement of NTFPs. issues have not been adequately addressed in Besides, several issues related with the their OPs. government's rules, regulation, royalty rates, taxes, permission prcedures to collect and The communities have caused, managed and transports,lack of informations on markets, and used several NTFP species on traditional marketing channels are the major issues that manner. However, due to the lack of adequate are responsible for the adequatepromotion of knowledge on NTFP resources, most CFUGs NTFPs. arenot able totake maximumbenefit from one of their CFs. There are several constrain CONCLUSION AND regarding the conservation and management RECOMMENDATIONS of NTFPs. Lack of identification and documentation of potential NTFPs their From the present study, it has been revealed sustainable collection methods, utilisation, that the local people of Dang district, who

211 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management of MAPs/NTFPs in Nepal belong to the indigenous and lower income ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS group will continue collectingand using wild plants from their near by locality since they The authorshighly appreciate the kind support consider it as their traditional right as well as of WWF Nepal Program, especially the Terai having no alternativechoices. Arc Landscape (TAL) Nepal, Western Terai Program to carry out the present research. Based on the availability,utilisation, market Thanks are also due to National Geographic value and local people's interest, top priority Society, WashingtonDC, for the research grant species includes Azadirachta indica and to explore the plant biodiversity resources of Rauvolfia serpentina, second priority species western Terai, including . are Aegle marmelos, Holarrhena pubescens Similarly, we express our sincerethanks tothe and Andrographis paniculata and third DFO, Asst. DFO, Rangers, Community Forest priority species include Buchanania User Groups,Dang; andRam C. Poudel,Yadav latifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Eulaliopsis Uprety, Subhasha Shrestha and Sunil K. binata, etc. Acharyafor theirmanifold support tocarry out the research. Domestication of about 10 species of native medicinal plants, such as Acorus calamus, REFERENCES Asparagusracemosus, Piper Ion gum, Rauvolfia S.K. 1996. Folk uses of some serpentina, etc., andsmall-scale cultivation of Acharya, medicinal of Pawan district. few species of exotic and naturalized species plants Nagar, Dang Nat. Hist.Mus. 15 25-36. such as Mentha arvensis, Cymbopogon J. (1-4): flexuous, etc. have beenpractised incouple of Basnet, K. 2001. Terai Arc Landscape nurseries managed by the CFUGs of Dang- Assessment: BiodiversityComponents. Report Deukhuri area. Provisionof adequate training to WWF Nepal Program. andcapacity building initiatives to there pioner NTFP farmers on different of NTFP aspects DDC 1999. Dang Jilla Ka Kehi Tathyankaharu and production, development management (Some Statistical Data of Dang District) - could the status of NTFPs both in the uplift unpublished (in Nepali), but it is in District forest and in the farm. Forest Office, Dang.

NTFP based and Community Forest User Manandhar, N.P 1985. Ethnobotanical notes Group managed small-scale industries and on certain medicinalplants used by Tharus of should be established co-operativeenterprises Dang Deokhuri district, Nepal. Tnt. 3. Crude for trade of value NTFPs promoting high Drug Res. 24 (2): 81-89. to improve people's livelihood. The necessary encouragementand support for all Poudyal, 5. 2000. Ethnobotanical study of the others realeated stakeholdersis amust in this Tharus living in central part of Dang (Mid- regard. Western Nepal). M. Sc. dissertation, Central

212 Non-TimberForest Productsand Community Developmentin Dang-Deukhuri,Mid-West Nepal

Department of Botany, T.U., Kathmandu, Nepal.

Shrestha, K.K., N.N. Tiwari, S. Rajbhandary, S. Shrestha, Y. Uprety and R.C. Poudel. 2003. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the CriticalBottlenecks and Corridorsof TeraiArc Landscape-Nepal: Documentation,Utilization, Trade and People's Livelihood. A report submitted to WWF Nepal Program, Kathmandu,Nepal.

213 HERBS PRODUCTION & PROCESSING COMPANY LIMITED Experience gained and lessons learned

Narendra N. Tiwari Jawahar M. Bajracharya

INTRODUCTION a. Collectionand processingof wildherbs for export erbs Production and Processing T b. Assist the collectors in the Company Limited (HPPCL) was conserving natural resourcesof MAPs with sustainable established in 1981 as an harvesting procedures undertaking of His Majesty's Government of Nepal (HMGN). The company's authorized c. Cultivation and processing of medicinal capital is NRs. 5,00,000,00 while the issued and aromatic plants for selling in national andpaid-up capitals areNRs. 3,86,00,000 and and intentional markets 2,75,17,000 respectively. The 5-membered Board of Directors include representatives of d. Encourageand facilitateprivate farmers for different line agencies and is chaired by the the cultivation and management of Joint Secretary, Ministry of Forests and Soil medicinal and aromatic plants in the Conservation. country

OBJECTIVES e. Makeavailable the necessaryraw materials in the processedlsemi-processedforms to The following are the major objectivesof the the local pharmaceutical, Ayurvedic and Company: aroma industries

214 Herbs Production & Processing Company Limited

the f. Create additional employment has started cultivatingmedicinal plants in opportunities inthe country and facilitate community land. in uplifting the economic standard of low Cultivation extension programme level income groups of people The company'sTarahara and Belbari herbal Formulateand manufacture herbal health g. fanns, situatedin east Nepal are cultivating and care for local market and export products processing medicinal and aromatic plants in land. The CFUGs COMPANY'S FACILITIES AND their respective adjoined have been to cultivate ACTIVITIES encouraged recommended MAPs in their respective CFs Central office and production! with buy-back guarantee. The company's herbal farm unit, Kailali district is processing unit Tikapur engaged in promoting the cultivation and The company'scentral office with herbal processing of medicinal and aromatic plants facility is situated at production/processing in the far-westernregion of the country. Koteshore, Kathmandu spread over 1.5 ha. Apartfrom generaladministration, this unit is Resin Collection Centres engaged in maimfacturing different types of The 3 Collection Centres at herbal health care products that are used company's ljhankuta, Parbat and Myagdi districts are locally as well as exported. engaged in collecting pine-resin in Tamagadhi herbal farm coordination with the local communityforest users group members. Located in and covering 350 is in hectares,Tamagadhi herbal farm engaged Activities the cultivation and processing of medicinal HPPCL has initiated the cultivation and aromaticplants. Localvillagers have been recently of different of essential oil herbs trained and technically assisted on various types bearing Palmarosa, aspects of medicinal and aromatic plant like Citronella, Lemongrass, inthe eastern cultivationin theirprivate landwith buy-back Camomile, Mentha arvensis,etc., of the The collectionand guarantees. region country. processing of Wintergreenleaves (Gaultheria Localvillagers, mostly those having noprivate fragrantissima), Sunpati (Rhododendron land and including women and members of anthopogon) and Dhupi (Juniperus indica: disadvantaged communities, have been leavesand berries) have been carried outsince providedwith someportion of the farm'sland last fifteen years in Dolakha,Ramechhap and under conditions providing opportunities to Lalitpur districts. Resin of Pin us roxburghii is cultivate recommendedmedicinal plants with collected for processingRosin and Turpentine buy-back guarantee. As the result, some oil in Makwanpur, Dhankuta, Parbat, Myagdi CommunityForest User Group Members also andLalitpur districts. The company's strategies,

215 Local Experience-basedNational for Strategy Organic Production and Management ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal major achievements, challenges are given • Production of below, quality seed/seedling for cultivation and distribution to farmers Companys strategies • l'rajnirw and capacity building • and Organic production management of opportunitiesto stakeholders together with MAPs technical assistance • Developmentof improvedtechnologies for • Buy back for the collection, cultivation, management and - guarantee cultivated MAP processingof' MAPs Prodlucts • farmersto cultivate Encouraging suggested • Innovate and standardize herbal products MAPs, also Providing Portions of the company's farmland to the villagers at • Market research and information vicinity for MAP cultivation dissemination

industrial products of HPPCL

Arternisia Oil Amalaextract Anthopogon Oil Belladonna extract Camomile Oil Chiraitaextract CalamusOil Lichenextract CitronellaOil Rosin EucalyptusOil Taxtis extract Frenchbasil QJl KachurOil Mentha arvensis Oil Juniper berry Oil JatamansiiOil Lemongrass Oil Palmarosa Oil Sugandhakokila Oil Tejpat Oil TurpentineOil Wintergreen Oil Zanthoxylum Oil

HERBAL CARE PRODUCTS

Oral useand massage: Inhale and fragrance: Anti-leechOil Decongestant HimalayanMassage Oil Refreshing Nepal Oil TensionReliever SANCHO Kanchangungha (perfume for Male) Shilajeet Manakamana (forFemale) Herbal Drink

216 Herbs Production & Processing Company Limited

Annual rate of production EssentialOils: 24 Metric Tons Rosin & Turpentine: 100 Metric Tons Herbal Care: 2200 thousand Products pieces Markets

Essential oils and extracts of medicinal and aromaticplants aremostly exported to Europe and the Asia Pacific regions. Rosin and Turpentine are supplied to the domestic and Indian markets. Herbal Care Products are mostly consumed in the domestic markets.

EXPERIENCES GAINED AND LESSONS LEARNED

- Community forestsand other community- ownedlmanagedland are the most fertile avenue for the sustainable managementof MAPs, especially when the income generationopportunities for the poor and disadvantagedgroups of the communities are focused.

- Farmers are interested in MAP cultivation when market is assured andreturn more.

- Value-addition and processing on medicinal and aromatic plants are the musts for better return from the forest as well as the farm products.

- Capacity-buildingefforts like training, technical assistance, and provision of some resource inputs are the basic requirenments for the motivation of farmersand villagers in the production and managementof MAP resources.

217 POSTER PRESENTATIONS

COMMUNITY INITIATIVES N CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MAP/NTFP RESOURCES IN UDAIPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL

Nirmal Bhattarai PradipIVlaharjan

INTRODUCTION distributed among 40570 households. The altitude ranges from 800m to 2300m and Development Research Centre nternationa1 includes the warm and humid region of (IDRC), Medicinal and Aromatic Plants • Churia Hills and the &Program inAsia (MAPPA) provided a two- Terai, (Siwalik Range) year project to the Herbs Production and southern slopes of the Mahabharat Range. Processing Company Limited (HPPCL) for The vegetationin the district ismainly tropical developing local initiatives in conservation, and sub-tropical with sal (Shorea robusta) and management of medicinal development as the dominant tree species. Commercially andaromatic plant (MAP) resources in Udaipur valued MAPs available in the district are district, Sagarmathazone, Nepal. The District Acorus racernosus, Forest Office, Udaipur supported the project calarnus, Asparagus implementation as the local project partner. Cinnamornurn tarnala, Holarrhenapubescens, Piper iongurn, Rauvoifia serpentina, Sapindus PROJECT DISTRICT rnukorossi, etc., in addition to a large number of used in local remedial and Udaipur, the project district, occupies an area species healing of 2063 sq. km. with a population of 221256 purposes.

218 Community Initiatives in Conservation, Development and Managementof MAPINTFP Resources

PROJECT AREA practice options seemed to be the limiting factors. Out of the 95 communityforests handedover to the communities in the district, 11 were - There is immense potentiality for the considered for the project activities. These cultivation of some commercially valued represented different ecological zones, viz. MAPs. While the local farmers are interested, Inner Tarai (Asari and Bansbari community shortages of planting materials including forests), Churia Range (Bahuna, Janajyoti, ignorance on the production of seedlings and Rajdevi, Ramjanaki and Sharaswoti their propagation seemed to be the major community forests), and the Mahabharat limiting factors. Range (Annapurna, Navajyoti, Puware and Trishakti community forests). The total area ACTIVITIES CONDUCTEDAND covered by these community forests is 3700 THE RESULTS OBTAINED hectares with 2442 households usingthem. Training programs ISSUES CONSIDERED • Practical training on resource assessment, conservation, A pre-feasibilitystudy revealed the following development, management NTFP/MAP related facts and issues in the and sustainableharvesting practices, value- district in general and the project area in addition and local-level processing of particular: NTFPs/MAPs was provided to 125 CFUG members including 57 women and • The district has long remained a leading representing all the considered 11 supplier of many potent herbs to the communityforests. domestic and Indian markets. • Training on nursery practices of some • NTFPs/MAPs are being collected locally availableand commerciallyvalued indiscriminately from the wild, and the medicinal plant species (e.g. Acorus unmanaged harvesting practices have calarnus, Asparagus racernosus, threatened their resource-base at many Cinnarnornurn tarnala, Piper iongurn, places. Rauvolfia serpentina, Sapindusrn ukorossi, etc.), followed by the establishment of 3 Local collectors are of • ignorant primary community-managedmedicinal plant like processing cleaning, grading, drying nurseries in Ram Janaki CF (Jogidaha), and on packing procedures, resulting Bansbari CF (Gaighat) and Trishakti CF inadequatebenefits out oftheir collections. (Murkuchi)was accomplished. • Localcommunities have a vested interest Nursery at Tarahara herbal farm in maintaining the natural resources on which they dependbut lack of capacity- A master nursery in Tarahara herbal farm of building incentives and management HPPCL was established for the mass

219 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAP5/NTFP5 in Nepal production of seedlingsof some commercially Plants Conservation Group) has been important MAPs including Piper Iongum, established atMurkuchi involving the trainees Cinamomum tamala, Rauvolfia serpentina from Trishakti, Pubare, Navajyoti and and Asparagus racemosus. The seedlings Amiapurnacommunity forest user groups.This produced were distributed to the CFUG forum regularly meet to assess the status of membersfor plantationin their CFs andprivate MAPs in their respective CFs and discuss on land. issues related with their conservation and sustainable management. Nursery at District Forest Office, Gaighat EXPERIENCES GAINED AND Amaster nursery wasestablished in the District LESSONS LEARNED Forest Office campus with the technical • MAPs and other NTFP resources can be assistanceof the districtforest office personnel with for the production of Cinnamomum tamala sustainablymanaged the initiativesof and Sapindus mukorossi seedlings. The local communities. produced (5000 of seedlings seedlings and Cinnamomum tamala and 6000 that of • Demonstration, training capacity are the Sapindus mukorossi) were provided to the building opportunities necessary to local project CFs and their users for plantation in prerequisites biodiversity conservationand the CF as well as in private land. managementprograms.

Enterprise development and • Provisionof seeds, seedlings,farming tools, networking etc., are the basic requirements of the communitiesat the initial stageof their shift A training participant from Trishakti CF, who from wild collectionto cultivation. was also a local herbal trader, established an essential oil distillationunit atMurkuchi. The • Locallevel participation for the sustainable unit has started its activitywith the distillation management of the NTFP/MAP resources of Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpat) leaves, is possible by providing immediate and 300 of with the distilling kg leaves/day clearly visible economic gains, such as of 3 of essential oil. production kg HPPCL has providingincreased values andguaranteed the with technical supported enterprise market for their products. assistance and buy-back guarantee of the produce atthe rate of NRs. 3500/kg ofessential oil. This enterprise has also been successful in establishing a network among the Tejpat collectors, farmers, traders and other stakeholders for their collectivebenefits.

Likewise, a CBO named Sanjiwani Jadibuti Samrakhsan Samuha (Sanjiwani Medicinal

220 COMMUNITY INITIATIVES IN CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NTFPs Experiences from Ghodaghodi Lake System, Far-western Nepal

Yarn Bahadur Barn

INTRODUCTION collection, fishing, snail collection and collectionof other NTFPs includingmedicinal he GhodaghodiTal area in Kailali andaromatic plants. The present paper isbased in the district, Far-westernNepal is spread on the activitiesconducted Ghodaghodi over 2563 hectares with 13 lakes Tal area under IUCN-Nepal funded GhodaghodiArea ConservationProject. covering 138 hectares. This area, designated as the Ramsar Site on August 2003, is the FOREST RESOURCES biggest natural wetland system in the Terai region of Nepal and is spread over three The forest in the area is dominated by Sal with associates like Village Development Committees, Darakh, (Shorea robusta) Butea Ramshikhar Jhala and Sandepani. The Acacia catechu, Bombax ceiba, monosperma, Dalbergia latifolia, Diospyrus population of the area is 43,687distributed in montana, indicum, 6110 households. Tharus dominate the Oroxylum Pterocarpus marsupium, Terminalia bellirica, T chebula, from population(51.3%), followedby migrants T tornentosa, etc. hillyregions (47%), and others. The literacy rate ispoor and farming is the mainoccupation Out of the recorded 260 wild plantspecies, 46 supplemented by livestock rearing, firewood are edible and 105 are having local traditional

221 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

medicinaluses. In addition, a large number of and forestbiodiversity through awareness plant species are having various other creation, demonstration, training, skill household uses. The commercially valued developmentand capacitybuilding efforts. NTFPs/MAPs are Acacia rugata, Acorus calam us, Asparagus racemosus, Curculigo • Trained the local communities to identify orchioides, Gloriosa superba, Piper Iongum, important NTFPsand to adopt sustainable Tinospora sinensis, Tribulus terrestris,etc. harvestingpractices.

CHALLENGESTO • 15 Forest User Groups including CONSERVATION AND 7 women groups have been formed. SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NTFP RESOURCES • 5 Eco-clubs in highschools have been formed. The major challenges to conserve the forest resources for sustainable management • Community-managed NTFP nurseries have included: been established, and seedlings raised for Asparagus racemosus, Bornbax ceiba, • Over/unsustainable exploitation of NTFP Moringaoleifera, Mukunapruriens, Acacia resources rugata, Acacia catechu, lemongrass and rattan. • Increasing market demand and price for certain species • Enrichment plantation with 15000 • Excessive of the local dependence seedlingsof Sikakai (Acacia rugata), 20,000 communities on forest resources for the seedlings of rattan, 500 seedlings of Simal domestic as well as commercial purposes (Bombax ceiba), 2000 seedlings of Khayar • Lackof awarenessand technical know-how (Acacia catechu),10000 seedlings of Kauso (Mucunapruriens) and 20000 seedlings of • Environmental degradation and Lemongrass has been done in the biodiversityloss community forests as well as different • Inadequate documentation on indigenous landscapes including the lake banks, knowledge and practices irrigation canals, degraded land, etc.

ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED • Encouraged the local farmers to initiate NTFP cultivationin their private land with • 5 CommunityForests have beenconsidered the provisionof plantingmaterials, farming under the project activities for the tools and technical assistance. conservation and management of non- timberforest resources. RESULTS OBTAINED

• Involvement of local communities for the • Increased local initiatives in the conservation and managementof wetland conservation and management of local

222 Community Initiatives in Conservation and Sustainable Management of NTFPs

biodiversity and preservation of the ecosystem.

• Sustainable utilization of forestresources resulting into their conservation and efficientmanagement.

• Productionof MAFs/NTFPs inprivate land with considerable cash income to the communities

• Empowered women resulting into their active participation in biodiversity conservationand managementresulting in assured supply of NTFPs for household uses and considerableincome generation.

LESSONS LEARNED

• Local communities are the most import forces for the conservation, development and managementof the local biodiversity resources and the corresponding ecosystems.

• Awareness creation through demonstration, training and capacity- buildingopportunities is the necessarypre- requisites for the sustained management of the renewable natural resources.

• Incentiveslike planting materials farming tools, technical assistance and market guarantee to the communities are the effective efforts to decrease local pressure on forest resources.

223 CINNAMOMUM SPECIES Potentialities for Better Income Generation through Improved Management Practices

Bhaweshwar Das

INTRODUCTION statusof the products with recommendations for better economicgains from the resources. innamomum, a genus of evergreen shrubs andtrees, is distributed in the THE CONTEXT tropical and subtropical regions of Nepal. Some wild species available in Nepal In course ofour assignmentwith LISP/Helvetas areeconomically important, viz. Cinnamornum between July 2001to August 2003, an interest tamala and Cinnamomum glaucescens that group lead by Mr. Narayan G.C., Chairperson are being traded since decades. Their and Mr. Bhupati Rmdey Secretary of the local management and development can be Community Forest User Committee showed important forestand farm resourcesfor a better interests and requested suggestions in income generation activity (IGA), both for establishing a herbal processing center individual farmers and the community forest (Jadibuti Prosodhan Kendra) to initiate local- user group (CFUG) members. This study level value addition/processing on Tejpat focuses on the products of the Nepalese (Cinnamomum tamala leaves) and Dalchini Cinnamomum species in trade, chemical (Cinnamomum tamala stem bark) in Palpa constituents of the essential oil and market district.The present documentationdetails the

224 Cinnamomum Species information gathered andanalyzed to support big variations, mostly dependent on the the interest group. distances between the source and the market (Table1) ISSUES CONSIDERED Global prices of Cinnamom leaf oil The study was focused on the following tamala leaf in contrast, has relevant issues in order to develop Cinnamomum oil, been inthe of US$ 6.5-7.5/kg for most of recommendation for the interest group to range the last Its fell graduallyfrom about manage the resources inthe wild as well as in years. price 6.5 in mid-1993. the farm for better income generation: US$ 7.5 in early 1991to US$ In late 1993 it had risen again to US$ 7.3/kg Market price andin early 1994 it was US$8.25/kg. Although it is oil it is still Market prices of Cinnamomum tamala comparatively low-priced than clove leaf oil, which was (leaves and bark), and Cinnamomum expensive US$ 2.7 inearly 1994.Both the glaucescens (fruits) during the 3rd week of approximately oils are used as sources of eugenol. July, 2001in some of themajor markets showed

Table. Market price of Cinnamomum species at different herbaltrade Centers (July, 2001; NR5./kg)

Price change between 1992 and2001 1992 and 2001 The following table (Table 2) shows the increase in marketprices ofCinnamomum species between (NRs.).

Table 2. Change in market prices of Cinnamomum species between 1992 and 2001

Cinnamomum tamala (Leaf) 5/- 14/- Cirznamomumtamala (Bark) 25.5 40/- Cinnamomum glaucescens (Fruit) 9/- 61.25

225 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production andManagement ofMAPs/NTFPs in Nepal

Chemistry and uses Field study on diversity in Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees & Cinncimomum tamala leaf oil has a warm, Eberm. spicy, but rather harsh odor, lacking the rich In India, Dalchini is body of the bark oil. Its major constituent is obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. While in eugenolrather than cinnamaldehyde.It is used Nepal itis obtained fromCinnaniomum tam ala as a flavoringagent for seasonings and savory (Ham.) Nees & Eberm. Back at Hekalangand snacks. As a is cheap fragrance it added to Satyabati,, it was confirmed that and insecticides.The soaps oils high eugenol there were two different types of Dalchini content also makesit valuables as a source of (Cinnamomumtamala), one called 'Bhale' and the chemical for subsequent conversion into the other 'Pothi'. It was also evidenced that the bark of iso-eugenol, another flavoring agent. Further, 'Pothi' was sweeter than that of the 'Bhale'. spice, cosmeticand medicinal demand helps the in growth demand. Marketing trial and outcome Interaction with local traders In June-July2003 we noticed that despite our recommendationthe Jarubuti Prashodhan Dalchinj (Cinnamomumtamala bark) have Kenddra run by the cooperativehad distilled been traded from Palpa district since decades. Cinnamomum tamala leaf with about 150 kg The product is mostly traded in the Butwal of oil trapped in economy trap. We market. The rate quoted by the Butwal trader communicated with some US buyers who needed sizable amount of the oil. After on July 24th was NRs 90/- per dharni pretty long communicationthe buyer informed (approximately2.5kg). On July 23rd the price finally that the price demanded by us was not at all for Dalchini in Indore (India) was IRs. 82/- acceptable to them. (NRs. 131.2)per kg. CONCLUSION AND When inquired, the Nepalese trader was RECOMMENDATION convinced that the Dalchini of Indian origin The was of higher quality evidenced by undertakenstudy revealed the following conclusions: comparativelysweeter and strongertaste and flavor, and hence the price was higher. The • The demand for raw materials from trader also attributed quality to harvesting Cinnamomumtamala isglobal in character. andpost harvest techniques. Thetrader added The price trend for both leaf and bark is that in India, the product is harvested favorable. from plants of definite age, in definite season, • The essential oil distilled from the raw dry it properly and store at better condition. material(leaf andbark) does not necessarily Thereforethe product has betterquality. add value to the raw material, as the

226 Cinnamomum Species

investmentis generallyhigh incomparison • Cinnamomumcan be an important genus to the return. Hence, value addition or for eco-friendlyincome generation activity, processingis not alwaysfavorable in terms both for individual farmers and the CFUG is of demand and price. members if commercial cultivation encouraged and conductive policy is • The species being an evergreen tree, brought into action. commercialfarming strategywith definite harvest cyclecould help boostthe economy of farmers as well as the CFUGmembers.

• Cinncimomum species currently traded in Nepal are known by various local/trade names, viz. Tejpat, Sinkauli, Bhale Sinkauli,Pothi Sinkauli,Kokila, Malageri, Sugandhakokila,etc. Detailedfield survey andscientific investigation to ascertainthe taxon and quality of eachlocal/trade name is highly desirable.

• The product quality and price will not be compatible with the global quality and price as long as randomly collected Cinnamomum is processed and many species/varieties may disappear without notice from the vegetation. • Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees & Eberm. 'Pink flushing variety" is recommendedfor commercialfarming for leaf and bark harvest.

• Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.should be commerciallypropagated for harvesting the bark and for both leaf and bark oil production.

• Legal barrier on trade of Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees ex Wall.) Drury should be revisited as the material is collected in Nepalbut is neither processednor exported as evidenced in the customrecords.

227 ORGANIC PRODUCTION AND CERTIFICATION IN NEPAL Sample Checklist for Pre-Feasibility Study

MaheswarGhimire

INTRODUCTION consideringthe present statusof organic farm operators in Nepal and their requirements in A fter the accessionof Nepal to WTO it regardsto the moreefficient production, quality M has been an obligatory task of the controland certification during productionand overnment to provide reliable, for marketing.At the same time, the present effective and nutritious medicinesand foodto communication is based on the author's with the its citizen. It is obvious that grower or personal experiences organic agricultural farming systems in the country producers should capitalize the existing accompanied by interactions with various opportunities for high price of their certified organic certifyingagencies abroad. organic products that could provide them premium prices. Consequently,the increased JUSTIFICATIONS level of earning can be mobilized for investments providing additional The following are the major justifications for the opportunities for increased income and adoption of organic production and certificationin Nepal: generation of additional employment in the The opportunities country. presentpre- • Prospects of organic products, both in the feasibility study format has been developed local and international markets

228 Organic Production and Certification in Nepal

• Production potentials of some of the high • Study can explore some informationabout value crops considering their market the potentialinternational market at present to the potentialitywithin and outsidethe country as well as in future conditional assurance of product quality including the • Building relationships with potential certificationof products. certifying agencies for the possible CHECKLIST collaboration in the joint certification SAMPLE schemes • Concept of Certification - What is certification, its definition, certification • Possibilities ofutilizing the existinghuman mark, certificationand regulations resources with expertise on production, and facilitation for inspection organic • Basic Concepts - Inspection and and certification production Certificationbody in accordance with the rule and regulation in EU, USA, Japan, • the financialburden due to the Minimizing Australia,etc. utilization of external evaluator and certifying agencies that create heavy • Direct Certification financial involvement • Co-Certification - Supervision of Local • Strengtheningthe capacity of existing Inspection and Joint Certificationbody in Inspectors on Promotion, Inspection and the Third World Certificationprocess. • Local Certification - International • Inception work for the establishment of Accreditation localcertffication body, which can workfor with ISO 65 or EN 45011 and the promotion of organic products in the • Compliance Codex local markets with assistance from the adaptation ofguidelines provided by Alimentarius. international certifying agencies. ORGANIC PRODUCTION • The and locally developed man-power CERTIFICATION PROCESS expertise may be able to certify products for theinternational markets as well, under Organic Producers should be well aware of certificationschemes joint the organic standard of their products, and should have the followingbasic requirements: • The Government of Nepal has already initiated the National OrganicAgriculture • Organic Certifying Inspectors should Programmein its 10th Five-YearPlan, and be trained according to the principles hence needsappropriate recommendations of organic inspection process and to start working on the issue. principles.

229 Community Initiatives in Conservation and Sustainable Management of NTFPs

• The Organic Standard is applicable not • Lack of information on start up phase only in the production site butalso on the • High level of investment in the beginning processingunit • Chancesof conflict of interests • Information and Technologies including • Difficult to international accreditation OrganicAgriculture Production Training get and recognition • Informationabout ProductionProcess and Basic criteria and necessities for the organic its Application certificationsystem involvinglocal bodies: • First Inspection at the site of production • Competence

• SecondInspection atthe site ofprocessing • Independence unit • Accountabilityand responsibility • UnannouncedInspections for maintaining • Objectivity check andbalances • Credibility • Process for Certificationaccording to the • Quality Improvementand Internal Review report of Inspector • Accessto Information

BENEFITS AND CONSTRAINTS • Confidentiality OF CERTIFICATION PROCESS • Participation Benefits: • Non-discrimination • Lower cost for high-valueproduction • Cost effectiveness General Service • Keeping money within the country • Image • Value of the CertifiedCommodities • Higher level of solidarity and understandingbetween producers and • Voluntary services certifiersminimizing the possiblechances OTHER PROCESSES of fraud • Structure and Organization • Better opportunities to conduct • Standards unannounced inspections • Rules and Procedures • Better information flow to and from the • Inspection certifyingagencies • Approval of Certificationand Handling of Constraints: Violations and any other Disputes • Lack of competence on the start-up phase • Management

230 Organic Production and Certification in Nepal

• Labeling • Information • Costs What certification/inspection body and inspectors should do regarding information, promotion and marketing: • Informationto public on its programs and processes • Publisha list of its CertifiedOperators • Promote the certifiedproduction ingeneric manner • Present the Certified Products in a discriminative way • Facilitate producersand customers in a discriminative way • Certificationbody and its staff should not be involved in the marketing of organic products certifiedby them

231

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Theme QUANTITATIVERESOURCE ASSESSMENT, CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF IMPORTANT NTFPs/MAPs

Recommendations (CFUGs) to incorporate MAPs/NTFPs promotion strategies in their Operation 1. Quantitative resource assessment should Plans. be prioritized with the following considerations: 2. Prioritize and promote areas for in situ conservationand exsitu cultivation. • Develop standard method that is 3. orientedMAP/NTFP- adjustable to different geographic and Develop community based physiographicregions including species- enterprises, exclusively involving women, landless, andDalits. leveldiversity, frequencyand distribution; poor • Incorporation of the concerns of diverse 4. Apply multidisciplinary approachto researchand groups of stakeholders; conservation,including development, business,marketing and bio- • Providecriteria for species prioritization; prospecting.

• Adequatemethodology and guidelines for 5. Develop general sustainableharvesting the District Forest Offices to develop guidelines, basedon categories of MAPs! district-levelNTFP managementplan and NTFPs at the national, district and local also help Community Forest User Groups levels.

234 Workshop Recommendations

6. Refinethe communityforestry process for technological support/inputfor MAPs! incorporating exclusive access and lead NTFPs production. role of women, landless, and poor in 11. Establish action research and cultivation of potential MAPs/NTFPs in demonstration centres at the community forests and community regional land. level,covering majorecological zones. This should serve various purposes including 7. Create incentives (e.g. technical services, varied research and disseminationof the financial assistance, buy-back guarantee, findings. etc.) for farmers at householdlevel for 12. door for the sector MAPs/NTFPs cultivation. Open private through policy innovationfor their partnership for 8. Remove impracticalregulatory provisions investment,technology support, buy-back that hinder MAP/NTFP cultivation guarantee and providing vision for risk transition and trade (e.g. royalty over factors at collectors/producers'levels. resources grown at private land, 13, Policy on MAPs/NTFPsshould address the transportation/exportfacilities, etc.). threat status and conservation needs of 9. Create mechanisms and an institution CBD and CITES appended plant species at major MAP/NTFP trade centers to through threat assessments, periodic stabilize the price range for major MAPs! monitoring and adequate conservation NTFPs traded in the area, involving programs. major stakeholders. This should also 14. Policy should open windows for the involve systematic record keeping and compliance as per CBD and CITES dissemination through media. appended species in collaboration with 10. Provide conductive policy mechanisms neighboring/exporting/importing countries to attract collaboration for adaptive to discourageillegal trade.

235 Local Experience-basedNational Strategy for Organic Production and Management ofMAPsINTFPs in Nepal

Theme VALUE-ADDITION/PROCESSINGAND TRADE/MARKETING OF MAPs/NTFPs

Recommendations: 21. Bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements that hinder the pro-poor 15. Local applicationand commer-cialization perspectives should be moderated prospects of MAPs/NTFPs of the locality accordingly. should be documented and disseminated 22. National certification should in local languages/dialects, possibly in programme visual forms. beinitiated for MAPs/NTFPscollected from national forest or community forests as 16. Collectorsand farmers should preferably wild and state land products. organize themselves in cooperatives 23. Allcultivated MAP/NTFP products should topromoteefficient collectionl production, have national organic certificate from an value addition and marketingpractices. internationallyaccredited body. 17. All collectors, farmers, traders, and other 24. National and regional-level quality stakeholders should be registered in the assurance laboratories should be district level (DFO/CDO)authority. developedat tate andpublic/private levels for crud value added and 18. Districtlevel system should be networked drugs, products, consumer and industrial with national level hub/boards. products. 25. Aggressive marketing tools such as 19. AllCITES-listedlnationally baimed MAPs international trade fairs and marketing and NTFPs should be gradually brought arrangements should be initiated, into domesticationand mass farming supported and facilitated. practices.Those alreadyunder cultivation in private lands/CFsshould be managed 26. National initiatives for access of funds to for enrolling with the DFOs/national deprived group of collectors and farmers, bodiesand be exemptedfrom royally/VAT, ethically committed traders, and etc. processors through banks and financing institutions should be managed in 20. Knowledgeand skills in the perspective collaborationwith Nepal Rastra Bank. A of both domestic and external marketing separate norm for this facilitation should of crude value added herbs, products, be brought into action. industrial andconsumer products should be made accessibleto at least the district 27. Harmonized System (HS) code for all level stakeholders. MAPs/NTFPs andtheir derivativesshould

236 Workshop Recommendations

be developed and all import and export 30. MAP/NTFP trade among nations should statisticsshould be documentedand made have common understanding and accessibleto everyoneinterested. realization through regular exchange of information and frequent trans-boundary 28. A mechanism for sealing of goods at the meeting at different levels. point of originto both domesticand global destinationsshould be developed to avoid 31. Training, academicprograms and research unwanted hassles during transportation. should focus oncreating opportunities for employment and health alternativebased 29. A sense of faith/coordination among onlocally available MAP/ NTFP resources. different line agencies and departments should be developed and maintained.

Theme ORGANIC FARMING/PRODUCTION AND CERTIFICATION OF MAPs /NTFPs

Recommendations in the government and public/private sector. 32. Formation of a national-level organic production and promotion coordination 38. Awareness creation and motivation body. through observation/studytours, training, capacity building, etc. 33. Setting up criteria for selection of pilot sites andMAP/NTFP species 39. Policy formulation procedures should consider the in terms 34. Community forest should be the entry organic producers of taxmotivation, insurance, point for the organic production and subsidy, crop etc. management of MAPs/NTFPs. 40. Technical and should be 35. Pocket approach for initiating organic trainingsupports tothe traders farming/productionand management provided collectors, farmers, and Other stakeholders on (Regions,Agro-ecological zones, etc.), and compost extensionprograms should beformulated. making system, pest management, post- harvest reatments, etc. 36. Maximum use of existing R & D facilities and technical expertise available in the 41. Incorporation of alternative farming country. systems (Organic, Permaculture, Agroforestry, etc.) in the curriculum of 37. Strengtheningand motivation of existing academic institutions (viz. JOF, IAAS, R& D, technicaland education institutions Universities, etc.) should be initiated.

237 NOTES NOTES I1Ill liii III

NOTES MAPPA Publications

The Medicinal Plants Sector in India by Jason Holley & KiranCherla PrioritySpecies of Medicinal Plants in South Asiaby Madhav Karki & J.T. Williams

Prioritiesfor Medicinal Plants Research and Development in Pakistan by J.T. Williams & ZahoorAhmad

TribalFolk Medicinal Plant Resources of South Asiaby Radhika Johari & MadhavKarki

The Role of Medicinal Plants Industry in Fostering Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Development by Madhav Karki & Radhika Johari Some ImportantMedicinal Plants of the WesternGhats, India-a profile by P.K. Warner, V.RK. Nambiar and P.M. Ganapathy

Conservation Assessment & Management Plan Workshop Report (CAMP-Nepal) by Vinay Tendon, Nirmal Bhattarai& MadhavKarki

Sharing Local and National Experience in Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in SouthAsia by Nirmal Bhattarai & Madhav Karki

A Study on Marketing Opportunitiesfor Medicinal, Aromatic and Dye Plants in South Asia by Arun Nagpal& Madhav Karki