L2/16-073 2016-03-31
Preliminary proposal to encode the Lampung script in Unicode
Anshuman Pandey [email protected]
March 31, 2016
1 Introduction
This is a preliminary proposal to encode the ‘Lampung’ script in the Unicode standard. This document presents a tentative character repertoire, representative glyphs, and encoding model. Information on the following issues is sought:
1. Encodability Lampung has some affinity with Rejang (U+A930..A95F). A comparison of the two scripts is given in tables 1–3). Additional research is required for determining issues of separately encoding Lampung or unifying it with the Rejang block.
2. Character repertoire Are there characters that should be included in the proposed repertoire beyond those shown here?
3. Character names Are character names acceptable? The name for the letter 倓 requires attention. It is given the value gha in some sources, but its pronunciation is more proximate to /gra/. Should the lettter be named or ?
4. Stylistic variants vs. alternate forms Historical and modern sources show several variant forms of consonant letters. Some of these may be considered stylistic variants, while others may be true alter- nate forms. It may be practical to encode some variants as separate characters.
5. Representative glyphs Are the representative glyphs acceptable?
6. Digits Several Indonesian websites show a full set of Lampung digits. They do not occur in the manuscript sources that were consulted for this proposal. Are they historically attested or are they new inventions?
7. Punctuation Various sources show what appear to be distinctive marks that correspond to Latin punc- tuation marks. Do these marks occur in manuscript sources? Are they modern innovations?
Feedback on this information is requested from experts and users of the script. Additional source materials are also requested. A formal proposal is forthcoming.
1 Preliminary proposal to encode the Lampung script in Unicode Anshuman Pandey
Figure 1: The location of Lampung province in Sumatra, Indonesia. Source: Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lampung_in_Indonesia.svg)
2 Background
The Lampung (倎倅借倃倕倜 ) script is used in Sumatra, Indonesia. It is also known as aksara lampung and had lampung. Lampung is based upon the Brahmi model and is related to other scripts of South Sumatra. The script is currently used. It is promoted by a mandate for preserving the Lampung language and script, and is taught in primary schools (see Suri 2015). It is used in official insignia and signage in Lampung province. There has been an effort to develop optical-character recognition software for Lampung (see Junaidi, et al, 2011, 2013). The script was described by Christopher Miller in Unicode Technical Note #35 “Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and Extensions”.
3 Script Details
3.1 Structure
Lampung is an alphasyllabary that is written from left to right. The only independent vowel letter is , which has the default value /a/ and functions as a vowel carrier. Vowels are represented using dependent combining signs. These signs are written with the vowel carrier for independent forms of vowels. Each consonant possesses the inherent vowel /a/. The inherent vowel is changed by applying a vowel sign to a consonant. Vowel signs may occur above, below, and to the right of a consonant. The script has a mark for silencing the inherent vowel. However, the is not used for producing conjuncts and has no control properties. Instead, consonant clusters are represented as atomic ligatures. The final consonants nga and h are represented using combining signs.
The structures of Lampung orthographic syllables are:
Vcarrier [Vsign] [Csign]
C [ [Vsign] [Csign] | [Mvirama]]
2 Preliminary proposal to encode the Lampung script in Unicode Anshuman Pandey
3.2 Approach
Lampung may be considered a ‘proper script’ as well as a ‘class of scripts’. In terms of the latter, there are several varieties of the script attested in numerous manuscripts, which differ primarily in the shapes of certain letters and vowel signs. These varieties are not separate scripts and may be considered styles of Lampung. The case is similar to the Landa and Sindhi scripts of South Asia (see discussion in L2/10-011R). For these there are regional variations of letterforms, but they belong typologically to the same family. The proposed block for Lampung encodes the modern form of the script. The historical styles are unified with the block and may be represented using fonts.
3.3 Character repertoire
The proposed ‘Lampung’ block contains 20 consonant letters, 7 combining vowel signs, 4 consonant signs, and 1 virama. Character names are aligned with those of Rejang characters in Unicode. Representative glyphs for characters are based upon forms used in manuscripts and have been designed by the proposal author.
4 Proposed Encoding
4.1 Consonants
There are 20 consonant letters:
Character name Value
倀 /k/
倁 /g/
倂 /ŋ/
倃 /p/, /f/
倄 /b/
倅 /m/
倆 /t/
倇 /d/
倈 /n/
倉 /t͡ ʃ/
倊 /d͡ ʒ/
個 /ɲ/
倌 /j/
倍 /a/, Ø
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倎 /l/
倏 /r/
倐 /s/, /z/
們 /w/
倒 /h/, /kh/
倓 /gr/
Each consonant letter has the inherent vowel /a/. The inherent vowel is changed by the addition of a depen- dent vowel sign (see section 4.2) or silenced using the virama (see section 4.4).
The 倍 is a vowel carrier. When a combining vowel sign is attached to it, the letter adopts the phonetic value of the sign and represents an independent vowel.
The letter 倓 is given the value ‘ ’ in modern charts. However, it represents the sound /gr/, not the aspirated /ɡʱ/. A more appropriate name may be ‘ ’.
There are variant forms of several letters (see figures 6–9):
Regular Variant
倄
倅 ,
倇
倉
倊
個
倏
倐
們
Additional research is required to determine if these should be considered glyphic variants or if they should be encoded as distinctive alternate forms.
4.2 Vowel signs
There are seven dependent vowel signs:
4 Preliminary proposal to encode the Lampung script in Unicode Anshuman Pandey
Character name Value Indigenous name
◌倔 /i/ ulan
◌倕 /u/ bitan
◌倖 /e/ ulan
◌倗 /o/ bitan
◌倘 /ə/ bicek
◌候 /ai/ tekelingai
◌倚 /au/ tekelungau
Independent forms of vowels are represented by attaching vowels signs to 倍 , as shown below. These vowel signs combine with other consonant letters in the same way to form syllables.
a 倍 <倍 >
i 倍倔 <倍 , ◌倔 >
u 倍倕 <倍 , ◌倕 >
e 倍倖 <倍 , ◌倖 >
o 倍倗 <倍 , ◌倗 >
e 倍倘 <倍 , ◌倘 >
ai 倍候 <倍 , ◌候 >
au 倍倚 <倍 , ◌倚 >
4.3 Consonant signs
There are combining signs for four final consonants:
Character name Value Indigenous name
◌倛 /r/ rejunjung
◌倝 /n/ tekelubang
◌倜 /ŋ/ datas
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◌倞 /h/ keleniah
These combine with letters as follows:
kar 倀倛 <倀 , ◌倛 >
kan 倀倝 <倀 , ◌倝 >
kang 倀倜 <倀 , ◌倜 >
kah 倀倞 <倀 , ◌倞 >
When a vowel sign occurs together with a consonant sign, the latter is placed after the former in the encoded representation:
kung 倀倕倜 <倀 , ◌倕 , ◌倜 >
4.4 Virama
The following character is a vowel silencer:
Character name Value Indigenous name
◌借 Ø nengen
It is placed after a consonant letter in the encoded representation:
k 倀借 <倀 , ◌借 >
g 倁借 <倁 , ◌借 >
The is not to be used after a vowel sign, consonant sign, or the letter 倍 . Such representations will result in the being displayed with a dotted circle, eg. ◌借.
4.5 Digits
Script-specific digits are attested, but their provenance is not known (see figure 13). These digits may need to be encoded.
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4.6 Punctuation
Some script-specific punctuation marks are attested, but their provenance is not known (see figure 14). These marks may need to be encoded.
4.7 Linebreaking
Linebreaks may occur after an orthographic syllable. Hyphens or other marks indicating continuance are not used.
5 Collation
The sort order for Lampung is as follows:
倀 < 倁 < 倂 < 倃 < 倄 < 倅 < 倆 < 倇 <
倈 < 倉 < 倊 < 個 < 倌 < 倍 < 倎 < 倏 <
倐 < 們 < 倒 < 倓 < ◌倔 < ◌倕 <
◌倖 < ◌倗 < ◌倖 < ◌候 <
◌倚 < ◌倛 < ◌倜 <
◌倝 < ◌倞 < ◌借
6 Character Data
6.1 Character Properties
Properties in the format of UnicodeData.txt:
15000;LAMPUNG LETTER KA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15001;LAMPUNG LETTER GA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15002;LAMPUNG LETTER NGA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15003;LAMPUNG LETTER PA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15004;LAMPUNG LETTER BA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15005;LAMPUNG LETTER MA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15006;LAMPUNG LETTER TA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15007;LAMPUNG LETTER DA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15008;LAMPUNG LETTER NA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15009;LAMPUNG LETTER CA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1500A;LAMPUNG LETTER JA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1500B;LAMPUNG LETTER NYA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1500C;LAMPUNG LETTER YA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1500D;LAMPUNG LETTER A;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1500E;LAMPUNG LETTER LA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1500F;LAMPUNG LETTER RA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15010;LAMPUNG LETTER SA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15011;LAMPUNG LETTER WA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
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15012;LAMPUNG LETTER HA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15013;LAMPUNG LETTER GHA;Lo;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15014;LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN I;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 15015;LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN U;Mn;0;NSM;;;;;N;;;;; 15016;LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN E;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15017;LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN O;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15018;LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN E BICEK;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 15019;LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN AI;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1501A;LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN AU;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1501B;LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN R;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1501C;LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN NG;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1501D;LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN N;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1501E;LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN H;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;; 1501F;LAMPUNG SIGN VIRAMA;Mc;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
6.2 Linebreaking
In the format of LineBreak.txt:
15000..15013;AL # Lo [20] LAMPUNG LETTER KA .. LAMPUNG LETTER GHA 15014..1501D;CM # Mn [10] LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN I .. LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN N 1501E..1501F;CM # Mc [2] LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN H .. LAMPUNG SIGN VIRAMA
6.3 Syllabic Categories
In the format of IndicSyllabicCategory.txt:
# Indic_Syllabic_Category=Vowel_Dependent 15014..15018 ; Vowel_Dependent # Mn [5] LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN I.. LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN E BICEK 15019 ; Vowel_Dependent # Mc LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN AI 1501A ; Vowel_Dependent # Mn LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN AU
# Indic_Syllabic_Category=Consonant 15000..1500C ; Consonant # Lo [13] LAMPUNG LETTER KA.. LAMPUNG LETTER YA 1500E..15013 ; Consonant # Lo [6] LAMPUNG LETTER LA.. LAMPUNG LETTER GHA
# Indic_Syllabic_Category=Vowel_Independent 1500D ; Vowel_Independent # Lo LAMPUNG LETTER A
# Indic_Syllabic_Category=Pure_Killer 1501F ; Pure_Killer # Mc LAMPUNG SIGN VIRAMA
# Indic_Syllabic_Category=Consonant_Final 1501B..1501E ; Consonant_Final # Mn [4] LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN R.. LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN H
6.4 Positional Categories
In the format of IndicPositionalCategory.txt:
# Indic_Positional_Category=Right 15019 ; Right # Mc LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN AI 1501E ; Right # Mc LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN H 1501F ; Right # Mc LAMPUNG SIGN VIRAMA
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# Indic_Positional_Category=Top 15014 ; Top # Mn LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN I 15016 ; Top # Mn LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN E 15018 ; Top # Mn LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN E BICEK 1501B ; Top # Mn LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN R 1501C ; Top # Mn LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN NG 1501D ; Top # Mn LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN N
# Indic_Positional_Category=Bottom 15015 ; Bottom # Mn LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN U 15017 ; Bottom # Mn LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN O 1501A ; Bottom # Mn LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN AU
7 References
Aryantio, Adhika; Rinaldi Munir. 2015. “Pengenalan Aksara Lampung Menggunakan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan”. Konferensi Nasional Informatika (KNIF) 2015, pp. 34–38. http://knif2015.stei.itb.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/KNIF-2015-57-Pengenalan- Aksara-Lampung-Menggunakan-Jaringan-Syaraf-Tiruan.pdf
British Library. Mss Malay A 4. “Surat pantun cara Lampung” (1812). http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/ FullDisplay.aspx?ref=MSS_Malay_A_4
———. Or 12986. “Seribu maksa, Malay text from South Sumatra” (19th century). http://www.bl.uk/ manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Or_12986
Faulmann, Carl. 1880. Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und aller Völker der Erdkreises. Zweite Vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage. Wein: Der Kaiserlich- Königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.
Holle, K. F. 1882. Tabel van Oud- en Nieuw- Indische Alphabetten. Bijdrage tot de palaeographie van Nederlandsch-Indië. Batavia: W. Bruining & Co.; ’s Hage: M. Nijhoff.
Junaidi, Akmal; Szilárd Vajda; Gernot A. Fink. 2011. “Lampung – a New Handwritten Character Bench- mark: Database, Labeling and Recognition”. Presented at the Fakultät für Informatik, Technische Uni- versität Dortmund, Germany, September 17, 2011. http://www.cubs.buffalo.edu/MOCR2011/slides/Junaidi_MOCR2011_Lampung.pdf
Junaidi, Akmal; René Grzeszick; Gernot A. Fink; Szilárd Vajda. 2013. “Statistical Modeling of the Relation Between Characters and Diacritics in Lampung Script”. patrec.cs.tu-dortmund.de/pubs/papers/ Junaidi2013-SMO.pdf
Kuipers, Joel. 2003. “Indic Scripts of Insular Southeast Asia: Changing Structures and Functions”. Indic Scripts: Past and Future, Peri Bhaskararao, ed. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. http://home.gwu.edu/~kuipers/kuipers%20insular%20seasia%20scripts.pdf
Marsden, William. 1784. The History of Sumatra, containing an account of the government, laws, customs, and manners of the native inhabitants with a description of the natural productions, and a relation of the ancient political state of that island. 2nd ed. London: Printed for the author by Thomas Payne and son.
———. 1811. The History of Sumatra, containing an account of the government, laws, customs, and
9 Preliminary proposal to encode the Lampung script in Unicode Anshuman Pandey
manners of the native inhabitants with a description of the natural productions, and a relation of the ancient political state of that island. 3rd ed. London: Printed for the author by J. McCreery, Black- horse-court.
Miller, Christopher. 2010. “Unicode Technical Note #35: Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and Exten- sions”. http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn35/
Pandey, Anshuman. 2010. “A Roadmap for Scripts of the Landa Family”. N3766 L2/10-011R. http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10011r-landa-roadmap.pdf
Pudjiastuti, Titik. 2014. “Lampong scripts: The Writing tradition that almost disappear”. Presented at the International Workshop on Endangered Scripts of Island Southeast Asia, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, February – March 2014. http://lingdy.aacore.jp/doc/endangered-scripts-issea/titik_pudjiastuti_paper.pdf
Suri, Dharlinda. 2015. “Learning Process of Introduction to Lampung Script Through ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) for Kindergarten Students of Tk Rasyidul Jannah Bandar Lampung Academic Year 2014–2015”. International Conferences on Information Technology and Business (IC- ITB), 20th–21th August 2015, pp. 144–149. https://jurnal.darmajaya.ac.id/index.php/icitb/ article/download/441/279 van der Tuuk, Hermanus Neubronner. 1868. Les manuscrits Lampongs: en possesion de M. le Baron Sloet van de Beele, (ancien gouverneur-general des indes neerlandaises). Leide: T. Hooiberg et fils, Libraires-editeurs.
8 Acknowledgments
I would like to express my gratitude to Lisa Misliani for her correspondence regarding present usage of Lampung, as well as to Titik Pudjiastuti for putting me into contact with her.
I presented the Lampung script as part of my talk for IMUG (International Multilingual User Group) in March 2016 in San Jose, California, U.S.A. I would like to extend my appreciation to the audience for their questions and feedback.
10 15000 Lampung 1503F
Also known as Aksara Lampung and Had Lampung. 1500 1501 1502 1503 Consonants 15000 LAMPUNG LETTER KA 0 15001 LAMPUNG LETTER GA 15000 15010 15002 LAMPUNG LETTER NGA 15003 LAMPUNG LETTER PA 15004 LAMPUNG LETTER BA 1 15005 LAMPUNG LETTER MA 15001 15011 15006 LAMPUNG LETTER TA 15007 LAMPUNG LETTER DA 15008 LAMPUNG LETTER NA 2 15009 LAMPUNG LETTER CA LAMPUNG LETTER JA 15002 15012 1500A 1500B LAMPUNG LETTER NYA 1500C LAMPUNG LETTER YA 3 1500D a LAMPUNG LETTER A 1500E LAMPUNG LETTER LA 15003 15013 1500F LAMPUNG LETTER RA 15010 LAMPUNG LETTER SA 4 $ 15011 LAMPUNG LETTER WA i 15012 LAMPUNG LETTER HA 15004 15014 15013 LAMPUNG LETTER GHA Vowel signs 5 $ e 15014 $i LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN I 15005 15015 = ulan 15015 $e LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN U 6 $u = bitan 15016 $ LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN E 15006 15016 u = ulan 15017 $o LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN O 7 $o = bitan 15007 15017 15018 $ LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN E BICEK = bicek 15019 $ LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN AI 8 $ = tekelingai 15008 15018 1501A $ LAMPUNG VOWEL SIGN AU = tekelungau 9 $ Consonant signs 15009 15019 1501B $r LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN R = rejunjung 1501C $ LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN NG A $ = tekelubang 1500A 1501A 1501D $n LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN N = datas B 1501E $h LAMPUNG CONSONANT SIGN H $r = keleniah 1500B 1501B Virama C $ 1501F $ LAMPUNG SIGN VIRAMA = nengen 1500C 1501C
D a $n 1500D 1501D
E $h 1500E 1501E
F $ 1500F 1501F
Printed using UniBook™ (http://www.unicode.org/unibook/) Preliminary proposal to encode the Lampung script in Unicode Anshuman Pandey
Lampung Rejang 倀 ꤰ 倁 ꤱ 倂 ꤲ 倃 ꤶ 倄 ꤷ 倅 ꤸ 倆 ꤳ 倇 ꤴ 倈 ꤵ 倉 ꤹ 倊 ꤺ 個 ꤻ 倌 ꤿ 倍 ꥆ 倎 ꤾ 倏 ꤽ 倐 ꤼ 們 ꥀ 倒 ꥁ 倓 —
Table 1: Comparison of Lampung and Rejang consonants.
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Lampung Rejang ◌倔 ◌ꥇ ◌倕 ◌ꥈ ◌倖 ◌ꥉ ◌倗 ◌ꥋ ◌倘 — ◌候 ◌ꥊ ◌倚 ◌ꥌ — ◌ꥍ — ◌ꥎ
Table 2: Comparison of Lampung and Rejang vowel signs.
Lampung Rejang ◌倛 ◌ꥑ ◌倝 ◌ꥐ ◌倜 ◌ꥏ ◌倞 ◌ꥒ ◌借 ◌꥓
Table 3: Comparison of Lampung and Rejang consonant signs and .
13 Preliminary proposal to encode the Lampung script in Unicode Anshuman Pandey
Figure 2: A folio from a manuscript titled “Inilah surat pantun cara Lampung” containing Malay text in Arabic script and Lampung text in Lampung script, dated 1812. (British Library, Mss Malay 4, folio 1r.)
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Figure 3: “Seribu maksa, Malay text from South Sumatra”, 19th century (British Library, Or 12986, folios 1r-11r.)
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Figure 4: Inventory of Lampung (“Lampoon”) letters (from Marsden 1784: plate following p. 166). A version of this table from Marsden (1811) is given in figure 5.
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Figure 5: Description of Lampung in a chart of Sumatran alphabets (from Marsden 1811: plate 1).
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Figure 6: Character inventories of various Lampung manuscripts (from van der Tuuk 1868: 139). Continued in figure 7.
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Figure 7: Character inventories of various Lampung manuscripts (from van der Tuuk 1868: 140). Continued in figure 8.
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Figure 8: Character inventories of various Lampung manuscripts (from van der Tuuk 1868: 141). Continued in figure 9.
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Figure 9: Character inventories of various Lampung manuscripts (from van der Tuuk 1868: 142).
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Figure 10: Comparison of Lampung (“Lampuṅ”) and related scripts (from Faulmann 1880: 179).
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Figure 11: Chart showing scripts from Sumatra (stitched together from Holle 1882: 10, 11). Shown are letters from ka to da.
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Figure 12: Chart showing scripts from Sumatra (stitched together from Holle 1882: 19, 20). Shown are letters from dha to the consonant sign _h.
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Source:
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lampung.htm
Figure 13: Lampung digits. Additional research is required for determining if these are historically attested or if they are modern innovations.
Source:
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lampung.htm
Figure 14: Lampung punctuation marks. Additional research is required for determining if these are historically attested or if they are modern innovations
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Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Keyboard_Lampung_Script.jpg
Figure 15: A virtual keyboard for a Lampung font based upon the Latin encoding.
26 Preliminary proposal to encode the Lampung script in Unicode Anshuman Pandey
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lampung_Emblem.svg
Figure 16: The emblem of Lampung Province, Indonesia, with the name ‘Lampung’ represented in the Lampung script.
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/5/53/Logo_Lampung_Selatan_Baru.jpg
Figure 17: An emblem of Lampung with the phrase “kagom mafakat” (actually ragom gawa) in- scribed in the Lampung script.
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Source: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Logo-baru-bandar-lampung1.jpg
Figure 18: An emblem of the city of Lampung with the phrase “ragom gawi” (actually ragom gawa) inscribed in the Lampung script.
Source: https://nepatronews.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/metro_2.jpg
Figure 19: An emblem of the metro transport of Lampung with the phrase “bumi sai wawai” in- scribed in the Lampung script.
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Source: http: //cdn-2.tstatic.net/tribunnews/foto/bank/images/gapura-bandar-lampung-city_20150722_214640.jpg
Figure 20: A gate to the city of Lampung with the phrase “selamat jalandari kota bandar lampung” inscribed in the Lampung script.
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/c/c5/PLANG_JALAN.jpg
Figure 21: Road sign with text in Lampung.
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