THE SELECTION OF KRAMA LEXICON IN POLITE SPEECH OF COASTAL COMMUNITY

Fitri Windaryanti, M. Suryadi Magister Ilmu Linguistik, Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Soedarto 13, Tembalang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Article History: Submitted: 27 March 2020; Revised: 27 April 2020; Accepted: 16 May 2020 DOI: 10.26858/retorika.v13i2.11985

RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajarannya under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. ISSN: 2614-2716 (print), ISSN: 2301-4768 (online) http://ojs.unm.ac.id/retorika

Abstract: This research aimed to describe the proficiency, selection and placement of krama lexicon. A sociolinguistics approach with the utilization of a descriptive qualitative collaborative method was used in the data analysis. The qualitative analysis employed bagi unsur langsung (BUL), permutation, and substitution methods. The results showed that: (1) the lexical proficiency of krama from Semarang coastal community reached 38.1%, (2) contained over- lapped speech, (3) there was self-kramanisasi in Javanese language, and (4) there was Indonesian language interference on Javanese. The deviations were caused by an error in language inheritance, low proficiency in krama lexicon, and the lack of comprehension of the Javanese speech levels usage.

Keywords: Javanese coastal language, lexicon, krama, polite speech

Javanese is a rich language that has high influenced by the geographical location (for ex- politeness value. The Javanese language is used ample: coastal areas), Javanese speakers' tradi- to express everything that becomes the wealth of tions, and economic competition (Suryadi, 2014). the speaker so that the Javanese language beco- Javanese language has a fairly large num- mes the identity for speakers of the Javanese lan- ber of speakers and is spread almost all over In- guage itself (Sudaryanto, 1991). The main func- donesia. As a language with a large number of tions of Javanese language are: (1) as a binding of speakers, Javanese language has experienced a lot kinship and offspring emotion (in terms of the of depreciation, both in quantity and quality. family); and (2) as the identity as well as a tool of Quantity depreciation is characterized by a reduc- communication in a community. However, it can- tion in the number of speakers, the average num- not be denied that in its development, the - ber of Javanese speakers in urban areas is less nese language has changed its function which is than 40% (Santoso, 2006); even in the city of Se- marang, there are only 26.16% (Handono, 2004).

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Windayanti & Suryadi, The Selection of Krama Lexicon ... 279

According to (Pujiastuti, S., Surono, & Mayzah, One of the studies of the Javanese language 2009), Javanese speakers in Semarang who mas- of the coastal community was written by (Azizah, ter Krama are only 12.5%. Depreciation in quality 2008). She examined the form of speech or is characterized by the fragility of mastery of Ja- language selection (between BI and BJ) in a vanese language and the reluctance to speak Java- household and the factors underlying the frequ- nese in daily activities by Javanese speakers in ency of use of the language. The results showed coastal areas. As a result, the role and function of that Javanese still plays an important role as a the Javanese language in the coastal area means of communication, expression, and inter- experienced a significant change, namely a prettation in social life in two research areas. Dif- change in the form of politeness in speech to ferences in age, level of education, and social sta- become more egalitarian and egocentric. Further- tus of a speaker affect the selection of language more, Javanese language is increasingly abando- used by the respondent. Based on the underlying ned by its speakers (Laksono, 2006). factors, it can be said that the selection of Java- The north coast area is analogous to an area nese speech forms by respondents in the house- where the Javanese language is becoming increa- hold domain is fixed / stable, even though they are singly scarce considering that besides being an in different portions. The reason of the research area far from the palace as the center of Javanese (Azizah, 2008) becomes a reference source is be- culture, this area is also a border between two cause the object of research and theory used al- regions, namely land and sea. The coastal area most the same in this research. chosen as the research area is Semarang City In different research by (Suryadi, 2014), he because the people of Semarang City can be cate- aims to find out the role of family and community gorized as diverse communities; both in terms of in the use of Javanese language in Semarang and economic, social, and language. This diversity Pekalongan City. The results of the research in- seems to be related to increasingly high popu- clude: (1) There is a weak role of family and com- lation mobility and complex social networks, so it munity in inheriting standard Javanese langu- is very influential on lexical mastery and lexical ages, namely standard Javanese language or Solo- selection in its use in everyday speech. This Jogja Javanese language which have a set of research was focused on the selection of Krama standardized and maintained rules (Sudaryanto, lexicon as well as the deviation of lexical select- 1991); (2) The lexical mastery of the young gen- ion in polite speech sentences which are influ- eration is in poor qualification, namely 41.1% enced by the level of Krama lexical mastery in the (Semarang City) and 46.1% (Pekalongan City); coastal area of Semarang City. (3) A portrait of the use of Javanese language in The measurement of the Krama lexical the cities of Semarang and Pekalongan; (4) feat- mastery level is very important because, through ures of Semarangan language and Pekalongan Krama lexical mastery, we can measure the abil- language can be taken as a portrait of some Java- ity of speakers to choose and place the krama nese languages used in the North Coast region of lexicon in sentence speech. The selection of ; and (5) significant differences be- krama lexicon influences the sentence form used tween Javanese speakers in the cities of Semarang in the speech of coastal community in Semarang and Pekalongan. City. The selection and placement of the lexicon Furthermore, the research (Suryadi, 2015) that is not following the rules raise some interes- describes the uniqueness of Semarang polite ting deviations to be explored. Therefore, to be speech, the uniqueness side that was investigated able to find a model of polite speech of the Coas- was the behavior of Semarang Javanese speakers tal Javanese community, the above language in placing krama ingil lexicon on polite speech as phenomenon was raised in the research of a sign of politeness. The results of the research “Krama lexical selection in Polite Speech of Se- found out that the uniqueness of Semarangan lan- marang Coastal Community”. This research guage's polite speech is contradicting the rules utilizes the results of previous research as a that apply to the standard Javanese language. material for consideration and reference, namely There are two uniqueness found, namely: (1) the research-oriented purely on the Javanese langu- krama inggil lexicon aside from addressing the age as a lingual system (langue), research- interlocutor can also be addressed to the speaker, oriented to the coastal area, and research-oriented to the speech component. 280 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 278–289 and (2) although the lexicon of krama inggil is at- husband and wife), and permanent residence (at tached to the speaker, it is still used to respect the least five years) in the research area. Respondents interlocutor. with a total of 38 people representing each re- Similar research was studied by (Wibawa, search area. The respondents chosen were Java- 2015). The research topic is the inaccuracy in the nese families in Semarang City, between the ages use of Javanese language in ngoko, madya, and of 25-60 years with emotional and economic sta- krama politeness speech levels of Javanese langu- bility consideration. Another reason that un- age education program students. The results derlies the selection of respondents and infor- showed the inaccuracy in the use of krama alus, mants in this research is that the coastal com-mu- krama lugu, madya, ngoko alus, and ngoko lugu. nity of Semarang represent the use of language The inaccuracy in the use of Javanese language is and communication etiquette of lower-class most prominent in the use of krama alus speech people who are far from the influence of the level, 76.13% of the number of cases researched. traditional noble lifestyle or the palace environ- The inaccuracy is due to the inaccurate use of vo- ment in daily interactions (Purwoko, 2008). cabulary in each speech levels. The data in this research included primary Another research (Sundoro et al., 2018) data and secondary data. Secondary data were with research data in the form of speech sentences obtained by referring to the advanced technique: that indicate the mixing of the Banyumas Java- note-taking technique (Sudaryanto, 2015). Prima- nese language code with the Indonesian language ry data collection was done by methods of: obser- between the teacher and students during the Indo- vation, structured interviews, and in-depth inter- nesian language lesson. The results showed a views. The observation method was used to get a mixed code in the form of (1) insertion of words, general description of the location and object of (2) insertion of phrases, (3) insertion of clauses, research. (4) insertion of repetition of words and (5) inser- Structured interviews were used to obtain tion of expressions. The mixing of the code was information about the settings of coastal Javanese due to: the situation changes, the speaker wants to speakers. Structured interviews were conducted explain something, and to establish the intimacy by asking several questions to the respondent between the teacher and students. This research is based on the questionnaire. A list of questions used as one of the references because it is related was structured and made based on the findings to the code-mixing and interference phenomenon made at the observation stage. The questionnaire that exists in the Javanese language in the coastal contained the informant's personal data and area of Semarang City. research core questions. Personal data included: Based on the results of research that has name, address, gender, age, education, occup- been done before, this research will examine the ation, religion, and social status. Technically, selection of the krama lexicon in the polite speech personal data was obtained at the end of data of the Semarang coastal community which has tapping. This was done to maintain data purity. never been examined in previous studies. The questionnaire attempted to elicit: (1) mastery Through this research, the researcher can also ex- of the Javanese lexicon with a question table plain the factors that cause the selection of the containing 100 basic lexical mastery in the variety krama lexicon in a polite speech that is used daily of ngoko and krama (krama lugu and krama by the community in the research areas. inggil); (2) linguistic settings that contained questions on the use of language in daily life; and (3) the selection of the lexicon in the speech METHOD sentence by transliterating 100 simple speech The research was conducted in the city of sentences from Indonesian language to Javanese. Semarang. The selected research areas were ur- This aimed to obtain the condition of language ban and settlement areas with five observation related to the selection of the krama lexicon to points, namely North Semarang District, West speak politely. Semarang District, Central Semarang District, In-depth interviews were conducted by Genuk District, and Tembalang District. asking questions verbally to obtain language The respondents and informants were Java- aspects of the Semarang coastal community. The nese speakers, from Javanese families (Javanese aspects obtained by in-depth interviews were (1) Windayanti & Suryadi, The Selection of Krama Lexicon ... 281 the mastery of the lexicon of krama in the speech lexicon types: krama lugu and krama inggil. The of Javanese coastal community in the city of testing technique of krama lexical mastery in Semarang and the factors underlying the level of Javanese speakers of Semarang coastal commu- mastery of the krama lexicon, (2) the form of nity was done by giving them a vocabulary test, selection and placement of the krama lexicon in where they have to translate the Indonesian Javanese speech of Semarang coastal community lexicon into the Javanese lexicon, specifically and factors determining whether or not the sen- into ngoko and krama (krama lugu and krama tence is correct if it is measured by prescriptive inggil). There are 100 (one hundred) basic lexicon normative of Javanese language. that often appears in everyday speech sentences. The validity of the data does not only The assessment technique was done by depend on the accuracy of choosing the data col- giving a score on each answer from the informant. lection techniques, but also requires the develop- Each correct transliteration result from Indone- ment of the validity of the data as well. The sian language to Javanese language krama (kra- validity of the data can be used as a guarantee of ma lugu and krama inggil) gets a score of 1 (one) the conclusion validity of the research results. and gets a score of 0 (zero) if the translation is The data validity development technique used is incorrect. Thus, the numbers listed in the valu- the triangulation of data sources. The triangula- ation are 0 (zero), 1 (one), and 2 (two). 0 score tion of data sources is to explore the truth of means all the translation wrong; 1 score means certain information through various methods and there is 1 mistranslation; and a score of 2 means sources of data acquisition (Bachri, 2010). all translation is correct. The informant will get a Different respondents certainly have different score of 200 (two hundred) if all the translation is experiences and perceptions of the data, through correct. The score was calculated using the various data collection techniques applied, the formula from (Suryadi, 2014) in table 1 below. results could be close to the truth. Data triangula- tion in this research was conducted by comparing Table 1. Percentage Formula of Krama Lexical three sources of data acquisition, namely the Mastery acquisition of data from observations, structured number of correct answer interviews (with research instruments), and in- 푥 100% = Percentage of 200 depth interviews. krama lexical mastery (%) The data were analyzed using a socio- linguistic approach with quantitative and qualita- Based on the calculation of the percentage tive collaborative methods (descriptive qualitati- ve collaborative). Quantitative analysis is used to of krama lexical mastery with the formulation in 200 measure the level of krama lexical mastery in table 1, a qualification will be applied based on Semarang coastal community and to strengthen the mastery level. The list of mastery level quali- the results of qualitative research. Whereas qua- fications can be seen in table 2. litative analysis is used to find out the factors Table 2. Qualification of Krama Lexical Mastery underlying the selection and placement of the lexicon in the speech of Semarang coastal com- No. Ʃ Score Qualification of Krama munity. The qualitative analysis utilizes the (%) Lexical Mastery metode agih (distributional method) with basic 1. 0 – 20 Very poor 2. 21 – 40 Poor techniques: bagi unsur langsung (BUL), and 3. 41 – 60 Fair advanced techniques: mutation and substitution 4. 61 – 80 Good techniques. The results of data analysis are pre- 5. 81 – 100 Very good sented descriptively. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Testing Technique of Krama Lexical Mastery of Semarang Coastal Community Findings The krama lexical mastery test was con- ducted quantitatively to Javanese speakers of The Javanese language has two general Semarang coastal community to measure their variations in the Javanese speech of Semarang krama lexical mastery on various basic krama coastal community (BJPS), the variations are 282 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 278–289 ngoko (Ng) and krama (Kr) (Sasangka, 2004). This is also proofed by the assumption of Ngoko (Ng) is used in informal (casual) speech the Javanese coastal speaker obtained from the between the speaker and the interlocutor, reflect- observation and interviews that the speakers ing the intimacy that is not distant, and expressing rarely use krama in everyday speech. Therefore, the closeness of the relationship between the the coastal Javanese speakers forget that they speaker and the interlocutor. While krama (kara- have mastered the krama lexicon once. As a ma lugu and krama inggil) is used in formal result, the use of the krama lexicon in speech speech. It is used to communicate with older (res- utterances is limited. pectable) people or to a stranger. Non-liruleual determinants of the use of the Javanese language Table 3. Krama Lexical Mastery of Semarang for Ngoko and Krama are speakers, speech Coastal Community partners, speech situations, speech objectives, and Master Percent- Per- The total per speech age of centage the things spoken (Trahutami, 2016). of mas- Re- levels mastery of mas- No. tery in There are striking differences in the use of search per re- tery in each re- Point Kr Kr search Sema- krama lugu and krama inggil. Krama lugu (Kr search Lg Ing point rang point Lg) is used between speakers and interlocutors (%) (%) North who have a parallel/ symmetrical position (both Sema- 81 61 150 37,5 1. in age and social status), but the relationship bet- rang District ween the two is not close. Whereas krama inggil West Sema- 84 63 147 36,75 (Kr Ing) is used by a speaker to speak to the inter- 2. rang locutor who has a higher position (not parallel/ District 38,1 asymmetrical), so that the speaker must respect Central Sema- 87 73 160 40 3. him (Poedjosoedarmo, 1979). If the social norm rang is violated by the speaker, then the speech is con- District Genuk 77 68 145 36,25 4. sidered impolite and not following the prescrip- District Temba- tive normative rules of the standard Javanese 83 77 160 40 5. lang language. Based on the phenomena of the langu- District age, the researcher will prove some of the langu- age deviations that occur in the coastal areas of The lack of mastery of krama lexicon in Semarang City through a test of basic lexical mas- Javanese speakers in the Semarang coastal areas tery. Afterward, an analysis is conducted on the results in deviations in the selection and place- selection and placement of the lexicon in the daily ment of the lexicon in the utterances. The devia- speech sentences. tions occurred because the lower variant of the lexicon krama mastered, the lower the formation Mastery of the Krama Lexicon of Semarang of sentences which accordance with prescriptive Coastal Community rules of standard Javanese language; the lack of krama lexical mastery also results in the absence The testing of krama lexical mastery to of the right lexical selection to be used in speech Javanese speakers in the coastal area of Semarang utterances. Based on these assumptions, it can be shows a score of 38.1% in mastery level. The concluded that the lower the level of krama lexi- score shows that the krama lexical mastery of Ja- cal mastery, the higher the degree of deviation. vanese speakers in the coastal area of Semarang is in a “poor” qualification. Details of the number Forms of Deviations in the Use of Javanese of krama lexicon obtained at each research point Krama in the Coastal Area of Semarang City in the coastal area in Semarang can be seen in table 3. Based on the testing results of krama lexi- Based on the recap of the calculation cal mastery and language skills of the Javanese results in table 3, it is known that the lexical speakers that have been analyzed, various forms mastery of Semarang coastal speaker only reac- of deviation related to the application of Javanese hes 38.1% of the total krama lexicon tested. The speech politeness and prescriptive rules of stan- level of krama lugu lexical mastery is higher than dard Javanese language are found. The forms of the level of krama inggil lexical mastery. deviation are explained in the following discus- sion. Windayanti & Suryadi, The Selection of Krama Lexicon ... 283

Overlapping of Speech Levels Usage locutors whose position (age and social status) is parallel or symmetrical with the speaker but the The overlapping use of the Javanese polite relationship between the two is not close, while speech levels is characterized by: the use of the the Kr Ing speech level is intended for krama lugu lexicon in krama inggil and vice interlocutors who have a position (both age and versa, the use of the krama inggil lexicon for social status) that is not parallel (asymmetrical) young children or interlocutors whose position or higher than a speaker so the speaker must re- (both age and social status) is lower than the spect the interlocutor by using Kr Ing. speaker, and the use of the ngoko lexicon in Kr Ing lexicon: ngasta ‘teaching’ in BJS krama. The phenomenon in the speech of Sema- experiences a shift in meaning in BJPS. The shift rang coastal community can be seen in the in meaning is that the ngasta ‘teaching’ lexicon in following discussion. BJS means ‘brings’ and ‘work’ in BJPS. The factors that influence the incorrect placement and Data (1) selection of krama lexicon in BJPS utterances are low mastery and acquisition of krama lexicon Niki ray i kula variant. The low mastery of krama lexicon is the ‘This is my younger brother’ BJPS main cause of BJPS speakers could not choose the right lexicon to use in speech so that the use of the Niki ari kula Javanese speech levels is not following BJS.

‘This is my younger brother’ BJS Data (3)

Rayi ‘younger brother’ lexicon in Standard Adek mboten pareng ndherek Javanese Language (BJS) is considered to be in krama inggil (Kr Ing) level and is intended for ‘Younger brother cannot come’ BJPS interlocutors who have a position (both age and social status) higher or not asymmetric with the Ibu mboten angsal tumut speaker. In BJPS, rayi ‘younger brother’ lexicon ‘Mom cannot come’ BJPS is not only used in krama inggil (Kr Ing), but also it is used in krama lugu (Kr Lg). Adek mboten angsal tumut Kr Lg lexicon: ari ‘younger brother’ in BJS was not found in the krama speech of the BJPS. ‘Younger brother cannot come’ BJS This phenomenon is influenced by the low mas- Ibu mboten pareng ndherek tery and acquisition of the krama lexicon variant, the inheritance error factor, and the lack of under- ‘Mom cannot come’ BJS standing of BJPS speakers on the use of Javanese speech levels. These factors also triggered the Kr Lg lexicon: angsal ‘can’ in BJS is for selection and placement of the krama lexicon in the interlocutor whose position (age or social BJPS utterances not following the prescriptive status) is equal (symmetrical) but the relationship rules of BJS. is not close with the speaker. The pareng ‘can’ lexicon in BJS occupies Kr Ing speech level and Data (2) is intended for interlocutors who have a position (both age and social status) higher than the Ibu nembe mucal speaker. However, the standard rules are not ap- ‘mom is teaching’ BJPS plied in BJPS utterances. The angsal ‘can’ lexicon occupies the Kr Ing speech level and the Ibu nembe ngasta pareng ‘can’ lexicon occupies the Kr Lg speech level in the BJPS utterance. This means that there ‘mom is teaching’ BJS has been a shift or misplacement of speech levels The Kr Lg: mucal ‘teaching’ in BJS has in BJPS. experienced an expansion in the speech of BJPS. Based on the results of the data validity, the It is also included in Kr Ing speech level in BJPS. deviation above is caused by the assumption of The Kr Lg speech level is intended for inter- BJPS speakers that the pareng ‘can’ lexicon is for children, so it is not polite if the lexicon is used 284 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 278–289 for interlocutors whose position (age or social nesu ‘angry’ is also classified in the Kr Lg speech status) is higher (asymmetric) than the speaker. level in BJPS utterances. The Kr Lg speech level This phenomenon is influenced by the mastery is intended for interlocutors who have a parallel and acquisition of low krama lexicon variant, lack (symmetrical) position (both in age or social of public knowledge and understanding of the use status) with the speaker but are not familiar/ of speech levels that should be following BJS. stranger. Whereas the Kr Lg: srengen ‘angry’ The existence of errors in the inheritance of lexicon in the BJS is not found in the BJPS utte- language is very influential in language deviat- rance, or it can be said that the lexicon is not ions that grow and develop in BJPS speech. productive (unproductive). Meanwhile, the ndherek ‘come’ lexicon in Based on the validity of the data by triangu- the BJS is Kr Ing speech level and is only lation of data sources, it can be concluded that the intended for interlocutors who have a higher posi- phenomenon that has been explained is motivated tion (age or social status) or asymmetrical with by the low mastery and acquisition of krama lexi- the speaker. Whereas the tumut ‘come’ lexicon in con variant, deviations in the inheritance of lang- BJS occupies the Kr Lg speech level and is only uages, and the lack of understanding of BJPS intended for interlocutors whose position is speakers on the use of Javanese speech level. parallel (symmetrical) with the speaker. The These factors cause deviations in the form of ir- ndherek and tumut ‘come’ lexicon experience regularities in the selection and placement of the expansion in the BJPS utterances, both lexical can krama lexicon in sentences where it is not follow- occupy the Kr Ing and Kr Lg speech levels. ing the prescriptive rules of Javanese standard Some coastal communities in Semarang language BJS). The lack of understanding of use the ndherek ‘come’ lexicon for young BJPS speakers on Javanese grammar has also led children with the aim of teaching and familiar- to errors in the application of polite utterances, izing polite Javanese language, so the children where they still appear and even evolve in BJPS could use it when they speak to older people. This daily life. goal is very good because it can foster a sense of pride in using Krama Javanese language to Self-Kramanisasi children, but there is a mistake in the selection and placement of the krama lexicon. The mistake is Self-kramanisasi is characterized by the that the selection and placement of the ndherek use of the krama inggil lexicon for oneself, so that ‘come’ lexicon at Kr Lg speech level as in Data speakers of other languages (outside Semarang (3) Adek mboten pareng ndherek ‘younger Coastal Community) address BJPS speakers as brother cannot come’. The correct utterance that seneng mbasake awake dhewe ‘people who glo- is following prescriptive rules of standard rify themselves by using lexical that are supposed Javanese language is: Adek mboten angsal tumut to be used to address people in higher (age or so- ‘younger brother cannot come’. cial status) position’. The form of self-kramanisa- si in BJPS can be seen in the following data. Data (4) Data (5) Kangmas nembe nesu Kula mpun dhahar ‘Older brother is angry’ BJPS ‘I have eaten’ BJPS Kangmas saweg srengen Kula sampun nedha ‘Older brother is angry’ BJS ‘I have eaten’ BJS The lexicon nesu ‘angry’ in BJS belongs to the Ng speech level group and is used for familiar The dhahar ‘eaten’ lexicon in BJS belongs interlocutors, not a stranger to the speaker, and do to the Kr Ing speech level group, and is intended not have to be respected by the speaker. The for interlocutors whose position (age or social ‘angry’ lexicon is experiencing an expansion in status) is higher or is not asymmetrical with the BJPS speech. The expansion is that in addition to speaker. The dhahar ‘eating’ lexicon in the BJPS being classified in Ng speech level, the lexicon has expanded, the lexicon occupies the speech Windayanti & Suryadi, The Selection of Krama Lexicon ... 285 level of Kr Ing and Kr Lg. In addition to address- caused by low mastery and acquisition of krama ing interlocutors who have a higher position, the lexical variant. This is also caused by the lack of lexicon is also intended for interlocutors whose understanding of the BJPS community on the use position is equal (symmetrical) and is also used of speech levels which should be following for oneself. The use of the Kr Ing lexicon for the standard Javanese language grammar, so that the speaker itself is what is known as the habit of the selection and placement of the lexicon in the people of Semarang who are happy to praise speech sentence is not following the prescriptive themselves. Whereas in the Javanese language, rules. there is a rule that a speaker must follow namely being humble the interlocutor who must be res- Data (7) pected. Kula nembe gerah waja Meanwhile, the Kr Lg: nedha ‘eat’ lexicon in BJS is hardly found in the krama speech of the ‘I have a toothache’ BJPS BJPS or it can be said that the lexicon is not pro- ductive. The application deviation and inaccurate Kula saweg sakit waos selection and placement of the lexicon in BJPS ‘I have a toothache’ BJS speech is due to the lack of mastery and acquisit- ion of krama lexicon variant, errors in the inheri- The waja ‘teeth’ lexicon in BJS belongs to tance of language, as well as the lack of under- the Kr Ing speech level group, the lexicon is only standing of BJPS speakers in Javanese language for interlocutors who have a higher position (age rules. or social status) or are not asymmetrical with the Another factor that caused the deviations speaker. The waja ‘teeth’ lexicon in the BJPS has still exist and evolve among the coastal commu- expanded, in addition to the Kr Ing speech level, nity of Semarang City is: BJPS speakers believe the lexicon is also used in the Kr Lg speech level that the deviation is correct of and they decided to group. The Kr Lg speech level is intended for continue to use them in everyday speech. As a interlocutors who have a position (age and social result, it causes these deviations to become a status) parallel (symmetrical) with the speaker but collective mistake made by almost every BJPS are not familiar. speaker. The coastal community of Semarang only master the lexicon of waja ‘teeth in krama. BJPS Data (6) speakers do not know other krama lexicon Kula nembe ngendikan variant, so BJPS speakers only use the lexicon they master. Meanwhile, waos ‘teeth’ lexicon in ‘I am talking’ BJPS Kr Lg level based on BJS was not found in the BJPS utterance. The deviation in the selection and Kula saweg wicanten placement of the krama lexicon in the speech ‘I am talking’ BJS makes speakers of other languages (besides BJPS) assume that Semarang coastal community The lexicon ngendikan ‘talking’ is consid- love to praise themselves. The language pheno- ered to be Kr Ing level in BJS and is only intended menon also applies to the Kr Ing lexicon: gerah for interlocutors who have a position (both age 'sick' which was used to describe themselves. and social status) that is not parallel (asymmet- Based on observations and interviews with rical) or higher and must be respected by the several respondents, the main trigger for this phe- speaker. The ngendikan ‘talking’ lexicon experi- nomenon is the low mastery and acquisition of the ence an expansion in BJPS utterances, the expan- krama lexicon variant that is influenced by the sion of which is that the lexicon occupies the language inheritance errors of the speaker's fami- speech levels of Kr Ing and Kr Lg. Whereas the ly/ area of the speaker's residence. In addition, the Kr Lg: wicanten ‘talking’ lexicon was not found cause of the low mastery of the krama lexicon in the BJPS utterance. BJPS speakers do not variant is the lack of education of Javanese langu- recognize the wicanten ‘talking’ lexicon as a age grammar, so that the BJPS community are not krama lexicon variant. Based on the triangulation able to choose and place the krama lexicon in of data sources, it is concluded that ignorance is their speech (Wibawa, 2015). 286 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 278–289

lexicon is also used in different speech levels by BJPS. The lexicon is also used in Kr Lg speech Data (8) level, which means the lexicon enjing ‘morning’ is used when a speaker speaking to an interlocutor Kula nitih motor who has the same or different age or social status. ‘I am riding a motorcycle’ BJPS Kr Lg's lexicon: enjang 'morning' in BJS is less productive in BJPS speech. Although some Kula numpak motor BJPS speakers know that there is a variant of enjang 'morning' lexicon, the BJPS speakers tend ‘I am riding a motorcycle’ BJS to use the enjing 'morning' lexicon 'in their utte- The nitih ‘riding’ lexicon in the BJS be- rances. In fact, there is an assumption among longs to the Kr Ing group of speech level, but in BJPS speakers that enjing and enjang ‘morning’ BJPS, the lexicon has expanded to another level. are at the same speech level. Both lexicons are In BJPS, the lexicon is also considered to be in Kr both krama lexicons and their selection in speech Lg speech level group. The Kr Lg lexicon: is arbitrary without considering the level of Kr Lg numpak ‘riding’ in BJS is considered to be Ng or Kr Ing speech. lexicon in BJPS, while the Ng lexicon for riding From the conclusions obtained through in BJS is nunggang. People in coastal areas of Se- triangulation of data sources, the phenomenon in marang rarely use the nunggang ‘riding’ lexi-con Data (9) is influenced by the belief of the speaker in their ngoko speech because BJPS speakers that the lexicon used by the BJPS speaker in the assume that the nunggang ‘riding’ lexicon is im- speech is correct and does not need to be questi- polite if intended for humans. oned. The mistake was made continuously beca- The use of nitih ‘riding’ lexicon for the use of the pure agreement between BJPS speak- speaker himself in BJPS speech is called a pheno- ers. Therefore, this error is a collective error that menon of kramanisasi by BJS speakers, it is also is considered as truth. In addition, the low unders- considered that BJPS speakers have praise tanding of BJPS speakers on the use of the speech themselves by using the lexicon. Based on the va- levels is also the main trigger for the selection and lidity of the data by triangulation of data sources, placement of the krama lexicon in the speech it is concluded that some of these phenomena are sentence not following the prescriptive rules of influenced by the low mastery and acquisition of the standard Javanese language (BJS). krama lexicon variant. The inheritance error of Indonesian Language Interference on Java- the language of the family and the environment nese Language where the speaker lives also result in a misunders- tanding of BJPS speakers' understanding of the Interference between Javanese language use of Javanese speech levels. These factors have and Indonesian language is marked by the use of an impact on the selection and placement of the the Indonesian language lexicon as an effort to krama lexicon in BJPS utterances which are not refine speech because speakers do not master the following the prescriptive rules of standard Java- krama lexicon variant. The phenomenon of nese language (BJS). language interference in BJPS speakers can be seen in Data (10) and Data (11) below. Data (9) Data (10) Kula wangsul wau enjing Rayi kula mpun ‘I am home this morning’ BJPS ninggal ‘my younger brother has passed away’ Kula wangsul wau enjang BJPS ‘I am home this morning’ BJS Ari kula empun pejah The Kr Ing lexicon: enjing 'morning' in BJS ‘my younger brother has passed away’ is only intended for interlocutors who have a BJS higher position than the speaker, but in Data 9, the Windayanti & Suryadi, The Selection of Krama Lexicon ... 287

The pejah ‘dead/passed away’ lexicon in The conclusions obtained from the triangu- the BJS belongs to the group of Kr Lg speech lation of data sources on the linguistic pheno- level. The pejah ‘dead/passed away’ lexicon ex- menon in Data (11) are influenced by the low periences a shift and is not productive in BJPS mastery of the ‘married’ krama lexicon variant so speech. In BJPS, the lexicon ninggal ‘dead/ pass- that there are no other lexical selection that are ed away’ is used as if it is in Kr Lg. The lexicon following the prescriptive rules of the standard ninggal is adopted from Indonesian language. Javanese language when BJPS speakers want to The ninggal ‘dead/ passed away’ lexicon is cons- use it in a speech sentences. idered a delicate lexicon in BJPS and is used to refine the ‘dead/passed away’ lexicon when it is Discussion intended for humans. The mati lexicon ‘dead’ is considered rude by BJPS speakers if it is address- The Selection and Placement of the Krama ed for humans. Lexicon in the Polite Javanese Speech of Sema- Based on the conclusions from various data rang Coastal Community sources, it can be concluded that the linguistic phenomenon found in the use of the 'dead/ passed BJPS has its characteristics compared to away' lexicon in the BJPS utterance is influenced other Javanese languages. The characteristics are by the low mastery and acquisition of the krama in the form of krama inggil lexicon use in the lexicon variant. Therefore, the ability of BJPS speech. The way BJPS speakers respect their speakers to choose the 'dead/passed away' lexicon interlocutors is also not the same as standard variant is very limited. The lack of understanding Javanese speakers (hereafter: BJS). BJS speakers of BJPS speakers on the correct use of Javanese only use the krama inggil lexicon for interlocutors speech levels triggers the inaccurate selection and whose age and social status are higher, and are placement of the krama lexicon in speech senten- respected. While the language phenomena found ces. It causes the delicate speech sentences do not in the city of Semarang, BJPS speakers some- comply with the rules (prescriptive rules) in Stan- times use the krama inggil lexicon not only for dard Javanese language (BJS). interlocutors whose position (age or social status) is higher than the speaker but also for themselves Data (11) even though it is intended to respect the inter- locutor. Mbak mpun nikah Based on the results of language mastery tests that have been analyzed, it is found that there ‘My sister has married’ BJPS are various forms of deviations related to the use Mbak sampun emah-emah of Javanese grammar and prescriptive rules of standard Javanese language. As for the forms of ‘My sister has married’ BJS deviations are: (1) overlapping use of Javanese speech levels marked by: the use of the krama The emah-emah ‘married’ in BJS belongs lugu lexicon in krama inggil level or vice versa, to the Kr Lg speech level group, while the ‘mar- the use of krama inggil lexicon to address young ried’ lexicon belongs to Kr Ing speech level children, and the use of ngoko lexicon in krama; group. The emah-emah and ‘married’ lexicon are (2) self-kramanisasi which is marked by the use unproductive in BJPS speech. BJPS speakers tend of the krama inggil lexicon for oneself; (3) Java- to use the nikah ‘married’ lexicon, which is nese language interference by Indonesian langu- adopted from Indonesian language. The nikah age, marked by the use of the Indonesian langu- ‘married’ lexicon is considered to be a delicate age lexicon as an effort to refine the utterance; (4) lexicon to replace the Ng lexicon: kawin ‘marri- the formation of deviations in the language of Se- ed’ in BJS. The nikah ‘married’ lexicon is consi- marang coastal community, where they believ-ed dered to be normal and proper by BJPS so they that the deviations are something normal and it use it in daily speech. Although this is considered becomes a collective mistake; and (5) the use of to be an error by BJS speakers, this error has Javanese language in BJPS utterances is not become a collective mistake that is almost always following the prescriptive rules of the Solo- made by every Javanese speaker in the Semarang Yogyakarta standard Javanese language, charac- coastal area (BJPS). 288 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 278–289 terized by the freedom of speakers to place the "poor" qualification. This qualification is indicat- lexicon at the speech levels. ed by the percentage of mastery which only The factors causing deviations in the Java- reached 38,1% from the 100 (one hundred) basic nese language of Semarang coastal community lexicons tested. In brief, the lexical mastery in are: (1) the lower the lexical mastery level of a BJPS speakers is caused by some factors, namely: Javanese speaker, the lower the ability to produce the limited acquisition of krama lexicon variant in speech sentences which following the prescript- the family or community where the speaker lives, ive normative rules of the standard Javanese the collective mistakes used continuously by the language; (2) the low acquisition of the krama speakers, the speakers rarely use krama in every- lexicon in BJPS speakers and the limited selection day speech, and lack of understanding of standard of the lexicon in speech; (3) deviations are carried Javanese language rules. out continuously, from generation to generation, The selection of krama lexicon in BJPS so that these deviations increasingly grow and speakers is very low because the lexical mastery evolve in the next generation; (4) the inheritance level was only 38,1%. The lack of mastery of the error factor of language originating from the krama lexicon causes the selection and placement family and community where BJPS speakers live; of the lexicon in speech utterances to be very and (5) lack of understanding of the use of speech limited. It is also the main cause of the low acqui- levels that following standard Javanese language sition of the krama lexicon variant in Semarang grammar. coastal community. As a result, the speech sen- The results of this research complement the tences used by BJPS speakers in daily interactions results of previous research related to the inaccu- are not following the standard Javanese language racy in the use of the Krama Javanese language rules. according to standard rules, or in this research This research on the use of Javanese langu- called the standard Javanese language oriented on age in the coastal area of Semarang City is not the Solo-Yogya Javanese language. The results of perfect, because it only examines the level of previous research have not specifically mentioned mastery of the krama lexicon as well as the the deviations as well as the factors that cause it selection and placement in daily speech senten- related to the use of standard Javanese language ces. The research does not cover the prescriptive in coastal areas. rules of standard Javanese language as a whole, so it is necessary to conduct further research relat- ed to the complete application of standard Java- CONCLUSION nese language in coastal community, including The mastery of the Krama Javanese lexi- phonology, morphology, and syntax aspects. con in the coastal community of Semarang is in a

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