Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area

2016 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

(August 2016)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 Braintree District Council

Local Authority Pam Sharp Officer Department Environmental Services Causeway House, Braintree, Essex CM7 Address 9HB Telephone 01376 551414 ext 2224

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference BRA/001/2016 number Date 19th August 2016

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 Braintree District Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area

Under the provisions of the Environment Act 1995, Braintree District Council is required to undertake a review of air quality within its district each year. For that purpose where the review determines that objectives are exceeded (objective levels given in the Air Quality Regulations 2000 (as amended) and presented in Table E1 Appendix E of this document) or are not anticipated to be met then Braintree District Council should carry out a detailed assessment to determine whether an Air Quality Management Area to improve Air Quality in the designated area needs to be declared. At the current time, since the first round of review and assessment of air quality in 2001 through to the Updating and Screening Assessment containing 2014 annual data, Braintree District Council has not needed to declare any Air Quality Management Area within its district and that conclusion is confirmed for 2015 data presented in this report. Braintree District Council is committed to maintaining good air quality. Air Quality in Braintree District Council

This 2016 report presents new monitoring data for the year 2015. This data assesses the primary pollutant source within Braintree District which is road traffic and the primary pollutant of concern is nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide pollutant levels are determined as not exceeding nor being close to exceeding objective levels of an annual mean of 40µg/m3 and an hourly mean of 200µg/m3 at any monitoring location. Apart from the site at Chipping Hill in Witham alongside the B1018 and Rivenhall End (alongside the A12) all results for 2015 are lower than 2014. For Chipping Hill the level for 2015 is not as high as in earlier years. Therefore the 2016 Air Quality report of Braintree District Council demonstrates that all air quality objectives are met at monitoring locations. Braintree District Council is not required to proceed to a Detailed Assessment to determine whether an air quality management area (AQMA) is required. No Air Quality Management Area needs to be declared within the district.

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Actions to Improve Air Quality

Braintree District Council endeavours to maintain good air quality throughout the District.

The Core Strategy of Braintree District Council (Sept 2011) 1 http://www.braintree.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/358/core_strategy_september_2 011.pdf focuses on improving accessibility whilst reducing the need to travel by locating development in sustainable locations. It seeks to improve sustainable forms of transport such as public transport, walking and cycling, seeking to reduce carbon emissions from transport and balancing development and economic pressures with preservation and enhancement of the historic and natural environment.

Braintree District Council will work with Essex County Council, the Highways Agency and bus and railway providers to improve accessibility, provide sustainable transport, reduce congestion and manage travel behaviour and demand for transport to reduce the rate of road traffic growth.

Braintree District Council intends to identify ways to bring about a shift away from car use to public transport, walking and cycling, by ensuring urban extensions are linked to the urban structure through pedestrian and cycling routes and a high standard of public transport and with area wide improvements in that provision.

The local plan is currently being consulted on and policies promote the objectives of the Core Strategy.

It is recognised that local road networks also need to be maintained and improved at key points to encourage more efficient local public transport, improve air quality, and reduce local congestion.

Highway improvements are required to provide for the future development of Braintree and Witham up to 2026. An assessment of Highways capacity is given https://www.braintree.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/5785/local_plan_highways_opti ons_assessment.pdf 2 and this links in with the Core Strategy and the draft local plan3 https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200230/planning_policy/701/new_local_plan/2

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Through the planning process sustainable travel is encouraged through the requirement for travel plans from major developments, employers and institutions.

Sustainable transport links will be improved, including provision of and contributions for cycling and walking and quality bus partnership. Traffic and car parking will be carefully managed to encourage sustainable travel. The promotion of community based initiatives such as car pools, car sharing and voluntary mini- bus services will be encouraged.

Through development controls Braintree District Council will ensure the appropriate protection from air pollution through careful siting of sensitive receptors and polluting sources.

As well as preventing deterioration of and providing improvements to the air quality of the District through development control then Braintree District Council has a regulatory role under local air pollution control legislation and prevention of localised nuisance emissions to air through the statutory nuisance legislation (Environmental Protection Act 1990) and Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010 (as amended).

Braintree District Council also has Climate Change initiatives which promote greener transport and low emission energy sources encouraging the use of low emission alternatives.

See Table 2.1 for details of actions being undertaken.

Local Priorities and Challenges

Current challenges are to balance the wish to develop in the Braintree District area with its good transport links (rail and road) and close vicinity to Colchester, Chelmsford and Cambridge and also close vicinity to the A12, M11 and Stansted Airport whilst maintaining good air quality within the district. To date this has been achieved by careful planning of business/residential developments such as the Skyline business development at Great Notley separated from residential property by A131 and the Maltings Lane development at Witham which is close to the A12 where a suitable buffer is provided between the A12 and the residential development and there is close vicinity and convenient access to the A12 to avoid the need for heavy goods traffic from using the local town centre roads except for access. As the

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 3 Braintree District Council aforementioned report2 https://www.braintree.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/5785/local_plan_highways_opti ons_assessment.pdf indicates there is increasing pressure on the local road systems. The draft local plan identifies the development needs particularly in respect of housing need and the associated infrastructure and economic development whilst presenting policy to safeguard against pollution effects. Aside from this there are major developments which already have permission such as the combined heat and power plant at Rivenhall. Plant emissions will be controlled by the Environment Agency. There will be a purpose built haul road onto the A120 at Bradwell. There are proposals to present a case to provide a new A120 route between Braintree and Marks Tey to relieve the traffic congestion along the current A120. Information on this project is available at http://a120essex.co.uk/ 4

Previous annual air quality reports can be found on www.essexair.org 5

How to Get Involved

Members of the public are encouraged to put forward ideas to improve air pollution particularly road traffic pollution and may email [email protected]

Please view the Braintree District Council’s webpage with Green driving tips and Green travel information 6 https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200344/green_heart_of_essex/166/green_transport

Braintree District Council Initiatives on Climate Change7,8 https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200332/what_the_council_is_doing/174/nottingham _declaration_and_joint_protocol 7 https://www.braintree.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/5322/climate_local_strategy_an d_action_plan_2014-18.pdf 8

Information on air pollution on Braintree District Council website https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200257/pollution/247/air_quality_and_pollution/2 9 and www.essexair.org

Information on Environmental Permitting on Braintree District Council website

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 4 Braintree District Council https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200257/pollution/247/air_quality_and_pollution/3

List of permitted processes https://www.braintree.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/5859/list_of_permitted_process es.xls

Promoting walking, cycling and other activities to live well throughout life (Livewell campaign) https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200283/leisure_and_sports_facilities/713/livewell_in _the_braintree_district 10

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... 1 Air Quality in Braintree Distrcit Council ...... 1 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 Local Priorities and Challenges ...... 3 How to Get Involved...... 4 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 8 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 9 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 9 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Braintree Distrcit Council ...... 9

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and or Concentrations...... 15 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 17 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 17 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 17 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 17 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 18

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 18

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) ...... 18

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ...... 18

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ...... 18 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 19 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2015 ...... 222 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 289 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations ...... 31 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 322 Glossary of Terms ...... 333 References ...... 34

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List of Tables

Table 2.1 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 11 Table A.2- Non Automatic Monitoring sites ...... ………………………………20 Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results – 2015 ...... 22 Table B.2 Monitoring Data for NO2 diffusion tubes to show results between years 2009 and 2013 ...... 27 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 32 Glossary of Terms ...... 33

List of Figures Figure 2.1 Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator values 16 Fig B.1 Diffusion Tube Distance correction for site at Chipping Hill Witham 23 Fig B.2 Diffusion Tube Distance Correction at Foxden, A12 Rivenhall 24 Fig B.3 Diffusion Tube Distance Correction at Hatfield Peverel, A12 25 Fig B.4 Diffusion Tube Distance Correction at Bradwell A120 26 Figure B.1- 2009 to 2015 NO2 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results 27 Fig C.1 WASP – Annual Performance Results for Environmental Services Group 29 Fig C.2 National Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet 30 Fig D.1 Map of diffusion tube monitoring locations 31

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1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Braintree District Council during 2015. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Braintree District Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

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2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

Braintree District Council currently does not have any AQMAs. Braintree District Council does not have a specific air quality strategy but has over arching strategies and plans including the Core Strategy, Local plan (currently in draft form) and climate change action plan which promote sustainable development and practise to maintain good levels of air quality within the District.

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Braintree District Council

Braintree District Council has no requirement to pursue an action plan as no AQMA has been declared.

Braintree District Council minimises adverse effects to air quality by focussing on assessments of developments through the planning system, by regulation through the environmental permitted process, statutory nuisance, chimney height approval and regulation of control of traffic emissions, by requiring air quality assessments and strategies to promote low emission travel within developments.

Through other programmes such as the Livewell campaign and Climate Change initiatives Braintree District Council promotes low emission activities which will also prevent deterioration of local air quality. Web Links to are given above in section 2.1.

Details of measures in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.1. Web Links to the other programmes within Braintree District Council are given above in section 2.1.

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As Braintree District Council’s monitoring is not identifying any exceedance the measures listed are general rather than specific to particular locations as exceedances of the air quality objectives have not been identified.

Braintree District Council will continue until the next Annual Status Report in June 2017 to seek to minimise the adverse effects to air quality as the opportunities arise and progress will be further reported in 2017.

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Table 2.1 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Key Target Pollution Estimated Measure EU Planning Implementation Progress Measure EU Category Lead Authority Performance Reduction in the Completion Comments No. Classification Phase Phase to Date Indicator AQMA Date Provision and implementation of travel plans and low Workplace Travel emission Alternatives to Planning transport. 1 private vehicle Promotion of BDC/ECC In place Ongoing n/a n/a ongoing n/a Encouraged use alternative through transport modes planning process and climate change strategies Other measure Biomass/combu through permit stion chimney Environmental 2 systems and In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing n/a height Permits BDC economic assessments instruments Local plan (specific reference to air quality control). Consideration and assessments of Policy AQ impact of AQ Planning and 3 Guidance and Draft form 2016 n/a n/a Draft 2016 developments Policy Guidance BDC Development Provision of air impact assessments and mitigation for demolition and construction phase

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Key Target Pollution Estimated Measure EU Planning Implementation Progress Measure EU Category Lead Authority Performance Reduction in the Completion Comments No. Classification Phase Phase to Date Indicator AQMA Date Routine attendance of Regional Groups Essex Air Coordinating Quality programmes to Consortium- develop Area 4 derivation of Control In place ongoing n/a n/a ongoing n/a wide strategies to BDC Essex wide reduce emissions policy and improve air Also Highways quality Panel at Councillor level Low emission fuels for Solar Panels on Promoting Low stationary and various public In place ongoing n/a n/a ongoing ongoing 5 emission Plant mobile sources BDC buildings in public procurement Procuring BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing Requiring alternative provision of EV refuelling Promoting Low 6 charging points infrastructure to emission plant in new promote low developments emission vehicles , EV Charging Requirement for BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing new licensed Promoting Low Taxi licensing 7 taxi s to be less emission conditions than 5 years old transport within policy Promotion of BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing Promoting Live well cycling, walking 8 travel campaign and healthier alternatives lifestyles Shift to BDC In place n/a Local n/a ongoing ongoing installations using Implementation Promoting Low low emission 11 of climate Emission Plant fuels for change strategy stationary and mobile sources

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Key Target Pollution Estimated Measure EU Planning Implementation Progress Measure EU Category Lead Authority Performance Reduction in the Completion Comments No. Classification Phase Phase to Date Indicator AQMA Date Braintree D.C Traffic UTC, purchase and Management Congestion removal of management, building to allow traffic reduction 12 In Place n/a n/a n/a complete n/a two way traffic at BDC South Street in Braintree Town Centre Adopted Road traffic Act powers to require Traffic Anti-idling 11 switching off of Management enforcement engines BDC 2008 2008 Local n/a ongoing indefinite Traffic lights Traffic Strategic ECC In place n/a n/a n/a Complete 2015 improvement in Management highway centre of improvements, Braintree to Re-prioritising improve flow road space away from cars, including 12 Access management, Selective vehicle priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane Continuing Traffic Workplace BDC/Parking In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing traffic Management Parking Levy, partnership 13 enforcement Parking Enforcement on highway Encouraging Transport BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing staff to use Planning and lower emission Infrastructure 14 vehicles through leased car and cycle schemes

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Key Target Pollution Estimated Measure EU Planning Implementation Progress Measure EU Category Lead Authority Performance Reduction in the Completion Comments No. Classification Phase Phase to Date Indicator AQMA Date Strategic highway BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing improvements, Re-prioritising road space away Traffic lights from cars, improvement in Traffic including Access 15 centre of Management management, Braintree to Selective vehicle improve flow priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane Workplace BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing Continuing Parking Levy, Traffic 16 traffic Parking Management enforcement Enforcement on highway Encouraging BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing Public Vehicle staff to use Promoting Low Procurement - lower emission 17 Emission Prioritising vehicles through Transport uptake of low leased car and emission vehicles cycle schemes Within LA BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing Driver Training routine Vehicle Fleet 18 and ECO driving assessment of Efficiency schemes driving Regular and BDC In place n/a n/a n/a ongoing ongoing Fleet efficiency necessary Vehicle Fleet 19 and recognition serving of fleet Efficiency schemes vehicles Enforcement Environmental Other measure and inspection Permits through permit of pollution systems and industry through economic 20 environmental instruments BDC In place n/a Local/national n/a ongoing ongoing permitting and statutory nuisance legislation

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2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG1611 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases (COMEAP).

There is no regulatory standard applied to PM 2.5 (for local authorities in England) to require action to reduce emissions or concentrations of fine particulate air pollution, although action to tackle PM10/NOx would usually contribute to this. The EU Ambient Air Quality Directive does however set out air quality standards for

PM 2.5 including an exposure reduction obligation for urban background, a target value and a limit value. The target annual mean value is given as 25µg/m3 although the aim should be for all local authorities to reduce and minimise levels of

PM2.5 even where there is compliance with the target values.

The TG 16 guidance in paragraph 2.57 states that it is estimated that as much as 40% to 50% of the PM2.5 levels found in any given area can be from sources outside a local authority’s direct boundary.

The Action Planning section in the Technical Guidance LAQM TG1612 (Chapter 2) states that the ‘Local authorities are encouraged to make use of all available sources of information to aid the identification of any ‘hot-spot’ areas of elevated PM2.5 concentrations within the local authority area. Such information will aid the direction of actions to specific priority areas that are most in need of reductions in PM2.5 levels, and allow measures to be targeted to the identified PM2.5 issues. It will also allow progress in reducing PM2.5 levels due to local authority action to be benchmarked.’

The AQ1010 Final Report13 is referred to in the TG16 guidance and promotes more active stakeholder engagement.

The Public Health Outcomes Framework has introduced a PM2.5 indicator (fraction of all- cause adult mortality to anthropogenic (originating in human activity) particulate air pollution). For Braintree this is 5.7% for the year 2013 which compares to the 5.6% East of England indicator and 5.3% England indicator.

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The information for Braintree indicates that the level is consistently in the region of 50th percentile. Indicator values for 2011 to 2013 are shown in Fig2.1

Fig 2.1 Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator values http://www.phoutcomes.info/search/fraction#page/4/gid/1/pat/6/par/E12000006/ati/ 101/are/E07000067/iid/30101/age/230/sex/4

Braintree District Council has not declared an AQMA. This is not confirmation that PM2.5 levels are not a concern and Braintree Distrcit will have full regard to the available guidance to report progress in reducing PM2.5 in future Annual Status Reports.

Braintree District Council will continue to review air quality and focus on reducing and preventing air pollution (including PM2.5) through the planning regime, air pollution and regulatory control, traffic management with Highways assistance and various local initiatives including but not exclusively the Climate Change and Livewell campaigns as shown in Table 2.1.

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3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

There are no automatic monitoring stations within the Braintree District area.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Braintree District Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 12 sites during 2015. In April 2015 Braintree District Council changed the diffusion tube supply contract from Gradko to Environmental Scientifics Group Limited. Most members of the Essex Air Quality Consortium (see www.essexair.org.uk) have done the same to achieve group cost savings.

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Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) and bias adjustment for the diffusion tubes are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for “annualisation” and bias. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

A trend graph is shown in Appendix B. The levels indicate no significant trends in a downward or upward direction and therefore no conclusions may be drawn from this data.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

For diffusion tubes, the full 2015 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

The data for 2015, once bias adjusted and distance corrected demonstrates that the air quality objective of annual mean as 40ug/m3 is not exceeded.

There are no annual means greater than 60µg/m3, which indicates that there is no exceedance of the 1-hour mean objective at these sites.

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Therefore there is no requirement to proceed to a more detailed assessment with te view to declaring an AQMA.

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

No PM10 monitoring is carried out in the Braintree District area.

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

No PM2.5 monitoring is carried out in the Braintree District area

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

No SO2 monitoring is carried out in the Braintree District area.

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Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites There are no Automatic Monitoring sites within the Braintree District area.

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Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance Tube Distance to to kerb X OS Y OS In collocated Site Pollutants Relevant of Site ID Site Name Grid Grid AQMA with a Type Monitored Exposure nearest Ref Ref ? Continuous (m) (1) road (m) Analyser? (2) BRAINTREE Roadside 575600 222900 NO2 N Y – 6.0 1.2 Braintree 1N Blandford N 1N House, London Rd The White Urban 575700 223200 NO2 N N 2.2 Braintree Hart Hotel, Centre N 5N Coggeshall Road Beckers Green Urban 577800 222500 NO2 N Y – 12.2 8.3 Braintree Road background N 4N

Churchyard, Urban 581500 230600 NO2 N N/A 2.0 Halstead Colchester Centre N Road, A12 Roadside 578400 211532 NO2 N Y – 27.4 2.4 Hatfield N Peverel

High Street Roadside 586386 219106 NO2 N Y – 0 3.5 Kelvedon Kelvedon N

The Street Roadside 580625 223115 NO2 N Y – 11.7 2.9 Bradwell (A120) N

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Distance Tube Distance to to kerb X OS Y OS In collocated Site Pollutants Relevant of Site ID Site Name Grid Grid AQMA with a Type Monitored Exposure nearest Ref Ref ? Continuous (m) (1) road (m) Analyser? (2) Braintree Roadside 576204 222958 NO2 N Y – 4m 2m Railway N Street

Braintree Roadside 577680 221964 NO2 N Y - 20m 9m Stilemans N Wood

Chipping Hill Roadside 582002 215111 NO2 N Y -7m 2m Witham N

Hotel A12 Roadside 583891 216467 NO2 N Y-10m 1.5m Rivenhall N

Foxden A12 Roadside 583859 216497 NO2 N Y – 19m 2m Rivenhall N

(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.

All site heights between 1.8 and 2.0 m. All roadside sites represent points of highest pollutant levels.

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Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2015

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2015 3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Site ID Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Bias Raw Data Adjusted (1) Braintree 1N 43.6 29.2 29.7 36.7 32.7 41.3 41.9 38.7 37.6 36.8 29.8 Braintree 5N 28.7 25.9 21.6 21.6 21.9 25.7 28.9 27.5 25.6 25.3 20.5 Braintree 4N 21.2 14.5 13.3 15.7 19.1 20.7 23.2 24.5 24.0 19.6 15.9 Halstead 40.4 20.2 28.7 31.3 30.7 33.9 36.6 34.4 28.9 31.7 25.7 Hatfield Peverel 58.9 53.2 59.4 66.4 55.8 60.6 75.7 49.4 31.6 56.8 46 Kelvedon 44.9 31.4 25.0 29.3 29.5 33.2 40.3 35.8 34.1 33.7 27.3 Bradwell 47.9 39.1 36.5 38.8 35.9 45.9 43.1 35 26.0 38.7 31.3 Railway Street 32.2 24.6 23.7 0.9 37.8 31.8 36.9 34.5 31.7 28.2 22.8 Stilemans Wood 35.3 33.1 33.0 42.3 39.6 30.2 32.3 44.3 49.0 37.7 30.5 Witham 48.9 51.8 48.6 53.4 46.2 55.9 57.3 58 33.2 50.4 40.8 Rivenhall Foxden 65.2 52.7 44.5 63.8 63.8 61.5 55.7 Insufficient Insufficient

data data Rivenhall Hotel 63.8 53.9 45.7 59.9 43.1 54.9 71.2 54.1 36.3 53.7 43.9

(1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment ; NB Gradko supplied in first three months of year therefore only subsequent ESG results from April onwards are included

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Fig B.1 Diffusion Tube Distance correction for site at Chipping Hill Witham

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Fig B.2 Diffusion Tube Distance Correction at Foxden, A12 Rivenhall

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Fig B.3 Diffusion Tube Distance Correction at Hatfield Peverel, A12

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Fig B.4 Diffusion Tube Distance Correction at Bradwell A120

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Table B.2 Monitoring Data for NO2 diffusion tubes to show results between years 2009 and 2015

2009 (Bias 2010 (Bias 2011 (Bias 2012 Bias 2013 Bias 2014 Bias 2015 Bias Within Adjustment Factor Adjustment Factor Adjustment Factor Adjustment Factor adjustment Adjust ment Adjustment Site ID Site Type AQMA = 0.82 =0.84 =0.83 = 0.97 Factor =0.95 factor = 0.91 factor= 0.81 Blamford 34.3 30.1 29.3(b) 34.7 29.8 BRAINTREE House, 1N London Rd N 34.9 36.7 The White 25.6 25.5 25.3 23.5 20.5 Hart Hotel, BRAINTREE Coggeshall 5N Road N 25.1 25.8 BRAINTREE Beckers 21.2 21 22.8 19.8 15.9 4N Green Road N 21.8 22.1 Church yard, 31.5 30.7 30 27.2 25.7 Colchester HALSTEAD 1 Road N 27.9 31.5 31.0 (b) 30.3(b) 32.7(b) 31.6(b) 30.9 (b) HATFIELD PEVEREL A12 N 44.3 45.6 29.1 32.5 32.8 27.9 27.3 High Street Kelvedon KELVEDON N 29.4 30 The Street, 31.7(b) 29.4(b) 38.1(b) 28.5(b) 24.9(b) Bradwell BRADWELL N 37.8 32.2(b)(a) Railway 29.2 22.8 Street 28.8 29.2 29.5 BRAINTREE N 29.5 32.4 Stilemans 37.1(a) 33.2 33.5 30.5 Wood 28.1 BRAINTREE N 31.6 32.6 Chipping Hill 38.1(b) 34.1(b) 36.8(b) 31.9(b) 33.3(b) WITHAM N 49.2 37.3(b) FOXDEN , 33.4(b) 33.1(b) 33.9(b) 34(b) n/a RIVENHALL A12 N 31.8(b)(a) HOTEL, 39.2(b) 39(b) 37.4(b) 32.9(b) 33(b) RIVENHALL A12 N 38.5(b)(a) a-annualised, b-distance corrected for those diffusion tubes above or close to the objective level at monitoring point

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Figure B.1- 2009 to 2015 NO2 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results (From Table B.2 data)

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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC WASP – Annual Performance Criteria for NO2 Diffusion Tubes used in Local Air Quality Management (LAQM), 2008 onwards, round 124 prepared by AEA on behalf of Defra and the Devolved Administrations lists laboratories that have demonstrated satisfactory performance in the WASP scheme for analysis of NO2 diffusion tubes, January 2014 – November 2015.

Performance on basis of best 4 out of the 5 for rounds 116-123 (see table below) then Environmental Services Group is determined as good.

Fig C.1 WASP – Annual Performance Results for Environmental Services Group

From the database available on the LAQM website at http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html. Version 03/16 of the table as shown below provides a bias adjustment factor of 0.81 for analysis of NO2 diffusion tubes using 50% TEA in water preparation method by ESG (Didcot) comprising 21 studies.

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Fig C.2 National Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet

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Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations

Fig D.1 Map of diffusion tube monitoring locations

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Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective1 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO ) 2 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM ) 10 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

1 3 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m ).

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Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

COMEAP Committee of Medical Effects of Air Pollution

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

EU European Union

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

… …

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References

1. The Core Strategy of Braintree District Council (Sept 2011) 1 http://www.braintree.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/358/core_strategy_septe mber_2011.pdf

2. Braintree Local Plan - Options Assessment B3553R0D 43TP005 (26/01/16) – Essex County Council, Ringway Jacobs

https://www.braintree.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/5785/local_plan_high ways_options_assessment.pdf

3. Braintree District Council Local Plan https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200230/planning_policy/701/new_local_plan /2

4. Improving the Essex Road Network – Plan for A120 between Braintree and A12 http://a120essex.co.uk/

5. Essex air quality consortium information website includes monitoring data - http://www.essexair.org/

6. Braintree District’s Council’s Green travel webpage https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200344/green_heart_of_essex/166/green_tr ansport

7. Braintree District Council Climate Change and Energy Initiatives https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200332/what_the_council_is_doing/174/nott ingham_declaration_and_joint_protocol

8. Braintree District Council Climate Local Strategy and Action Plan https://www.braintree.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/5322/climate_local_strat egy_and_action_plan_2014-18.pdf

9. Braintree District Council’s air pollution webpage https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200257/pollution/247/air_quality_and_polluti on/2

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10. Braintree District Council’s Livewell Campaign https://www.braintree.gov.uk/info/200283/leisure_and_sports_facilities/713/liv ewell_in_the_braintree_district

11. Defra Local Air Quality Management Policy Guidance (PG16) 2016 available on www.gov.uk/defra

12. Technical Guidance LAQM TG16 2016 available on www.gov.uk/defra

13. AQ1010 Final Project – Parliament Hill Research (DEFRA funded ) available at http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location =None&Completed=0&ProjectID=18580

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