Egg ~0.04 inch (1 mm) long st Glued in place 1 stage nymph ~0.06 inch (1.5 mm) long Takes a blood meal then molts

LIFE CYCLE Adult (male & female) ~0.26 inch (6.5 mm) long Takes repeated blood meals; OF THE life span ~1 to 1½ yrs 2nd stage nymph ~0.08 inch (2 mm) long Takes a blood meal () then molts Note: These images depict bugs with a partly digested blood meal.

© The Ohio State University Dr. Susan C. Jones & Benjamin R. Diehl

5th stage nymph ~0.18 inch (4.5 mm) long 3rd stage nymph Takes a blood meal ~0.1 inch (2.5 mm) long then molts Takes a blood meal 4th stage nymph then molts ~0.12 inch (3 mm) long Takes a blood meal then molts The Bed Bug Has Not Changed for a Long Time

 And it’s a true bug (order ) so the correct spelling is “bed bug”—two words American Entomologist, Spring 2011

The Bed Bug Has Not Changed for a Long Time  But we have

http://neuroethicscanada.files.wordpress.com/2 009/12/6f81c.jpg It’s hard to get a handle on numbers The places we're finding them, global

88%89% 67 (80%)

17 (36%) 31% 35 (54%) 10 (36%) 12 (31%) 24 (46%) 5% 4 (19%)

Also, churches, day cares, libraries, summer camps, hostels, furniture and retail stores, restaurants, locker rooms, dressing rooms, prisons, fire and police stations, moving vans, ambulances, funeral homes, doctor’s offices, and dialysis clinics.

NPMA Bugs without Borders, Potter et al. 2010 United States  Requests for information through Dean Dusky’s office to all counties  47 of 67 counties responded  Feb 26-Mar 14, 2011  Requests for information per month  Gray, 0  Yellow, 1-4  Orange, 2-8  Purple, 3-12  Dark red, 6-12  Bright red, 11-15 MUVE Highlights Urban Entomology 2011

Steven M. Valles

USDA-ARS

Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology Gainesville, Florida 3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

Number of stories (2011) stories of Number 500

0 Urban Bed bugs Urban entomology and associated pests POPULAR PRESS 1200

1000

800 NAL Pubmed WWS

600

400 Number of of hits Number

200

0 Urban Bedbug Ant/ Urban entomology and associated pests SCIENTIFIC PRESS Research Highlights Genome/transcriptome sequencing of urban pests 2011

1. Bed bug, Cimex lectularius (2 studies) 2. Caribbean crazy ant, Nylanderia pubens 3. Argentine ant, Linepithema humile 4. Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta 5. Red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus 6. Carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus 7. Jumping ant, Harpegnathos saltator 8. Leafcutting ant, Atta cephalotes 9. German cockroach, Blattella germanica

Bed bug, Cimex lectularius

HIGHLIGHTS • Pesticide resistance pathways • Wolbachia present • Pesticide resistance genes • Up-regulated in pesticide exposed bugs • P450/GST • SNP/microsatellites

Omprakash Mittapalli Ohio State University Bed bug, Cimex lectularius

HIGHLIGHTS ‡ Source material: Insecticide susceptible and pyrethroid- resistant bedbugs (5200-fold)

‡ Cytochromes P450, GSTs, and carboxylesterases significantly overexpressed in resistant bugs

‡ Specific isozymes of each class of the detoxification enzymes were identified

‡ Multiple resistance mechanisms

Zach Adelman & Dini Miller Virginia Tech Bed bug, Cimex lectularius

Detoxification enzyme gene expression and abundance

Zach Adelman & Dini Miller Virginia Tech

Bed Bug Chemical Ecology

HIGHLIGHTS • Antennal morphology and volatile emission is similar to C. lectularius

• Two chemicals are emitted by adults and nymphs under stress (hexenal and octenal), but at different ratios

• Nymphs emit two unique chemicals

• Nymph could find application for control

Jette Knudsen Lund University, Sweden Clinical Infectious Diseases 52(2): 200 (2011) Review: Bedbugs

HIGHLIGHTS • Reviews the entomology, epidemiology and medical impact of bedbugs • Describe 45 candidate pathogens potentially transmitted by bedbugs, according to their vectorial capacity, inthe wild, and vectorial competence, in the laboratory

Statements about the ability to vector Chagas’ disease evoked a response⇝ from Jerome Goddard (Clinical Infectious Diseases 53(2): 210)

Pascal Delaunay Universite´ de Nice-Sophia Antipolis France Marc Romney St. Paul’s Hospital Vancouver, Canada

Emerging Infectious Diseases 17: 1132 (2011)

HIGHLIGHTS 1. Three patients from an impoverished community in Vancouver with high rates of homelessness, poverty, HIV/AIDS, and injection drug use were found infested with bedbugs

2. Hypothesized that these parasites may be vectors for the transmission of antimicrobial drug–resistant pathogens

3. Antibiotic resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE) were detected in these bedbugs

4. Bedbugs may act as a hidden environmental reservoir for MRSA and may promote the spread of MRSA in impoverished and overcrowded communities HIGHLIGHTS In a highly infested room kept at a constant temperature of 26◦C, females fed every 2.5 days on average ⇝ Coupled with information on the total number of bedbugs present in a room, they provide a method for the estimation of the minimum number of times persons ⇝lodging in a room have been bitten by bedbugs The sex ratio in the was female-biased Their case study suggests that individual female bedbugs within a⇝ harborage do not seem to feed at a regular rate, but tend ⇝to synchronize feeding patterns Klaus Reinhardt University of Sheffield, UK Pest Management Science 67: 734 (2011) HIGHLIGHTS • Insecticide evaluations against the tropical bed bug

• Different developmental stages were examined

• Insecticide recommendations made

Chow-Yang Lee Universiti Sains Malaysia HIGHLIGHTS • Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to distinguish bed bug eggs, leg fragments, and degraded samples from other that frequently occur in human dwellings

• This method provides a reliable technique for identifying C. lectularius, when morphological identification is not possible

Allen Szalanski University of Arkansas Bed bug monitoring

HIGHLIGHTS • Evaluated 3 monitors (with attractants) • CDC3000 • NightWatch • Home-made trap with dry ice • Relative effectiveness: Dry-ice trap>CDC3000>NightWatch • Monitors are effective tools in detecting early bedbug

Contributed by: Changlu Wang Rutgers Bed bug Cimex lectularius HIGHLIGHTS • Bed bug populations increasing • Pesticide resistance • Increased travel • Rooms with more clutter • Greater prevalence of bed bug-friendly furnishings • Pyrethroids most widely used • Pyrethroid resistance in FL, CA, OH, VA, KY • At least one state has requested an emergency exemption from the EPA to use propoxur

Contact Information Faith M. Oi University of Florida Entomology and Nematology Dept. Gainesville, FL 32611 [email protected]