Journey through Indian deltas Hello!
I am Tuhin Ghosh from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, INDIA I am a faculty in School of Oceanographic Studies and the Country PI (India) for the DECCMA project and I love to talk about DECCMA!
2 I expect your I feel excitement ! excited !
GEOSS Symposium: My first time…… Themes on SDGs, Paris Agreement and Sendai Framework, but I’m not talking about the subjective wellbeing of the people ! 3 DEltas, vulnerability and Climate Change: Migration and Adaptation Funded by: IDRC (Canada) and DfID (UK) Introduction
Vulnerability
Road Map Adaptation
Migration
Our journey so far
Road Ahead
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INDIAN SUNDARBAN * World heritage site * Largest mangrove patch (4.3%)
* Rich biodiversity- flora, fauna
* ~ 4.6 million population
* 34% under poverty
* 99% rural areas
* Poor access to infrastructure and facilities Introduction
Indian Bengal Delta Seaward portion of the Ganges- Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta, within 5m of mean sea level Study Area: 14,054 sq.km State : West Bengal Districts: 2 – North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas Blocks (sub-districts): 51 Population: 18 million (2011 Census)
8 • The inhabitants solely depend on the traditional farm based livelihood options depending on available natural resources • Mono-cropping is the only way of agricultural livelihood for the community, with higher level of exposure to climate change and natural hazards • Inland fishing is common practice on subsistence basis, while lower percentage of people depends on offshore fishing • Increasing salinization in river water and soil resulted from embankment breaching and subsequent inundation, negatively affects the fertility of soil, yield of crops and fish catch Issues related to Climate Change in Sundarban
v The island experiences similar climate change issues and impacts as the rest of the Sundarban, including changes in temperature and rainfall patterns in terms of time, duration and amount and a high exposure to natural hazards such as cyclone and storm surge.
v Significantly, the local rate of sea level rise is much higher than the global average with the associated problems of inundation of salt water onto agricultural land and an increase in soil salinity. v In addition, the area experiences acute river back erosion and frequent embankment breaching.
v Absence of defined adaptation policy and DRR Temperature: Average temperature increase: 0.011°C / year 35.00
30.00 C °
25.00 Max
Temperature in Min
20.00 Average
15.00 Year1901 Year1903 Year1905 Year1907 Year1909 Year1911 Year1913 Year1915 Year1917 Year1919 Year1921 Year1923 Year1925 Year1927 Year1929 Year1931 Year1933 Year1935 Year1937 Year1939 Year1941 Year1943 Year1945 Year1947 Year1949 Year1951 Year1953 Year1955 Year1957 Year1959 Year1961 Year1963 Year1965 Year1967 Year1969 Year1971 Year1973 Year1975 Year1977 Year1979 Year1981 Year1983 Year1985 Year1987 Year1989 Year1991 Year1993 Year1995 Year1997 Year1999 Change in temperature pattern during 1901 to 2000. source: IMD data Rainfall amount – quantity and rainy days 3000
2500
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1000 Rainfall in mm
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0 year1901 year1903 year1905 year1907 year1909 year1911 year1913 year1915 year1917 year1919 year1921 year1923 year1925 year1927 year1929 year1931 year1933 year1935 year1937 year1939 year1941 year1943 year1945 year1947 year1949 year1951 year1953 year1955 year1957 year1959 year1961 year1963 year1965 year1967 year1969 year1971 year1973 year1975 year1977 year1979 year1981 year1983 year1985 year1987 year1989 year1991 year1993 year1995 year1997 year1999
Change in rainfall pattern during 1901 to 2000. source: IMD data • Amount of rainfall has increased: @ 2.08 mm per year (1901 to 2000) • Number of rainy days have decreased implies the increase in intensity of rainfall. Cyclonic Depression 20 15 10 5 0 Cyclonic Storm 10 8 6 4 2 0
7 6 Severe Cyclonic Storm 5 4 3 2 1 0 Year1891 Year1893 Year1895 Year1897 Year1899 Year1901 Year1903 Year1905 Year1907 Year1909 Year1911 Year1913 Year1915 Year1917 Year1919 Year1921 Year1923 Year1925 Year1927 Year1929 Year1931 Year1933 Year1935 Year1937 Year1939 Year1941 Year1943 Year1945 Year1947 Year1949 Year1951 Year1953 Year1955 Year1957 Year1959 Year1961 Year1963 Year1965 Year1967 Year1969 Year1971 Year1973 Year1975 Year1977 Year1979 Year1981 Year1983 Year1985 Year1987 Year1989 Year1991 Year1993 Year1995 Year1997 Year1999 Year2001 Year2003 Year2005 Year2007 Year2009 SOS-JU 20 February 2015
Supporting Provisioning
8 December 2015
Destroyer Destroyer
25 March 2015 6 April 2016 4 June 2016 800
tones 700 ‘000 n i 600
500 Paddy productivity production
400 Paddy 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
- All of these factors mean that, despite increasing investments in agriculture, there has been a loss in productivity and production. - The lack of alternate skills and job opportunities indicates migration is an automatic adaptation option for these poorer people. Introduction
Mahanadi Delta Study Area: over 13,000 sq. km. State: Odisha Districts: 5 – Bhadrak, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Khordha, Puri Blocks (sub-districts): 45 Population: 8.1 million (2011 Census) 17 What makes deltas vulnerable?
Erosion Cyclone Flooding Sea level rise Salinization
More Spread over Limited to Embankment By 2200, 95% dominant wider areas. smaller areas breaching, of IBD is along the IBD – Cyclone Hydrological erosion and projected to coastal part of Aila (2009) modelling subsequent be exposed IBD and lower MD – Super indicates inundation. and 99% in reach of the Cyclone increased 2300, without MD. (1999), Phailin incidence of climate (2013), Hudhud flooding in change (2014) future. mitigation
18 Risk Hotspots: Example of IBD
Exposure to climate hazards, sensitivity, and socio-economy- driven adaptive capacity
Gosaba, Basanti, Sandeshkhali-II, Kultali, Hingalganj, Patharpratima, CanningII, Sandeshkhali-I, Namkhana, Sagar, Minakhan, Jaynagar-II, Mathurapur-II, Hasnabad, Kakdwip
19 Adaptation
Both men and women practice agricultural adaptations, including applying fertilizer and irrigation.
Male-headed households - mixed farming, use climate tolerant crops, and employ farming tools or equipment.
Female-headed households - joining self help groups and cooperatives, and exploit opportunities for alternative income sources Structural interventions such as cyclone shelters and embankments also exist. 20
Migration
22 23 Indian Bengal Delta 24 Our journey so far
25 Activities 10 Stakeholder workshops
Focus Group 2 Discussions
15 Life Histories
3724 Household Surveys
26 30 27
25
21 20 17
15
10 10 7 5 5 3 3 Outputs 2 till June 2018 0
Blog Article Video Poster
Policy Brief Photostory Journal PaperWorking Paper
Conference Presentation
27 Road Ahead
28 Recommendations
Need for greater inclusion of gender- sensitive approaches in policies to reduce climate risk, reflecting the different ways in which men and women are vulnerable
We submitted inputs to the Draft Odisha Governance Climate Change Action Plan 2010-15. Comments on sectors, including agriculture, coasts and disaster management, forestry, mining, health, water resources, urban development, as well as significant suggestions on how to incorporate gender. 29 Recommendations
Address the current policy gap around migration. Migration Need for rehabilitation and resettlement policy for populations displaced by climate and environmental stresses.
Gender-sensitive approaches to livelihood support for resettled populations are necessary. 30 Recommendations
Formation of cooperatives to link farmers directly to markets, encouraging climate- resilient crop production (in line with the commitment sustainable agriculture under the National Action Plan on Climate Change), and crop insurance options (consistent with the Prime Minister’s stated Adaptation policy).
Embankments are a critical hard adaptation and appropriate strategies are required for their reconstruction, together with an effective policy of land acquisition for embankment building.
31 www.deccma.com
DECCMA India DECCMA Northern
You can find us
@deccma @deccmaindia
32 Thanks for your patience!
Any questions? You can find me at
33 Credits
Special thanks to this awesome presentation template free to use: SlidesCarnival
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