Genet Resour Crop Evol

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-01057-5 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV)

REVIEW

Garcinia L.: a gold mine of future therapeutics

Thejangulie Angami . Lobsang Wangchu . Prankanu Debnath . Pranabjyoti Sarma . Barun Singh . Amit Kumar Singh . Siddhartha Singh . B. N. Hazarika . Mayanglambam Chandrakumar Singh . C. Aochen . Lungmuana

Received: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 24 October 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract , an evergreen polygamous tree forests of North East Hill region, West Bengal, and shrub distributed in tropical , Africa and Andaman Islands, Orissa, and Bihar among others. Polynesia belong to the family . This genus Garcinia is the source for a natural diet ingredient consists of several species which are widely used as a Hydroxy Citric Acid (HCA) which is an anti-obesity source of edible fruits, timber, resin, and other natural compound. Most of the species also possess antibac- products, and are also utilized in the treatment of terial, antifungal, anti-ulcerogenic, cardioprotective, various ailments in Indian ayurveda. About 35 species anticancer, chemopreventive, free radical scavenging, are found in , many of which are endemic and and antioxidant properties. However, lack of con- economically important with immense medicinal sciousness and awareness coupled with habitat properties, and are a rich source of bioactive destruction led to the genetic erosion of this forest molecules including xanthones, flavonoids, benzophe- resource, and many species are threatened which need nones, lactones and phenolic acids. Species of to be conserved and further studied for its nutrient and Garcinia grow extensively in semi wild state, in the phyto-pharmacological properties. This paper reviews Western Ghats covering Maharashtra, Goa, coastal the nutritional value, the phytochemical compounds, areas of Karnataka, Kerala, Nilgiri Hills, the evergreen traditional uses and validated pharmacological prop- erties of different Garcinia species.

T. Angami Á L. Wangchu Á P. Debnath Á P. Sarma Á B. Singh Á A. K. Singh Á Keywords Garcinia Á HCA Á Anti-oxidant Á Anti- S. Singh Á B. N. Hazarika Á M. C. Singh (&) tumoral Á Anti-obesity Á Anti-microbial Á Anti-diabetic College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh 791102, India e-mail: [email protected]

T. Angami Introduction ICAR (Research Complex) for NEH Region, Arunachal Pradesh Centre, Basar 791101, India The genus Garcinia is a tropical and sub-tropical C. Aochen potential fruit crop, a polygamous evergreen shrub or ICAR (Research Complex) for NEH Region, Umiam, tree belonging to the family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae). Meghalaya 793103, India The genus name Garcinia honours and name after the Dutch army doctor and naturalist Laurentius Garcin Lungmuana ICAR (Research Complex) for NEH Region, Mizoram (1683–1752), who explained the fruiting behaviour of Centre, Kolasib 796081, India collected from the Maluku islands, 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol

Indonesia (Garcin 1733). This species was later on Field surveys and detailed study revealed that nine named Garcinia mangostana by Linnaeus in 1753, species are indigenous or native to the Western Ghats which became the main type species for the genus. The of India (Table 1). Whereas Baruah and Borthakur family Guttiferae was defined and created by Jussieu (2012) reported six species of Garcinia sporadically (1789) based on the presence of the fluids that exudes distributed in the entire North east region of India in from cut leaves and stems. As per the report given by general and the Brahmaputra valley, Assam in partic- Krishnamoorthy et al. (2006), about 300 species of ular. These species include Garcinia are distributed throughout the world, out of Roxb., Garcinia paniculata Roxb., which about 30 different species are reported to be Desr., Roxb., Garcinia lanceaefolia grown in different regions of India viz. North–eastern Roxb., Hook. Some different hill region, Andaman Islands, West Bengal, Orissa, species of Garcinia seen in an around North eastern Bihar, Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills. These species region and other parts of India are shown in Fig. 1. are generally found growing naturally and wildly in Garcinia species are also widely distributed in the forest areas of different regions of the country Africa, tropical Asia and Polynesia with immense and without cultivating commercially. numerous source of bioactive molecules viz.

Table 1 Garcinia species native to the Western Ghats of India (Shameer et al. 2016) Garcinia species Distribution, Locality Altitude (meter)

G. gummi-gutta (L) Endemic to Western Throughout the evergreen—semi evergreen forests of the Western Ghats Ghats (50–900 m) G. imberti Bourd Endemic – South Kerala: Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (Thiruvananthapuram), Shankily, Western Ghats Shendaruni (Kollam) (900–1200 m) G.indica (Thouars) Endemic – Western Kerala: Badi Baduka, Thaliparamba Choisy Ghats Maharashtra: Thungar Hill, North Kanara (50–550 m) Karnataka: Tinai Ghat G. morella (Gaertn.) Indo – Malay Kerala: Chenathnair, Kuruva Island, Kambamala (Wayanad), Thamarassery, Desr (50–1100 m) Vellarimala (Kozhikode), Silent Valley (Palakkad) Karnataka: Horanad Forests Tamil Nadu: Anamalai Hills G. Endemic – Western Kerala: Kadalar, Pampadumchola, Munnar (Idukki), Wallakad of Silent Valley pushpangadaniana Ghats (Palakkad) (850–1400 m) Tamil Nadu: Anamalai Hills G. rubro-echinata Endemic – South Kerala: Ponmudi, Chemmunji Hills (Thiruvananthapuram). Tamil Nadu: Kalakkad Kosterm Western Ghats Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (Thirunelveli) (800–1200 m) G. talbotii Raizada Endemic – Western Kerala: Uduma, Cheemani (Kasaragod), Vellarimala (Kozhikode), Vazhachal ex Santapau Ghats (Thrissur), Pampa, Pandarakayam (Pathanamthitta), Pandimotta, Rosemala (100–500 m) (Thiruvananthapuram) G. travancorica Bedd Endemic – South Kerala: Athirumala, Chemmunjii (Thiruvananthapuram). Tamil Nadu: Kalakkad Western Ghats Mundanthuarai Tiger Reserve (Thirunelveli) (950–1500 m) G. wightii T. Endemic – South Kerala: Vazhachal, Athirappally (Thrissur), Paniyeli-poru (Eranakulam) Anderson Western Ghats (250–700 m)

123 Genet Resour Crop Evol

Fig. 1 a Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. b Garcinia lanceaefolia Roxb. c Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. d Garcinia mangostana Linn. e Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr benzophenones, xanthones, lactones, phenolic acids, the persistent calyx with seed 1–12, often flattened and flavonoids etc. (Patil 2005). enclosed in pulp. Meanwhile with regard to fruit size, Garcinia species are trees or shrubs, usually with Garcinia wightii has the smallest (10–15 gm), while yellow resin having simple, opposite or nearly oppo- the largest is that of Garcinia pushpangadaniana, site, leathery leaves in whorls of three often with weighing upto 750 gm. The team also pointed out that glandular and resinous cells (Yapwattanaphun et al. most of the Garcinia fruits are globose in shape except 2002). Majority of Garcinia species are dioecious, a sub-globose to ellipsoid in Garcinia rubro-echinata, few species are reported as hermaphrodite (Dunthorn oblong to sub-globose in Garcinia imberti and 2004). Yapwattanaphun et al. 2002 also reported that Garcinia travancorica. Garcinia species bears edible the flowers of Garcinia are usually male or female, fruits with less palatability and among all species occurring on separate trees, or occasionally bisexual, Garcinia mangostana is considered as one of the borne in panicles, singly or in tuft, in the leaf axils choicest fruit (Baruah and Borthakur, 2012) and often terminally, or on the old wood having four sepals and regarded as the queen of fruits. petals. While, the male flowers contain an indefinite The Karyotype study on Garcinia species viz. number of stamens, free, or joined (sometimes into Garcinia pedunculata, Garcinia cowa, Garcinia columns). Further, the female or bisexual flowers have lanceaefolia and Garcinia xanthochymus by Gogoi staminodes and contain the ovary two-to many- (2015) revealed that chromosome number of these chambered. As per Shameer et al. (2016), Garcinia Garcinia species were same (2n = 48) except Garci- fruits are generally fleshy to woody berry; seated on nia xanthochymus with 2n = 72. But all the species

123 Genet Resour Crop Evol have same somatic chromosome number (n = 24) Nutritional properties of Garcinia species which indicated that Garcinia pedunculata, Garcinia cowa and Garcinia lanceaefolia become diploid in Apparently, fruits are rich source of vitamins, miner- nature whereas Garcinia xanthochymus is triploid. als, antioxidants and many phyto-nutrients and Clyde et al. (1996) while conducting a study on Garcinia is one such underutilized group of fruit chromosome number of five Garcinia species found species having rich nutritional properties than the out that Garcinia prainiana and Garcinia nervosa conventional fruits (Krishnamurthy and Sarala 2011). have chromosome number 2n = 56. While, Garcinia The nutraceutical property of a fruit is determined by atrovirids have 2n = 60, Garcinia parvifolia have the metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins 2n = 44 and Garcinia hombroniana have 2n = 84 and minerals present in it and their relative amount number of chromosome. (Utpala and Nandakishore 2016). The secondary Parthasarathy et al. 2013 reported that in the North- metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids also eastern region of India, the sundried slices of the fruits contribute significantly to the medicinal utility (Utpala are prepared as folk medicines and used in local and Nandakishore 2014). Utpala et al. (2010) men- culinary for garnishing curries. The genus Garcinia tioned that most species of Garcinia have fruits with has long been involved in Ayurvedic preparations i.e. edible arils which are consumed locally. Further, apart the age old traditional Hindu system of medicine from fresh consumptions, fresh and dry Garcinia fruit preparation which is based on the idea of herbal rinds are also used as spice and condiment garnishing treatment and other natural therapies to medicate several cuisines to impart an acidic flavour to the food. various ailments and disorders. The genus has The composition of primary metabolites such as received the attention of pharmaceutical industries sugars, proteins, crude fats, composition of vitamins, due to the presence of bioactive molecules like organic acids and antioxidant activity in the fruits of Hydroxy Citric Acid (HCA), polysaccharides, terpe- some Garcinia species are given in Tables 2, 3, 4, nes, flavonoids, procyanidines and polyisoprenylated and 5. benzophenone derivatives like xanthochymol, guttif- erone isoforms and garcinol which has immense remedial qualities (Naveen and Krishnakumar 2013). Traditional medicinal properties of some Garcinia Garcinia being a good source for a natural diet species ingredient Hydroxy Citric Acid (HCA) is an anti- obesity compound (Parthasarathy et al. 2013), also In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Garcinia known for its hypo-lipidemic property (Naveen and species finds its application to treat and cure various Krishnakumar 2013). The polyisoprenylated ben- illnesses (Phongpaichit et al. 2006). Baruah and zophenone and xanthone derivatives present in the Borthakur (2012) reported that Garcinia species are genus are known for their antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti- used for medication after childbirth, menstrual prob- cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-viral, lems, fever, dysentery etc. and also recorded that some anti-fungal properties (Naveen and Krishnakumar species have a potential against treatment for HIV 2013).Garcinia species are also popular for their (Rukachaisirikul et al. 2003) and cancer (Nabandith gum resin which is used as cathartic or purgative. et al. 2004). The gum-resin of Garcinia morella has Fruits are regarded as a rich source of red pigments in cathartic, hydragogue, amenorrhoea and anti-hel- the kingdom (Parthasarathy et al. 2013.This minthic properties as pointed out by Khare (2007). review was designed to bring forward the medicinal Sarma and Devi (2015) concluded that Garcinia importance of the genus Garcinia. From the present pedunculata fruit is used as a medicine for treatment study, it was revealed that the genus Garcinia against stomach related problems including jaundice. possessed many therapeutic effects on various ail- The dried pulp of Garcinia morella are stored for years ments. Additionally, the updated nutritional values, to be used as a home remedy for stomach ailments, traditional uses, pharmacological and biological prop- inflammatory disorders and gastritis as reported by erties of the genus Garcinia was also being reviewed Choudhury et al. (2018). The fruit juice of Garcinia with the objective to enhance our knowledge on the gummi-gutta possesses anti-scorbutic, anthelmintic therapeutic potential of this genus. and cardiotonic properties (Naveen and Krishnakumar 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol

Table 2 Composition of primary metabolite in some Garcinia fruits (Utpala and Nandakishore 2014) Garcinia species Total carbohydrates (g/100 g) Reducing sugars (g/100 g) Total proteins (g/100 g) Crude fats (g/100 g)

G. gummi-gutta 7.11 0.51 3.25 0.34 G. indica 6.24 0.63 4.78 0.12 G. mangostana 15.72 1.28 1.82 0.49 G. xanthochymus 4.12 0.98 4.01 0.41 G. lanceaefolia 5.85 0.65 3.45 0.13 G. pedunculata 7.93 0.95 4.93 0.20

Table 3 Vitamin composition in some Garcinia fruits (Utpala and Nandakishore 2014)

Garcinia species Thiamine (B1)v(lg/100 g) Riboflavin (B2)(lg/100 g) Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) Total vitamin (mg/100 g)

G. gummi-gutta 48 275 14.35 14.75 G. indica 52 320 33.45 34.00 G. mangostana 50 300 60.43 61.05 G. xanthochymus 37 250 30.62 30.97 G. lanceaefolia 52 283 30.23 30.62 G. pedunculata 49 276 35.43 35.81

Table 4 Major organic acids present in some Garcinia fruits (Utpala and Nandakishore 2014) Garcinia species HCA (%) Malic acid (%) Oxalic acid (%) Citric acid (%) Tartaric acid (%) Acetic acid (%)

G. gummi-gutta 15.48 4.62 0.18 0.62 0.11 0.07 G. indica 7.43 2.67 0.63 0.79 0.51 0.31 G. mangostana 0.26 0.54 0.73 1.42 1.66 0.26 G. xanthochymus 0.10 0.73 0.37 8.00 0.20 0.04 G. lanceaefolia 1.93 10.02 1.70 1.45 0.23 0.14 G. pedunculata 1.33 8.95 0.51 1.30 0.12 Trace

Table 5 Total phenol, total xanthone content and antioxidant activity of some Garcinia fruits (Utpala and Nandakishore 2014)

Garcinia species Total phenols (g/100 g) Total xanthone (g/100 g) DPPH activity IC 50 (lg/mL)

G. gummi-gutta 3.26 1.96 38.39 G. indica 5.01 0.91 42.66 G. mangostana 2.33 1.30 39.42 G. xanthochymus 4.43 2.66 35.75 G. lanceaefolia 3.03 1.22 43.16 G. pedunculata 2.43 1.36 47.84

2013) while Verghese (2000) reported on its applica- indica (Kokum) has anti-scorbutic, cholagogue, cool- tion in the treatment against piles, tumours, dysentery ing, anti-bilious, emollient and demulcent properties and heart complaints. As per Khare (2007), Garcinia and the butter made from is applied

123 Genet Resour Crop Evol externally against ulcers and skin diseases and aid in consumed during dysentery. The leaves of Garcinia treating against dysentery. Manjeshwar et al. (2011) paniculata Roxb., are used to treat roundworm (Dutta also reported that the leaves and fruit rinds of Kokum 1985). are used to treat various inflammatory ailments The latex of Garcinia cowa is used in Thai folk including bowel complaints and rheumatic pain. In medicines as an antifever agent (Pattalung et al. 1994). the Indian subcontinent, the extract from Kokum fruit Parts of Garcinia cowa like the bark, latex and root is valued for its sour sweet taste commonly used for have been used as an antifever agent (Mahabusarakam seasoning and refreshing drink. Further, the fruits are et al. 2005), while the fruit and leaves have been used used for treatment of ailments like edema, heat strokes for improvement of blood circulation and indigestion, and infections (Padhye et al. 2009). According to and as an expectorant (Panthong et al. 2009). Some of Yapwattanaphun et al. (2002), the fruit of Garcinia the traditional uses of Garcinia species are summa- mangostana is normally dried and rubbed with a rized in Fig. 2 and Table 6. special stone using saturated calcium hydroxide solution as a solvent and the suspension is applied over the wound areas. Further, the fruit rind is also Pharmacological and biological properties used as an ingredient in soap and shampoos. Murthy of Garcinia species et al. (2019) reported that Garcinia mangostana fruit rind decoction is also traditionally being utilized to Antioxidant properties relieve diarrhoea, cystitis, gonorrhoea and gleet. In traditional African medicine, Garcinia kola Free radicals comprising reactive nitrogen species seeds forms a vital part of the herbal preparation used (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause for the treatment against respiratory tract diseases like damage to DNA, proteins, lipids and other biomole- asthma (Okojie et al. 2008). The Thai traditional and cules when generated in excess and accordingly, ethno-medicinal uses of Garcinia cowa involves the antioxidants are required to prevent or inhibit the utilization of fruits and leaves for the improvement of harmful effects of ROS and RNS (Baliga et al. 2011). blood circulation, as an expectorant, for the treatment Fruits rich in polyphenols like flavonoids, antho- of coughs, indigestion and as laxative (Yapwattana- cyanins, terpenes etc. can effectively scavenge these phun et al. 2002). According to Murmu et al. (2016) free radicals, thereby preventing the ensuing damage the fruit of Garcinia xanthochymus as a whole or its (Alia et al. 2008; Leopoldini et al. 2010). extracts are used in treatment of ailments like fever, Garcinia species are known to be rich in phenolic stomach problems, skin diseases and sexual disorders. compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, xan- In addition to that, the plant is also used in treatment of thones, biflavonoids and benzophenones (Han et al. various ailments of livestock. 2007). There are many compounds reported from the Young leaves of the few Garcinia species are genus Garcinia possessing higher free radical scav- cooked and consumed by tribals in the north-eastern enging activities which act against different diseases region of India (Arora 1981). Similarly, Baruah and and having a major role in the mechanism of Borthakur (2012) reported on the ethnobotany of some bioactivities (Aravind et al. 2016). Griffipavixan- Garcinia species from north-eastern region of India thone, a prenylated xanthone isolated from Garcinia which summarizes that the dried fruits of Garcinia virgata was reported as a promising antioxidant pedunculata Roxb., and Garcinia morella Desr. are activity with lower EC50 value (Merza et al. 2004). used against dysentery. ‘’, a commercial The pericarp extract of this family is rich in the both source from Garcinia morella Desr., forms a yellow- phenolic and flavonoids contents and plays a signif- ish colour of which the oil and juice of fruits have icant role in the scavenging of free radicals in the cooling effect during fever. Fruits of Garcinia cowa different in vitro antioxidant models (Gogoi et al. Roxb., are used to relieve headache. The tannin and 2017). Extracts prepared from the rinds of Garcinia polyphenol-rich fruit from Garcinia lanceaefolia indica are reported to possess antioxidant properties Roxb., possess antioxidant activity and are known to (Mishra et al. 2006). relieve stomach ache. Sherbets made from ripen and Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of aqueous dried fruits of Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. is and ethanolic extract of Garcinia indica fruit rind on 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol

Refreshing drinks, Bowel complains, seasonings, dysentry, fever, rheumac, skin infecons, headache, stomach ache wounds

Local cuisines, Anhelminthic Roundworm, blood, amenorrhoea, anfever, circulaon, ingeson yellow dye

Fig. 2 Traditional uses of Garcinia species

Table 6 Traditional medicinal uses of Garcinia species Used against illness References

1. The pericarp of Garcinia mangostana Pierce (2003), Caius fruit has been used in the treatment of arthritis, fever, ulcers, skin infections, wounds, and amoebic (2003) dysentery since yore in South Asia 2. The decoction of Garcinia gummi-gutta fruit rind works against rheumatism and bowel complaints (Naveen and and also employed in veterinary medicine as a rinse for diseases of the mouth in cattle Krishnakumar 2013) 3. Garcinia indica is also used as a traditional home remedy in case of flatulence, heat strokes and (Elumalai and Chinna infections Eswaraiah 2011) 4. The crushed fruits of Garcinia pedunculata are taken during dysentery and young fruits are taken for (Kshetrimayum et al. jaundice 2007) 5. The plant parts of Garcinia cambogia have been used in Asian countries as a traditional medicine for (Tharachand et al. 2013) treating intestinal parasites, constipation, cancer, piles, bowel complaints, rheumatism, delayed menstruation etc 6. Traditionally the crushed extract of fruits is used as an expectorant, cough relief and (Subcharean 1997) scurvy, while the crushed extract of roots is used to relief fever and as a detoxicant

carbon tetrachloride (1.5 mL/kg) induced liver toxic- et al. 2011). Mangosteen fruit showed antioxidant ity on Wistar albino rats (Amol Bhalchandra Deore activity against ABTS and DPPH radicals, and

123 Genet Resour Crop Evol prevents the decrease in antioxidant activity induced The compound garcinol was first reported from by a cholesterol-supplemented diet in rats (Haruenkit Garcinia cambogia and as such Benzophenones et al. 2007). Siti Hawa Ali Hassan et al. (2013) garcinol and isogarcinol were isolated from the bark suggested that the Garcinia parvifolia fruit has a of Garcinia cambogia (Linuma et al. 1998). The potential as a natural source of antioxidant and as an strong antioxidant activity of garcinol is attributed to anti-Alzheimer agent. Further, the free-radical scav- the presence of both phenolic hydroxyl groups and b- enging, ferric reducing and acetylcholinesterase inhi- diketone moiety (Padhye et al. 2009). Several recent bition effect of the pulp was higher as compared to the studies have examined the potential of garcinol, a non- peel. nutritive dietary component, against different cancer types. Antitumoral properties Antimicrobial properties Cancer, the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnor- mal cells, occurs due to multiple factors like exposure Garcinia specieshave long been involved in Ayurveda to carcinogens, oxidative stress, repeated genetic to aid various pathophysiological disorders and prob- damage, chronic inflammation or hormonal imbalance lems. The bioactive molecules like hydroxycitric acid and once started, multiple cascade of reactions (HCA), terpenes, flavonoids, procyanidines, polysac- involves making it difficult to specify molecular charides and polyisoprenylated benzophenone deriva- targets for therapeutic advancements (Sadaat and tives like garcinol, xanthochymol and guttiferone Gupta 2012). As such, most chemotherapeutic treat- isoforms isolated from the genus Garcinia are known ments suffer from adverse toxic reactions leading to for their antibacterial and anti-fungal properties nausea, fatigue, mouth ulcerations, blood clots, nerve (Naveen and Krishnakumar 2013). damage, anaemia, and mild impairments (Cross and The antifungal and antibacterial properties from Burmester 2006). Henceforth, effective preventative Garcinia indica extract and its potential for use as a or therapeutic approaches need to be developed, which biopreservative in food applications was reported by could be both effective and non-toxic against cancer Varalakshmi et al. 2010. Negi et al. 2008 also reported cell growth. With the ever increasing trend of cancer the antibacterial activities in the fruits and syrup of incidences, there has been a growing interest in the Garcinia indica in ‘Konkan’ region of India. The management of the disease through dietary chemo- leaves also possess antibacterial effects (Pasha et al. prevention, with the use of naturally occurring phy- 2009). tochemicals to slow down the carcinogenesis process The Mangosteen fruit pericarp contain polyoxy- (Li et al. 2013). Xanthones, with two aromatic rings genated xanthones, including mangostin 4, b-man- linked via carbonyl and ether linkages, are the major gostin, nor-mangostin and gartanin; these compounds components of the Garcinia genus (Han et al. 2008; are used as antibacterial agents (Mahabusrakum et al. Nguyen et al. 2000). Xanthones have been isolated 1983). from pericarp, whole fruit, bark, and leaves of Kshetrimayum et al. 2007 reported that the extract mangosteen, and several studies have shown that of fruit hull of Garcinia pedunculata was significantly xanthones obtained from mangosteen fruit have effective on the fungi C. paradoxa and P. citrinum. remarkable biological activities (Suksamrarn et al. The study by Karmakar et al. (2013) clearly demon- 2006) like anti-cancer activities. Xanthones, with their strated that endophytic fungi inhabiting Garcinia spp. health promoting and unique physical as well as have diverged bioactive compounds with potential chemical properties, act as a promising candidate in efficiency. Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium spp. the study of dietary chemoprevention (Li et al. 2013). were found to be the most promising endophytic fungi Mangosteen fruit contain xanthones including a- isolated from Garcinia spp. The presence of the mangostin which possess anti-cancer properties compound phlorogucinol, a compound of active including initiation of apoptosis through the regulation biological activities was revealed by the HPLC and of cell death pathways (Shan et al. 2011). Xanthones MS profiling of Aspergillus fumigates. ManyStudies have been shown to modulate cell signaling pathways have also revealed that the extracts from these that are deregulated in cancer cells (Li et al. 2013). 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol endophytic fungi could play a vital role in treatment of citric acid; the anthocyanins viz. cyanidin-3-glucoside wide range of diseases. and cyanidin-3-sambubioside and the polyisopreny- Eight xanthones from Garcinia cowa: Cowaxan- lated phenolics garcinol and isogarcinol. thones B (34) and C (39), 7-O-methylgarcinone E In Ayurveda system, Garcinia indica is used to (36), a-mangostin (37), b-mangostin (38), man- treat obesity and multiple studies has shown that gostanin (40), cowanol (45) and cowanin (46) were hydroxycitric acid, a principle component possess investigated for their antibacterial activity against S. anti-obesity effects. Studies by (Preussa et al. 2004 aureus and MRSA. a-Mangostin (37) and man- and Jena et al. 2002) have shown that consumption of gostanin (40) showed significant activity against these hydroxycitric acid reduces appetite, inhibits fat syn- bacteria as reported by (Panthong et al. 2006). thesis, lipogenesis, decreases food intake and reduces body weight. At the same time, it also increases the Anti-obesity properties synthesis of hepatic glycogen thereby activating the glucoreceptors and causing a sensation of reduced According to(Lewis and Neelakandan, 1965) Garci- appetite and fullness (Lowenstein 1971). Concomi- niais a good source of natural diet ingredient (–)- tantly, hydroxycitric acid also inhibits pancreatic a- hydroxycitric acid, [(–)-HCA], (1,2-dihydrox- amylase and intestinal a-glucosidase, leading to a ypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) which is an anti- reduction in carbohydrate metabolism (Yamada et al. obesity compound and a principle acid found in the 2007). Isogarcinol is also reported to possess lipase leaves and fruit rinds of Garcinia speciesknown to inhibitory effect and antiobesity properties (Sang et al. inhibit fatty acid and lipid synthesis in living systems. 2001). These observations suggest that the presence of On a dry weight basis, HCA constitutes about 20%– hydroxycitric acid and cyanidin 3-glucoside in 30% of the fruit (Parthasarathy et al. 2013). Hydrox- Garcinia species might have contributed towards the ycitric acid inhibits the cleavage of citrate to oxaloac- observed anti-obesity effects and suggest the need for etate and acetyl-CoA, a key molecule which plays a further translational studies. vital role in energy storage as fat. The energy in turn diverted to the production of liver and muscle Anti-diabetic effects glycogen that slows down the production of choles- terol, fatty acids and triglycerides reducing fat Diabetes mellitus is a major illness of the human race production and storage (Tharachand et al. 2013). In a implicated with numerous clinical symptoms and pilot study conducted by Preussa et al. (2004)on manifestations. It is characterized by chronic hyper- human population, HCA combined with niacin-bound glycemia with aberration in carbohydrate, fat and chromium reduced body weight and BMI by 7.8% and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin 7.9% respectively. secretion, insulin action or both. The chronic hyper- HCA (hydroxycitric acid) has been known for its glycemia of diabetes is associated with complications hypo-lipidemic property (Naveen and Krishnakumar like renal failure, coronary artery disorder, neurolog- 2013) and a hypocholesterolamic agent (Sullivan and ical complications, cerebro-vascular disease, blind- Triscari 1977). (Jena et al. 2002) has reviewed the anti- ness, limb amputation, long term dysfunctions, failure obesity effects of HCA in suppressing fatty acid of various organs and eventually premature death synthesis, lipogenesis, food intake, and induced (Lyra et al. 2006). The diabetes population is likely to weight loss in animal models. Extract from Garcinia increase to 300 million or more by the year 2025 gummi-gutta has been determined as apotential anti- according to World Health Organization (Tielmans obesity agent to inhibit lipogenesis andstimulation of et al. 2007). lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells (Hasegawa 1998). Since ancient times, in Goa and Maharashtra state The preclinical studies done by (Manjeshwar et al. of India the herbal healers have been using the 2011) have shown that phytochemicals from Garcinia Garcinia indica (Kokum) rind decoction in the indica (Kokum) exhibit anti-obesity effects. Chemical treatment of diabetes and recent studies by Kirana studies further showed that the rind contains sugars, and Srinivasan (2010) had shown that the aqueous protein, pectin, tannin, fat, organic acids like ( -)- extract of the Kokum rind decreases streptozotocin- hydroxycitric acid, hydroxycitric acid lactone and induced hyperglycemia validating its antidiabetic 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol effects. As per Sasaki et al. (2007) feeding cyanidin (Yamaguchi et al. 2000). Garcinol alone and in 3-glucoside caused a reduction in the blood glucose combination with clarithromycin inhibits the growth levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity, down regu- of Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent of gastric lated RBP4 in the white adipose tissue and upregulated ulcerations and cancer (Chatterjee et al. 2003). the glucose transporter 4 (Glut4). Kokum restored the erythrocyte GSH level, an intracellular antioxidant Cardio protective effects proved to be effective in preventing the risk of developing secondary complications. To support these One-third of annual world mortality is due to Cardio observations, in vitro studies have shown that garcinol vascular disease (CVD) inspite better improvements in inhibited the protein glycation in the bovine serum their diagnosis and treatments with approximately albumin/fructose system (Yamaguchi et al. 2000). 80% of all cardiovascular- related deaths occurring in The study conducted by Alli and Adanlawo, 2012 the developing and under developed nations (Gersh concluded that saponin extract from the root of et al. 2010). Garcinia kola proved to be aremarkable antidiabetic The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) activity even more than a standard antidiabetic drug in may play an important role in atherosclerosis. The alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Udenze et al. 2012 also investigation was carried out for the possible antiox- inferred that, dose dependent reduction in blood idant effects of mangostin, isolated from Garcinia glucose level, improvement in lipid profile together mangostana, on metal ion dependent (Cu2?) and with a dose dependent attenuation of the atherogenic independent (aqueous peroxyl radicals) oxidation of index by Garcinia kola seed powder signifies that it human LDL. Mangostin (100 lM) significantly inhib- could be used as an antidiabetic agent with potent ited the consumption of a-tocopherol in the LDL cardioprotective effect. during Cu2? initiated oxidation over a 75 min period. From these results, it can be concluded that mangostin Anti-ulcer activity is acting as a free radical scavenger to protect LDL from oxidative damage in in vitro system (Williams Amol Bhalchandra Deore et al. 2011 investigated on et al. 1995). (Mahabusarakam et al. 2000) also the aqueous and ethanol extract of Garcinia indica reported that xanthone from Mangosteen inhibits fruit rind for ulcer protective activity against indo- oxidation of LDL cholesterol. methacin induced ulcerogenesis and HCl-ethanol Several studies demonstrated antibacterial, antifun- induced gastric lesion. Studies onoral pre-treatment gal, antiviral properties and other biological activities with Garcinia cambogia fruit extract protected the of extracts obtained from Garcinia species is shown in gastric mucosa against the damage induced by Fig. 3 and Table 7. indomethacin. According to Mahendran et al. (2002) Garcinia cambogia decreased the acidity and increased the mucosal defence in the gastric areas, Conclusion thereby justifying its use as an anti-ulcerogenic agent. Niero et al. 2012 reported that the methanolic The genus Garcinia is represented by about 30 species extract of seed, leaf and branch have gastroprotective in India, many of which are endemic and economically properties. He also mentioned the presence of guttif- important with immense medicinal properties. Lack of erone A having gastroprotective properties, in Garci- awareness, coupled with habitat destruction is leading nia achachairu. In addition, they found that the seed to genetic erosion of the forest resource and many extract was most active and it leads to the isolation of species are under threat. The effort of discovering guttiferone A. The seed extract of Garcinia achai- various pharmacological properties and other poten- charu showed dose – dependent effect on inhibition of tial beneficial effects and applications from Garcinia gastric lesions and the maximum inhibition percentage species is an assiduous effort that continues to develop was about 85% and the dose of the extract was and progress rapidly. This is evident through the 500 mg/kg. numerous studies reviewed above as well as others Garcinol reduced indomethacin-induced and water that are continuously being reported. immersion stress-induced gastric ulceration in rats 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol

Anoxidant acvity

Antumoral acvity

Cardio protecve

Anbacterial,

Anfungal, Anviral

Gastro protecve

Andiabec effects

Anobesity acvity

Fig. 3 Biological activities of Garcinia species

Table 7 Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties of extracts from Garcinia species Effects References

1. a and b-mangostins and garcinone B from Garcinia mangostana L. exhibited intense inhibitory effect (Suksamrarn et al. 2003) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2. The organic extract (hexane and benzene) of rind and garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit are reported (Negi & Jayaprakasha to exhibit antibacterial action 2006) 3. The chloroform extract from rinds of Garcinia indica inhibits the growth and production of Aflatoxin (Selvi et al. 2003) by Aspergillus flavus 4. Extracts of Garcinia livingstonei and Garcinia semseii showed significant anti- HIV- 1 activity with (Magadula and Suleimani EC50 values of 2.25 ± 0.51 and 0.93 ± 0.67 lg/mL respectively, indicating the potential of Garcinia 2010) extracts as a source of possible lead compounds and anti- HIV drug 5. Ethanolic extract of Garcinia mangostana, and a- and b-mangostins have a potent inhibitory activity (Chen et al. 1996) against HIV-1 protease

Studies carried out in the past decade indicate that Garcinia species, still many functions and compre- Garcinia species possess diverse health benefits and hensive interactions are yet to be investigated. Vali- that the phytochemicals garcinol, isogarcinol, cyani- dation of results and reports need to be done din-3-glucoside and ( -)-hydroxycitric acid derived extensively on human population to understand its from Garcinia are useful in treating various medical potential for health promotion and potential drug conditions. Elucidation of medicinal properties sug- discovery. More studies on optimizing the fruit gests its application in various therapies. The potential products and the resulting observations should be beneficial effects include its antioxidant property, implemented in industrial scale to cater to both antihelmenthic, antimicrobial, and anti-obesity and national and international consumers. Apparently, weight reducing agent. Although many studies have through several literatures reviewed it could be been published on the roles of compounds from concluded that Garcinia species possess rich 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol nutritional along with neutraceutical properties and Clyde MM, Mokhtar H, Norazlin AR, Normah MN (1996) have been used since yore in traditional medicinal Chromosome number of five Garcinia species. Second national Congress on Genetics. 13–15 November, Genetic practices. Hence, Garcinia fruit species serve as pools Society of . 269–271 of nutrients as well as medicinal drugs to aid in human Cross D, Burmester JK (2006) Gene therapy for cancer treat- health. ment: past, present and future. Clinical Med Res 4(3):218–227 Funding This study does not receive any fund from any Dunthorn M (2004) Cryptic dioecy in Mammea (Clusiaceae). agency. Plant Syst Evol 249:191–196 Dutta AC (1985) Dictionary of economic and medicinal . 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