California: Indian Wars

The Mariposa Indian War, y e ll Rattlesnake a V 1850–1851 Creek e it m se Yo Maxwell Creek Red Banks Solomon’s Bishop Isberg Gulch Camp Fernandez Pass Pass Ridley’s Ferry Bear Valley Western Chiquito Mono ed erc R . Pass M Agua Fria Burn’s Camp #1 15 mi Diggings Bridgeport 15 km Southern Miwok Crane Valley Camp #3 Camp #2 (Lewis Ranch) As with most ‘Indian wars,’ Camp Fremont Fresno Crossing this conflict started with (Savage’s Trading Coarse Post) Gold settlers encroaching on traditional . lla R Chowchi Native American lands. At first Fine the Native Americans welcomed white Gold Gulch Mariposa Battalion . Camp #4 R Campaign Routes miners and the goods that could be had (Camp McLean) in u March 19–April 2, 1851 . q through trade. But soon every valley R a o o J April 13–May 2, 1851 sn n was full of miners hoping to strike it e Sa Fr May 4–May 17, 1851 rich. The war’s course was predictable; Fort Miller Indian attacks it was just a matter of time until the Native Camp Barbour Americans were either killed off or forced Kuykendall’s Foot Company onto reservations. Fort Washington to the Kings and Upper Cassady’s Ferry Kaweah (route uncertain)

Klamath Falls The roots of these hostilities started when 65 settlers in a wagon train were (Linkville) killed at Bloody Point. In retaliation 41 Modocs were murdered. Numerous battles ensued, culminating with the Modoc’s Captain Jack holed up at the Stronghold, a region of lavabed caves and caverns. After the Modocs killed General Edward Canby and a party of unarmed negotiators, the army laid siege Lo s t to Captain Jack and his diminished band, who slowly surrendered. At a cost

of 83 settlers and 17 Native Americans, the Modoc War was ended.

R iv e r Lost River US Army attack on Capt. Jack’s village Lower (Nov. 29) Oregon Klamath California Lake Civilian attack on Hooker Jim’s Capt. Jack village surrender Fairchild Bloody Pt. (June 1) Ranch Applegate’s Hooker Jim Tule Lake (Rhett) Ranch surrender U.S. troops Battle of Willow Creek move to The Stronghold Island Scorpion 1st Battle, Jan. 17 (Peninsula) Clear Lake (May 22) Pt. 2nd Battle, April 14–17 (Wright) Land’s Gillem’s Ranch Camp Sheep Mountain Van Bremer Ranch Scorpion The Modoc War, Battle of Pt. Hardin Butte 1872–1873 H (April 26) oo ke r J U.S. Army, 1st campaign im & Followers Battle of Dry (Sorass) Lake (May 10) U.S. Army, 2nd campaign Big Sand U.S. Army, 3rd campaign Butte 10 mi Modoc routes after the Capt. Jack and followers 2nd Battle of the Stronghold 10 km elude trap and escape