Index

Note As the geographical area that is the focus of this book is localised to the , entries under 'Afrikaners’ refer specifically to Cape Afrikaners in the period under review.

Aberdeen Eliott 178 movement of stock 57 Fort Beaufort 124 support for Scab Act 108 Fraserburg 63, 92, 152, 153, 191 Achter-op-Sneeuwberg, anti-Scab Act Graaff Reinet 195 movement 19 64, 159, 163, 174 African nationalism 189 Kareehoek 163 language movement 71 Kenhardt 52, 152 Afrikaner Bond 1,2,6,212,213 Laingsburg 159 anti-Scab Act movement 162 -167 Maclear 104, III, 112 50 Maraisburg 150 branches, mobilisation of Molteno 124 150-153 Moreesburg 191 development of 146 N ort East region 182 dissatisfaction with 149 North West region 182 local knowledge 21 Oudtshoorn 124 petitions 52, 150-151 174 Rhodes, Cecil John 70 150, 182 Scab Act, opponents of 119, 147 Prince Albert 150, 152 support for Scab Act 105 Scab Act, opponents of 119,147 scab inspectors 48 South West region 182 Steynsburg 19 Springbok 119, 173 triple alliance 96 Steynsburg 19, 163 veterinary surgeons 18 Sutherland 150 Afrikaner Bond branches 182 124 174 Tarkastad anti-Scab Act movement 182, 185 Tulbagh 150 Barkly East 50, 123 Vanrhynsdorp 150 163 Victoria West 66, 150, 152, 158, Calvinia 18, 150, 152, 59, 174, 178, 180 191,212 Williston 66, 152, 172 Carnarvon 174 Worcester 150 Clanwilliam 150, 191 Afrikaner Bond congresses 2,18,36, 52 49, 51, 52, 54, 64, 92, 95, 105, 106, 107, East region 182 112, 146-147

219 220 Volk and Flock

1894, 49,95,105, government 129 146, 148-150, 158, 160, 162, 166 hand dressing of sheep 31 1895, Port Elizabeth 52,65,106, divisions between sheep 107, 109, 112, 114, 123, 161-162, farmers 104-119 165-167, 168, 183 isolation of 72 1896, Burghersdorp 18, 36, 46, liquor trade 97 51-52, 64, 70, 124, 175, 176, 177, local knowledge 21-25, 37 183, 196 moral economy 38 1897, Malmesbury 18, 54, 57, 92, movement of stock 56-58 105, 107, 109, 112, 178-179, 182, ontological gap 14 183 poverty 30,61,64,65,120 1898, Worcester 18,46,52,182, progress versus conservatism 183 33-37 anti-Scab Act movement 172 -187 religious objections 27-28, 37 resolutions adopted 183 rinderpest 18 veterinary surgeons 18 Rondtrekkers 46,59-61,65,66, Victoria West, ‘subversive’ 114, 121 conference 180 support for Scab Act 104-119, Afrikaner ethnic identity 1-2 126 anti-Scab Act movement 5-6 scab inspectors 18,47 ethnonationalsm 6 scab, disease nature of 21-25 evolution of 4-5 scientific research 16 Kikuyu ethnic identity 7 social networks 55, 56, 58, 63, newspapers 5 67, 70, 72, 130, 195, 209, 210 pre-modernity 7 transhumance 55-58, 63, 69, 70, Triple Revolution 4 115 Us-Them dichotomy 5 veterinary surgeons 17 Afrikaner pastoralism 40 wine farmers 94-95 historical context 128-129 Afrikaners I moral economy 40 anti-Scab Act movement 8 transhumance 58 Dutch Reformed Church 3, 192 Afrikaner sheep farmers I, 13, education 4 92-100, 208 ethnic consciousness I, 6, 70-74, alcoholism 98 91, 133-134 barter trade 70 ethnic identity I, 133-134,210 Bible 22, 37 divisions between sheep British development projects 9 farmers 130 capitalism 44 Jameson Raid 176 dipping of sheep 29,31 migration 58-59 DuToit, S.J. 99,102 nationalism 175 ecological conditions 13-14, 24, political culture 187-197 29-30, 196 support for Scab Act 14,17, English-Afrikaner divide 13,32 18-19, 52, 103-133 ethnic identity 2, 70 agricultural education 19 ethnomoral discourse 41 Agricultural Journal 16, 209 existential systems 55 agricultural schools 17 Index 221

alcoholism among Afrikaner sheep pre-modernity 7 farmers 98 Prince Albert 26 Aliwal North Queenstown 19 Afrikaner Bond branch 174 Rhodes, Cecil John 168-171 movement of stock 58 rise of 148-153,157-167 Anglo-Boer War 180, 187, 194 Select Committee anti-Scab Act movement 180 report 185-186 anti-Afrikaner attitudes Steynsburg 19 Jingoism 181 Patriot 99, 176-177 Scab Act Commission 43 Zuid Afrikaan 94,95,96,99,101, anti-colonial politics 187-189 114, 119, 120, 121, 125, 155, 157, anti-Scab Act movement 5-6, 210, 163, 171, 195 212 Van den Heever, Daniel Achter-op-Sneeuwberg 19 Petrus 16,26,153-157 Afrikaner Bond veterinary surgeons 17 leadership 146-149, 150, 153, Victoria West 44, 49 162-167 Viljoen, D. J. 19 Afrikaner Bond branches 182, voice of the people 52 185 volksvergadering 157 Afrikaner Bond congresses Willomore 26 172-187 wine farmers 93 Afrikaner ethnic identity 5 -6 Arrow Brand stock dip 186 Afrikaners 8 Australia 15, 93, 110 Anglo-Boer War 180 example of 20 anti-colonial politics 187-189 scab 15, 19 Bible 44 British colonial government 35 Barkly East Burghersdorp 52 Afrikaner Bond branch 50, 123 Calvinia 19, 26 movement of stock 56, 57 Cape Town 168 demise of 180, 194 barter trade among Afrikaner sheep district committees 157 farmers 70 ethnic identity 70-71 ethnomoral discourse 41 movement of stock 57 Fort Beaufort 26 support for Scab Act 109 founding meeting of 44 Bedford, support for Scab Act 109 government 168— 171 Beinart, William 9-10 Jameson Raid 175-176 beksiikte 56 leadership 153-157 Bible 22 leadership, loss of 181, 182, 194 Afrikaner sheep farmers 22, 37 Marais, O. J. 52 anti-Scab Act movement 44 moral economy 39 ecological conditions 54 Nigrini, J. B. 18 government 50 petitions 171, 178, 183 Scab Act, opponents of 37 Port Elizabeth 165-167, 174 support for Scab Act 116-118 pragmatism 194, 195 Boesmanland, movement of stock 57 222 Volk and Flock

Botha, R. P. , Scab Commissioner 17, anti-Scab Act movement 37, 106, 123, 146 168-171 Reversal of support 166 Bible 50 British colonial government 13, 32-33 economic development 33 anti-Scab Act movement 35 ethnomoral discourse 48 betterment policies 8,9, 187, Farmers’ Association congress 36 189, 190 religious objections 18 Cape Colony 32-33 Responsible Government 40, ethnomoral discourse 49 145, 148, 192, 213 British colonialism 13 Scab Act, opponents of 66, 67 Cape Colony 9 sheep farming 40 Us-Them dichotomy 13 veterinary surgeons 18 colonies 188, 189 Cape sheep 31,53,60 British development projects 9 diseases 64 Afrikaner sheep farmers 9 scab 208 British imperialism 4 slaughter of 69 Britstown Cape Times 36,103,168,171,175 Afrikaner Bond branch 163 Cape Town 150, 168 movement of stock 57 Afrikaner Bond congress, Burghersdorp, anti-Scab Act 1894 146 movement 52 anti-Scab Act movement 168 deputation to 168, 176, 180 Caledon march to 168 grain growing district 93 resolutions adopted 169 movement of stock 58 capitalism 44 volksvergadering 160 Afrikaner sheep farmers 44 Calvinia 19,26 Scab Act, opponents of 42-43 Afrikaner Bond branch 150,152, Carnarvon 159, 174, 191 Afrikaner Bond branch 174 anti-Scab Act movement 19, 26 movement of stock 57 dipping of sheep 29 Cathcart, movement of stock 56 movement of stock 57 chemical stock dips 30 scab inspectors 26 Clanwilliam Cape Colony 2 Afrikaner Bond branch 150, 191 administration of 4 movement of stock 57 British colonial government class variables 120-121 32-33 divisions between sheep British colonialism 9 farmers 120-121, 131 economic development 32-33 wealthy Afrikaner sheep newspapers 5 farmers 131 sheep farming 9 Colesberg, petition 52 wool industry 33 ‘compulsory zones’ 166 Cape Government 16, 208 Cooper Dip 30 Afrikaner sheep farmers 129 cooperation among farming sectors ('triple Agricultural Journal 16 alliance’) 92-93,97,100,146,148, agricultural schools 17 153, 160, 161, 176, 178 Index 223

Afrikaner Bond 96 Scab Act, reversal of support Nigrini.J.B. 92 for 95, 160-161, 166 Cradock, support for Scab Act 109 Volkscomite, Paarl 1895 95,99, 166-167 dipping of sheep 25,68, 107 wine farmers 95,99,102, Afrikaner sheep farmers 29, 31 160-161 Arrow Brand dip 186 Dutch East India Company 3, 192 Calvinia 29 Dutch Reformed Church 3 chemical stock dips 30,31 Synod, October 1894 65 Cooper Dip 30 Fort Beaufort 29 East region 122-124 Northern district 29 Afrikaner Bond branches 182 ecological conditions 132 Scab Act, opponents of 30-31,68 petitions 122-124, 183 tobacco extract 30 ecological conditions 30 Wodehouse 29 Afrikaner sheep farmers 13-14, divisions between sheep farmers 24, 29-30, 196 affecting Afrikaner unity 6-7, Bible 54 162-164, 179-180, 211, 213 East region 132 ecological and economic divisions between sheep conditions 125, 132 farmers 132 generational differences 121 36 interpretation of 119-133 movement of stock 56-58 intra-ethnic 8,213 Scab Act 69, 196 divisions between sheep scab, disease nature of 30 farmers, businessmen and economic development 32-33, 209 professionals 210-211 Cape Colony 32-33 Drakensberg range government 33 movement of stock 56 education DRC see Dutch Reformed Church Afrikaners 4 droughts 24 differences among sheep movement of stock 57 farmers 124-125, 131 North West region 132 Eliott, Afrikaner Bond branch 178 Scab Act 64 English immigration 13 scab, disease nature of 24 English-speaking sheep farmers 2, 13, Du Plessis, A. S. , Scab Act 131, 209, 210 supporter 105, 107, 110, 116, 119, dipping of sheep 25 123, 181 English-Afrikaner divide 13,32 Du Toit, S. J. 5, 6, 106 existential systems 55 Afrikaner Bond 6, 154, 166-167, Farmers’ associations 55 177 free market economy 38, 55 Afrikaner sheep farmers 99,102, merino sheep 69 146, 149, 160-161 ontological gap 14 Afrikaner spirit’ 49 progress versus conservatism excise on brandy 160 33-37 Patriot 5,99,167 religious objections 27-28 224 Volk and Flock

Scab Act, support for 126 English-speaking sheep Scab Bill 35 farmers 55 Scab Commission 15 Scab Act, opponents of 55, 56, 67 scientific research 14, 55 experience, wisdom of 14 social networks 61 see also ontological gap veterinary surgeons 14 English-Afrikaner divide 13 Farmers’ Association sheep farmers 13,32 English speaking sheep environmental history 9 farmers 35,55 jackals, predation 9-10 support for Government 35-36 noxious weeds 10 farms, size of 59 prickly pear invasion 10 Fort Beaufort 26, 29 sheep farming 9 Afrikaner Bond branch 124 Veterinary Science and the Public anti-Scab Act movement 26 Policy at the Cape Colony, dipping of sheep 29 1877-1910 10 movement of stock 56 ethnic consciousness 6, 70-74, 91 Fraserburg Afrikaners 6,70-74,91,133-134 movement of stock 57 Us-Them dichotomy 71 Afrikaner Bond branch 63, 92, ethnic identity 2, 40 152, 153, 191 Afrikaner sheep farmers 2, 39, free market economy 38 64, 70, 72-74 English speaking sheep Afrikaners 1-6,91,95,96, farmers 38, 55 133-134, 145, 208, 210, 213 moral dichotomy 38 anti-Scab Act movement 70-71 British imperialism 4 Gillfoyle, Dan, ‘Veterinary Science and divisions between sheep the Public Policy at the Cape Colony, farmers 210 1877-1910' 10 Ethnic Origins of Nations 4 Ghana 189 ethnicity Graaff Reinet nationalism 1,3,4,71 Afrikaner Bond branch 195 ethnomoral discourse 41 movement of stock 57 Afrikaner sheep farmers 41 Graaff Reinetter 105, 125, 165, 171, 176 anti-Scab Act movement 4 1 grain growing districts 93 British colonial government 49 Cape government 48 Scab Act, opponents of 4 1 -42 habitus 54,62 suffering of animals 53 definition of 129 vox populi vox dei 51-52 hand dressing of sheep 31 ethnonationalism 6 hardekop boere' 108 Afrikaner ethnic identity 6 historical context 5, 9, 39, 128 excise on brandy 92, 93-95, 97, 99, of Afrikaner pastoralism 44, 105, 100, 102, 104, 145 118, 128-130, 133, 134 DuToit, S.J. 160 evolution of Cape sheep existential systems 55, 56 farming 128 Afrikaner sheep farmers 55 , J. H. 6,121,159,169,178 Index 225

Hopetown historical context 128 Afrikaner Bond branch 159, 163, Scab Act, opponents of 21-25 174 scab disease, nature of 21-25 movement of stock 57 Scab Act, support for 109 Maclear Humansdorp, support for Scab Afrikaner Bond branch 104, III, Act 108 112 movement of stock 56 individual freedom 49 Scab Act, support for 109 Scab Act, opponents of 49 Malmesbury, grain growing district 93 manure, loss of 63 jackals, predation 9-10 Marais, O. J. 52 Jameson Raid 70, 175-176, 181, 184, Maraisburg, Afrikaner Bond 193 branch 150 Afrikaners 176 Mau Mau rebellion 7, 133 anti-Scab Act movement 175-176 merino sheep 4, 129 Rhodes, Cecil John 175 English-speaking sheep Jansenville, support for Scab Act 109 farmers 69 Jingoism 181 wool production 69 anti-Afrikaner 181 Merriman, John X. 28,34,48 Rhodes, Cecil John 181,184 Scab Bill 48 Middelburg, support for Scab Act 109 Kareeberg, movement of stock 57 Midlands region 122-124 Kareehoek, Afrikaner Bond petitions 122-124, 183 branch 163 migration of sheep farmers 56-60 Karoo 36 as form of resistance 187 ecological conditions 36 effects of imperialism 58 movement of stock 57 large-scale 57 Kenhardt mixed farming 132 Afrikaner Bond branch 52,152 South West region 132 movement of stock 57 Molteno Kikuyu ethnic identity 7,133 Afrikaner Bond branch 124 moral economy 39-40 Scab Act, support for 109 pre-modernity 7 moral dichotomy 37 Laingsburg, Afrikaner Bond free market economy 38 branch 159 moral economy 38 landless farmers 59 moral economy 38, 43 Liquor Amendment Bill, 1898 98 Afrikaner pastoralism 40 Liquor Commission 97 Afrikaner sheep farmers 38 liquor trade 97 anti-Scab Act movement 39 Afrikaner sheep farmers 97 definition of 38 local knowledge 21 Kikuyu ethnic identity 39-40 Afrikaner Bond 21 moral dichotomy 38 Afrikaner sheep farmers 21-25, peasant societies 39 37 social networks 42 226 Volk and Flock

moral ethnicity of sheep Ons Land 120 farmers 37-54 OnzeCourant 105,120,149,177,187 Moreesburg, Afrikaner Bond ontological gap between opponents and branch 191 proponents of the Scab Act 14, 209 movement of stock see transhumance Oudtshoorn, Afrikaner Bond , movement of stock 57 branch 124

Namaqualand, movement of stock 57 Paarl, volksvergadering 160 nationalism Paarl Wine Farmers’ Association 101 African 189 paradigm, interpretative, divisions Afrikaner 175 between sheep farmers 128 -133 ethnicity 1,3,4,71 Patriot 5, 28, 70, 71,99, 119, 124, 146, newspapers 5 150, 163, 167, 173, 176, 177, 180, 181, see also Cape Times; Graaf Reinetter\ 182, 186, 195 Ons Land; Onze Couranf, Patriot, peasant societies, moral economy 39 Zuid Afrikaan permissive zones 166 Afrikaner ethnic identity 5 petitions 122-123 Cape Colony 5 Afrikaner Bond branches 151 anti-Scab Act movement 171, D uToit, S.J. 5 178, 183 Nigrini, J. B. East region 122-124, 183 Afrikaner Bond petitions 150, divisions between sheep 153, 168, 171 farmers 122-123 Afrikaner unity 163-164 Midlands region 122-124, 183 anti-Scab Act movement 17, 18, North East region 183 20, 42, 48, 73, 92 North West region 122-124, 183 cooperation among farming South West region 183 sectors 92-93. 97 Petrusville, Afrikaner Bond branch 174 dipping 125 Philipstown, movement of stock 57 movement of stock 69 Piketberg, grain growing district 93 rondtrekkers 59, 60, 66 political culture, Afrikaners 187-197 Scab Act, support for 107, 114, political economy 38 116, 147 poor Afrikaner sheep farmers 45-46, scab experiment 21 115 N ort East region Pound Scab Act 46 Afrikaner Bond branches 182 Scab Act, opponents of 45-46 petitions 183 poor whites 65,97 North West region 122-124 Port Elizabeth, Afrikaner Bond Congress, Afrikaner Bond branches 182 1895 161-162, 165-167 droughts 132 see also Afrikaner Bond congresses movement of stock 57 campaign strategy 168, 174 petitions 122-124, 183 resolutions 167, 170 Scab Act 132 Porterville, grain growing district 93 Northern district dipping of Pound Scab Act 46 sheep 29 poverty of Afrikaner sheep farmers noxious weeds 10 30, 61,64, 65, 120 Index 227

pragmatism in anti-Scab Act Afrikaner sheep farmers 18 movement 194, 195 suffering of animals 53 pre-modernity 7 rondtrekkers 46,59-61,65,66,114, Afrikaner ethnic identity 7 121 anti-Scab Act movement 7 prickly pear invasion 10 scab disease 14 Prieska Australia 15, 19 Afrikaner Bond branch 150, 182 life cycle 25 movement of stock 57 Pound Scab Act 46 Prince Albert 26 scientific research 14, 22 Afrikaner Bond branch 150, 152 wealthy Afrikaner sheep anti-Scab Act movement 26 farmers 46 movement of stock 57, 58 Scab Act progress versus conservatism among abolition of 26 sheep farmers 32-37, 68 debate on 33, 73 Us-Them dichotomy 32 destruction, perception of 66-67 dipping of sheep 25, 29, 127 Queen Victoria 191, 193, 194,213 droughts 64 Queenstown 19 Du Toil, S.J. 95 anti-Scab Act movement 19 ecological conditions 69, 196 movement of stock 56 enforcement of 26 English-Afrikaner divide 36 regional differences between sheep ethnomoral discourse 42 farmers 121-122 manure, loss of 63 religious objections to eradication of scab movement of stock 127 disease 27-28 newspapers 73 Cape government 18 North West region 132 divisions between sheep ownership rights 50 farmers 126 poor Afrikaner sheep farmers Scab Act, support for 116-118 45-46 Report of the Scab Disease Commission, religious objections 27-28 1892-1894 2,35,106,108, stringency, degree of 126-127 120-124, 146, 148, 172 suffering of animals 53 divisions between sheep Scab Act, opponents of 8, 19, 26, 36, farmers 120-124 64, 108, 145-147 support for Scab Act 106, 108 abuse of 108 Responsible Government 145,192 Afrikaner Bond 147 Rhodes, Cecil John 1,6, 19,50,212 Afrikaner Bond branches 119, 147 Afrikaner Bond 70 agricultural education 19 anti-Scab Act movement 168-171 Bible 37 Jameson Raid 175 capitalism 42-43 Jingoism 181, 184 dipping of sheep 30-31,68 Pharaoh 50 divisions between sheep Rhodesia 8, 59, 188 farmers 104-119 Richmond, movement of stock 57 ethnomoral discourse 41-42 rinderpest 18, 32 existential systems 55, 56, 67 228 Volk and Flock

government 66,67 Scab Bill hardekop boere' 108 debate on 19,34-35,46,48 individual freedom 49 English-speaking sheep local knowledge 21-25 farmers 35-36 poor Afrikaner sheep farmers Merriman, John X. 48 45-46 opposition to 36, 48, 52, 147, progress versus conservatism 149-163 33-37 presentation of 15 public debate 148 Smartt, Dr 35 scientific research 16 Scab Commission 2 wine farmers 100-104 Botha, R. P. 106 Scab Act, scrapping of 148, 149, 152, English-speaking sheep 158, 182, 185 farmers 15 support for Scab Act 212 Smartt, Dr 26, 34 Aberdeen 108 scab inspectors 17, 19,47, 114 Afrikaner Bond 105 Afrikaner Bond 48 Afrikaner sheep farmers Afrikaner sheep farmers 18,47 104-119, 126 age of 47 Afrikaners 113 Calvinia 26 veterinary surgeons 17 Beaufort West 109 scab disease, nature of 14, 15 Bedford 109 Afrikaner sheep farmers 21-25 Bible 116-118 droughts 24 Cradock 109 ecological conditions 30 Du Plessis, A. S. 105 local knowledge 21-25 English speaking sheep Van den Heever, Daniel Petrus 24 farmers 126 science- and experience-oriented Hopetown 109 farmers 110 Humansdorp 108 support for Scab Act NO Jansenville 109 scientific research 14 Maclear 109 Afrikaner sheep farmers 16 Middelburg 109 English speaking sheep Molteno 109 farmers 55 movement of stock 115 ontological gap 14 Nigrini.J. B. 114 scab 14, 22 poor Afrikaner sheep farmers 115 Scab Act, opponents of 16 religious objections ‘ 116-118 wine farmers 101 Report of the Scab Disease SCR see Report of the Scab Disease Commission, 1892-1894 Commission, 1892-1894 106, 108 sheep farmers, divisions science- and experience-oriented between 104-119 farmers no Afrikaner sheep farmers 104-119 Tarkastad 108 Afrikaners 130 Uitenhage 108 class variables 120-121,131 109 confusion 126-128 Victoria West 1 ecological conditions 132 Index 229

educational differences 124-125, statistical analysis 119-133 131 divisions between sheep generation differences 121 farmers 119-133 interpretation of 119-133 Steynsburg 19 paradigm, interpretative 128-133 Afrikaner Bond 19 petitions 122-123 Afrikaner Bond branch 19,163 regional differences 121-122 anti-Scab Act movement 19 religious objections 126 stock farmers see Afrikaner sheep farmers Report of the Scab Disease Sutherland, Afrikaner Bond Commission, 1892-1894 branch 150 120-124 Swellendam, volksvergadering 160 Scab Act, opponents of 104 -119 socioeconomic differences Tarkastad 119-121 Afrikaner Bond branch 124 statistical analysis 119-133 support for Scab Act 108 ethnic identity 210 tobacco extract in dipping of sheep 30 sheep farming 9 transhumance 55-58,63,69,70,115 Cape Colony 9 see also migration of sheep farmers diseases 64 Afrikaner pastoralism 58 environmental history 9 Afrikaner sheep farmers 55-58, government 40 63, 69, 70, 115 moral ethnicity 37-54 drought 57 Van der Merwe, P. J. 9 ecological conditions 56-58 Smartt, Dr T. W. 26, 34, 43 Nigrini, J.B 69 Smith, A. D. , The Ethnic Origins of reasons for 57 Nations 4 Scab Act 115 smo use 62 trekboere 49 Sneeuwberg, movement of stock 56, trekkers see rondtrekkers 57 triple alliance see cooperation among social networks 3, 9, 10 farming sectors Afrikaner sheep farmers 58 Triple Revolution’ Afrikaner sheep farmers 55, 56, Afrikaner ethnic identity 4 58, 62, 63, 67, 70, 72, 130, 195, 209, British imperialism 4 210 Tulbagh English speaking sheep Afrikaner Bond branch 150 farmers 61 grain growing district 93 moral economy 42 socioeconomic variables 119-121 Uitenhage, support for Scab Act 108 divisions between sheep Us-Them dichotomy 5 farmers 119-121 Afrikaner ethnic identity 5 South West region 132 British colonialism 13 Afrikaner Bond branches 182 ethnic consciousness 71 mixed farming 132 progress versus concervatism 32 petitions 183 Springbok, Afrikaner Bond branch 119, Van den Heever, Daniel Petrus 16, 43, 173 153-157 230 Volk and Flock

anti-Scab Act movement 16, 26, vox populi vox dei, ethnomoral 153-157 discourse 51-52 biography of 154 scab, disease nature of 24 Warrenton, movement of stock 58 Van der Merwe, P. J. 9 wealthy Afrikaner sheep farmers 46, Van Sittert, Lance, ‘ “ Our Irrepressible 55 Fellow Colonist” ’ 10 class differences 131 Vanrhynsdorp, Afrikaner Bond Pound Scab Act 46 branch 150 scab 46 Venterstad, support for Scab Act 109 Wellington Fruit Growers’ ‘Veterinary Science and the Public Policy Association 101 at the Cape Colony, 1877-1910’ 10 Western Cape wine farmers 97 veterinary surgeons 14 wheat farmers 92-100,210 Afrikaner Bond 18 Williston, Afrikaner Bond branch 66, Afrikaner Bond Congress 18 152, 172 Afrikaner sheep farmers 17-18 Willomore 26 anti-Scab Act movement 17-18 anti-Scab Act movement 26 English speaking sheep movement of stock 57 farmers 14 wine farmers 92-100 government 18 Afrikaner sheep farmers 94-95 scab inspectors 17 anti-Scab Act movement 93 Victoria West 44 Du Toit, S. J. 99 Afrikaner Bond branch 66, 152, Scab Act, opponents of 100 -104 150, 158, 178 scientific research 101 anti-Scab Act movement 44, 49 Western Cape 97 movement of stock 57 Wodehouse, dipping of sheep 29 support for Scab Act 109 wool industry 33, III volksvergadering 158-159 Cape Colony 33 Viljoen, D. J. 19 Worcester anti-Scab Act movement 19 Afrikaner Bond branch 150 volksvergadering 157-159 movement of stock 56 anti-Scab Act movement 157 Caledon 160 Paarl 160 Zuid Afrikaan 94, 96, 99, 101, 114, 119, resolutions adopted 158-159 120, 121, 125, 155, 157, 163, 171, 195 Swellendam 160 Zuid Afrikaansche Boeren Beschermings Victoria West 158-159 Vereeniging 95, 145 This book is a sequel to a previous book by the author, Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners, which explores the evolution of ’ Cape Afrikaner ethnic identity and consciousness mainly in the ' latter part of the 19th century. That book focused on the Cape Afrikaner political elite who led the movement of ethnic; discovery and assertion. This study centres on the opposition of the majority Afrikaner sheep farmers in the 1890s to the Scab Act legislation affecting their stock farming pursuit.

Focusing on the sheep-farming community, this study delves deeper into the process of ethnic identity formation among Afrikaner farmers. These farmers left, unusually, an amazingly rich body of written evidence. This offered the author a unique Iopportunity to explore the elusive process of ethnic conscious­ ness formation among ordinary Afrikaners.

Ethnic identity among Cape Afrikaner sheep farmers was forged, as is invariably the case, along the fault lines between them and i ‘the others’. The others were, naturally, the English-speaking settlers and the colonial government led by Cecil Rhodes. They differed from the objects of the study both in culture and in attitudes towards sheep farming.

| The study also shows that the process of ethnic identity formation is anything but a march of unity and unanimity. The ethnic ; consciousness of Afrikaner sheep farmers opposing the Act evolved also against Afrikaner others with whom they shared cultural affinity but whom they vehemently opposed on issues related to sheep farming. Along these complex fault lines, they : developed their version of Afrikaner identity and consciousness !with a particular ontology, a particular understanding of the relations between the ecology and the farmer, a particular outlook about a proper Afrikaner way of life, and a particular conception of ethnic morality.

This brand of Afrikaner ethnicity gave rise to radical politics that " shook the conservative, elite-dominated Afrikaner political party, the Afrikaner Bond.

This is as much a study of social ecology as it is of politics.

university UNISA of PRESS 9781868 884513