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Universidade De São Paulo Instituto De Geociências Paleontologia De Vertebrados Da Transição Entre Os Grupos Tubarão E Pass

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Universidade De São Paulo Instituto De Geociências Paleontologia De Vertebrados Da Transição Entre Os Grupos Tubarão E Pass UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS PALEONTOLOGIA DE VERTEBRADOS DA TRANSIÇÃO ENTRE OS GRUPOS TUBARÃO E PASSA DOIS (NEOPALEOZÓICO) NO CENTRO-LESTE DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Artur Chahud Orientador: Prof. Dr. Thomas Rich Fairchild DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO Programa de Pós Graduação em Geologia Sedimentar SÃO PAULO 2007 Dedico este trabalho a todos os alunos de geologia que adoram os desafios proporcionados pela paleontologia. II AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Dr.Thomas Rich Fairchild pela orientação durante a realização deste trabalho. Aos proprietários do Sítio Santa Maria, Sr. Luis e Dona Bernadete, por permitirem o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos em suas terras. A CAPES pela bolsa de estudos durante os anos de 2005, 2006 e 2007. Aos colegas Felipe Van Enck Meira, Rachel Pochroff e Rodrigo Santucci pelo auxílio nos trabalhos de campo realizados. A minha avó, Edimeia, e tias, Estela e Linda, que partiram, mas sempre torceram por mim. III RESUMO O centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo expõe boa parte da seção neopaleozóica da Bacia do Paraná, com sedimentos do Grupo Tubarão (Subgrupo Itararé e Formação Tatuí) e o Grupo Passa Dois (formações Irati e Corumbataí). Na região entre Leme e Capivari e na região do Domo de Pitanga, entre Piracicaba e Ipeúna, a transição entre as formações Tatuí e Irati é caracterizada comumente por arenitos relativamente grossos e mal selecionados (arenitos com grânulos, arenitos conglomeráticos e conglomerados), abundantemente fossilíferos em contato abrupto com os folhelhos síltico-argilosos da Formação Irati. O presente trabalho concentrou-se no estudo de paleovertebrados paleozóicos aplicado à interpretação paleontológica, sedimentológica e estratigráfica da transição entre os grupos Tubarão e Passa Dois. O conteúdo fóssil identificado compreende escamas, dentes e partes ósseas de vários tipos de peixes, de água doce e salgada, e de possíveis tetrápodes. Os Chondrichthyes são representados por duas variedades de dentes cladodontes; vários tipos de dentes do Xenacanthiformes “Pleuracanthus” albuquerquei Silva Santos, 1946; dentes de Orodontiformes; dentes de duas espécies de Petalodontiformes, a primeira, e mais comum, Itapyrodus punctatus Silva Santos, 1990 e a segunda, representada por um único exemplar, uma espécie indeterminada. O material ainda inclui um espinho de nadadeira dorsal de Ctenacanthiformes adulto e uma possível escama placóide. A fauna de Osteichthyes é a mais abundante, sendo composta de dentes e escamas ganóides de Paleonisciformes e escamas cosmóides de Actinistia. São observados grandes dentes labirintodontes (provenientes de tetrápodes primitivos e/ou? peixes Rhipidistia) e partes ósseas atribuídas a peixes e/ou possíveis anfíbios. Os fósseis estão normalmente dispersos e desarticulados e os elementos ósseos fragmentados e desgastados. Mesmo assim, foram encontrados dentes de animais continentais -- labirintodontes e Xenacanthiformes, com diferentes tipos de preservação, o que indicaria uma influência fluvial. A mistura de elementos marinhos, como Petalodontes, e continentais sugere um caráter marinho costeiro com forte influência continental para a transição entre as unidades. Os estudos tafonômicos sugerem que a camada de estudo é um depósito residual, resultado direto do retrabalhamento por ondas. Portanto, a transição Tatuí – Irati faz parte da evolução deposicional da Formação Irati. Sugere-se que ela seja reconhecida como uma fácies basal local, de grande importância paleontológica e estratigráfica no centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo. IV ABSTRACT A good part of the Neopaleozoic section of the Paraná basin is well-exposed in central-east Sao Paulo, Brazil, represented by sedimentary rocks of the Tubarão Group (Itararé Subgroup and Tatuí Formation) and the Passa Dois Group (Irati and Corumbataí formations). Between Leme and Capivari and in the area of the Pitanga Dome, between Piracicaba and Ipeúna, the transition between the Tatuí and Irati formations commonly is characterized by abundantly fossiliferous, poorly sorted, relatively coarse sandstones (sandstones with granules, conglomeratic sandstones and conglomerate) in abrupt contact with silty shale of the Irati Formation. The present work concentrated on the study of Palaeozoic palaeovertebrates and their significance for paleontological, sedimentological and stratigraphical interpretations of the transition between the Tubarão and Passa Dois groups. The identified fossil content consists of scales, teeth and bony parts from several types of fish, from fresh and salt water, as well as from possible tetrapods. Chondrichthyes are represented by two varieties of cladodont teeth; several types of teeth of the xenacanth “Pleuracanthus” albuquerquei Silva Santos, 1946; teeth of Orodontiformes; teeth of two species of Petalodontiformes, the first, and more common, Itapyrodus punctatus Silva Santos, 1990, and the other, represented by a single specimen, an unidentified species. The material also includes a fin spine of an adult Ctenacanthiformes and a possible placoid scale. The fauna of Osteichthyes is more abundant, being composed of teeth and ganoid scales of Paleonisciformes and cosmoid scales of Actinistia. Also observed are large labyrinthodont teeth (from primitive tetrapods and/or rhipidistid fish) and bony parts attributed to fish and/or possible amphibians. The fossils are usually disarticulated and dispersed and the bony elements fragmented and abraded. Even so, teeth of continental animals -- labyrinthodonts and Xenacanthiformes, were found with different types of preservation, which is indicative of a fluvial influence. The mixture of marine elements, like petalodonts, and continental elements suggests a nearshore character with a strong continental influence for the transition between the units. Taphonomic studies suggest that the studied layer is a residual (lag) deposit that resulted directly from reworking by waves. Thus, the Tatuí - Irati transition is part of the depositional evolution of the early Irati Formation. It is therefore suggested that the transition be recognized as a local basal facies of this formation of great paleontological and stratigraphical importance in the central-eastern part of the state of Sao Paulo. V ÍNDICE GERAL 1. INTRODUÇÃO 1 1.1. Apresentação 1 1.2. Objetivos 2 1.3. Localização 2 2. DEFINIÇÃO DA UNIDADE ESTUDADA 4 O QUE É A “TRANSIÇÃO ENTRE OS GRUPOS TUBARÃO E PASSA DOIS”? 3. TRABALHOS PRÉVIOS SOBRE AS UNIDADES E ÁREA ESTUDADA 6 3.1. Características gerais da Bacia do Paraná 6 3.2. Evolução tectono-sedimentar do centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo 6 3.3. Contexto geológico dos Grupos Tubarão e Passa Dois 9 3.3.1. Grupo Tubarão 9 3.3.2. Trabalhos pioneiros sobre a Formação Tatuí 9 3.3.3. Estudos estratigráficos da Formação Tatuí 10 3.3.4. Relação estratigráfica da Formação Tatuí com o Grupo Guatá 11 3.3.5. Estudos paleoambientais da Formação Tatuí 12 3.3.6. Grupo Passa Dois 14 3.3.7. Trabalhos pioneiros e estratigráficos sobre Formação Irati 14 3.3.8. Estudos paleoambientais da Formação Irati 15 3.3.9. Considerações das unidades de estudo 16 3.4. Idade das unidades 16 4. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS 18 4.1. Pesquisa e levantamento bibliográfico 18 4.2. Trabalhos de campo e material utilizado 19 4.3. Análise de laboratório 20 4.4. Metodologia para o estudo taxonômico 21 4.5. Metodologia para o estudo tafonômico 22 5. ESTUDOS PALEOICTIOLÓGICOS E DE TETRÁPODES BASAIS 23 5.1. Introdução 23 5.2. Classe Chondrichthyes 24 5.2.1. Escamas placóides 25 5.2.2. Subclasse Elasmobranchii 27 5.2.2.1. Dentes de Elasmobranchii Paleozóicos 28 5.2.2.2. Ordem Petalodontiformes 29 5.2.2.3. Ordem Xenacanthiformes 32 5.2.2.4. Ordem Ctenacanthiformes 35 5.2.2.5. Ordem Orodontiformes 39 5.3. Classe Osteichthyes 41 5.3.1. Subclasse Actinopterygii (Paleonisciformes) 41 VI 5.3.2. Subclasse Sarcopterygii 45 5.3.2.1. Infraclasse Actinistia 45 5.3.2.2. Infraclasse Rhipidistia 47 5.4. Estudo de tetrápodes Labirintodontes (Temnospondyli) 49 5.4.1. Eryopoidea (Archegosauridae) 50 5.4.2. Rhinesuchoidea 50 6. TÉCNICAS DE ESTUDOS TAFONÔMICOS 52 6.1. Introdução aos estudos de tafonomia com vertebrados 52 6.2. Dados do sítio 53 6.2.1. Área da acumulação e densidade espacial 53 6.2.2. Arranjo Espacial 54 6.3. Dados da Assembléia 54 6.3.1. Número de táxons ou morfotáxons 54 6.3.2. Articulação de partes esqueléticas 55 6.3.3. Seleção 55 6.4. Modificação Óssea 55 7. PALEONTOLOGIA DE VERTEBRADOS PALEOZÓICOS EM SÃO PAULO 57 7.1. Introdução 57 7.2. Chondrichthyes 57 7.2.1. Dentes cladodontes 57 7.2.2. Petalodontiformes 57 7.2.3. Xenacanthiformes 58 7.2.4. Ctenacanthiformes 59 7.2.5. Orodontiformes e Hybodontiformes 59 7.3. Osteichthyes e tetrápodes 60 7.3.1. Paleonisciformes 60 7.3.2. Dipnoi 61 7.3.3. Actinistia 62 7.3.4. Rhipidistia e tetrápodes basais 62 7.3.5. Répteis 62 7.4. Resumo da distribuição de paleovertebrados 63 8. OUTROS FÓSSEIS ENCONTRADOS NAS FORMAÇÕES TATUÍ E IRATI 64 8.1. Introdução 64 8.2. Estudo de Icnofósseis 64 8.3. Micropaleontologia (acritarcas, algas e foraminíferos) 64 8.4. Paleobotânica e Palinologia 65 8.5. Crustáceos 66 8.6. Outros invertebrados 68 9. ÁREA DE ESTUDO 69 9.1. Introdução 69 VII 9.2. Afloramento 1: Sitio Santa Maria 71 9.3. Afloramento 2: Rio da Cabeça, divisa de Rio Claro com Ipeúna 72 9.4. Afloramento 3: Ponte sobre o Rio Passa Cinco 73 9.5. Afloramento 4: Próximo ao Rio Passa Cinco (ocorrências de Clarkecaris) 73 9.6. Afloramento 5: Rodovia do Açúcar, (SP-308) Km 150 74 10. PALEOVERTEBRADOS ENCONTRADOS 80 10.1. Introdução 80 10.2. Chondrichthyes primitivos (Dentes cladodontes) 80 10.2.1. Cladodus 1 80 10.2.2. Cladodus 2 82 10.3. Petalodontiformes 85 10.3.1. Itapyrodus punctatus 85 10.3.2. Petalodonte indeterminado 94 10.4. Xenacanthiformes 96 10.5. Ctenacanthiformes 104 10.6. Orodontiformes 108 10.7. Escama indeterminada 114 10.8. Paleonisciformes 114 10.9. Actinistia (celacantídeos) 127 10.10. Labirintodontes 132 10.11. Partes ósseas, escamas indeterminadas de peixes ósseos e anfíbios 136 10.12.
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