Open Access Journal of Soil Science and Plant Physiology Volume 3 Issue 1 ISSN: 2694-6157 Research Article Orthopterological Diversity () on Two Crops Poaceae: Avena sativa L. And Triticum aestivum L. In The Region of Tlemcen (North-Western Algeria) Amina DAMERDJI aDepartment of Ecology and Environment, Faculty S.N.V/S.T.U, University Aboubekr Belkaid-Tlemcen-Algeria bLaboratory: “Valorization of human actions for the Protection of the environment and Application in Public Health”

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Article History: Received: 10 February, 2021 The Tlemcen region is located in the Algerian north-west. The climate tends to be arid, leading Accepted: 17 February, 2021 to a degradation of the vegetation in open formation. Poaceae are cultivated such: oats and Published: 25 February, 2021 wheat. We propose to study the orthopterological fauna associated with these two cultivated

*Corresponding author: Amina plants. The Order of is divided into 02 sub-orders: that of Caelifera and that of DAMERDJI, Department of Ecology and Ensifera. We are only interested in the first. It has 03 families: those of Pamphagidae, Environment, Faculty S.N.V/S.T.U, Pyrgomorphidae and . Oats and wheat have 11 caeliferous species, respectively. The University Aboubekr Belkaid-Tlemcen- richest family of Acrididae has 7 subfamilies namely those of Calliptaminae, Algeria; DOI: https://doi.org/10.36266/JSSPP/132 Cyrthacanthacridinae, Oedipodinae, Truxalinae, Gomphocerinae, Acridinae and . The 3rd subfamily remains the richest specifically. We count 5 species of Oedipodinae on wheat, 3 species on oats. Four species of Acrididae are common to the two Poaceae. Keywords: Orthoptera (Caelifera); Poaceae; Specific wealth; Common species; Specific species; Tlemcen region Copyright: © 2021 Amina DAMERDJI. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Introduction Presentation of the Tlemcen Region and Monograph The Orthoptera constitute an entomological Order which has been of Host Plants: Oats and Wheat well studied recently in Algeria and that on different points Presentation of the Tlemcen Region (inventory-bio-ecology-distribution) Chopard (1943); Doumandji and Doumandji-Mitiche (1994) and Damerdji (1996). Studies on The Tlemcen region is located in the Algerian north-west. The orthopterofauna have been made on different plants. Damerdji climate tends to become arid, resulting in degradation of (2010) carried out work on ortho pterofauna concerning different vegetation. Cereal cultivation occupies an important place plants in the Tlemcen region. Damerdji, Hadjouti and LOURMIL followed by arboriculture and market gardening in the region of (2011) carried out work on two Cistaceae (Cistus salvifolius and C. Tlemcen. The two prospected cereal fields are located there: that ladaniferus in the same region. Similarly, DAMERDJI in 2012 of oats in the municipality of Bensekrane and that of wheat in the compared Orthoptera on aromatic plants. A study on the diversity same municipality. These cultures are intended for human and of Orthoptera (Caelifera) was carried out on three Poaceae (barley, food. The poor distribution of precipitation on the one hand, oats and wheat) by Damerdji (2013) in the region of Tlemcen. In and summer temperatures on the other hand, characterize the 2016, Damerdji was interested in Orthopterological diversity on 2 Tlemcen region, located in the semi-arid bioclimatic stage with cultivated plants namely: oats and barley. In this work, we propose moderate winter. to make a comparative study between Orthoptera (Caelifera) found Study of the Two Host Plants on oats and wheat (Poaceae). In this work, we propose to make a comparative study between Orthoptera (Caelifera) found on 02 The two plants studied are part of the Spermaphytes phylum and cultivated plants, namely oats and barley. An inventory was carried sub-Angiosperm phylum. Oats and wheat are Monocotes. They are out on these plants by separating the different families and sub- part of the Order of Glumales and of the Poaceae family. families. Given the importance of some Orthopterological species, Avena sativa L. (oats): Oats are an annual glabrous plant with a we try to see their frequency. Also, we highlight common species highly developed root system. The stems are generally less rigid on the one hand and specific species on the other. Lastly, the than those of wheat, so oats are more susceptible to lodging. The Vertical distribution of orthopterological species is studied on the leaves are ribbon-shaped and sheathing around the stem near their two Poaceae. insertion, they have a whitish ligule that distinguishes grass oats from other grains. The inflorescence is a cluster of spikelets called Pubtexto Publishers | www.pubtexto.com 1 J Soil Sci Plant Physiol Citation: Amina DAMERDJI (2021). Orthopterological Diversity (Caelifera) on Two Crops Poaceae: Avena Sativa L. And Triticum Aestivum L. In The Region of Tlemcen (North-Western Algeria). J Soil Sci Plant Physiol. 3(1): 132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36266/JSSPP/132 the panicle, the arrangement of the spikelets on the axis of the a constriction at the neck. We find in each spikelet three stamens inflorescence allows to distinguish two categories of varieties with with long and slender filaments bearing X-shaped anthers, a single- panicle and clusters. The spikelets each contain 2 or 3 flowers, the celled ovary which contains a single ovum, two feathery stigmas last of which usually aborts. At maturity, we only have two kernels surmounting the ovary, and two glumella or small scales which lie in the spikelet. The glumes envelop the grain and form the bales at the base of the ovary. Wheat is a self-pollinated plant. The dried when threshed. The lemma remains attached to the grain usually fruit is a caryopsis. has a beard. The flower resembles that of wheat, fertilization takes place before the glumes open, and it is direct, so that crosses Methodology between varieties are little to be feared. The grain is an achene, it In the field contains a seed, and the husks can come off the almond, which does not happen in wheat. Oats can feed even in poor soils. It is the To carry out this work, we prospected 2 cereal fields including the cereal that makes the most of the soil's resources and resists following species: oats and wheat. The experimental protocol drought the best, so we can grow it in poor land, cleared land, and carried out is the same for the two species of grasses. Sampling is rotational soil. carried out for approximately 04 months (between March and June) with generally 2 samples per month. To harvest Orthoptera, we use Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat) plastic bags where we put the individuals. Some easily recognized Wheat is an herbaceous annual plant, with alternate leaves, formed species are determined and released right away. Catches are also from a hollow culm bearing an ear made up of two rows of sessile, made either using the butterfly net or by direct sampling when it flattened spikelets. The root system of wheat is of the fasciculate comes to large poorly adapted to flight. type. In deep lands, the roots will seek deep. We distinguish 5 or 6 In the laboratory primary roots and a large number of secondary roots. The stems start from the tillering tray. These are hollow culms formed by The individuals of Orthoptera once brought back to the laboratory internodes separated by nodes. Nodes are meristematic areas from are determined. We try to keep them. Bigger ones like Pamphagus which internodes elongate; this phenomenon only occurs during are emptied. The little ones are pinned to racks so as not to damage the run. Each node is the attachment point of a leaf. The stems are them during the determination. green in the herbaceous state, then the culms turn yellow and The harvested species are identified by morphological characters lignify after flowering. There are 5 to 6 nodes per stem. The leaves such as: consist of a blade, a sheath, and a ligule. The blade is banded and  The shape of the pronotum. ends with a point. The sheath corresponds more or less to the  The color of the membranous wings. petiole of the leave; it plays a supporting role for the stem. The  The shape of the hind legs. ligule is a membranous expression that is found at the junction of The majority of the species have been determined by us. the limbus and the sheath. The leaves are green in color and turn yellow when ripe. The inflorescence is a spike, appearing when Results stem development is complete. Each ear, appearing when stem Diversity of Orthoptera Species on Each of the 2 Poaceae development is complete. Each ear consists of an axis (rachis) which carries several spikelets. The spikelets are one per article; Based on the classification of Louveaux and Benhalima (1987), a they are attached to the rachis. The spikelet is small and without systematic list of Orthopterological species (Caelifera) found was bright color. Each flower is enclosed between two bracts called established. "lemma". Each lemma consists of a body and a beak, separated by The results obtained are given in the following table. Table 1: Orthopterological species (Caelifera) recorded on the 2 Poaceae.

er Oats Wheat Families s.Families Genera Species (11 species) (11 species)

Super Order Order s.Ord

Pamphagid Pamphaginae Pamphagus caprai (Massa, 1992) + - O ae Ocneridia volxemi (Bolivar,1878) - +

Pyrgomor- Pyrgomorphinae Pyrgomorpha conica (Olivier, 1791) + + R phidae C Calliptaminae Calliptamus wattenwylianus (Pantel, + - O c r A i d 1896)

T i d e a R C Cyrthacanthacridi Acanthacris ruficornis (Serville,1838) + - nae H Acrotylus patruelis (Herrich Shaeffer, + +

T A 1838) Oedipodinae O Oedipoda coerulescens sulfurescens (Saussure, 1884) + +

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Citation: Amina DAMERDJI (2021). Orthopterological Diversity (Caelifera) on Two Crops Poaceae: Avena Sativa L. And Triticum Aestivum L. In The Region of Tlemcen (North-Western Algeria). J Soil Sci Plant Physiol. 3(1): 132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36266/JSSPP/132

H E Oedipoda fuscocincta (Lucas,1849) - + P O L Oedipoda miniata (Pallas, 1771) + + T P I Sphingonotus lucasii (Saussure,1888) - + E Truxalinae Truxalus annulata (Thumberg, 1815) + - T F R Chorthippus binotatus (Charpentier, + - E E Ochrilidia1825) filicornis (Krauss, 1902) - + O Ochrilidia tibialis (Fieber, 1853) - + R R Gomphocerinae Omocestus lucasii (Brisout, 1851) + - Î Omocestus raymondi (Harz, 1970) - + A A Acridinae strepens (Latreille, 1804) + - D Catantopinae Pezotettix giournai (Rossi,1794) - + Catantopinae E CatanATANTO PINAE A

In total, 18 species of Orthoptera (Caelifera) are inventoried on the Given the importance of the Acrididae family, we try to detail it. 2 cultivated Poaceae. (Table 1). Oats and wheat are populated by It has seven sub-families namely: Calliptaminae, 11 species respectively. Cyrthacanthacridinae, Oedipodinae, Truxalinae, Gomphocerinae, Acridinae and Catantopinae. The Cyrthacrandinae subfamily is Distribution of the Different Families of Caelifera on the absent on wheat. The Oedipodinae subfamily remains the most 2 Poaceae important with 5 species on wheat and 3 on oats. Truxalinae are The results concerning the distribution of the different families of only present on oats with Truxalus annulata as the species present. Orthoptera are given in the following figure. Gomphocerinae are represented by 3 species on wheat and 2 species on oats. The Acridinae subfamily is represented by Aiolopus strepens on oats. Pezotettix giournai (Catantopinae) occurs on wheat.

Figure 1: Distribution of Caelifera families over 2 Poaceae. The Pamphagidae family is represented on two Poaceae (oats- wheat) by Pamphagus caprai and by Ocneridia volxemi on wheat. The Pyrgomorphidae family is represented by one species Figure 2: Distribution of the Acrididae subfamilies on the 2 Poaceae. respectively on the 2 Poaceae, being Pyrgomorpha conica. The Numbers and Frequencies of Caeliferous Species Acrididae family, the most diverse, remains the richest specifically. Inventoried On the 2 Grasses We respectively count 9 species on the two Poaceae considered. The following table summarizes the numbers and frequencies of Distribution of Acrididae Subfamilies on the 2 Cultivated caeliferous species on the 2 grasses studied. Plants

Table 2: Numbers and frequency of species inventoried on oats and wheat.

Poaceae Oats Wheat Frequency Frequency Species of Caelifera Numbers Numbers (en %) (en %) Pamphagus caprai 23 6,65 / / Ocneridia volxemi / / 12 4,05 Pyrgomorpha conica 22 6,36 3 1,01 Calliptamus wattenwylianus 26 7,5 / / Acanthacris ruficornis 30 8,67 / / Acrotylus patruelis 60 17,34 29 9,80

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Citation: Amina DAMERDJI (2021). Orthopterological Diversity (Caelifera) on Two Crops Poaceae: Avena Sativa L. And Triticum Aestivum L. In The Region of Tlemcen (North-Western Algeria). J Soil Sci Plant Physiol. 3(1): 132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36266/JSSPP/132

Oedipoda coerulescens 39 11,27 60 20,27 sulfurescens Oedipoda miniata 44 12,72 48 16,22 Oedipoda fuscocincta / / 36 12,16 Sphingonotus lucasii / / 27 9,12 Truxalus annulata 25 7,22 / / Chorthippus binotatus 24 6,94 / / Ochrilidia filicornis / / 18 6,08 Ochrilidia tibialis / / 17 5,74 Omocestus lucasii 29 8,38 / / Omocestus raymondi / / 31 10,47 Aiolopus strepens 24 6,94 / / Pezotettix giornai / / 15 5,07 Total 346 100% 296 100%

The comparative study shows that the oat field is the most abundant Specific species: Seven species are specific to wheat: Ocneridia in individuals (346) and the wheat field had a total of 296 volxemi (Pamphagidae), Oedipoda fuscocincta, Sphingonotus individuals during the survey period. The highest frequency is lucasii, Ochrilidia filicornis, O. tibialis; Omocestus raymondi and found for the species Acrotylus patruelis in the oat field with a Pezotettix giournai (Acrididae). value of 17.34 and a number equal to 60. In the wheat field, the The species are specific to oats: Pamphagus caprai highest frequency corresponds to that of Oedipoda coerulescens (Pamphagidae), Calliptamus wattenwyllianus (Calliptaminae), sulfurescens estimated at 20.27%. The lowest 1.01% corresponds Acanthacris ruficornis (Cyrthacanthacridinae), Truxalus annulata to Pyrgomorpha conica with only 3 individuals. (Truxalinae), Chorthippus binotatus, Omocestus lucasii (Gomphocerinae) and Aiolopus strepens (Acridineae). These 7 Common Species and Specific Species species are part of the Acrididae family. Secondly, and very briefly, we tried to note the species common to Vertical Distribution of Orthopterological Species on the the 02 grasses and the specific species. Common species: We have 4 species including Pyrgomorpha 2 Poaceae conica (Pyrgomorphidae), Acrotylus patruelis, Oedipoda The distribution of Caeliferous Orthoptera is given in the following coerulescens sulfurescens and O. miniata (Acrididae) are common table. to the 2 Poaceae. Table 3: Vertical distribution of Orthopterological species on the 2 Poaceae.

Species of Caelifera Surface of soil stem leaves Pamphagus caprai + + Ocneridia volxemi + Pyrgomorpha conica + Calliptamus wattenwylianus + + Acanthacris ruficornis + + Acrotylus patruelis +

Oedipoda coerulescens sulfurescens + + Oedipoda miniata + + Oedipoda fuscocincta + + Sphingonotus lucasii + Truxalus annulata + Chorthippus binotatus + Ochrilidia filicornis + Ochrilidia tibialis + Omocestus lucasii + Omocestus raymondi + + Aiolopus strepens + Pezotettix giornai +

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Citation: Amina DAMERDJI (2021). Orthopterological Diversity (Caelifera) on Two Crops Poaceae: Avena Sativa L. And Triticum Aestivum L. In The Region of Tlemcen (North-Western Algeria). J Soil Sci Plant Physiol. 3(1): 132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36266/JSSPP/132

We notice that the majority of Caelifera species are found on the Conclusion ground or they are perched on the stem. On the ground, individuals are carrying out their needs. We have often observed individuals Oats are home to 11 species of Caelifera, as is wheat. Whatever the mating on the stem. Poaceae considered, the Acrididae family is always the most important. Specifically, the Oedipodinae subfamily is the richest. Discussion It would be interesting to do an orthopterological inventory on other grasses and to extend the inventories to Ensifers and see the Two species of Pamphagidae are found on the 2 Poaceae, namely trophic relationship between Orthoptera and Poaceae. Pamphagus capraï on oats and Ocneridia volxemi on wheat. Pyrgomorpha conica is found in grain fields of oats and wheat. The References family Pyrgomorphidae is not collected from barley (DAMERDJI, 1. Chopard L. Orthopteroides de lAfrique du Nord. Faune de lEmpire 2013). The Acrididae family is the most diverse and most français. Lib. Larous. Paris V. 1943; 64. numerous on different plants. On wheat, we notice 3 subfamilies of 2. Clement M, Prat J. Les cereales. Collection Grande. 2nd Edition. Acrididae (DAMERDJI, 2013) and on oats 6. On Triticum Revue et augmente. 1970 ; 241-279. aestivum, the 3 Acrididae subfamilies are: Oedipodinae with 5 3. Damerdji A. Contribution a la repartition da la faune species, Gomphocerinae with 3 species and Catantopinae with 1 Orthopterologique (Caeliferes-Ensiferes) en Algerie. Bull. De single species. On Avena sativa (Poaceae), we find 6 sub-families Zoologie agricole ET forestiere. N° 13. 1996; 10-13. namely: Calliptaminae, Cyrthacanthacridinae, Oedipodinae, 4. Damerdji A. Lorthopterofaune infeodee a certaines plantes dans la Truxalinae, Gomphocerinae and Acridinae. Pezotettix giournai region de Tlemcen (Algerie). O. Himmi (Edition.). Actes de la CIFE (Catantopinae) is only found on wheat (DAMERDJI, 2013). VI, Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique. Serie Zoologie, Rabat, N°47 Tome 1. 2010; 37-41. Gomphocerinae are represented by 3 species on wheat and 2 5. Damerdji A, Hadjouti K, Lourmil S. Les Orthopteres sur deux species on oats. In 2013, DAMERDJI also found two species of especes de Cistacees (Cistus salvifolius L.) ET (Cistus ladaniferus L.) Gomphocerinae on barley. The Acridinae subfamily is represented dans la region de Tlemcen. Actes CIRA. AFPP-Neuvieme by the genus Aiolopus on oats and barley (DAMERDJI, 2013). Conference Internationale sur les Ravageurs en Agriculture. Generally speaking, plants are used as food, but also as a perch. Montpellier. France. 2011; 8. Grasses are used as shelter. The species richness would certainly 6. Damerdji A. Les Orthopteres sur deux plantes aromatiques (Romarin- be due to the size of the plant species and the morphology and Thym) dans la region de Tlemcen. University Aboubekr BELKAID structure. In fact, the rough appearance of the leaf of Ampelodesma – Faculte S.N.V/S.T.U. Forum sur les Sciences de la Nature. 2012; mauritanicum (Poaceae) allows these insects to hang on and grip 14-15. 7. Damerdji A. Diversite des Orthopteres (Caeliferes) sur trois plantes better (DAMERDJI, 2010). The position of Triticum aestivum L. cultivees: Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L. ET Triticum in the diet of Orthoptera in the Amieur region (Tlemcen) was aestivum L. (Poacees) dans la region de Tlemcen. Seminaire. 2013; studied by YADI in 2007. Barley has 10 species (DAMERDJI, 28-29. 2013) and (DAMERDJI, 2016). Three species of Caelifera are 8. Damerdji A. Diversite orthopterologique (Caeliferes) sur deux common to oats and barley: These are Pamphagus caprai plantes cultivees: Avena sativa L. ET Hordeum vulgare L. (Poacees) (Pamphagidae), Chorthippus binotatus (Gomphocerinae, dans la region de Tlemcen, Nord-Ouest algerien. Rev Ivoir Sci Acrididae) and Aiolopus strepens (Acridinae, Acrididae) Technol. 2016; 28: 422-431. (DAMERDJI, 2013). One species is common to barley and wheat: 9. Doumandji S, Doumandji, Mitiche B. Criquets ET Sauterelles It is: Ochrilidia filicornis (DAMERDJI, 2013). In the barley field, (Acridologie). Off Publ Univ Alger. 1994; 99. 10. Louveaux A, Benhalima T. Catalogue des Orthopteres de Oedipoda coerulescens sulfurescens has a frequency of 22.53% lAfrique du Nord- Ouest. Bull Soc Ent Fr. 1986; 91: 73- 87. and a number equal to 64 (DAMERDJI, 2013). Also, by the color 11. Mesli L. Contribution a letude bioecologique et regime alimentaire of the flowers, by the presence of terpene compounds, the des principales especes dOrthopteres dans la Wilaya de Tlemcen. odoriferous plants shelter the insects in particular the Orthoptera. These Doct. Univ. Aboubekr BELKAID – Tlemcen. 2007; 102. Plants such as thyme and rosemary constitute a preference for 12. Yadi A. La position de Triticum aestivum L. (bletendre) dans le Orthoptera (DAMERDJI, 2012). Medicinal plants form a major regime alimentaire des Orthopteres dans la region dAmieur part of the locust diet according to (MESLI, 2007). (Tlemcen, Algerie). Memoire Ing Agron. Universite de Tlemcen. 2007; 64.

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