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Report of Skeletal Remains Excavated at Fort Craig Post Cemetery

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Report of Skeletal Remains Excavated at Fort Craig Post Cemetery Report of Skeletal Remains Excavated at Fort Craig Post Cemetery Fort Craig Project, New Mexico Upper Colorado Region David Ford 1847 - 1868 Thomas Smith 1846 - 1866 Levi Morris 1850 - 1877 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Prepared by: Alaina K. Goff Portraits By: Mary Brazos Mission Statements The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian Tribes and our commitments to island communities. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. 1 Contents Page Report of the Skeletal Remains Excavated at the Fort Craig Post Cemetery 1-81 Introduction, 3-6 Specimen Descriptions, 6-80 Conclusion, 81 Photos .......................................................................................................... 82-195 Appendix.......................................................................................... 196-249 1- Bones Associated with Empty Coffins, 196-199 2- Cranial Measurements. 200-203 3- Zobeck’s Post-Cranial Measurements, 204-205 4- Postcranial Skeleton, 206-217 5- Infant Skeletal Measurements, 218-227 6- Maxillary Tooth Development, 228 7- Mandibular Tooth Development, 229 8- Deciduous Crown Height Measurements, 230 9- Deciduous Buccolingual Tooth Measurements, 231 10- Deciduous Mesiodistal Tooth Measurements, 232 11- Maxillary Dental Morphology, 233-234 12- Mandibular Dental Morphology, 235-236 13- Maxillary Tooth Wear, 237-238 14- Mandibular Tooth Wear, 239-240 15- Key for Dental Inventory and Pathology, 241 16- Dental Pathology, 242-243 17- Crown Height Measurements, 244-245 18- Buccolingual Tooth Measurements, 246-247 19- Mesiodistal Tooth Measurements, 248-249 Tables ......................................................................................... 250-260 1- Age Distribution of the Skeletal Sample, 250 2- Rib Trauma, 251 3- Skeletal Lesions, 252-256 4- Right Rib Fractures for Burial 62, 257 5- Adult Funerary Boxes, 258 6- Empty Funerary Boxes, 258 7- Infant and Child Funerary Boxes, 258 8- Skeletal and Dental Conditions, 259-260 Literature Cited…..............................................................261-263 2 Report of the Skeletal Remains Excavated at the Fort Craig Post Cemetery By: Alaina K. Goff Introduction: Fort Craig was officially garrisoned in April 1854 and was occupied until its decommissioning in 1885. After the fort was established it soon became one of the largest and most important forts in the southwest. The Union soldiers at Fort Craig played a significant role in the Indian Wars and in the Civil War Battle of Valverde on February 21, 1862 (Ball, 1998; Gerow, 2004). The Battle of Valverde resulted in 230 Confederate casualties (72 dead or mortally wounded and 157 wounded) and about 475 Union casualties (111 dead, 160 wounded, and 204 missing; Taylor, 1995). The Union suffered a 17% loss of their soldiers, many of which were treated at the Post’s hospital but subsequently died from their injuries. These soldiers, and the bodies of those that died on the battlefield, were buried at the Post cemetery at Fort Craig. Between 1862 and 1885, additional interments included soldiers and civilians who died at or near the Fort whose death was caused by accident, disease, homicide, or suicide (Four Corners Research, 2005). On July 17, 1862, the National Cemetery System was established by Congress to organize the significant number of deaths that were occurring in the Civil War (Steere, 1953). As a result, it was ordered that the human remains of the approximately 250 graves at Fort Craig cemetery be disinterred for reburial in national cemeteries. U.S. Army records indicate that the disinterments occurred in 1867, 1876, and 1886. This includes the 1867 removal of Captain Alexander McRae to West Point, New York, the 1876 removal of all burials prior to this date to Santa Fe National Cemetery, and the 1886 exhumation of all other remains to Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery in Kansas. However, in 2005 evidence of looting activity at the cemetery suggested that intact graves still remained at the site. As the cemetery is under federal jurisdiction, the Bureau of Reclamation, which is a part of the Department of the Interior, was called upon to investigate the looting activity as well as the presence of human remains (Four Corners Research 2005). 3 The DMG Four Corners Research Team, under contract by the Bureau of Reclamation, conducted an investigation into the presence of intact graves remaining at the Post cemetery. During the months of March, April, July and October 2005, the multidisciplinary team collected historical, archaeological and remote sensing information, which suggested at least 20-30 intact graves within the cemetery (Four Corners Research 2005). As part of the criminal investigation of the looting, Reclamation conducted focused excavations in 2005. The bones that were collected from the empty graves during the 2007 excavation included hands, feet, and thorax (see Appendix 1). Upon closure of the investigation in early 2007, and after due consideration it was decided to excavate the remaining burials of the soldiers and civilians in the cemetery for identification and reburial in Santa Fe National Cemetery. The 2007 excavation uncovered 248 graves, the majority of which were empty or contained remnants of individuals who were previously removed. However, 64 intact graves, a partial adult (burial 9) and two “surgeon’s pits” (burials 23 and 48) were also excavated. In total, the intact graves included 22 infants, 4 children, 7 adolescents, 17 young adults, 13 middle adults and 1 old adult (see Table 1). The “surgeon’s pits” included the burial of 4 amputated lower limbs and an ammunition box containing 2 amputated arms, all probably young adults that died during the Battle of Valverde. Table 1: Age Distribution of the Skeletal Sample Number of Age Burial Numbers Burials 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21, 25, 27, Infant Birth to 3 years 22 36, 37, 46, 52, 53, 56, 59, 61, 63, 67 Child 3 to 12 years 4 22, 28, 29, 60 Adolescent 12 to 20 years 7 15, 38, 39, 47, 50, 51, 54 Young 5, 13, 14, 18, 19, 30, 31, 33, 40, 41, 42, 20 to 35 years 17 Adult 43, 55, 57, 58, 62, 64 Middle 4, 6, 7, 11, 24, 32, 34, 35, 44, 45, 49, 65, 35 to 50 years 13 Adult 66 Old Adult 50 + years 1 26 4 The remains were preliminarily assessed in the field by Kimberly Spur and the author before being transported to the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. for a more thorough investigation. Here, analysis was conducted between May 12 and July 5, 2009, on the 39 adult skeletons and one of the “surgeon’s pits” (burial 23). The analysis was carried out by a team led by Dr. Doug Owsley. The data were primarily collected by Dr. Owsley and Kari Bruwelheide. An additional contribution was made by Dr. Richard Jantz, who collected cranial metric data, Dr. Lee Jantz, Aleithea Williams, and student interns Julia Franklin, Gaby Lapera and Alex Newman. The following is a summary and report of the data collected by Dr. Owsley’s team on the adult skeletal remains that were excavated and recovered from the Fort Craig cemetery. Also included in this report is information collected by the author. This includes “additional information” on the adults, dental measurements, dental morphology, a summary of one of the “surgeon’s pits” (burial 48), the analysis of the infant remains, and Appendix 1, listing all bones that were recovered from the nearly empty graves. Methods: The osteological methods employed for this report are standard techniques used in skeletal biology and follow the methods established by the researchers at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (see Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994 and Owsley and Jantz, 1989). The skeletons were first inventoried and examined to estimate sex, age, and biological affinity. The crania and post crania were measured (Howell’s, 1973; Zoebeck, 1983; Fazekas and Kosa, 1978; see Appendices 2-5); complete crania were CT scanned; and pathological bones were x-rayed. Each skeleton was examined and scored for pathology following Owsley and Jantz (1994). This includes evaluation of vertebral degenerative changes, cribra orbitalia, periostitis, and the presence of lytic or blastic bone lesions. Congenital anomalies were also noted, as well as behavioral modifications to the skeleton such as musculoskeletal stress markers, Schmorl’s depressions, Squatting facets, and Poirier’s facets. The teeth were very well preserved in this series. The dentitions were inventoried, measured, and scored for development (Ubelaker, 1989; Moorees, Fanning and Hunt, 1963a, 1963b; Smith, 1991), and morphology (Turner II, Nichol and Scott, 1991). Infant tooth 5 development scores and deciduous tooth measurements are presented in Appendices 6-10 and adult dental morphology traits are presented in Appendices 11-12. The teeth were also scored for tooth wear following Smith (1984; see Appendix 13-14), and carious lesions, abscess formation, antemortem tooth loss, and calculus deposition were scored using methods employed by Owsley and Jantz (1994; see Appendix 15 and 16). In addition, adult tooth crowns were measured for their height and bucco-lingual and mesio-distal lengths (Mayhall, 1992). These measurements are presented in Appendices 17-19. For each adult skeleton, the first right metatarsal was removed for isotopic analysis; the right clavicle for DNA; and selected femora were DEXA scanned. More than 800 photographs were taken of the adult skeletons by photographer Chip Clark at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. In addition, with the assistance of National Geographic photographer Jerry Goff, Stephanie Michaels of the Bureau of Reclamation photographed all bones for future research. Trauma was noted in 8 skeletons (see Table 5) and described in detail under the skeletal descriptions. Gunshot wounds, autopsy cuts, fractures and an axe wound were noted among the sample.
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