Egg ~0.04 inch (1 mm) long st Glued in place 1 stage nymph ~0.06 inch (1.5 mm) long Takes a blood meal then molts
LIFE CYCLE Adult (male & female) ~0.26 inch (6.5 mm) long Takes repeated blood meals; OF THE life span ~1 to 1½ yrs 2nd stage nymph BED BUG ~0.08 inch (2 mm) long Takes a blood meal (Cimex lectularius) then molts Note: These images depict bugs with a partly digested blood meal.
© The Ohio State University Dr. Susan C. Jones & Benjamin R. Diehl
5th stage nymph ~0.18 inch (4.5 mm) long 3rd stage nymph Takes a blood meal ~0.1 inch (2.5 mm) long then molts Takes a blood meal 4th stage nymph then molts ~0.12 inch (3 mm) long Takes a blood meal then molts The Bed Bug Has Not Changed for a Long Time
And it’s a true bug (order Hemiptera) so the correct spelling is “bed bug”—two words American Entomologist, Spring 2011
The Bed Bug Has Not Changed for a Long Time But we have
http://neuroethicscanada.files.wordpress.com/2 009/12/6f81c.jpg It’s hard to get a handle on numbers The places we're finding them, global
88%89% 67 (80%)
17 (36%) 31% 35 (54%) 10 (36%) 12 (31%) 24 (46%) 5% 4 (19%)
Also, churches, day cares, libraries, summer camps, hostels, furniture and retail stores, restaurants, locker rooms, dressing rooms, prisons, fire and police stations, moving vans, ambulances, funeral homes, doctor’s offices, and dialysis clinics.
NPMA Bugs without Borders, Potter et al. 2010 United States Requests for information through Dean Dusky’s office to all counties 47 of 67 counties responded Feb 26-Mar 14, 2011 Requests for information per month Gray, 0 Yellow, 1-4 Orange, 2-8 Purple, 3-12 Dark red, 6-12 Bright red, 11-15 MUVE Highlights Urban Entomology 2011
Steven M. Valles
USDA-ARS
Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology Gainesville, Florida 3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
Number of stories (2011) stories of Number 500
0 Urban Termites Cockroaches Bed bugs Ants Urban entomology and associated pests POPULAR PRESS 1200
1000
800 NAL Pubmed WWS
600
400 Number of of hits Number
200
0 Urban Bedbug Termite Cockroach Ant Ant/pest Urban entomology and associated pests SCIENTIFIC PRESS Research Highlights Genome/transcriptome sequencing of urban insect pests 2011
1. Bed bug, Cimex lectularius (2 studies) 2. Caribbean crazy ant, Nylanderia pubens 3. Argentine ant, Linepithema humile 4. Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta 5. Red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus 6. Carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus 7. Jumping ant, Harpegnathos saltator 8. Leafcutting ant, Atta cephalotes 9. German cockroach, Blattella germanica
Bed bug, Cimex lectularius
HIGHLIGHTS • Pesticide resistance pathways • Wolbachia present • Pesticide resistance genes • Up-regulated in pesticide exposed bugs • P450/GST • SNP/microsatellites
Omprakash Mittapalli Ohio State University Bed bug, Cimex lectularius
HIGHLIGHTS ‡ Source material: Insecticide susceptible and pyrethroid- resistant bedbugs (5200-fold)
‡ Cytochromes P450, GSTs, and carboxylesterases significantly overexpressed in resistant bugs
‡ Specific isozymes of each class of the detoxification enzymes were identified
‡ Multiple resistance mechanisms
Zach Adelman & Dini Miller Virginia Tech Bed bug, Cimex lectularius
Detoxification enzyme gene expression and abundance
Zach Adelman & Dini Miller Virginia Tech
Bed Bug Chemical Ecology
HIGHLIGHTS • Antennal morphology and volatile emission is similar to C. lectularius
• Two chemicals are emitted by adults and nymphs under stress (hexenal and octenal), but at different ratios
• Nymphs emit two unique chemicals
• Nymph pheromone could find application for control
Jette Knudsen Lund University, Sweden Clinical Infectious Diseases 52(2): 200 (2011) Review: Bedbugs
HIGHLIGHTS • Reviews the entomology, epidemiology and medical impact of bedbugs • Describe 45 candidate pathogens potentially transmitted by bedbugs, according to their vectorial capacity, inthe wild, and vectorial competence, in the laboratory
Statements about the ability to vector Chagas’ disease evoked a response⇝ from Jerome Goddard (Clinical Infectious Diseases 53(2): 210)
Pascal Delaunay Universite´ de Nice-Sophia Antipolis France Marc Romney St. Paul’s Hospital Vancouver, Canada
Emerging Infectious Diseases 17: 1132 (2011)
HIGHLIGHTS 1. Three patients from an impoverished community in Vancouver with high rates of homelessness, poverty, HIV/AIDS, and injection drug use were found infested with bedbugs
2. Hypothesized that these parasites may be vectors for the transmission of antimicrobial drug–resistant pathogens
3. Antibiotic resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE) were detected in these bedbugs
4. Bedbugs may act as a hidden environmental reservoir for MRSA and may promote the spread of MRSA in impoverished and overcrowded communities HIGHLIGHTS In a highly infested room kept at a constant temperature of 26◦C, females fed every 2.5 days on average ⇝ Coupled with information on the total number of bedbugs present in a room, they provide a method for the estimation of the minimum number of times persons ⇝lodging in a room have been bitten by bedbugs The sex ratio in the infestation was female-biased Their case study suggests that individual female bedbugs within a⇝ harborage do not seem to feed at a regular rate, but tend ⇝to synchronize feeding patterns Klaus Reinhardt University of Sheffield, UK Pest Management Science 67: 734 (2011) HIGHLIGHTS • Insecticide evaluations against the tropical bed bug
• Different developmental stages were examined
• Insecticide recommendations made
Chow-Yang Lee Universiti Sains Malaysia HIGHLIGHTS • Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to distinguish bed bug eggs, leg fragments, and degraded samples from other arthropods that frequently occur in human dwellings
• This method provides a reliable technique for identifying C. lectularius, when morphological identification is not possible
Allen Szalanski University of Arkansas Bed bug monitoring
HIGHLIGHTS • Evaluated 3 monitors (with attractants) • CDC3000 • NightWatch • Home-made trap with dry ice • Relative effectiveness: Dry-ice trap>CDC3000>NightWatch • Monitors are effective tools in detecting early bedbug infestations
Contributed by: Changlu Wang Rutgers Bed bug Cimex lectularius HIGHLIGHTS • Bed bug populations increasing • Pesticide resistance • Increased travel • Rooms with more clutter • Greater prevalence of bed bug-friendly furnishings • Pyrethroids most widely used • Pyrethroid resistance in FL, CA, OH, VA, KY • At least one state has requested an emergency exemption from the EPA to use propoxur
Contact Information Faith M. Oi University of Florida Entomology and Nematology Dept. Gainesville, FL 32611 [email protected]