INDEX

A holistic treatments 253 Abacavir (see ART) 253 (see Alternative ) Koryo 253 (see ) Moxibustion 259, 260 Acyclovir 70, 172-199, 208, 209, 402 serotonin syndrome 267, 268 Adherence 33, 113, 190, 194, 195, 211, 252, 255, 256, 269 212, 214, 215, 219-225, 348, 399, Unani-Tibb 252, 254, 256, 257 403, 404 America Africa, North 21 Latin 19, 25 Africa, South 5, 23, 223, 340, 349, North 19, 58, 262 400-402 Anaphylaxis 37, 72, 267 Africa, Southern 5, 44 Anatomical factors (see Predisposing Africa, Sub-Saharan 3, 5, 6, 25, 59, 184, factors) 279, 319, 324, 404 Anti-retroviral therapy (see ART) AIDS activism 395, 397 Antibody 4, 27-35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, AIDS Clinical Trials Group 332 67, 71, 72, 75, 77, 79-81, 108, 123, AIDS dementia 74, 81, 127, 171 129-138, 143, 145, 152-154, 156, 157, AIDS-defining conditions 126, 289 162, 165, 166, 168, 175, 205, 208, candidiasis 125-127 214, 218, 245, 249, 281, 282, 327, cryptococcal meningitis 125, 127 328, 333, 362-364, 366, 398 cytomegalovirus retinitis 125, 126 titre 27, 32, 165, 366 herpes zoster 125 Antigen 27-37, 42, 43, 47, 68, 72, 75, 77, Kaposi’s sarcoma 125, 126 81, 83, 129, 130, 132-138, 140, Penicillium marneffei 125 154-157, 167, 172, 174, 175, 187, PGL 125 188, 197, 218, 232, 281, 283, toxoplasmosis 125, 127 326-328, 361, 363-367, 370, 400 Alcoholism 55, 61 Antisepsis 85, 97, 98, 100, 103 Allergy 27, 28, 31, 67, 72, 96, 243, Apoptosis 67, 68 244, 255 Armed conflicts 7, 12, 55, 58, 61, 62 Alternative medicine ART acupressure 259 Abacavir 171, 195, 211, 228, 233, 234 acupuncture 252, 253, 258-260, 266 Anti-retroviral therapy 395 251, 252, 254, 255, 269 Darunavir 211, 243, 244 Chinese 252-254, 257-260 Efavirenz 211, 217, 220, 228, 237, 238 herbal 253, 269 Enfuvirtide 211, 244, 245, 403 407 408 Index

ART (Continued) Biological factors 55, 57 Fusion inhibitor 211, 213, 244, 245 Biomedical waste 85, 90, 96, 110, 115, Indinavir 167, 211, 228, 231, 239, 264 116, 282 Lamivudine 167, 211, 216, 217, 220, banking 395, 399, 400 228, 232, 233, 332 Breast feeding options 308, 368 (see also Nelfinavir 167, 228, 239 Infant feeding options) Nevirapine 72, 169, 171, 217, 220, 228, Brunei, Sultanate of 22 236, 319, 333 Burnout 177, 180, 311 NNRTI 195, 213, 216, 217, 220, 228, 233, 235, 237-239, 333 C Non-nukes 213, 235, 238 Cambodia, HIV situation 8, 9, 64 NRTI 217 Caribbean, HIV situation 5, 6, 25 Nukes 213, 228, 235 Caucasus, HIV situation 18 Protease inhibitors 169, 183, 195, 213, CD system 27, 34 216, 228, 236, 238, 243, 244, 263, Cells 328, 399 CD4 35, 49, 58, 67-70, 80, 129-131, Ritonavir 216, 228, 240, 241 171, 187, 191, 208, 211, 213-220, Saquinavir 228, 232, 237, 240-242, 268 229, 232, 233, 242, 245, 248, Tenofovir 211, 221, 228, 246, 403, 404 249, 259 Zalcitabine 173, 195, 211, 228, 232 CD8 68, 77, 130, 131, 187, 191, Zidovudine 72, 167, 169, 171-173, 214, 249, 256 217, 220, 228-234, 236, 237, 239, Natural Killer 27, 32, 72 242, 247, 384, 398 Null 32, 35 Asia Suppressor 27, 35, 58 Central 17, 18 China East 20, 196 Aizibing 387, 388 South 6, 7, 184, 339 CARES 389 South-East 6, 44, 184, 339 Comprehensive AIDS Response 389 Assessment Four Frees and One Care Policy 387, community 315, 316 388 operational 313, 316 HIV situation 387-393 organisational 313, 316 Chinese medicine (see Alternative Australia, HIV situation 22, 23, 44, medicine) 58, 280 Clinical case definitions 123-125 Autoclave 91-94, 207, 153 Cluster testing 275, 278 Autoimmune disorders 67, 76, 77, 133, 174 Commercial sex workers 7, 9, 15, 56, 57, Ayurveda (see Alternative medicine) 300, 375, 383, 390-392 Complement system 27, 32, 38 B Condom Baltic states 18 promotion 8, 63, 202, 275, 278, Bangladesh, HIV situation 8, 277, 396 279, 284, 350, 368, 373, 376, Barrier nursing (see Nursing, barrier) 391, 402, 404 BCG vaccine 183, 196, 197 demonstration 279, 376 Beach boys 15 use 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13-16, 18, 21, 24, Behavioural factors (see Predisposing 56-58, 217, 247, 276, 277-279, 280, factors) 284, 297, 299, 302, 313, 315, 337, Behavioural surveillance 287, 289 338, 350, 351, 377, 379, 383-385, Bhutan, HIV situation 8 387, 389-392, 403 Index 409

Confidentiality 21, 109, 112, 139, 203, interactions 195, 216, 228, 231, 240, 277, 278, 289-291, 297, 299, 301, 242, 245, 251, 254, 267 302, 304-306, 311, 313, 315, 317, use 6, 7, 9-12, 15-17, 19, 20, 23, 55, 60, 319, 337-339, 342-347, 349, 355, 72, 280, 329, 381, 385, 389, 390, 356, 375, 376, 403 395, 396, 400 shared 297, 299, 302, 313, 315, 337, Dual infection 338 Contact tracing 275, 278, 297, 305 E Counseling, Education, family life 56, 337, 341 crisis 299 Efavirenz (see ART) empathy 300 Elective caesarean section (see Mode of evaluation 310 delivery) food safety 304 Enfuvirtide (see ART) HIV-related 297, 299 Epidemic Projection Package 287, 290 international travel 305 Epidemiological surveillance 287, 288 nutrition 303 Estimate partner 278, 299, 305-309 point 16 personal hygiene 304 range 3, 4, 287, 293 post-test counselling 298-302, 308, Europe, Eastern 17, 25 314, 315, 317, 318, 356, 380 Euthanasia 337, 346, 347 pre-test 109, 140, 166, 297, 299, 301, Exposure code 161, 164, 165 317, 318 recording 310 F safer sex 55, 60, 202, 275, 277, 280, Family 297, 304, 368, 375, 391 life education (see Social factors) special situations 297, 307 of choice 307, 355, 356 vaccination 305 planning 61, 62, 281, 283, 302, 308, 313-329, 376 D Fiji, HIV situation 22 D value 85-88 Food and Drug Administration 70, 221, Darunavir (see ART) 243, 244, 246, 395, 398, 401 Declaration of Helsinki 337, 346, Frustration (see Psychological 348, 349 reactions) Declaration, Jakarta 55, 64 Fusion inhibitor (see ART) Decontamination of spills 85, 101, 103, 109, 112, 164 G Denial (see Psychological reactions) Gays (see also MSM) 177, 178, 281, Depression (see Pychological reactions) 384, 391 Dichotomy (see Psychological reactions) Ghon focus 183, 187 Disinfection 85-88, 93, 96, 97, 100-103, Global prevalence 3 105, 107, 109, 275, 282 Global Programme on AIDS 283, survivor curve 85-87 395, 400 Doha Agreement 400 Global response 395, 400 Donor support 404 Groups Drugs high-risk see high-risk groups generic 222, 384 mutual aid 355, 358 injecting use 6, 7, 9-12, 14-17, 19, 20, peer support 357, 359 23, 55, 60, 280, 381, 385, 389, 390 Guilt (see Psychological reactions) 410 Index

H Human rights (see Issues) Hand washing 85, 99, 107, 109-111, 114, Hypersensitivity 28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 71-74, 117, 161 187, 188, 235, 266 Handling dead bodies 85, 112 Harm reduction 12, 13, 24, 275, 280, I 381, 389 Immune reconstitution syndrome 195, Needle exchange programmes 12, 280, 196, 217 390, 396 Immunity Health providers active 27-29, 31, 32, 368 attitudes 355 cell-mediated 34, 38, 71, 72, 76, 130, continuing education 355 187, 188, 192, 326, 364, 365 251, 253, 269 herd 36, 37 Herd structure 27, 36 humoral 27, 36, 38, 72, 367 High-risk groups 7, 12, 13, 17, 20, 55, natural 27, 363 162, 186, 246, 276, 278, 281, passive 31 287-289, 292-294, 316, 317, 323, Immunodeficiency 325, 339, 350, 351, 366, 368, 375, acquired 3, 396 377-379, 382-385, 389, 390, 397, congenital 38 402, 404 Immunoglobulin 27-31, 35, 111, 134, HIV status code 161, 164, 165 165-167 HIV-1 3, 4, 39, 40, 43-45, 50, 51, 130, 133, India 134, 136, 138, 139, 145, 161, 173, community response 380 215, 221, 224, 229, 230, 233, 235, corporate response 373 277, 280, 326-328, 330, 361, 364, Devadasi belt 24, 59 365, 367, 368, 370, 376 high-prevalence states 287, 292, 294 HIV-2 3, 39-41, 43, 45, 46, 50, 130, 133, HIV situation 373-382 134, 136, 139, 161, 229, 230, 280, moderate-prevalence states 294 376 vaccine trials 370 HIV-related headache 171, 174 Indinavir (see ART) HIV Indonesia, HIV situation 6, 9, 10, 15, 22, clades 43, 44 44, 385 co-receptor 32, 35, 42, 46, 47, 49, 51, Infant feeding options 308, 323, 331 67-69, 363 Infections in women (see Women, HIV) control 85, 87, 96, 116, 373 lentivirus 39 opportunistic 38, 47, 67, 69-71, 77, origin 3, 50 79-82, 112, 129-131, 179, 180, replication 35, 49, 193, 266, 362, 365 184, 193, 212, 217, 219, 229, 249, sub-types 43-45, 74, 361, 367, 370 256, 275, 283, 303, 307, 357, 377, testing policy 140, 292, 293, 370 378, 381 testing protocols 139, 140 primary 49, 67, 68, 131, 138, 156, 187, testing strategies 140 188, 325 variants 43, 281 Information Home care 307, 309, 398 access 58, 191, 356 Homosexuality education and communication 275 female (see WSW) Initiative, ‘3 by 5’ 401 male (see MSM) Injecting drug use 6, 7, 9-12, 15-17, 19, Homosexuals, closet 178 20, 23, 55, 280, 381, 385, 389, 390 Human immuno-deficiency virus (see HIV) International funding 404 Index 411

Iran, HIV situation 10, 222, 341 Migration 6, 9, 13, 36, 40, 45, 51, 58, 59, Isolation (see Psychological reactions) 61, 72, 76, 185, 186 Issues Mode of delivery 330 ethics 339, 340 Mongolia, HIV situation 11 human rights 3, 109, 337-340 Mononeuritis multiplex 174 legal 180, 309 Moxibustion (see Alternative medicine) 259, 260 J MSM 10, 19, 14, 23, 57, 58, 60, 166, 178, Jakarta declaration (see Declaration, 277, 283, 287, 293, 294, 300, 350, Jakarta) 368, 378, 385, 391 Jamu (see Alternative medicine) MTCT 8, 18, 49, 282, 290, 303, 308, 314, 251, 253 325-330, 348, 349, 352, 368, 379, Japan, HIV situation 384, 388, 392 estimation 323 K Myanmar, HIV situation 3, 6, 12, 44, 184 Korea, HIV situation 20, 21 Myopathy 173, 230 Koryo (see Alternative medicine) 251, 253 Myths (see Social factors) 55, 278, 301

L N Lamivudine (see ART) Named case reporting 287, 289, 291, 345 Langhan’s giant cells 183, 187 Natural calamities 7, 61 Lao PDR, HIV situation 283 Needle exchange programmes (see Harm Legislation (see Issues) 14, 290, 306, 311, reduction) 316, 340, 341, 348, 382 Needle stick injuries 48, 111, 132, 153, Linked testing 287, 288 162, 338 Liposomes, stealth 361 Nelfinavir (see ART) Long-term non-progressors 79, 82 Nepal, HIV situation 8, 13, 280 Lymphocytes Nevirapine (see ART) B- 31, 34, 36, 47, 75, 363 NNRTI (see ART) CD4 67, 138, 145, 191-193 Non-nukes (see ART) CD8 67, 77 NRTI (see ART) T- 33-37, 40, 42, 46, 67, 72, 131, 137, Nukes (see ART) 215, 245, 246, 248, 249, 363 Nursing barrier 85, 107 M cohort 107 Malaysia, HIV situation 10, 11, 222 task 107 Maldives, HIV situation 11 Malignancies 38, 40, 47, 67, 74-76, 81, O 82, 127, 129, 130, 133, 186, 200, Oceania, HIV situation 22 217-219 Oncogenic viruses 75, 76 Mantoux test 34, 188, 283 Opportunisitic infections Marginalised groups 57, 107, 307, 342, Candidiasis 69, 71, 72, 125-127, 147, 356, 395 148, 199, 202, 215, 218, 219, 263 Medical termination of pregnancy 145, Herpes zoster 69, 70, 80, 81, 125, 127 329 Kaposi’s sarcoma 41, 74-76, 81, Men having sex with men (see MSM) 125-127, 396 Migrant workers 7, 8, 11, 14, 344, 378, Molluscum contagiosum 71, 127, 381, 392 200 412 Index

Opportunisitic infections (Continued) secrecy 179 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 40, 74, withdrawal 178 75, 81 Pneumocystis pneumonia 41, 70, 126, R 266, 283, 395, 396, 399 Range estimate 4, 287, 293 Oral hairy leukoplakia 79, 80, 126, 127 Red ribbon 398 Organisations Referral 214, 281, 301, 302, 307, 309, 310, online 358 315, 318, 319, 355, 356, 360 patient support 355, 358-360, 380 Reproductive tract infections 143, 146, peer support 300, 358, 359 200 Out-of-school youth (see Youth) 185, 284, Retrovirus 39-42, 396 313, 320, 377, 392 Ritonavir (see ART) Russia, HIV situation 11, 17, 18, 44, 370, P 396, 401 Pakistan, HIV situation 6, 13, 14 Papua New Guinea 6, 22 S Participation bias 287, 288, 293 Safer sex (see Counselling) Partner management 203, 275, 278 Saquinavir (see ART) Peer pressure 57, 61, 392 Second generation surveillance 289 PEPFAR 282, 401 Secrecy (see also Psychological reactions) Peripheral neuropathy 74, 127, 173, 195, 338, 345 231, 232, 234, 247, 261 Seizures 74, 171, 174, 175 Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy Sensory neuropathy 173 80, 81, 123 Seroconversion illness 67, 79-81, 162, 166, Personal protective equipment 85, 113 171, 174, 205 Philippines, HIV situation 6, 15, 184 Serotonin syndrome (see Alternative Physician-assisted suicide 237 medicine) 267, 268 Pneumocystis pneumonia 41, 70, 126, 266, Sex 283, 395, 396, 399 brothel-based 7, 8, 10, 15, 24, 284, Point estimate 4, 287, 293 385 Post-exposure prophylaxis 161, 166, 211 commercial 5-10, 12, 13, 15-17, 20, 24, Predisposing factors 56-59, 283, 300, 316, 375, 383-385, anatomical 191 390-392 behavioural 191 education 55, 56, 337, 402 Prevalence, region-wise 3 non-brothel based 8, 15, 385 Progressors receptive 48 rapid 79 safer 55, 60, 202, 275, 277, 280, 304, typical 79, 162 375, 391 Protease inhibitors (see ART) workers 7-16, 20, 23, 24, 56, 57, 277, Providers, impact 180 281, 283, 284, 292, 294, 300, 314, Psychological reactions 323, 339, 341, 368, 375, 377, 378, anger 178, 179 380, 383, 385, 390-392 denial 178, 179 Sexually transmitted infections depression 178-180 (see STIs) dichotomy 178 Siddha medicine (see Alternative frustration 178 medicine) 252, 255, 256, 269 guilt 178 Slim disease 79, 81, 126 isolation 178, 181 Social discrimination 178 Index 413

Social factors 36, 55 100% condom programme 383-385 Social precursors 5, 55, 395, 400 HIV situation 9, 16, 24, 44, 63, 64, Social stigma 3, 7, 177, 179, 186, 338, 184, 222 339, 342, 345, 355, 381, 402 Tipping point 3, 12 Social support 62, 177, 178, 180, 291, Transmission 298-300, 302, 307, 324, blood-borne 16, 280, 281, 379, 390 355-357, 380 intrapartum (see also MTCT) 323, Socio-political environment 55, 290 326-328, 330 Source client 278, 305, 306, 309, 310 intrauterine (see also MTCT) 323, Sri Lanka, HIV situation 6, 15 326 Statistics, global 11 mother-to-child (see MTCT) Sterilisation 85-88, 91-98, 100, 105, percutaneous 44, 108, 152, 162 109, 375 perinatal 348, 351, 384, 392 STIs postnatal (see also MTCT) 327, 348, aetiological approach 199 351, 384, 392 Chancre 152, 204 sexual 6, 14, 21, 48, 144, 199, 200, 277, Chancroid 60, 199, 205-207 389, 390, 396 clinical approach 201 transplacental (see also MTCT) 31, Genital warts 199, 200, 203, 209 139, 205, 229, 323 Gonorrhoea 12, 58, 60, 145, 146, 149, vertical (see also MTCT) 325 199, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 278, Treatment 304, 305 adherence (see Adherence) Granuloma inguinale 199, 207 anti-retroviral 395 Herpes genitalis 60, 199, 203, 208 HAART 395, 398, 399, 403 Lymphogranuloma venereum 199, 207 Truck drivers 24, 283, 377 syndromic approach 199, 201-203 Tubercle 185, 187-189, 197 Syphilis 7, 12, 60, 123, 133, 143, Tuberculosis 152-157, 172, 175, 199, 200, adult 188 203-206, 278, 280, 305, 324, ART in 212 376, 397, 400 childhood 188, 196 Surveillance DOTS 183, 189-191, 194, 195, 307 behavioural 289 granuloma 37, 187, 188 case definitions 123-125, 291 multi-drug resistant 183, 190, 197, definition 194, 195 Bangui 124 post-primary infection 188, 189, 193 Caracas 124 primary infection 187, 188 epidemiological 288 RNTCP 183, 190, 194, 307 second generation 289 sentinel 8, 23, 125, 184, 223, 288, U 290, 292, 293, 376, 377, 379 Ukraine, HIV situation 17, 18, 398 UNAIDS, role 305, 332, 385, 387, 400 T Unani-Tibb (see Alternative medicine) Targeted interventions 24, 275, 283, 284, Universal biosafety precautions 85, 107, 375, 377-379 112, 163, 275, 281, 282, 357 Tenofovir (see ART) Unlinked anonymous testing 139, 287, Tests, E/R/S 123, 125, 129-132, 135, 140, 288, 292 287, 292 Unnamed case reporting 287, 289, 291, Thailand 345 414 Index

V Withdrawal (see Psychological reactions) Vaccine 171, 173, 174, 178, 221, 229, 268 AIDS 361, 365, 366, 369, 370 Women and HIV 3-7, 9, 10, 12-15, 17, development 361, 365 19-24, 49, 55, 57-63, 75, 76, 129, ethical issues 350, 368 131, 143-146, 154, 186, 199, 200, Indian trials 361, 369 203, 206-209, 247, 256, 261, 276, obstacles 361, 364, 365 282, 287, 290, 292-294, 300, 304, trials 351, 368-370 307, 308, 313, 316, 319, 320, vector 365, 367 323-329, 332, 339, 349-351, 363, Vacuolar myelopathy 172, 173 368, 379-381, 388, 389, 391, 392, Vaginal cleansing 323, 330 396, 402, 403 VCT 6, 7, 9, 306, 307, 313-320, 341, Women having sex with women 342, 346, 398, 387, 388, 391 (see WSW) models 313, 317, 318 Women’s status 57 Vietnam, HIV situation 6, 16, 283 World Trade Organisation 400 Virus WSW 60 human immuno-deficiency 3, 39, 396 (see also HIV1, HIV2) Y simian immuno-deficiency 3, 40, 50, Yoga (see Alternative medicine) 179, 253, 83, 365, 366 264, 265 Voluntary counselling and testing (see Youth, out-of-school 284, 313, 320, 377 VCT) Z W Zalcitabine (see ART) Window period 79, 80, 108, 132, 133, Zidovudine (see ART) 139, 162, 163, 281, 282, 301, 302 Zidovudine-associated myopathy 173