DOCSLIB.ORG

Colour-Cue Based Training and Memory in a Jumping Spider - Siler Semiglaucus (Aranaea: Salticidae) YY LUO1 , AP AGUNG2 & DMNJ DISSANAYAKE 3, 4

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Colour-Cue Based Training and Memory in a Jumping Spider - Siler Semiglaucus (Aranaea: Salticidae) YY LUO1 , AP AGUNG2 & DMNJ DISSANAYAKE 3, 4 Colour-cue based training and memory in a jumping spider - Siler semiglaucus (Aranaea: Salticidae) YY LUO1 , AP AGUNG2 & DMNJ DISSANAYAKE 3, 4 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 2 Museum Zoologi Universitas Andalas, Andalas University, Indonesia 3 Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China What is a jumping spider? • Jumping spiders are in the arachnid family Salticidae • Highly diverse, over 5900 species (WSC, 2016) • Impressive courtship displays and bright colouration • Excellent eyesight and colour vision – diurnal hunters (Richman & Jackson, 1992) Jumping Spider Vision • Eyesight is important in jumping spider ecology (Richman & Jackson 1992) • Excellent colour vision and visual acuity (Jackson & Blest 1982) Jumping Spider Vision Primary Eyes • The primary eyes are used for sharp vision and colour vision Lateral Eyes • The lateral eyes are used for movement detection Richman & Jackson(1992) Jumping Spider Anatomy Abdomen Head Abdomen Head Brain Learning in Jumping Spiders • They can form colour-associated preferences for food (Taylor et al, 2015) – and retained the memory for 2 weeks • They will avoid colours associated with heat (Nakamura & Yamashita, 2000) – but forgot after 1 day • Testing success is associated with number of correct choices in learning trials (Jakob et al 2007) Research Gap • How quickly do jumping spiders learn trained behaviour associated with positive environmental stimuli? • What is the duration of trained memory in jumping spiders? Project Introduction Project Questions: 1. Can jumping spiders be trained using multiple short training trials? 2. For how long do jumping spiders remember their training ? Study Species • 7 Females ; 4 Males ; 22 Juveniles Female Male Siler semiglaucus Training and Testing Materials • 2 colour reversed Y-shaped mazes • Red and green colour used to indicate positive stimulus (Colder temperature) • Wet and dry sponges (training only) • Room temperature : 44-48 °C Training Procedure • Explore until they settled in a chamber • Record the time • 8 training • Every 2 trials the maze was alternated • Success = settled in correct chamber • Failure = settled in wrong chamber / moving arround more than 5 minutes Testing Procedure 1 hr test Passed Failed 6 hr test Passed Failed 24 hr test Statistical Analysis • Response time Vs No. of Trials • LME (Linier Mixed Effect model) • Temporal pseudo replicates effect removed • Testing of memory retain (1|6|24 Hours) • GLMER (Generalized linear mixed effect model) • Temporal pseudo replicates effect removed • R version 3.3.1 (R Development Core Team, 2016) • Packages • nlme version 3.1-128 (Pinheiro et al, 2016) • lme4 version 1.1-12 (Bates et al,2016) Results & Discussion Non-transformed Log Transformed Results & Discussion Learning Ability LME • Time reduction with the number of trainings • Significant (p value < 0.05) Time.ln Trial No. Results & Discussion Learning Ability • Significant reduction in training time compared to the 1st trial • 3rd trial non-significant Time.ln 1&2 3&4 5&6 7&8 • Side bias was removed Trial No. • It’s the colour not the side Results & Discussion Learning Ability LME • Interactions within each trial • Trials 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8 are more similar • No significant difference Time.ln Trial No. Results & Discussion Memory Retention 35 GLMER 30 Other Fails • Differences between each test group 25 13 are highly significant 13 18 Failed 20 Success • They retain learned memory 5 15 • After 1 hour YES 20 • > 6 hours “YES” 9 • >24 hours ? 10 15 5 • Forget after 1 day (Nakamura & 6 Yamashita, 2000) 0 • Retained for 2 week (Taylor et al, 1 Hour 6 Hours 24 Hours 2015) Conclusions • Jumping spiders can be trained within few trials to associate a colour with a positive stimulus • Memory retention lasts for less than a day Future Work • Long-term training investigation would be a further improvement • Differences between sexes about learning and memory retention could be further investigated with higher sample sizes Acknowledgments Zhanqi CHEN Jingxin LIU Kyle TOMLINSON Alice HUGHES Richard CORLETT All our AFEC-X friends! Any questions?.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Novel Trade-Off for Batesian Mimics Running Title
    Out of the frying pan and into the fire: A novel trade-off for Batesian mimics Running title: Salticids that mimic ants and get eaten by ant specialists Ximena J. Nelson*†, Daiqin Li§ and Robert R. Jackson† *Department of Psychology, Animal Behaviour Laboratory, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Email: [email protected] Phone: 61-2-98509232 Fax: 61-2-98509231 §Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore †School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Key words: Ants, Batesian mimicry, myrmecophagy, predation, spiders, trade-off Abstract A mimicry system was investigated in which the models were ants (Formicidae) and both the mimics and the predators were jumping spiders (Salticidae). By using motionless lures in simultaneous-presentation prey-choice tests, how the predators respond specifically to the static appearance of ants and ant mimics was determined. These findings suggest a rarely considered adaptive trade-off for Batesian mimics of ants. Mimicry may be advantageous when it deceives ant-averse potential predators, but disadvantageous in encounters with ant- eating specialists. Nine myrmecophagic (ant-eating) species (from Africa, Asia, Australia and North America) and one araneophagic (spider-eating) species (Portia fimbriata from Queensland) were tested with ants (5 species), with myrmecomorphic (ant-like) salticids (6 species of Myrmarachne) and with non-ant-like prey (dipterans and ordinary salticids). The araneophagic salticid chose an ordinary salticid and chose flies significantly more often than ants. P. fimbriata also chose the ordinary salticid and chose flies significantly more often than myrmecomorphic salticids. However, there was no significant difference in how P.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Mass-Balance Food Web Model of the Eastern Chukchi Sea
    NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-262 Preliminary Mass-balance Food Web Model of the Eastern Chukchi Sea by G. A. Whitehouse U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center December 2013 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Whitehouse, G. A. 2013. A preliminary mass-balance food web model of the eastern Chukchi Sea. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-262, 162 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-262 Preliminary Mass-balance Food Web Model of the Eastern Chukchi Sea by G. A. Whitehouse1,2 1Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle WA 98115 2Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean University of Washington Box 354925 Seattle WA 98195 www.afsc.noaa.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Penny. S. Pritzker, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Lycodon)
    Zoologica Scripta Multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in Asian wolf snakes (genus Lycodon) CAMERON D. SILER,CARL H. OLIVEROS,ANSSI SANTANEN &RAFE M. BROWN Submitted: 6 September 2012 Siler, C. D., Oliveros, C. H., Santanen, A., Brown, R. M. (2013). Multilocus phylogeny Accepted: 8 December 2012 reveals unexpected diversification patterns in Asian wolf snakes (genus Lycodon). —Zoologica doi:10.1111/zsc.12007 Scripta, 42, 262–277. The diverse group of Asian wolf snakes of the genus Lycodon represents one of many poorly understood radiations of advanced snakes in the superfamily Colubroidea. Outside of three species having previously been represented in higher-level phylogenetic analyses, nothing is known of the relationships among species in this unique, moderately diverse, group. The genus occurs widely from central to Southeast Asia, and contains both widespread species to forms that are endemic to small islands. One-third of the diversity is found in the Philippine archipelago. Both morphological similarity and highly variable diagnostic characters have contributed to confusion over species-level diversity. Additionally, the placement of the genus among genera in the subfamily Colubrinae remains uncertain, although previous studies have supported a close relationship with the genus Dinodon. In this study, we provide the first estimate of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Lycodon using a new multi- locus data set. We provide statistical tests of monophyly based on biogeographic, morpho- logical and taxonomic hypotheses. With few exceptions, we are able to reject many of these hypotheses, indicating a need for taxonomic revisions and a reconsideration of the group's biogeography. Mapping of color patterns on our preferred phylogenetic tree suggests that banded and blotched types have evolved on multiple occasions in the history of the genus, whereas the solid-color (and possibly speckled) morphotype color patterns evolved only once.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrative Taxonomy and Phylogeny-Based
    Zootaxa 3881 (3): 201–227 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3881.3.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:62DB7048-70F2-4CB5-8C98-D7BCE48F4FC2 Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny-based species delimitation of Philippine water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator Complex) with descriptions of two new cryptic species LUKE J. WELTON1, SCOTT L. TRAVERS2, CAMERON D. SILER3 & RAFE M. BROWN2 1 Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] 3 Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072-7029, USA. Email: [email protected] Abstract We describe two new species of morphologically cryptic monitor lizards (genus Varanus) from the Philippine Archipela- go: Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. and V. bangonorum sp. nov. These two distinct evolutionary lineages are members of the V. salvator species complex, and historically have been considered conspecific with the widespread, northern Philippine V. marmoratus. However, the new species each share closer phylogenetic affinities with V. nuchalis (and potentially V. palawanensis), than either does to one another or to V. marmoratus. Divergent from other recognized species within the V. salvator Complex of water monitors by as much as 3.5% pairwise genetic distance, these lineages are also distinguished by unique gular coloration, metrics of body size and scalation, their non-monophyly with “true” V.
    [Show full text]
  • A Test of Optimal Foraging and the Effects of Predator Experience in the Lizards Sceloporus Jarrovii and Sceloporus Virgatus
    A test of optimal foraging and the effects of predator experience in the lizards Sceloporus jarrovii and Sceloporus virgatus J.L. Watters1) (Zoology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA) (Accepted: 7 March 2010) Summary Foraging efficiency of predators can be evaluated by using optimality or profitability models which incorporate prey choice, handling time and pursuit or search time. Optimality of a diet could vary based on the age, sex, size, predation risk, or foraging experience of the predator. This study tested the effects of a predator’s age and foraging experience by observing prey capture attempts and success rate, and by calculating diet profitability for adult and neonate Sceloporus jarrovii and adult Sceloporus virgatus. Prey availability was assessed in order to determine prey preference and profitability. Neonates showed an increased number of prey capture attempts, but success rate was similar for neonates and adults of both species. Total diet profitability of neonates was lower than adults of either species, which could be a result of poor prey choice or gape limitation (although body size showed no direct effect). Overall, the diets of all three groups were less profitable than would be expected based on the types of prey in the environment, although this is likely due to low availability (from the lizard’s perspective) of highly profitable items. Lizards seem to be eating prey items in the same proportion as they are found in the environment. Keywords: optimal foraging, predator experience, prey choice,
    [Show full text]
  • Proszynski 1992 Salt
    POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII ANNALES ZOOLOGICI Tom 44 Warszawa, 31 X 1992 Nr8 J erzy PROSZ¥NSKI Salticidae (Araneae) of the Old World and Pacific Islands in several US collections (With 135 figures in the text) Abstract. Taxonomic descriptions and drawings of 33 species of Salticidae from the Oriental. Palaearctic and Pacific Regions kept in collections of several institutions in the USA. The following four genera are described as new: Bunnattus, lranattus, Menemerops, Udvardya; four species have been transferred to other genera; 22 species described as new. INTRODUCTION I have suggested once that an author describing new genus on the basis of a single species should explain the conceptual background of that decision: whether it is the case of discovery of a relict genus with more species unlikely to come, or a description of the first species found in a hope that next related species will eventually be found (PROSZ¥NSKI 1986b). The second leads usually to proliferation of synonymous names, especially if new taxon is described basing on an incomplete material - for instance one sex specimens, a single specimen or a specimen in poor condition of preservation. Whilst my attitude to such descriptions is obvious, I am afraid that the present paper, as well as parallely written paper on Salticidae of India may provide good example of the sins I declared myself against. This is caused by the dilemma what to do with the bewildering richness and diversity of almost unknown faunae of a number of areas of the world, from which only scarce and insuffiCient material exists.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Animal Water Balance for Terrestrial Food Webs
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bowling Green State University: ScholarWorks@BGSU Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 2017 Implications of animal water balance for terrestrial food webs Kevin E. McCluney Bowling Green State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bio_sci_pub Part of the Biology Commons Repository Citation McCluney, Kevin E., "Implications of animal water balance for terrestrial food webs" (2017). Biological Sciences Faculty Publications. 64. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bio_sci_pub/64 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. Highlights 1. Evidence shows animal water balance driving top-down effects in food webs. 2. Traits may help predict ecological responses to moisture. 3. Smaller animals, like arthropods, are particularly likely to be water-limited. 4. Water-limitation may interact with predation or demand for energy or nutrients. 5. Ecological effects of animal water balance may be widespread and common. 1 Implications of animal water balance for terrestrial food webs 2 3 AUTHORS: Kevin E. McCluney1 4 5 ADDRESSES: 6 1Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 7 [email protected] 8 9 RUNNING TITLE: Water Balance and Food Webs 10 11 WORD COUNT: 3284 12 REFERENCES: 66 (8 annotated) 13 KEY WORDS: Water web, water loss, hydration, soil moisture, drought 14 15 Abstract 16 Recent research has documented shifts in per capita trophic interactions and food webs in 17 response to changes in environmental moisture, from the top-down (consumers to plants), rather 18 than solely bottom-up (plants to consumers).
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Natural Areas and Wildlife Habitats for Orange County, North Carolina
    Inventory of Natural Areas and Wildlife Habitats for Orange County, North Carolina Dawson Sather and Stephen Hall (1988) Updated by Bruce Sorrie and Rich Shaw (2004) December 2004 Orange County Environment & Resource Conservation Department North Carolina Natural Heritage Program NC Natural Heritage Trust Fund Inventory of Natural Areas and Wildlife Habitats for Orange County, North Carolina Dawson Sather and Stephen Hall (1988) Updated by Bruce Sorrie and Rich Shaw (2004) December 2004 Orange County Environment & Resource Conservation Department North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Funded by Orange County, North Carolina NC Natural Heritage Trust Fund Prepared by Rich Shaw and Margaret Jones Orange County Environment and Resource Conservation Department Hillsborough, North Carolina For further information or to order copies of the inventory, please contact: Orange County ERCD P.O. Box 8181 Hillsborough, NC 27278 919/245-2590 or The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program 1601 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 www.ncnhp.org Table of Contents Page PREFACE....................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 Information Sources............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • David C. Blackburn
    David C. Blackburn California Academy of Sciences Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 Email: [email protected] Education 2002–2008 Ph.D., Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 1998–2001 A.B. with honors, Biology (with specialization in Ecology and Evolution). University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Research and Teaching Positions California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 2014–present Associate Curator of Herpetology 2011–2014 Assistant Curator of Herpetology San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 2011–present Research Professor, Department of Biology University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 2008–2011 Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Division of Herpetology, Biodiversity Institute Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 2003–2008 Teaching Fellow, for various courses in vertebrate diversity and evolution 2005–2008 Resident Tutor in Biology, Dunster House, Harvard College Children’s Memorial Institute for Education and Research, Chicago, IL 2001–2002 Research Associate, Developmental Biology Core Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 2001 Research Fellow, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History. University of Chicago & Smithsonian Institution Research Fellowship Current Research • Evolution of phenotypic diversity in amphibians • Phylogeography and deep-time historical biogeography of continental Africa • Systematics and molecular phylogenetics of frogs from sub-Saharan Africa • Conservation of threatened amphibian species, include disease identification and distribution • Ontology-driven informatics of phenotypic diversity D.C. Blackburn, 11/19/14, Page 2/8 Research Publications (47) In press Blackburn, D.C., E.M. Roberts, and N.J. Stevens. The earliest record of the endemic African frog family Ptychadenidae from the Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania.
    [Show full text]
  • Denver Museum of Nature & Science Reports
    DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE & SCIENCE REPORTS DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE & SCIENCE REPORTS DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE & SCIENCE & SCIENCE OF NATURE DENVER MUSEUM NUMBER 3, JULY 2, 2016 WWW.DMNS.ORG/SCIENCE/MUSEUM-PUBLICATIONS 2001 Colorado Boulevard Denver, CO 80205 Frank Krell, PhD, Editor and Production REPORTS • NUMBER 3 • JULY 2, 2016 2, • NUMBER 3 JULY Logo: A solifuge standing on top of South Table Mountain, one of the two table-top mountains anking the city of Golden, Colorado. South Table Mountain with the sun (or moon, for the solifuge) rising in the background is the logo for the city of Golden. The solifuge is in honor of the main focus of research by the host’s lab. Logo designed by Paula Cushing and Eric Parrish. The Denver Museum of Nature & Science Reports (ISSN Program and Abstracts 2374-7730 [print], ISSN 2374-7749 [online]) is an open- access, non peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing 20th International Congress of papers about DMNS research, collections, or other Arachnology Museum related topics, generally authored or co-authored by Museum staff or associates. Peer review will only be July 2–9, 2016 arranged on request of the authors. Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado The journal is available online at www.dmns.org/Science/ Museum-Publications free of charge. Paper copies are Paula E. Cushing (Ed.) exchanged via the DMNS Library exchange program ([email protected]) or are available for purchase from our print-on-demand publisher Lulu (www.lulu.com). DMNS owns the copyright of the works published in the Schlinger Foundation Reports, which are published under the Creative Commons WWW.DMNS.ORG/SCIENCE/MUSEUM-PUBLICATIONS Attribution Non-Commercial license.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibian and Reptile Diversity in Mt. Kalatungan Range Natural Park, Philippines
    Environmental and Experimental Biology (2017) 15: 127–135 Original Paper DOI: 10.22364/eeb.15.11 Amphibian and reptile diversity in Mt. Kalatungan Range Natural Park, Philippines Angela Grace Toledo-Bruno1, Daryl G. Macas1, Dave P. Buenavista2, Michael Arieh P. Medina1*, Ronald Regan C. Forten1 1Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines 8710 2Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines 8710 *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Herpetofauna inventory was conducted in the montane forest of Mt. Kalatungan Range Natural Park. Sampling plots were established in the lower montane at 1200 to 1400 m above sea level and upper montane at 1400 to 1600 m above sea level. Using a combination of pitfall trap and visual encounter methods, a total of 202 individuals were recorded belonging to 15 species, nine families and 12 genera, six of which are Mindanao endemic species. Five species belong to the IUCN Red List, which includes Limnonectes magnus, Ansonia muelleri, Ansonia mcgregori, Philautus acutirostris and Rhacophorus bimaculatus. Richness and diversity indices were consistently higher in the upper montane than in the lower montane. Similarity index of the two sites was only 26%, which implies that herpetofauna have specific habitat and food requirements for their survival. Threats in the area include habitat disturbance due to forest fire and conversion of forest to agriculture. These threats should be the focus of conservation efforts of local government units and the community to protect the habitat of these wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of Genus Siler Simon, 1889 (Araneae: Salticidae) from India
    Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7701–7703 Note First record of genus Siler Simon, 1889 Siler semiglaucus (Simon, 1901) (Araneae: Salticidae) from India (Images 1–4) 1 2 Siddharth Kulkarni & Sunny Joseph Material examined: 3 males ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) (BNHS Sp.182-184), February 2015, ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1 Biome Conservation Foundation, 18, Silver Moon Apts.,1/2A/2, Bavdhan Kh., Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India Chilavannur, Cochin, Kerala, coll. 2 Kidangeth, Chilavannur Road, South Kadavanthra, Cochin, Kerala Sunny Joseph; 1 female (BNHS Sp. OPEN ACCESS 682020, India 185), February 2015, Chilavannur, 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected] Cochin, Kerala, coll. Sunny Joseph. Body colour pattern similar in male and female. Dorsum coloured with iridescent scales when live (Image The oriental genus Siler Simon, 1889, which was 1), lose shine in alcohol, ventrally yellowish. Carapace erected with the description of female Siler cupreus pattern comprising red between dorsal and lateral blue Simon, 1889 from Japan, comprises globally of nine stripe. Femora and patella I brown, rest yellow with valid species (World Spider Catalog 2015), (Table 1). longitudinal black stripes. Abdomen densely covered Of these, Siler semiglaucus (Simon, 1901) is the most with two blue spots embedded in red patch, distally widely distributed species and has been geographically grey. Cymbium longer than palpal tibia, embolus curved recorded nearest to India. with pointed tip (Image 2a); tibial apophysis pointed, Specimens collected from Chilavannur (9.965N & arising 45 degrees (Image 2b). Female epigynum 76.306E) were preserved in 70% alcohol and examined ventrally with common transverse oval opening, with Brunel IMXZ™ stereozoom microscope and anterior margin partially enclosing copulatory opening imaged using Canon 1200D™ mounted camera.
    [Show full text]