G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 1

The Association for Roman Arch a e o l o g y AARRAA NNEEWWSS September 2009 Issue 22

Amathus, – classical portico fronting the town baths. Photo: © Ken Holt. See article on , page 3. G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 2

CO N T E N T S ARA CONTACTS Page Hon. Chairman: Grahame Soffe BA, Tel: 01367 244857 Editorial 2 Hon. Vice-Chairman: Mike Stone BA, Cert Ed, MITG Contents and Contacts 2 26 Awd r y Close, Chippenham, Wil t s h i r e, SN14 0TQ. Tel: 01249 446385 Director: Bryn Walters BA, Roman Cyprus – part Four – 75 Road, Swindon, , SN1 2JU. Tel/Fax: 01793 534008 Hon. Treasurer: David Evans PhD, 3 to 6 and Front Cover Gunley Stables, Marton, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 8JL. Tel: 01938 561398 Information Technology and e-mail: [email protected] Communications 6 Hon. Archivist: Anthony Beeson, Eden House, 18 Bowden Close, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, BS9 2RW. Towns in Britain AD 300 – 700 e-mail: [email protected] Conference Report 7 to 10 Trus t e e s : Archaeological Round-up Anthony Beeson, David Evans, Don Greenwood, Vix Hughes, 10, 12, 13 and 21 Sam Moorhead, Grahame Soffe, Michael Stone, Bryn Wal t e r s Hon. Membership Secretary: Don Greenwood BA Book Reviews: 12 Harewood Close, York, YO30 5XQ. Tel: 01904 670995 Bristol in 1807 11 Hon. Editor (ARANEWS): David Gollins, Roman Mosaics in Britain – 10 Markall Close, Cheriton, Alresford, , SO24 0QF Volume III 11 and 12 Tel: 01962 793150. e-mail: [email protected] A Guide to the Mosaics in Editorial Committee (ARA NEWS): the 12 David Gollins, Don Greenwood BA and Bryn Walters BA Anthony Beeson retires as Research Adviser: Dr. Martin Henig, Institute of Archaeology, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford, OX1 2PG Bristol’s Art Librarian 13 Internet Web Site: Roman Cyprus: Salamis and www.associationromanarchaeology.org.uk other Northern Sites The views expressed herein are not necessarily the views of the ARA Board 14 to 19 © Copyright remains with individual Authors, and the ARA Board cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or content of such articles An Apology from the Editor 19 Any Member requiring a copy of the Memorandum and Articles of Association Obituaries 20 should apply in writing to the Director at the Registered Office address The Association for Roman Archaeology Limited is a Charitable Company Limited by Guarantee Dates for your Diary 20 Company Registered No. 3218318 (Wales) British Registered Charity No. 1056599 Readers Write . . . 20 R e g i s t e red Office: The Association for Roman Archaeology Limited, 75 York Road, Swindon, Wi l t s h i re, SN1 2JU 21 ARA Members are invited to send press cuttings from local and national Booking for: newspapers concerning Roman matters (indicating date and source) to the ARA 2009 AGM 22 ARA Hon. Archivist, Anthony Beeson, at: Eden House, 18 Bowden Close, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, BS9 2RW. Donations and Bequests 23 E-mail: [email protected] Trustee Nomination Form 24 Many thanks to those who have already responded.

but I thoroughly enjoyed it. Basically You will find the AGM Booking Form ED I T O R I A L a ‘dip-in’ book, it is a rec o r d of how and Trustee Nomination Form society behaved in the early 1800s. to w a r ds the back of the magazine. Welcome to the 22nd issue of AR A The second is on the Roman Mosaics Re m e m b e r , if you do not wish to NE W S ; again, 24 pages packed with in Britain series. This is volume III of deface your copy, then photocopies news, views and interesting items. the four part Corpus and is published ar e equally acceptable. The cover picture, by Ken Holt, one of in two books. It may seem expensive, our members, offers a stunning visual but it contains descriptions, details, Th e r e is a potted history of our i n t roduction to our continuing and where available, pictures, of A rchivist and Trustee, Anthony travelogue of Southern Cyprus. There ev e r y currently known mosaic from Beeson, on his ret i r ement as Art ar e many more glorious pictures by . The last review is on a Librarian from Bristol Library. We Ken illustrating the arti c l e . handy booklet depicting all the wish him many fruitful years of mosaics in the Corinium Museum, the re t i rement and look forw a rd to Our Trea s u re r , David Evans, sets out text being written by our member, pe r haps seeing some of his dinosaur a plan for the ARA to manage its Dr . Patricia Wit t s . models in the shops. Bristol Library e-communications in the future, and will miss him, I am sure. another member, Rebecca Newman, A further article, on the Roman sites has produced a rep o r t of an Oxford of North Cyprus, has been supplied by The remainder of the magazine University conference on the issues Nich Hogben, also a member. We contains some notices, the obituaries, which affected towns in Britain in the have, I think, now ‘done’ Cyprus, so some dates on fort h c o m i n g period AD 300 to 700. all our members can go and visit, co n f e r ences of possible interest and, knowing precisely what to see and of course, the Archaeological Round- This issue contains three Book wh e r e to see it. Which country shall up column. Enjoy. Reviews. The first, on Bristol in 1807, we do next, and who will supply it? written by ARA Trustee Anthony Contributions gratefully re c e i v e d David Gollins, Beeson, is not on a Roman subject, fr om all you prospective authors. Editor – AR A NE W S .

2 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 3

TALES FROM AN ITINERANT TRAVELLER – ROMAN CYPRUS (PART FOUR) A M AT H U S

Ken Holt, a Lancashire member, has origin. Significant spent much time in Cyprus and human activity especially on the site of Amathus can be dated to and he has agreed to produce this a round 1100 B C latest report on the old Roman City f rom pottery and nearby . deposits, with evi- dence of Bronze Age habitation in LOCATION the form of a This site is situated on the eastern tomb at the coast road on the outskirts of summit of the , immediately after the Acropolis. built-up area. If you approach it from the west, turn off the motorway at The ruins consist junction 21 and drop down towards of those buildings the sea. The site is signposted and which have sur- Fig. 2. Living quarters – possibly housing or barracks. Photo: © Ken Holt. there is a large car park available. vived a succession of earth-quakes and the town was To the left of the viewing platform T h e re is a book about the site abandoned partly because of this, are the remains of a small Hellenistic (published by the – along with the silting up of the har- gymnasium and a circular bathhouse Guide to Amathus) but sometimes bour and raids by Arab fleets (Fig. 1). (Fig. 4), complete with water tank, this is unavailable in English at the seating and changing rooms. ticket office. English version copies The dark outlines of the Roman a re usually available from the harbour under the water can be seen With your back to this Gymnasium, Museum in Limassol. You would be on a good day from the Acropolis. and to your immediate left, facing advised to have this book with you the is the portico and three when you visit this complex site. shops at the southern end (fig. 5).

[1] Roman city of To the north end we find three HISTORY OF THE SITE Amathus relatively large water tanks. The In general terms Amathus can be sub- water used was fed by an divided into two distinct sections: As you walk in from the ticket office, underground tunnel, which emerges [1] The remains of the Roman town the first ruins on the left, terraced on from a stone arch, into a trough and harbour; and . . . the hillside, are living quarters – (Fig. 6), which feeds a fountain as [2] The fortified Citadel section to possibly houses or barracks (Fig. 2). well as the large tank. the west. As you enter the main ruins of the Another branch of this water supply The earliest habitation on the site Agora, on the seaward side, there is a runs towards the main bathhouse can be traced back to the Neolithic viewing platform with a plaque situated to the east of the site. The era, although the ruins now showing the salient features of the drain from the main tank is displayed are of Greek and Roman ruins (Fig. 3). comprised of a pipe system con-

Fig. 1. Showing unexcavated inner harbour behind ticket office, and, outlined by the waves, the submerged outer harbour in the bay. Fig. 3. Agora, with waves breaking over the sunken harbour (top right). Photo: © Ken Holt. Photo: © Ken Holt.

3 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 4

Fig. 8. The town’s main bath-house. Photo: © Ken Holt. Fig. 4. Gymnasium baths. Photo: © Ken Holt. pipes – including a Let us now turn our attention to the substantial foun- Western Hill overlooking the Roman tain in the middle town, on top of which is the series of of the large paved temples dedicated to . Agora.

The above men- [2] Western Hill of the tioned classic Acropolis bath-house (Fig. 8) was pre s u m a b l y In Roman times, and earlier, this was sufficient for the the site for the religious life of the needs of a small town’s citizens. A staircase up to it Roman town. The was constructed in the first century l a rger tank still by a certain Kallinikos at his own contains remnants expense. This is commemorated by a of the original dedication plaque, in Greek, set into wa t e r p r oof cement the cliff face (Fig. 9). membrane and This ancient path can still be climbed, Fig. 5. Portico with re-used columns, with the hill of the Acropolis in the red paint. background. Photo: © Ken Holt. but a somewhat easier route is found Large areas of the by returning to the car park and structed from re-used stone pillars, town are still unexcavated and climbing up the steps on the pathway bored through and complete with continue from north of the Agora which skirts the Christian Basilica – inspection holes, blocked by plugs, towards the city walls, which are which is to be found next to the road. some of which are still in situ (Fig. 7). partly excavated at the northern end This impressive hill was stro n g l y of the valley. fortified and a substantial curtain The tank also feeds other parts of the wall was constructed in the reign of town by means of pottery (ceramic) Justinian, in the sixth century. Later, a barbican and towers were constructed to protect against Arab raiders (Fig. 10).

The remains on the hilltop include the palace dating back to 700 BC, little of which is still extant. This was

Fig. 6. Water flow outlet into tank. Fig. 7. Columns – re-used as water pipes. Fig. 9. Greek dedication plaque on stairs leading Photo: © Ken Holt. Photo: © Ken Holt. to Basilica. Photo: © Ken Holt.

4 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 5

Fig. 12. The reconstructed foundation of the Aphrodite Temple. Photo: © Ken Holt.

Fig. 10. The Roman site from the fortified hilltop. Photo: © Ken Holt.

built over an earlier habitation site was superimposed a Roman dating back to 1100 BC. The main equivalent – a classical porticoed interest from our point of view, construction. however, is the temple complex on the top. To reach this, one should Its stone was possibly re-used in the return to the eastern path, which late sixth or early seventh century in skirts the side of the hill. the construction of the Christian Basilica. This, together with the large On reaching the summit of the paved area, covered most of the top plateau from the path you are faced of the plateau (Fig.13). with the spectacle of a massive stone urn. This urn is a copy (Fig. 11); the Of special note are the floors within original one was ‘rescued’ by the the basilica, made up of many French, although the broken one different tile designs (opus sectile) nearby is original. The original urn and re-used marble flagstones. Many weighs over 12 tons and is nearly two of these have been recently covered metres high and three metres in up (Figs. 14 and 15). diameter. The decoration on the rim depicts a bull and palmette design, Obviously, water supply must have Fig. 13. The view from the Basilica. symbolising life and fertility. been a serious problem for a site Photo: © Ken Holt. located on top of a hill. The citizens To the left lies the sacrificial area appear to have solved this dilemma Just to the north of this temple with underg round stables and a by constructing a large subterranean complex is the supposed Tomb of grotto, in front of which was a cistern beneath the basilica area, Ariadne – a small hollow near to the f e n c e d - o ff area with a stone originally with an arched roof. edge of the cliff. From this position tendering ring cut into the rock. This area lies in front of the remains of the Temple to Aphrodite dated to the – upon which

Fig. 11. A copy of one of the two original urns. Fig. 14. Example of tile design from the floors of Fig. 15. A further tile design from the floors of Photo: © Ken Holt. the Basilica. Photo: © Ken Holt. the Basilica. Photo: © Ken Holt.

5 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 6

a c ross the fields below the first tomb are the ruins of nearby. a Roman Mausoleum, unique to this area. More tombs follow the slope F rom this point round towards the east. you should retrace your steps down Some interesting finds from these to the small sites can be seen at Limassol museum Christian Basilica – including a scale model of the and the coast Acropolis as it was in Roman times. road. You may wish to cross the I have spent several holidays in the road and join the area of Amathus and have wandered ‘promenade’ – a round at leisure on this interesting pleasant walk site. Whilst it does not receive as towards the east much publicity as the other Roman for around 300 sites of and Curium a visit y a rds and leave here is a most rewarding experience, the walkway even including the somewhat Fig. 16. The view of the northern defences of Amathus. Photo: © Ken Holt. w h e re a small energetic climb up to the summit of one achieves a splendid view of the modern church can be seen across the plateau. This, together with a trip Northern defences complete with the road. Behind this is a tarmac road to Limassol museum and Limassol p a rtially excavated curtain wall, into a new housing area. Within a castle will surely make an towers and water cisterns (Fig 16). few yards, the road turns right. Next unforgettable day. The aqueduct comes in at this point to a house on the bend are a number Ken Holt. from the hills to the north and the of rock cut Roman tombs reached by remains of this are visible running stone staircases. Down the slope

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS

As part of an ongoing review of its temporarily on hold but Vix is in the large (megabyte) files. When this operations and functions, the Board p rocess of developing an overall is up and running, we would of Trustees has agreed that Vi x strategy for the site and hopes to appreciate feedback to improve the Hughes should assume responsibility i n t roduce new features and service and remove glitches. for IT and Communications, with the enhancements in the New Year. Any change-over being effected by the ideas (a r a . e n q u i ry @ h o t m a i l . c o m) end of this year. The Board would be welcome. Internal Communications anticipates this will result in considerable improvements in these More and more of our communi- a reas to the benefit of all our The e-Newsletter cations, particularly with members, membership. Initially, she will be i n t e rnally between individual concentrating on three areas. In response to a number of requests Trustees and with outside bodies, are from members, particularly at the increasingly dependent upon e-mails; AGM, we will make the Newsletter yet internally, the Association has a The Website available by e-mail, commencing number of problems which are with the first issue in 2010, to those impeding our processes. We are Since its inception, the site has members who wish to receive it by looking very carefully at these and received over 13,000 hits. While this this route rather than by post. To this are hoping to introduce improve- is not a grand figure in comparison to end, can members who wish to avail ments by the end of the year to other popular sites such as Twitter or themselves of this facility so indicate rectify them. Again, any suggestions Facebook, it is none the less to us (a r a . e n q u i ry @ h o t m a i l . c o m) would be welcome. encouraging. We are getting a small before the end of the year. We but steady input of new members intend to set up a secure e-mail and we are ranked second on Google circulation list on a highly protected Acknowledgement in response to searches on ’roman stand-alone machine to accomplish a rchaeology‘, which is highly this. We recommend that only Without the skills and commitment encouraging. Colette Maxfield, our members with fast (Broadband or of Colette Maxfield, none of the Webmaster, has recently upgraded equivalent) links register themselves p ro g ress we have made on the the site to improve presentation. In for this as the file size will be large, website would have been possible. view of the lack of interest from the and download speeds will otherwise We are extremely grateful to her. membership, we have put the be excessively slow. Your e-mail C h a t room and Picture Gallery account must be capable of handling

6 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 7

TOWNS IN BRITAIN AD 300 - 700 A REPORT ON A CONFERENCE AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY

Towns in Britain 300 -700 – surely The evidence from Britannia of towns that seem to have there is no need for a conference on Prima – Roger White – eventually disappeared. He showed this issue? Don’t we all know already University of Birmingham how even gradually there were no towns in Britain after decayed as it changed its purpose, AD 410, when the Romans turned out Philip Barker’s seminal work on e.g. the removal of the basilica roof the lights, and left the natives Wroxeter suggests that town life in the early sixth century, although without enough denarii to feed the survived for a while after the Romans the shell continued to be used as a m e t e r. Perhaps so – but several ‘ d e p a rted’, but towns were market. Figure 2 shows the ultimate a rchaeologists reviewed the abandoned during the fifth century – decay at . evidence, and gave us some largely because they were no longer important new insights. I provide a re q u i red. Towns were not an Roger presented tables showing the personal summary of the debate essential part of human society, and presence of key features of urban life which took place at Oxford only survived as long as they were in the small towns of Britannia Prima. University in March 2009. Thanks to needed. Figure 1 shows the number They had more zeros than ticks. They Roger White, Simon Loseby, Jason Wood and Mark Corney for generous help in obtaining the illustrations.

Introduction to the issues – Professor Mike Fulford – University of Reading

The decrease in the production of pottery and use of coinage seem to confirm the decline of towns. But contrary evidence may have been missed, because it was not recognised, or was removed without p roper interpretation. Where stratigraphy survives there are pointers to post-Roman activity. Anglo-Saxon cemeteries are often located just outside the town, e.g. C o l c h e s t e r, Caistor- b y - N o rw i c h , D o rc h e s t e r, and . In at Butt Road, excavations have re v e a l e d some early Saxon occupation, including a fifth-century wooden hut built on the ruins of a Roman house in present-day Lion Walk. Some centres show renewal in Saxon times. At , other metal items, and pottery of the seventh and eighth centuries have been found in the area opposite the west gate. Venta Icenorum may have become once again an important regional centre in the Middle Saxon period. T h e re are ‘g ru b e n h a u s e r’ dating from the fifth and seventh centuries, so what happened in the sixth century? Similar questions can be asked of other sites. There are sixth and seventh century grubenhauser in Canterbury. Did towns disappear or change in function and character?

Fig. 1. Former Roman towns in the west. Plan: © Roger White. 7 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 8

continuing, if in the fifth century, but it is not clear diminished, fifth how long after AD 410 these c e n t u ry occu- buildings continued in use. In the pation in the Augustine House excavations some town. There is the occupation along the southern fifth century f rontage of Watling Street is water-pipe found believed to have continued into the by Frere in Insula Anglo-Saxon period. There is some XXVII, and the evidence for occupation and re f e rence to St. industrial activity – kilns – to the G e rmanus‘s visit n o rth-east of Augustine House. to St. Albans. Anglo-Saxon structures are found Early Saxon settle- after AD 450, but there may be a gap ment is larg e l y in the early fifth century. absent, and a Fig. 2. The fate of Caerwent. Photo: © Roger White. small British popu- There are many examples of irregular lation enclave burials in the late fourth century – can be found in his book entitled may have still been there when Offa bodies are thrown into a pit to get Britannia Prima. Some towns may founded a monastery on the site of rid of them, rather than buried. Is this have bucked the trend, e.g. St. Alban’s grave. It may be evidence of a plague? Was this the where a Bishop and a Synod are significant that the Late Saxon reason for the evacuation of the city recorded for AD 617. There were abbots had ‘problems’ with the – not the Roman departure? It would towns in the fifth and sixth centuries Kingsbury area, which they claimed explain the odd hiatus in building – but small and unimpre s s i v e . was the residence of ‘strumpets’, and lasting perhaps only 50 years. After Romans would not have considered eventually persuaded Edgar to sell it c. AD 600 a new street pattern begins them towns. There were few public to the Abbey. But was it an to emerge. What happened c.AD 425 buildings – a few churches but mainly e m b a rrassing area where the to c. 590 is not clear. outside the walls. Industry was small- original, but heretical, British still scale metal and bone working. lived? Under the Portable Antiquities Houses and other buildings were of Scheme, finds suggest a timber. scenario. Coin loss across East Kent in Silchester – the end of an the fifth century is significant. There A fuller discussion in a longer version of early medieval town – Mike is a considerable density of finds this report is available. This also includes Fulford – University of outside Canterbury, especially useful re f e rences. Please contact around Faversham. In the mid-sixth Reading [email protected] if you would century this becomes an important like a copy. production centre, perhaps because The town continued to be vibrant of its access to the Wansum Channel, beyond the early fifth century, but Late Roman and early post- which provides access to Kent from d i ff e re n t l y. The former Foru m Scandinavia. But there is a marked Roman – Richard Basilica was used for iron-making in absence of coins found in Buckley – University Leicester the fourth century and continued Canterbury. Canterbury seems to be Archaeological Services into the fifth century. Wells remained initially peripheral to the earliest in use in the fifth century as did post-Roman activity in . But Until recently, evidence for activity in f o u rth century pottery styles – its strategic location and the political these periods remained elusive, but evidence of a resident population ambition of Ethelbert power a some has been provided by recent but with diminished economic ‘comeback’. Perhaps Augustine’s large-scale redevelopment projects. activity. A dwarf column with Celtic The Highcross Development site mission was pre - a rranged as a ‘Ogham script’ (developed in Ireland diplomatic coup, to support seems to show continuous late fourth century) is found dumped occupation since Roman times, Ethelbert’s ambitions to rule all of in a well along with coins of Kent. leading to over 3.5 metres of Theodosius, and cattle bones are archaeological deposits. A large post- stuffed into a second well. This may built stru c t u re was discovere d , indicate a ritual ‘closure’ of the city Roman York – Fourth Century p e rhaps a hall, cutting into a sometime after 500. substantial area of what may have and Beyond – Mark Whyman – been the Roman macellum. Results York Archaeological Trust have not yet been fully evaluated, so From Durovernum to the issue of sub-Roman activity is still Mark re p o rted on his re c e n t open. Durobernia Canterbury unpublished PhD study of evidence AD 300 - 700 – Andrew from the Wellington Row excavation Richardson – Finds Manager in the colonia. Coins with a terminus between the Canterbury Archaeological post quem of AD 367, and evidence Romans and Saxons – Ros Trust of rebuilding in this period may Niblett – University College indicate continued occupation well The Tannery and Marlow Car Park into the fifth century. Coins of sites show signs of rebuilding late in Theodosius have been found, also Evidence is accumulating for the fourth century, and perhaps early evidence of alterations to existing

8 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 9

Fig. 3. Elite houses at Caerwent in their prime. Crown copyright © – image courtesy of CADW.

buildings. It is difficult to date the London – duration of each phase precisely, so Derek Keene – we cannot be sure exactly how long Institute of this occupation continued. However, Historical the fabric of ceramics match some Research from York Minster, which is definitely (University of post-Roman. London)

London was still Towns of Britain – like or important in the unlike those on the fourth century – continent? Simon Esmond and carried the Cleary – University of title Augusta. A Fig. 4. Plan of Montmaurin Villa, near Toulouse. Birmingham new defensive Image courtesy of Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Republique Française. c i rcuit was built Towns in Britain in the fourth century sometime after the visit of Constans. Martin’s in the Fields church may period, e.g. at Caerwent, functioned The riverside wall was strengthened, accord with Roman practice against to provide for the élite who saw and bastions were added, perhaps to burial within the limits of a town. No themselves as Roman aristocrats. c o n t rol approaches up the River evidence has yet been found of South of the Loire, and in Britain, Thames. A new stone building near building between the period of there was less emphasis on defence Tower Hill may have been a cathedral L o n d i n i u m and L u n d e n w i c, but and more on villa life, luxurious and or a warehouse /granary. Silver ingots migration of towns to a new site was intellectual – reading Vi rgil, or of the late fourth and early fifth not uncommon in this period, as commissioning late mosaics, e.g. at century suggest military importance Simon Loseby showed for Tours. Sa i n t - B e r trand-de-Comminges (Fig. 5). – they were probably for payment of soldiers and administrators. London In contrast towns in Gaul north of the lost its original purpose when the Towns in Britain – the view Loire were highly militarised control ‘Roman’ government machine ceased from Gaul – Simon Loseby – points, e.g. Amiens. Villas in northern to operate, but there are fifth University of Sheffield Gaul are rare in the fourth century. c e n t u ry finds – an Anglo-Saxon Instead, local aristocrats show off by brooch in a bathhouse, pottery at Simon considered towns in Britain in copying the military. Clerkenwell and St. Brides. A pewter this period did not exist. In contrast ingot found in the river Thames near recent work on Tours by the French Similarities gave way to differences Battersea stamped with the name archaeologist H. Galinie shows the in fifth century Britain and Gaul. In Syagrius may refer to a fifth century recognisable urban character nature Gaul, Visigoths take over many ruler of Northern France who was of post-Roman towns in Gaul. The cultural Roman features unchanged, murdered in AD 487. The post-Roman a rchaeological evidence shows e.g. Argonne Ware. Towns acquire mint in London issued imperialistic changes consistent with the walls, a bishop and a church or style gold coins. There may have continued existence of the city, episcopal basilica. Britain goes its been a royal residence or enclave for although its size declines, and old own way. The market seems to break the East Saxon sub-kings where St. features such as the amphitheatre down, perhaps because military tax Paul’s Cathedral now stands. A gold were abandoned. A new focal point requirements no longer drive the solidus of Eadbald dated 630 shows grows to the west. This is surrounded economy. St. Paul’s. However, there was no by new walls – probably both Bishop of London until 660. defensive and symbols of urban status. New Christian buildings spring The focus in London shifted up alongside the open-plan westwards to Covent Garden – a residential area. In comparison recent sub-Roman burial found at St. British towns were little more than

9 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 10

distinguish between decline of towns and decline in wealth or sophistication, particularly in the western and south-west regions of Britain. Elite landowners remain but p e rhaps take over the role of bishops. The church is a sign of status, but is more akin to a house church – perhaps in the villa complex itself, e.g. the possible Baptistery at Bradford-on-Avon. These differences may be due perhaps to the different ‘invaders’ and / or indigenous residents. Towns do not develop themselves, but are developed by people to reflect their needs and traditions. Future research should focus on how changing social processes led to different histories, rather than on league tables of physical characteristics and modern Fig. 5. St. Bertrand-des-Comminges. Forum baths and temple with the late Roman walls on the hilltop expectations of a town. beyond. Photo: courtesy of Jason Wood.

semi-abandoned villages. Power leaves the question of what is a real Rebecca Newman. which had been exercised from villas, town, and which term can be used moved to adjacent defensible hill for other settlements. We need to forts especially in the south-west, e.g. South Cadbury (Fig. 6). Local élites retreat into their own ‘gated’ estates, or in some areas to rural palaces, e.g. Yeavering. In Britain, towns had to be later either rescued or re-invented as a symbol of – Canterbury, or as trading centres – Hamwic.

PERSONAL CONCLUSIONS

The weekend provided some new evidence to revise the conventional pictures of either continuity or a catastrophic sudden disappearance of towns. Perhaps we need to recognise gradual changes in functions which lead to significant changes in character. There was considerable abandonment in Britain, but this process could have taken nearly two centuries – from as early as AD 300, and continuing well after AD 410.

Simon noted that many Fre n c h Fig. 6. Proximity of villas and hillforts in south-west England. Hillforts with confirmed post-Roman archaeologists do not consider even activity (red) and probable activity (pink). For names request Rebecca’s fuller report. Gallic centres to be real towns. This Image courtesy of Mark Corney.

A MAGNIFICENT STRETCH intact and has been described as the to have been intended from the start OF ROAD AND GRANARIES finest stretch of Roman road to be as a granary but the other appears to FOUND AT seen in the north of England. have been a warehouse, most Flanking it are the 1.5 m high remains probably for foodstuffs. Both had a A superb section of the via of two beautifully built stone long history and were finally principalis, the central road linking buildings. Initial thinking places their destroyed by a great fire in the late the fort with the vicus outside, has original construction at aro u n d f o u rth century, but were again been uncovered at Vindolanda on AD 213 followed by demolition at the occupied and were still in use in some H a d r i a n ’s Wall. Constructed of end of the century and rebuilding at form, until at least the ninth century. Vindolanda 2008 Excavations. massive flagstones it survives virtually the beginning of the next. One seems www.vindolanda.com 10 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 11

BOOK REVIEWS

Bristol in 1807 the press and gre a t l y employing the satirical Impressions of the city at the c a rtoonists. “From Bom- time of Abolition bazeen to Bum-be-Seen” Anthony Beeson joked one cartoon featured Redcliffe Press in the illustrations. ISBN 978-1-906593-26-1 These are just two 240 pp., 37 illustrations in colour chapters out of many and 158 in black & white. equally fascinating, in a Paperback £10.00. book that it is a true Review by Gavin Siddoll delight to dip into. From tales of rude and idle The publication of a new book by boys to a schoolmaster one of the ARA’s Board of Trustees is who invented a boy not a notable event in itself, and it spanking machine and a kite might be considered that a book on known streets of the Roman port. p ropelled carriage, in which he early nineteenth century Bristol has This, like many of the colour and transported his family and horse (on little claim to be featured in these black and white illustrations in the a trailer) to Marlborough for the day, pages. However, Anthony Beeson’s book, have never before been or of Slut, the pig, who loved to act look into the follies, culture and published. like a pointer dog. The author has horrors of late Georgian Bristol is a included reprints of long forgotten fascinating volume that this reviewer The chapter on costume I found a poems of the period, newspaper believes will be of interest to most p a rticular delight. The author’s reports and accounts by residents ARA members. recent discovery that the classical and visitors to the city “by mud dress so typical of the women of cemented and by smoke obscur’d”. The book arises from the research the period derives from Emma done by Anthony Beeson for the Hamilton’s attempts to introduce her Bristol in 1807 is more than a book extremely successful Heritage Lottery G recian styles was of part i c u l a r about one provincial city. It is a funded exhibition held at The interest. Her invention of an under- microcosm of England itself at that Central Reference Library in Bristol garment that resulted in the wearer period. A land where one could get f rom 2007 to 2008. Although appearing pregnant whilst aping the rich on the national lottery or ruined arranged as part of the nation-wide shape of the ’Grecian Venus‘ secured by the war with France. I thoroughly events commemorating the the style and the followers that it had enjoyed it. It proves that whatever Abolition of Slavery, from the start previously lacked. By 1807 the state the age we live in, we are basically this exhibition was planned as being of women’s dress was scandalising still the same Britons. about everyday life in the city as lived by all classes and creeds in that year and not yet another breast-beating e x e rcise about slavery. Furt h e r Roman Mosaics of funding from the HLF enabled the wishes of visitors to the exhibition to Britain come to pass, and a permanent Volume III South-East Britain record of all the research done for D. S. Neal and S. R. Cosh the exhibition to be published. The Society of Antiquaries of London resulting lavishly produced, but modestly priced, volume is the lasting ISBN 978-0-85431-289-4 legacy to the exhibition and to the 606 pp., 530 illustrations, many in writer. As might be expected from an colour. author who is a committed Romanist Hardback. the book includes a chapter entitled Review Contributed Sea Mills: In Search of , that includes a rare account by G. W. The launch of the third volume of the Manby of the Roman settlement as it Romano-British mosaic corpus took appeared to the antiquarian visitor place at the apartments of the at the time, and of other such sites in Society of Antiquaries in Burlington the area where visitors from Bristol House, Piccadilly, London on 25th could be close to their ancestors. Of June. It was a fairly low-key affair, An illustration from Part One. Bancroft Roman particular interest in the Sea Mills being for a middle volume of the villa, Buckinghamshire, from a painting by D. S. Neal. chapter is a mid-eighteenth century series. It was accompanied by brief map of the area that shows the field lectures by the authors, David Neal illustrating all the Romano-British boundaries on the site of the and Steve Cosh. Volume III of this mosaics, covers Berkshire, Bucking- settlement appearing to mimic the four volume set, describing and hamshire, Essex, Hampshire and the

11 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 12

Isle of Wight, Hertfordshire, Kent, Palace are well-known, and close shame that nothing more is known London, Surrey and Sussex. It is parallels for them occur in what is of this building, perhaps the published in two parts, and has 606 now France; but several other sites in residence of an important late pages with 530 figures, many in Kent, Sussex and Essex have similar Roman official. On the other hand, a colour. The mosaics are put into their mosaics, although often, sadly, house from Verulamium (Insula XXVI, architectural context and the volume fragmentary. The majority of second- Building 2), much quoted as having also includes numerous building century mosaics are found in this evidence for the continuation of the plans of villas and townhouses. region, mostly from townhouses. town well into the fifth century, with mosaics laid at the end of the fourth South-East England was very The study also has significance for the century, has been shown to be much important in the history of Roman history of late Roman Britain. Many earlier. Nevertheless, the fine fourth- Britain, not least because most of the villas and towns of South-East Britain c e n t u ry mosaics from villas at major cities lie in that re g i o n : were in decline during the fourth Lullingstone (Kent), Bignor (Sussex) London, Colchester, Ve ru l a m i u m, century, and the few mosaics that and Brading (Isle of Wight) are Winchester, Silchester, and were commissioned appear to be by included, accompanied by lavish full- Canterbury. It is also where most of craftsmen from the West Country. page coloured illustrations in this the mosaics dated to the first and This is particularly evident by the magnificent volume. second century are found, not enormous mosaic from Old Broad surprising given its proximity to Gaul. Street, London, which is very similar For further details and ordering, visit The fine series of black-and-white to some around Ilchester in Somerset the Oxbow website: mosaics from Fishbourne Roman and datable to after AD 350. It is a www.oxbowbooks.com

A Guide to the SARCOPHAGI FOUND IN Mosaics in the NEWCASTLE CITY CENTRE Corinium Museum Two substantial high quality sandstone sarcophagi have been Corinium Museum publication uncovered by a team from Durham ISBN 978-0-904925-24-1 University in Forth Street, Newcastle. 24 page booklet, printed in colour The uninscribed sarcophagi are throughout. carved from single blocks of stone and fitted with gabled lids. They £2.50 plus postage. were found just outside the west Review by Gavin Siddoll gate of the fort of Pons Aelius. They would have originally stood by the This handy booklet is very useful in roadside, closely side by side, and illustrating the majority of the possibly in a funerary garden. There mosaics on display in the Corinium are indi-cations that a third once Musuem, . It would be completed what was probably a advantageous for any visitor family group, but that it was p roposing to visit the museum removed in the Middle Ages. The specifically to view the mosaics to sarcophagi would not have been obtain a copy beforehand, so that buried but appeared rather in the they might appreciate the finer manner of eighteenth century table points of the mosaics on display. mosaics with half a page on the tombs by the side of the road. history of the actual Museum and The Foreword, by Dr. John Paddock how it was established. It is thought that the road surface (Curator of Museums), sets out a u n c o v e red may be Roman Dere potted history of the discovery of the The last few pages contain a short Street which entered the fort here. mosaics from the Cirencester area, resource and reading list, a plan of The lids were found intact but the from the earliest, recorded in the the main mosaic discoveries in skeletons had decayed. One held the sixteenth century, up to the present C i rencester and a map of the remains of a six year old child and an day. The text has been concisely showing sites of Roman adult’s remains had been added at a written by Dr. Patricia Witts, a noted interest. later date; the child’s skull was specialist in Romano-British figured missing. The second held the remains mosaics. The description gives details Altogether a well designed and of another adult and was still sealed of where found, the circumstances thought out booklet, which could with iron pegs and lead; both leading up to the discovery and a full p e rhaps have benefited fro m sarcophagi were full of water. The interpretation of the iconography printing on a higher grade matt art east – west alignment and lack of depicted on the mosaic. paper to give greater ‘lift’ to the grave goods suggest Christian burials. illustrations. There are 14 pages set out as ’A Tour The site also yielded military of the Mosaics in the Corinium cremation urns and foundations of Museum’, and this is followed by shops and houses. sections on lifting and preserving Times – 15.08.2008

12 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 13

A NEW SHRINE TO JUPITER DOLICHENUS DISCOVERED ANTHONY BEESON RETIRES AS AT VINDOLANDA BRISTOL’S ART LIBRARIAN Excavations this year just inside the After 37 years in Bristol as the city’s vibrant Music library left without any ramparts adjoining the North Gate at Art Librarian, ARA Trustee Anthony staff who could read music! the fort of Vindolanda on ’s Beeson has taken early retirement Wall have discovered what appears and is leaving the Library service in Although much valuable art stock was to be a unique shrine to the eastern September. Having previously worked lost to the public at this dark time and deity Jupiter Dolichenus. Usually such at the Courtauld Institute of Art’s the Art Library split between floors in shrines are found without the walls, library and two reference libraries, the building, Anthony tenaciously but this had been cut into the Anthony moved to Bristol in 1972 to survived as the City’s Art Librarian. rampart mound. Traces of animal take up the appointment of Fine Art F u rther intended outrages by sacrifice and what has been inter- Librarian and to run the recently successive heads of libraries and their p reted as remnants of re l i g i o u s founded specialist Fine Art Library masters against him and other feasting have been identified. The based at the city’s Central Library. p rofessional staff were generally remains of two altars have been Over the years Anthony developed beaten off by public anger from art found. One is massive and stands this into one of the finest collections and library supporters in the city. some 110 cms high and weighs about of books on all forms of the non- Anthony’s years of devotion to his p e rf o rming arts, collectables and work and to the public have resulted 1.5 tons. The top has been smashed in crafts available to the public outside in a loyal following amongst many antiquity but the sides and inscribed of London. It became a much loved Bristolians who are always willing to front, with its inscription, are well and respected institution and rise to the defence. preserved. On one side the utensils of spawned imitations in other towns, sacrifice, the jug and patera are both in Britain and abroad. Many A man of many specialisms ranging carved, whilst the other bears a relief people, now in high places in the art from English ceramics to designing of the god in his traditional pose, world, have fond and grateful anatomically accurate toy dinosaurs, standing on the back of a bull and memories of Anthony helping them Anthony’s devotion to the ancient brandishing an axe and a thunder- whilst they were students. world, and particularly that of Greece bolt. The altar had been dedicated to and Rome started at the earliest age the god by Sulpicius Pudens, Prefect As a staunch defender of culture and t h rough Greek myths. It was of the fourth Cohort of Gauls, who is the City’s heritage, Anthony has had compounded by Hollywood when at already known to us from another to fight against much corporate the age of seven he saw the film altar found built into the mediaeval stupidity since the 1980s. The cry that Helen of Troy. It was an event that tower of Staward Pele, near to art was ‘elitist’ and only of relevance influenced his subsequent life. After Vindolanda. to the wealthy amongst certain local that experience he read and collected councillors in the mid 80s resulted in everything he could on the art and Jupiter Dolichenus originated from the Art Library reluctantly dropping architecture of the Aegean, Egyptian Doliche (modern Duluk) in southern the ‘Fine’ part of its title as a and Classical world. He was greatly Turkey and was originally an ancient defensive measure. Popular outrage i n t e rested in Roman sculpture , weather god. Under Rome he was at an attempt to close it around this architecture, painting and mosaics time resulted in a hasty reprieve. The and joined ASPROM within a year of equated with Jupiter Optimus library lasted intact with its specialist its founding in the late 70s where he Maximus and his worship spread all s t a ff until 1997 when a pogro m met Bryn Walters and our myself over the Roman world, only failing against the Central Library’s specialist (Editor). An early member of the when the ancient sanctuary was d e p a rtments saw the Commerc i a l Friends of the Roman Research Trust, sacked by the Persians in the AD 250s. Library, the Music Library and the Art Anthony was also in at the founding A recent find of an inscription from Library robbed of almost all their of its successor, The Association for Chesters on the Wall proves that specialist staff and Bristol of years of Roman Archaeology. worship was still continuing on specialist knowledge and expertise. Hadrian’s Wall as late as 286. Juno The reason given to the media by the Amongst the many benefits the public Dolichena, the eastern equivalent of head of committee for the wiping out has from Anthony’s tenure as Bristol’s the Roman’s Juno, was portrayed, like of this expertise was tragically Art Librarian is a splendid stock of her consort, as standing on an animal. comical: books on the art of the ancient world. In this case it was a heifer. A fine but “It’s no good having all these people, He has written and lectured on the art broken statue of the goddess was is it, at the end of the day with all of Roman Britain and appeared on discovered, again at Chesters. this knowledge in their head, which Channel 4’s . In recent years isn’t written down anywhere or isn’t Anthony has published two books. Only the bottom half survived of the anywhere else? All this knowledge Charles Holden and Bristol Central second altar discovered this year at can go into that computer”. Library (2006) and this year Bristol in the Vindolanda shrine, but enough 1807. Anthony’s retirement will be remained to show that this was As no one had explained to the mourned by many colleagues and dedicated by a prefect of the Second Councillors that the city’s IT members of the public in Bristol who d e p a rtment was not yet at the nevertheless wish him all happiness. Cohort of Nervians. This regiment necessary stage for brain transfers, was subsequently moved to the fort the city was denuded of years of David Gollins at Whitley Castle in the third century. expertise overnight and the once Vindolanda Press release – 14.07.2009 www.vindolanda.com

13 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 14

ROMAN CYPRUS: SALAMIS AND OTHER NORTHERN SITES

The History of Salamis Salamis Archaeological Site excavated in the 1950s. Dr. Vassos K a r a g e o rghis, the lead excavator, Legend states that Salamis was Salamis, St. and several studied under Sir Mortimer Wheeler settled in the eleventh century BC by other sites in north Cyprus provide at the University of London. The Teucer, disowned by his father King f ree guided tours in English. I majority of Dr. Karageorghis’s labour Telamon of Salamis in Greece when recommend this service; before f o rce were women from local he failed to prevent or avenge the visiting you might want to contact villages, employed because they death of his brother Ajax at Troy. The the North Cyprus Tourism Centre could be paid a lower wage than city might also have been settled by (www.northcyprus.cc, 020 7631 1930) men. people moving from the nearby Late to check when a guide is available. B ronze Age city of Enkomi, The English-speaking guide for The palaestra is a large courtyard relocating after a natural disaster or Salamis, Ms Serap Kanay, is friendly surrounded on all four sides by stoae because their port silted up. and helpful; the site has another (Fig. 2). Dr. Karageorghis arranged guide who gives tours in German. for the Byzantine era pillars to be Salamis was recorded on a stele as re-erected around the palaestra – a one of several kingdoms submitting The ticket office sells a few books very striking sight. The east stoa, to the Assyrian King Sargon II in and bottled drinks, and can provide a adjoining the baths, was probably 707 BC. Rule over the kingdoms of leaflet describing the site. In north built in the Augustan period. The C y p rus passed to the Egyptians Cyprus there are currently no site- narrower stoae on the other three (c. 570 BC), then the Persians (545 BC). specific guide books, as there are sides of the palaestra were added Alexander the Great won Cyprus fewer tourists than in the south. later. The courtyard was originally from the Persians; after his death, There’s a decent café by the car park used as a gymnasium and had a sand generals and Antigonus outside the site. The site has good floor, but in the Byzantine era opus battled for the island. King Nicocreon toilet facilities near the entrance sectile was laid. A statue of of Salamis sided with Ptolemy, who (Fig. 1). once stood in the centre. eventually won victory in 294 BC. The made Salamis their capital The palaestra and baths, the most The east stoa’s opus sectile flooring in Cyprus; this honour later passed to impressive buildings on the site, were includes slabs with whole and Paphos. In 58 BC Cyprus became a partial Latin and Roman possession; it later passed Greek inscriptions. back to , but returned to Beneath it, earlier Rome after the pebble flooring is (31 BC). exposed. Kara- ge o r ghis excavated The original city made use of a beneath the natural harbour to the south of the flooring at the archaeological park; this silted up, north end of the and the city was rebuilt further to the stoa, and revealed north. Construction work was done masonry that he after an earthquake in the time of believed dates as Augustus, and the city was rebuilt early as the fourth after another quake in AD 76. An c e n t u ry BC. At inscription refers to repairs to the either end of the roof of one of the cold baths under east stoa is a room . During the Jewish Revolt with a small ( AD 116) Salamis was heavily rectangular swim- damaged. A dedication to Hadrian, ming pool: the the ‘benefactor of the Salamnians remains of an and Saviour of the World’ was found earlier oval pool when the theatre was excavated. are visible in the room at the north The city was hit by an earthquake in end of the east AD 332; a second quake in AD 342 stoa. During exca- was accompanied by a tidal wave. vation, statues Emperor Constantius II rebuilt the w e re discovere d city on a smaller scale and renamed it in drains under Constantia. After a series of Arab the east stoa and raids (from AD 647) the city was nearby. Some are gradually abandoned, and now displayed in became the area’s main the Cyprus Arch a e - town. Fig. 1. Map of Salamis site. Map: © Nich Hogben. ological Museum

14 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 15

Fig. 2. The palaestra, looking north-west. Photo: © Nich Hogben. Fig. 5. Caldarium, looking west. Photo: © Nich Hogben.

at Nicosia, while a mix of original and part of a stadium replica statues surround the north (Karageorghis de- pool. scribed it as a xystos, or running Rooms lead off from all sides of the course). While the palaestra; those on the north and area is overgrown, west sides are overgrown. In the other traces of the south-west corner, behind a water stadium can be feature, there is a marvellous semi- found – I dis- circular latrine with seating for 44 c o v e red what (Fig. 3). A smaller and more opulent appears to be the latrine to the north of the baths is base of a round known as the ‘royal’ or ‘women’s’ tower. latrine. The sub-structure From the east stoa, you can enter the of an oval amphi- baths through two small square theatre, built on frigidaria with octagonal cold pools. Fig. 4. Hylas and the Nymph fresco. Photo: © Nich Hogben. the site of the east Between them is the west hall, a end of the rectangular sudatorium. The floor in To the east of the frigidaria and west stadium, is also visible (Fig. 7). An the west hall has three levels (most of hall are three large rectangular halls inscription found at the theatre the lower level has collapsed, with apsidal east ends. The north hall states that Servius Sulpicius Pancles revealing the hypocaust) and in a and south hall are sudatoria; the hall Veranianus, who lived in the Flavian niche above the southern entrance is between them is a caldarium (Fig. 5). period, repaired the amphitheatre, a vivid fresco of Hylas and the T h e re are mosaic fragments in perhaps after the earthquakes of nymph, from the A rg o n a u t i c a alcoves in these chambers, protected AD 76. (Fig. 4). when they were blocked up in the Byzantine period. The best preserved Salamis’s theatre, to the south of the mosaics are in the south hall: one amphitheatre, was probably built in portrayed and Artemis killing the Augustan period (Fig. 8). It once N i o b e ’s childre n , the other shows E u rotas and the swan from the story of Leda.

To the south of the baths are two la r ge ci s t e rn s , one of them vaulted (Fig. 6). They sit at the end of an aqueduct which runs on a ridge f rom the west. The stepped south wall of the larger Fig. 3. Semi-circular latrine. Photo: © Nich Hogben. cistern was once Fig. 6. Vaulted cistern, formerly part of the stadium. Photo: © Nich Hogben.

15 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 16

Fig. 7. Amphitheatre foundations. Photo: © Nich Hogben.

Fig. 9. The fish market. Photo: © Nich Hogben. had 50 tiers of seats and seated 15,000 people. The current theatre, theatre by squatters, which were road have been exposed – the second reconstructed in the 1960s, only has d e s t royed by Arab raids in the century road is well preserved as it 19 tiers of seats, and only a handful seventh century. was protected by the fourth century of the original white limestone- street. To the west of the road are dressed seats remain. The walls of the To the west of the theatre is an area the remains of a three-chambered 40 metre wide stage are visible, while known as the fish market, which is cistern. the remains of the walls of the currently under excavation by a joint massive proscenium are overgrown. team from Ankara University and the Further south, to the west of the At either end of the diameter of the University at Famagusta. On the east colonnaded road, are the remains of orchestra is a cylindrical statue base side of a small colonnaded square is a the small villa. This is thought to be (re-used funerary cippi); they have rectangular chamber with two the Roman house with baths inscriptions in honour of Marc u s counters. Inset into the counters, excavated by Max Ohnefalsch-Richter Aurelius , and the Caesars three on each side, are shallow white in 1882: he claimed to have found an Constantius and Maximianus. semi-circular basins, heavily restored Orpheus mosaic. Two praefurniae (Fig. 9). The excavators believe these and two tiny pools are visible in When the s c e n a e f ro n s w a s were used to display fish. rooms at the north end of the excavated, they discovered the building, but sadly the mosaic is not. inscription to Hadrian and several To the west of the fish market are the statues, including those of Apollo high-walled remains of a solidly built To the south-west of the small villa is Musagetes (leader of the Muses) and bathhouse. Three large rectangular the start of the Byzantine wall, Melpomene, the Muse of tragedy. chambers and part of a fourth have which you can follow almost as far as Debris and ashes were found around been excavated, and there are still the agora; to the south-east is a the outer wall of the theatre and pieces of marble on the floors and Byzantine cistern. The guide told me between the radiating walls of the walls. that she’d been in there once, but a u d i t o r i u m ’s sub-stru c t u re; Dr. that it wasn’t safe to enter as it is Karageorghis believed this was from Running south from the square is a occupied by snakes. My guide book wooden houses, built in the colonnaded ro a d, also re c e n t l y f rom 1970 states it has faded collapsed outer stru c t u re of the excavated (Fig. 10). Two levels of paintings, including an aquatic scene, and inscriptions from the sixth century.

Fig. 8. Theatre auditorium, from the proscenium. Photo: © Nich Hogben. Fig. 10. Colonnaded road, looking north. Photo: © Nich Hogben.

16 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 17

Fig. 11. Large villa, olive press and strainer. Photo: © Nich Hogben. Fig. 13. Partially cleared cistern. Photo: © Nich Hogben.

Further south-west is the large fifth pieces (Fig. 12). has a synthronon; behind it runs a century villa, excavated by a French s e m i - c i rcular passage, joining the team in 1969. This two-store y It is only a short walk from the baths two aisles that flank the nave. There mansion has an apsidal reception to the sea. The site of the harbour is a re strips of mosaic floor in a hall, an inner court y a rd, living nearby; visitors arriving at Byzantine structure to the north-east of the quarters and a well. There are small Constantia from the sea may have nave. Geometric mosaic is also visible sections of painted plaster on the visited the basilica and its baths for on the floor of a later, small chapel, walls of one corridor, and fragments ritual purification before entering to the north-west of the basilica’s of carved stone panels around the the city. nave. courtyard. The building was later used as an oil mill: in the reception To the south of the Byzantine wall is The great cistern, or vouta, to the hall there is a big olive press and a an overgrown area known as the n o rth end of the a g o r a is an strainer (Fig. 11). granite forum, due to the number impressive structure. The soil has of massive columns made fro m been cleared from half of the South-west of the large villa is the Egyptian granite lying around the building, revealing three rows of Kampanopetra basilica, comprising area; their presence was recorded by square pillars, which would probably two courtyards, a three-aisled church Richard Pococke, who visited the site have supported a vaulted ceiling with rooms running down either side in 1738. Nearby is a deep octagonal (Fig. 13). and apses at the end, and behind the feature of uncertain purpose; my apses, baths. The better preserved 1970 guide book speculates that it courtyard is surrounded by rooms might have been a water clock. The agora is also called the stone and has a well in the middle. There forum, to distinguish it from the are empty sarcophagi in the southern The Basilica of St. Epiphanius, the granite forum. One column stands at aisle of the church. In the nave’s apse largest in Cyprus, is said to have been the north end, near to the cistern. there is a synthronon – a semi-circular built while St. Epiphanius was bishop The agora is overgrown, but at the platform, stepped like a theatre, for of C o n s t a n t i a ( AD 3 86 - 403). The south-east end the remains of the clerg y ’s thrones. The well- original church had seven aisles: a buildings, perhaps shops, are visible, preserved opus sectile flooring in the wide nave and three narrow aisles on and lower drums from columns that baths includes a marvellous circular either side, with apses on the nave would have colonnaded the agora shield pattern made from triangular and two inner aisles. The nave’s apse are in place.

Fig. 12. Kampanopetra basilica baths. Photo: © Nich Hogben. Fig. 14. Temple of , from the agora. Photo: © Nich Hogben.

17 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 18

Fig. 15. Map of sites in vicinity of Salamis. Map: © Nich Hogben. Fig. 17. Roman harbour. Photo: © Nich Hogben. The Temple of Zeus (Fig. 14) is probably the temple to Jupiter in early burials involved the sacrifice of Peter Varley’s letter in ARA News, Salamis providing the right of horses, buried with their chariots; Issue 20). Near to Kyrenia is the site sanctuary, mentioned by Tacitus in skeletons of some of the horses are in of a Roman harbour (Fig. 17). book three of his Annals. Trees now situ, under protective glass-paned grow on the podium, and column frames. The museum on site has The Güzelyurt Museum is on the drums and capitals, larger than those reconstructions of a chariot and a road from Kyrenia to Soli. As at all of the agora, lie nearby. During hearse; the original horse trappings the museums I visited in Cyprus, most excavation, evidence was found that and chariot decorations are on show of the items on display are pre- the existing Roman temple was built at the Cyprus Arc h a e o l o g i c a l Roman. For me it was worthwhile on top of an earlier Hellenistic one, Museum at Nicosia. visiting to see a second century AD and a capital decorated with bulls’ marble statuette of Ephesian Artemis heads and caryatids was found and F u rther west is St. Barn a b a s (Fig. 18). When I visited, finds from transported to the British Museum. Monastery, which houses an Icon tombs excavated near Soli were also and Archaeology Museum. Most of on display. the items on display in the Other nearby sites archaeological section date from the The Roman theatre at Soli dates Geometric to Hellenistic period, and from the end of the second or start of A short distance to the south-west of are well worth viewing; there are the third century AD, and was built Salamis archaeological site are the some Roman glass flasks and bottles. on the site of a Greek theatre. Royal Tombs (Fig. 15). These date U n f o rt u n a t e l y, in the nineteenth f rom the eighth century BC; St. Further west again is the Late Bronze century the remaining stone seats Catherine’s Tomb was re-used in the Age site of Enkomi (Fig. 16). It’s an were used to construct quays in Port third and fourth century AD, and in intriguing site, with buildings laid Said, so the theatre is heavily the mediaeval period it was used as a out in a neat grid pattern (suggesting restored. On the slope below are chapel. The tombs were excavated in that it was rebuilt after a disaster), remains of the third century ‘agora’, the 1960s, mostly by Karageorghis, surrounded by a town wall. Finished portico and nymphaeum, in need of who identified parallels between the bronze items and unworked preservation. Also on the site is a finds at the tombs and the burial w e re found when the site was ritual of Patroclus in the . The excavated. The site gets few visitors, and has poor toilet facilities.

Other north Cyprus sites

There are several other intere s t i n g classical sites in n o rth Cypru s . K y re n i a c a s t l e is home to the Shipwre c k Museum, housing the hull and contents of a c. 300 BC ship (for Fig. 16. Late Bronze Age Enkomi. Photo: © Nich Hogben. more details, see Fig. 18. Ephesian Artemis. Photo: © Nich Hogben. G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 19

fourth to seventh century AD church, Currently you can drive across the Glossary which has good condition o p u s b o rder at Bostanci, Metehan, sectile and mosaic floors, including Beyarmudu and Akyar (in Greek, agora – a market or public meeting place mosaic images of a swan, other birds Astromeritis-Zodhia, Agios Dometios, in a Greek city. and dolphins. Pergamos and Strovilia). Locals cross amphora (plural, amphorae) – a tall back and forth, but the Greeks I met pottery vessel with two handles and a The palace and temples of Vouni sit d i s a p p roved of tourists travelling pointed base (or ‘foot’). on a hill overlooking the sea; the n o rth. I crossed north at Agios caldarium (plural, caldaria) – a hot bath views are spectacular. The remains of Dometios and re t u rned south room. a large shrine to Athena (fifth t h rough Bostanci. I found the cippus, (plural, cippi) – a short column or century BC) look down on the palace crossing quick and easy: it took no post used as a memorial or boundary (498 - 380 BC); the latter incorporates more than ten minutes. If you go, marker. b e d rooms, bathrooms, a latrine, remember that you are crossing into frigidarium (plural, frigidaria) – a cold kitchens, storage rooms and several another country, with a different bath room. c o u rt y a rds. There are pits for currency, restrictions on duty free, a n y m p h a e u m – a water-filled shrine, a m p h o r a e in the floors of two different mobile phone network, etc. dedicated to water nymphs (female storerooms. In one courtyard stands The locals are friendly, and the sites water spirits). the stone that once held the pulley are well worth visiting. opus sectile – floor or wall decoration for the well; its origins are uncertain, made of cut stone tiles. but to me it looks like a re-used palaestra – an exercise yard. Hathor capital. portico – a porch, often with supporting columns. Suggested reading p r a e f u rn i u m (plural p r a e f u rn i a e) – a Practicalities f u rnace, usually an arched hole Salamis: Recent discoveries in Cyprus. through which the fire was stoked. Don’t be deterred from visiting north Vassos Karageorghis (1969). sarcophagus (plural, sarcophagi) – a stone C y p rus because of the political Salamis: A guide. Antiquities Department (sometimes lead) coffin. situation. If you fly to north Cyprus of the Republic of Cyprus (1970). scenae frons – the rear structure of a you have to go via Turkey, and you Excavating at Salamis in Cypru s t h e a t re stage, often orn a t e l y will not be allowed to cross the 1 9 52 -1 9 7 4. Vassos Karageorg h i s decorated. (1999). border into south Cyprus. However, if s t o a (plural, s t o a e) – a covere d you fly to south Cyprus you are The Heritage of North Cyprus. Rosamund colonnaded walkway. permitted to cross north and back Hanworth (1983). sudatorium, (plural, sudatoria) – a hot, again. International car re n t a l North Cyprus mosaic of cultures. North dry room for sweating, like a sauna. companies let you hire a car in the Cyprus Museum Friends (2007). tepidarium (plural, tepidaria) – a warm south and take it north. You must bath room; strangely no room in the purchase insurance for the north at large baths at Salamis is identified as a the border crossing; you can buy this tepidarium. insurance in advance if you hire from Nich Hogben. Avis.

AN APOLOGY FROM THE EDITOR It has been brought to my attention that a small I have been assured that this will not happen number of members had a problem with the again! In the event that there is a repeat of the postage on their last mailing of the Bulletin, problem in the future, would affected recipients which caused a Surcharge Payment of £1.04 and please send the offending envelope, complete a trip to their local sorting office to retrieve the with the Surcharge details, to me at: magazine. Applegraphics, 10 Markall Close, Cheriton, Alresford, Hampshire, SO24 0QF. The Editor packs all the Newsletters and Bulletins for dispatch, then takes them to the local Post Your Surcharge, plus return postage to me, will Office. Because they want our business, they are be refunded in the form of stamps. Failure to happy to stick the stamps on themselves and supply the endorsed envelope means we have no dispatch when complete. reclaim recourse at the Post Office.

On this last occasion, due to sickness absence, the Once again, my apologies for any inconvenience stamps were stuck on but the envelopes were caused. not double checked. A few had the 4p stamp omitted and these ended up with the Surcharge. David Gollins, Editor, ARA NEWS.

19 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 20

OBITUARIES

Michael Coombe Patrick Liddle

The Director only received the news in May, of the death Also in March we heard from Liz Liddle that her husband of long standing member His Honour Judge Michael ‘Paddy’ had died. We send Liz our sincerest condolences. Coombe, who passed away in October 2008. His last excursion with us, as those who were there will remember, was our Annual Dinner weekend visit to the Pam Boreham Isle of Wight in May 2005. We have passed our sympathies to his surviving son Michael. It was with great sadness that we heard of the death of Pam Boreham on Friday February 6th 2009, too late to notify her many friends in the last ARA NEWS which had Alan Farquharson just gone to press. Pam had been a staunch and loyal supporter of the Association for many years and a We were very sorry to hear from Anita Farquharson in frequent participator in our tours and other events. It March, that her husband Alan had died at the end of July always amazed me how remarkably agile Pam was, and 2008. Both Anita and Alan, long standing members, no amount of arduous terrain was going to stop her were regular attendees at many of our functions, Alan from reaching the sites we were visiting, and on more being remembered by many friends at our events. The than one occasion she beat me up some of the hills. board sent their deepest sympathy to Anita who is still Always a warm and friendly smile for everyone and very remaining a member of the Association. popular with our regular travellers into antiquity, Pam is going to be sorely missed.

Bryn Walters.

DATES FOR YOUR READERS WRITE . . . DIARY Dear ARA NEWS Editor, Here are some dates for 2010 on a ’Roman theme‘, which may be of interest to our readers. They have been The quality of production [and, of course, content!] collated by our member Rebecca Newman. Any always impresses, but if I may comment on Shirley Evans’ additional dates notified can be advised in the next p.10 comments: other organisations to which I belong edition of ARA NEWS. distinguish between stuff worth retaining and the ephemeral – visit applications, AGM notifications – with 12th to 14th February. Landscape of Roman Britain – the latter being on 80 gsm and separate. But I must conference at Rewley House, Oxford with papers admit to no real understanding of the difference in from, amongst others, Mike Fulford, Roger White, production costs and of course enveloping must be a Barry Cunliffe. Cost from £92.00 non-residential to touch more of a chore. As to paper size, A4 is much to be £270.00 full board – other options available. Details: preferred – SS’s Arch would be diminished – literally, too, http://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/index.php on A5. Just my contribution to the debate – is there a debate? 27th and 28th Febru a ry. C u rrent Arc h a e o l o g y Conference at British Museum. Details t.b.a. Regards, 9th March. End of Roman Britain – Lunchtime Lecture – Andrew Gardner – UCL London. Colin Williams. l3th and 14th March. Debating the end of Roman Britain – Conference at B.M. Details t.b.a. Editor comments: 20th March. End of Roman Britain – Conference at Lincoln University. The A4 format allows for Booking Forms to be laid out more clearly and on one page; I also believe that articles look more 7th to 10th April. Classical Association. Annual professional and allow for reasonable sized illustrations. We Conference at Cardiff. use 115gm matt art paper which gives excellent reproduction 30th and 31st October. Archaeology of Western quality and can be easily written on. To combine other Britain 350 - 500. Conference at Cardiff. weights / qualities of papers within the same publication would be very expensive at the production end. We use one press and In addition, day schools or lectures are planned in endeavour to keep pages in multiples of eight. Prices go up the February, September and November at , more complicated the finish. If one folded the A4 magazine to fit an A5 envelope, the additional folding cost would outweigh and Aberystwyth: the extra postage and the magazine would look less appealing. Exact dates not yet known but keep up to date with The editorial board have taken the decision to continue with http://www.410.org.uk the current style, at least for the time being. 20 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 21

DID BURN A HUGE RELIGIOUS CA L L E V A? EXCAVATION COMPLEX SUSPECTED AR C H A E O L O G I C A L UNCOVERS A PRECURSOR AT SOUTHWELL, RO U N D - U P TO ROMAN SILCHESTER NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Excavators from the University of Excavations at the site of the SUPERB MILLEFIORI BOWL Reading’s Archaeology Department, f o rmer Minster school at DISCOVERED IN led by Professor Michael Fulford, Southwell, Nottinghamshire have LONDON believe that they have found uncovered a spectacular wall, said evidence of an Iron Age town with a to be 20 m long by 2 m high. It is planned layout beneath the later Excavations in Prescott Stre e t , believed to be first century and Roman town of , forms part of a Roman religious Aldgate, by L– P Archaeology, have modern day Silchester. There appears uncovered an exquisite second or precinct or ritual bathing complex. to be clear evidence that the The wall of large dressed sandstone third century millefiori glass dish. The settlement was planned, unlike the blocks has been tentatively 2008 dig was on the site of the large p re-Roman communities found identified as belonging to a eastern cemetery that sprawled for beneath other Romano-British towns temple. an unknown but considerable and had a grid aligned northeast distance beyond the city walls at – southwest. The Romans seem to Excavations in 1959 at the same site Aldgate. The dish was found at a have imposed a completely new u n c o v e red superb painted wall depth of 2.5 meters and formed part street grid on it at a later date, after plaster showing a marine scene of a cache of grave goods consisting an extensive fire devastated the of pottery and glass perfume flasks settlement. with fishes, figures and a cupid, deposited next to a decayed wooden which is now displayed within the chest that held the ashes of the The conflagration that took place at Minster. At the time it was believed deceased. The area was intensively some date between AD 50 and AD 80 to have ornamented a villa bath used and suggested perhaps a family may be of great significance. If the suite but the new excavations now plot with later cremations inserted town was not devastated by an suggest that, just as at Lydney, the above. Evidence of stone mausolea accidental fire, the possibility must complex was provided with baths was also found. be considered that it fell prey to the and guest houses for pilgrims. The Boudiccan revolt of AD 60, which is remains of wooden scaff o l d i n g The mosaic-like surface of the dish something that was never suspected found at the site await carbon originally consisted of hundreds of before. Classical sources tell of three testing, but an extremely early date blue and white interlocking ‘flowers’, cities destroyed by the re v o l t , of AD 43 is being claimed for the or canes, embedded in a bright Ve ru l a m i u m, C a m u l o d u n u m a n d initial development. It is suggested L o n d i n i u m. To include Silchester v e rmillion glass matrix. The that a pre-Roman shrine existed would spread the area of devastation vermillion hue was still present when h e re and was adopted and f u rther south and substantially the dish was first uncovered but has embellished by the newcomers. i n c rease the seriousness of the faded with its drying out, leaving The Minster is believed to have rebellion. been sited where it is because of only traces around the rim. When the BBC – 15.07.2009 dish was discovered it appeare d Times – 29.09.2008 the existence of the re l i g i o u s intact but was actually held together complex. Many temples in the by the soil around it. It has been e m p i re were converted into painstakingly re s t o red by the churches with the onslaught of Museum of London’s conservator, Liz . Presumably the main Goodman. temple or sacred pool now underlies the building. Several fragments of millefiori vessels have turned up in excavations in BI G N O R It is claimed that the new Britain previously, but the true rarity excavations will re-write the history of this find is that it is intact. The ROMAN VILLA of the Romans in the area and the state of preservation is said to be way in which the invasion was unprecedented in Western Europe. Members should note that the managed. Excavations are planned Millefiori dishes are generally Roman villa at Bignor, We s t to continue in 2009. believed to have been made in , Sussex, may not be opening although D. F. Grose has argued that again in the New Ye a r. The Notts Evening Post – 09.12.2008 southwellarchaeology.org.uk some forms were produced in Italy. owners of the site are planning a They were true luxury items in the new management policy, but Roman world and the owner is likely details were not available at the to have been extremely wealthy. time of going to press. Should any member be contemplating visiting the villa in 2010, we The dish is now on display in the strongly advise checking the web Museum of London, Docklands. pages in advance for an update Reuters – 29.04.2009 on the situation. Daily Telegraph – 30.04.2009 21 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 22

The Association for Roman A rc h a e o l o g y

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING & SYMPOSIUM Ch a i r m a n : Grahame Soffe Sa t u r d a y , 5th December 2009 THE STEVENSON LECTURE THEATRE, CLORE EDUCATION CENTRE THE BRITISH MUSEUM, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, WC1B 3DG at 11.00 a.m. A G E N D A 10.30 a.m. – Registration Tea/Coffee 11.00 a.m. – BUSINESS SESSION Chairman’s Welcome Chairman’s Review of the Year Treasurer’s Report Membership Secretary’s Report Director’s Report Provisional Plans for year 2010 Election of Officers To re-appoint and agree remuneration of Auditors Any Other Business 12.30 to 2.00 p.m. – Lunch There are no pre-booked lunch arrangements However, various facilities are available in the immediate area south of the museum in Great Russell Street, Museum Street, etc. There are also two restaurants within the museum Afternoon Symposium – £18.00 2.00 p.m. Dr. Simon James Reader in Archaeology, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester ‘ Life and Violent Death of the Roman Garrison at Dura-Europos’ 3.00 p.m. – Afternoon Tea 3.30 p.m. Dr. Will Bowden Associate Professor of Roman Arch a e o l o g y , Department of Arch a e o l o g y , University of Nottingham ‘ Standing in the Shadow of Boudica’ Recent Research at Caistor St. Edmund Roman Town (Venta Icenorum ) 4.45 p.m. – Close

CUT ALONG DOTTED LINE BOOKING FORM I/We wish to reserve ( ) places for the Annual General Meeting at The British Museum. I/We wish to book ( ) places for the Afternoon Symposium at £18.00 each. (Total ) Cheques payable to The Association for Roman Archaeology £...... enclosed. Name(s):...... Address: ...... Postal Code:...... Telephone Number:...... Membership Number(s):...... Please return all bookings, with cheque, to: The Director, The Association for Roman Archaeology 75 York Road, SWINDON, Wiltshire, SN1 2JU to arrive NO LATER THAN MONDAY, 23rd November, 2009 22 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 23

DONATIONS AND BEQUESTS

The Graham Webster Research Fund is now our official funding channel in support of Romano-British research projects. This has been established in memory of Graham’s lifelong devotion to the subject and of his many years of enthusiastic tuition and encouragement to others entering the field of Roman studies.

Any member who would like to help build up this fund can make a donation using the form below. The form also includes a Gift Aid Declaration which we ask tax-paying members to sign, as this will increase the donation by approximately 23% with no further liability on the donor’s resources. We claim the additional percentage directly from the Inland Revenue from tax already paid by the member concerned.

THE GRAHAM WEBSTER RESEARCH FUND

l /WE WISH TO MAKE THE FOLLOWING DONATION TO THE GRAHAM WEBSTER RESEARCH FUND

Name: (BLOCK LETTERS PLEASE): ......

Address: ......

...... Postal Code:......

Amount in Pounds Sterling: £......

Date on cheque: ......

Cheques payable please to ARA Graham Webster Research Fund, and return with this slip to the Director.

GIFT AID DECLARATION I wish The Association for Roman Archaeology to benefit from the Gift Aid Legislation by my making this donation to The Graham Webster Research Fund. This declaration applies to any donation I make from I st April 2003.

Signed: ......

Note: You must be a UK taxpayer and pay an amount of Income Tax or Capital Gains Tax equal to the tax we reclaim on your donation. If you are not a UK taxpayer, please do not sign this section of the form.

British Registered Charity Number: 1056599.

A GIFT FOR THE FUTURE Many charitable organisations like our own have relied on bequests from members and other parties in support of the charity’s objectives. A bequest will help to ensure the continuation of the Association and its work. Legacies to the Association are not liable to Inheritance Tax, so the full amount of a bequest can be applied to the charitable aims and objectives of the Association.

If you decide that you would like to make a bequest to the Association, by making an addition to an existing Will, or in making a new one, we recommend that you seek the advice of a solicitor.

THE ASSOCIATION FOR ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY FORM OF BEQUEST NOTE: This form is not in itself for signature, but gives a suitable wording for inclusion in a Will or Codicil, should you decide to benefit the Association in this manner.

I bequeath free of all taxes to The Association for Roman Archaeology, of 75 York Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN1 2JU, for the general purposes of its aims and objectives, the sum of £...... , the receipt of the Treasurer for the time being of the said Association to be a good and sufficient discharge to my Trustees for the said sum.

British Registered Charity Number: 1056599. 23 G0071,ARA Newsletter22 01/11/2009 18:43 Page 24

The Association for Roman A rc h a e o l o g y

THE FOLLOWING TRUSTEES ARE RETIRING BY ROTATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE POLICY AGREED AT THE 1996 AGM Mr. Don Greenwood – Trustee Mr. Grahame Soffe – Trustee

Mr. Don Greenwood is prepared to stand for re-election in the same capacity; Mr. Grahame Soffeis prepared to stand for re-election in the same capacity; Article No. 36 provides that the Council (whose elected members are ex officioTrustees) may number up to ten members. At present there are eight members. Nominations of members of the Association must be in writing, signed by a proposer and seconder (both of whom must be paid-up members of the Association), and any candidate must consent in writing to stand for election. Nominations must reach the Director at least seven days before the date of the Meeting (i.e. by Friday, 27th November, 2009).

NOMINEE, PROPOSER AND SECONDER must be fully paid up members of the Association.

Position for which standing ...... Position for which standing ......

NOMINEE ...... NOMINEE ......

Address ...... Address ......

......

......

Member’s Number ...... Member’s Number ......

PROPOSER ...... PROPOSER ......

Address ...... Address ......

......

......

Member’s Number ...... Member’s Number ......

SECONDER ...... SECONDER ......

Address ...... Address ......

......

......

Member’s Number ...... Member’s Number ......

The nominee must confirm in writing to the Director his /her willingness to stand and give a short outline biography detailing experience for the position. Decision will be by ballot at the Annual General Meeting to be held at The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London on Saturday, 5th December 2009.

Director: Bryn Walters BA Chairman: Grahame Soffe BA 75 York Road, SWINDON, Wiltshire, SN1 2JU Telephone/Facsimile: 01793 534008 Treasurer: David Evans PhD Telephone: 01938 561398 The Association for Roman Archaeology Limited is a Charitable Company Limited by Guarantee Company Registered No. 3218318 (Wales) British Registered Charity No. 1056599 Re g i s t e r ed Office: The Association for Roman Archaeology Limited, 75 York Road, Swindon, Wil t s h i r e, SN1 2JU 24 Designed and produced by Applegraphics, Winchester – 01962 793150 (G0071 / 1.75M / 09.2009)