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ISSN1032-8106

GlendaGodfrey Pageheparation E.M. Mattiske& Associates...... Illustrations CALM Mapping ...... Maps CALM Public Affairs hoduction and Distribution I

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II^ JJYTIISSV aBe4 slualuoJ APPENDICES

I StatutoryReserves containing Sandalwood in WestemAustralia at 1990

II SeedViability andGerminafion after Storage 34

III Germinationof Seedat Nanogin 35

Mermination andSeedling Establishment of Sandahvood- Narogin 36

V Germinationand Seedling Establishment of Sanclalwood- Kalgoorlie 38

YI Effects of Site Cultivation on Artificial and Natural Regeneration 41

VII EffectsofBrowsing on Regeneration 44

VIII Effectsof Fire andCutting on SandalwoodRegeneration 46

IX RegenerationStudies at Narrogin 48

X SandalwoodGrowth Studies 50 'p?ou 'eruusl?>I.poo,rppues acuedJoordlrqqQ{ Ez 'pcou lsaJocalels elpu?dlc sorrrnJl? uorpJeueEelpoo,[ppu?S lemlgN zz

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Figures Page

I Distributionof W.A. Sandalwood(Santalum spicatum ) 2 2 Kalgoorlieyearly rainfall. 1960- 1989 11 i 3 Effect of cultivation on germinationand seedlingsurvival from natual seedsupply 17

Effect of fencingon spotsown seed 19

) Effect of fencingon germinantsof spotsown seed z0

6 Effect ofrainfall, drought,rabbits and fencing on germinationfor spotsown seed 21

7 Sectionalanalysis of Sandalwoodfees nextto Karramindieplot 1 25

8 Summaryofrelationship between number of stemsper tonneand the diameter class 26

9 Air dry weightof Sandalwood,showing loss in moisturecontent of freshgreen wood and variationin relationto seasonalconditions,l97l to 1974 26

Tables Page

I Summaryof climaticconditions for Kalgoorlie,Narogin andBunbury, 6

2 Host speciesrecorded for Santalumspicatum. 7

3 Summaryof Sandalwoodsowings in 1920to mid 1950s. 9

4 Summaryof seedviability andgermination tests after storage. 12

5 Percentagesurvival of seedlingsbefore and after the first summer (1978-19?9)and total suvival afterthe secondsummer (1979-1980). 14

6 Chemicalanalyses of thesurface soil in theKalgoorlie Arboretum.

7 Germinationof Sandalwoodfrom 200seeds per reatmentat Kalgoorlie. 14

8 Germinationand seedling survival from spotsowing of 100Sandalwood seedper plot treatment. 18

9 Effectsof fire andcutting on Sandalwoodregeneration. 19

10 Summaryof heightand stem diameter growth results for Sandalwoodat Karramindie and Scahill. 22

11 Summaryof Sandalwoodyield in tleesaged 44 yearsnext to Karamindie (Plot 1). zi t2 Growthrate of Sandalwoodat Narogin andKalgoorlie and the numberof years neededto reachcommercial diameter of 127mm(Diameter at 150mm above groundlevel - d.o.b.). 24

Linearregressions of variouscomponents of Sandalwoodtrees for diameterover bark under commercialsize (1,2) and all rees (3-9)in theEastern Goldfields and Gascoyne/ GreenoughRegions. n,\

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Suusa^rsq'3urdnq.t^BeqJottnsol ol pooi^Iepues V'l& 3o ,{llpqqdacsnsaq1 ,{q poqsrururrp e sY pelsa^nq s?^\ oJrnossr poo,^i\lepuespnplsor '(686I reqUnJsr alEJ[B^r^Jns pue uorleuruue8mol aql luesoJd eql su e8rel se seuu eeJql ,{1r1uunbe ueq,tr 'luaueluas .{olluo){) lucJ Jcd 0Z .rolaq lllts tnq'suore uotrllueld Jo s,i€p .{Irse aq1 Suunp elpcnr1sep sp,r 'se^Jesal '626I pue qJJPeser pelJalord ur raqSrq sr p,r.r,rrns uoq4roldxg Jo IJV poo.appuss s,lueuuo og otsls puc uoupuruue8Jo o1uJoqJ sureuror rlslr oreq,\\segru sql ol roud sreef perpunq oql ur Suuolruur e,l4rleduroc Jo dluof€u aql ur sornlueduel ur seuroJlxepue [[EJur"] pelloluoJun ruo{ petlls slnlS pue sdrunl5 JBlnBeJ.rJo lln$J e se Jrpous'udssr uoneu[ura8 paos pu? Suuaaold 'BrID.qsnVuelse^\Jo s'eeJspue eroul eql '(z/6I uoltog) ur (punor8 eql e,roqBtutu 09I te Jetetuerpuu 171) aas sdrqspcqper8 o1 pelcefqnsoro,r sraples,{ueurpue Ier3rorurxoJe ol ^\or8 ol sJee,{06 ot 0g uro{ se{sl eell (Z16I uoqpI,{Jr\Dluoru.{oldtue o^rl?urelp 01urnt ol puq poo,rppucs uorlu4sny tue1se16eqa s8uqpoaseql Jo senr crlo3;lJo^\IEJoI eqt epur1 poo,^.rlspws eql ur sdurnlseql NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY S. mwrayanum (It4itch.)C. Gardner(Bitter Quandong) The taxonomy of the Westem Australian Sandalwood are widely distributed throughout Australia. All three (Santalumspicatun) has recently been summarizedin lack aromatic fragrance, but Plumbush contains oil. Flora of Australia (George 1984). Plumbush has an ovoid, dark plum-like fruit and is wi&sFead in EopicalAustralia and the Nortlrcrn Tenifory, Shrubto 4 m tall, Bark rough, grey. Brancl ets sdrff,spreading. kaves lanceolateto nanowly elliptic, and extends south through the interior areasof most flat, obtuso; lamina 2-7 cm long, 3-15 mm wide, mainlandS tates. Quandong fruit hasared outer covering, cancolorous,gey-green;petiole 3-5 mm long.Flowers a €eply pitteO slone and an oily, edible kemel; Biner numerous in panicles, scented;peduncle 3-5 mrn long; pedicels1mm long. Receptaclol-1.5 mm Quandong hasa bitter brownish-redouter covering and long. Tepalstriangular-ovate, 1.5-2 mm long, scurfy a finely pitt€d stone.The Sandalwoodfruit is illusEated inside,red-green, persistent in ftuit; hair tufts small. in Plate Disc shortly lobed. Style 0.5 mm long; rtigma 6. Quandongand Bitter Quandongae wideqpread bilobed.Drupe 1.5-2cm diam.;epicarp green or throughoutthe warmerparts of temperateAustralia. As browg mesoca4rfirm, usuallyadhering to endocalp Santalumspicatwn has beenexploited commercially in when ripe; endocarpsmcnth. Ssndalwood. WestemAustralia, the researchon this specieshas been more extensive.The researchfindings by the former Four species of the gents Santalutnocctr in Westem Forests Department and the crurent Department Austalia. Westem Australian Sandalwood (Santalwn of Conservationand Land Managementare summarized in spicatum, (R.Br.) A. DC.) is found only in Westem this Bulletin. Unlessspecified otherwise, Sandalwood, Australia and South Australia, but the other tbree species or W.A. Sandalwoodin this Bulletin refersto the species - S. hnceolatum R.Br. @lumbush), S- acuminatum SantalumsDicatum. G..Br.)A. DC. (alsocalled Quandongor CandleNut) and .y.16 aq:oot1e; lueureSeuyt{ prre.I pue uorle,uesuo3 go lueuqredeq I

(llDJur?JroJ sqluoru .plerqsu?uqu?c-erd elqcrl3I tsolx €q1Suraq .{lnl-,4shl) lsnfnV Jo pua eq1ol u?rleltsnvurelso/v\ eql Jo se^nureluraql puupaqsrolu,{\ I|r^I-prru g'g puB'. 'so{el ruo4 sqluou tnl Jo prraaql ot rlolf,I I Iquourtuosaql uro{ luesqBsr lI l["s puBlurJo -prru uro{ sqtuoru g't uea,trlsq, ru,r suosuos8ur^lolB sur3ls,{se8curcrp urBur orll punoru puB'(I 8rd) suorSod eqt c3e.re,luug ea.ra.rnspue eleuru:ra8ol sorjedse^qeu eufocsegpue qSnouaerC or.ll ur sostnoJ-Jolp/tluuos?os Io ,(lrlrqBeql uo IJJJJope{.leu e a,tcq o1 reeddz sl1eds ;o sadols,{e1Ju,req1 ur luoserd sr pooatppues uur1l;4snv ,,fupeseql'sqluorl] ',{1pnsn '(Et6t) e^rlnf,esuor6 pue 1'g.rog:nrco,(etu uro1ss16 pneg Jo u-rals,(seSeumrp 'ulu oq.looSpyp qlads ,4.rq 16 8u8ura,c ounf Jo r{luolx -oeupdo$ ,{qpapr^ord s poo,tlupue5uulp-osnv u3lse,|\ cql qlr,^'rurrr,92 srarl.roo8p; tc 11u;urolueaut eqJ Jo uortnqqsrppeoJq eql SwddeurJoJ lro^leut{ V S'IIOS (INV T TUOdONV'I 'L clcld ur petBjlsnlll aJI]orUooAIsX JBeu poo,rlpprrEs jo sSerlojumo:c aqt uo sunlluetelJo slJeJJeoqJ.sjso{ '(uotl?trunuuoc puosJed.tuod?J Jo ^luelnSorcql pue uosEasSur,tror8 eql3o q13uc1aqt puc,{oll[e){) e8ueJ s1r acmosolpoo,rlDpuES 'll8Jul8r lnoq8norql lo ,&ueln8cl 3ql ol el?leJot r?eddeqt,^,lor8 puu plol eqt peurlwnb pue uo4nqqlsrp ssBlJozrs puB pool ppurs lucurqqlqBtsa roJ sesua.roJJlpIcrppr eqJ telrqeq'uopnqqsrp qo eSpel,,trouleql peloJdurr .(llco:B lusrussessBorll 's{f,eJlpus spaorsseJ3s elq€llB^B 3rA 'elu:eueSerol ',(qderSoloqd uorl?JrJrJo,{puno:8 pue ,fus8eurrlespuey ,{tlllqr stl osp pw seturql.llor8 slr'ecueJmJJo slr lerlrur I?!e? pesn lueurssessaaqJ oJJnosetpoo,rppuDs Suurtujeleprn .I lBJluJ elu suoqDuocJDuunlJ eql alqrJ plol puB uollsaol eql euruJelepol uelElepun su,\L ur pezrJeurunsoJe ,{:nqung pue urSo::eg 'e11:oofp; poo,rppws Joluorussess" rrp tg6l pue0g6l u33,rl3g JoJspjoJer orl?urllf,eqJ'pessnJsrp oslB ere ^[qung JoJ 'uollessng suorlrpuoJf,llprurlJ aql os l€ s8urlueldaruos '(1xrpueddy) pepnlf,uroslp slprq ,{llcE's?eJ? pLtBpuE pu?-rues oql 'sIJ€d se^nsel{rsqurJ puBso^Jesel{ eJnl€N Ieuoll?N qBno:ql ol er1roo31e; urSormNtuoq suorleuoJ Jllsrul[f, 'slseroColelS 'so^lase){ poo,rlBpues uo suorldocxeqlr^l aSucre re,ro srnoJopoo,rluputtS 'SurzErB 1o uurl?Isnv tuolsoi& doeqsJoJ estrel Jepun aJ? poo,rlspuss s?aJE .dJYNI'IJ Jo SuruuurereqlJolsot'{(IZ6I) elood-euu1,(qs9761 dlrua eql ur pstou sE^lseeJs eqlseqlaer$ ut poon\pprrBs '(t/6I ,e9 'sq qqaid pue prseg : I86I pu? q9L6I L6I Jo ssol srql uolllru Z9 punoJesr Suqsslrreq:oj 'q9 L6l'e9L6I'n L6I'3ZL6I'qZL6I'eU 61 presg)sdeu oJqtll?^?sereeqlpuBpoo^rppuesJoue.nurEtx eqJ .xrl uoqeleBe,rs,prusg uo surels,{s uonu1eBe,rreprqrud qlrm uolllruryI tnoq?ol BquorTlnx tI ,(qEq uor rru 06 ruoI] pattlorJoJ .8rd) oq uuc sulollad snot,re:d eq1 sra:tt outlas poo,\\lspupSJo uoqnqlrlsry urEu aql po3nper ser{ ( I erolll eql uo sarlruntuurotpodoueqJ oql pue ( llonj,{ C) Jloqleeqldoql r4 luourdole,reppmlncuSe:o; Suuuey3 sLtqnlos Apue( any1g) oroltldouotulrrA,(ueprel l xe 'IIon''{ '(]Joplr-IN) d ( llenw'd) stutor|8uol g sDpanp '(I '3rg) (sprocar 'qdunxe - swdQocng roJ snuo8euo Jo serre6 a-nrd6ourp unF?qroH olels uBrIE,0snVulolselA :tg6l o8Joag) Jo spuulpoo,r eql spro^E wntocrds wnlo|uog e?ue; uortnqlqsp uleu aql Jo quou eql ol ss3$ pezrTssol ser:ads eqt q8norql pera1lels pup Juln8eut e$ se3uatmJJo urpoprof,er ueeqe^eq s1ue1d puorlJppy (I'8rC)so8ueg reqto 'slros ,{?lJ eqt uo swdtprng Jo spuepoo^\ Suqruqaq1 uo eerutseroJ ureu eqlJo eSulg Jeup aql sP lucJ?tpe eql Jo se6uuJ oql uo pu? suot8eg su,tocseg r?Js€ lso^\ pue 09€Jo epnluBl s ol qlnos.€rl84snv qlnos put:tqSnoueeJC eqt ur souq e8eurerpuruur aq1 go sedols olur urBldroqJ8llnN eqt punoJeurelsds olsl eql 6uol? Je,rol pr^nII?eql '(uo^lBuru3 uo serJeds,tJrJyJo spuBlqnrqs,rolur sprBrts€a goqrou uq gg ,{lEuurxo:dde)5"16 ,{llu?urluoperdsrn33o poo/{IppuES u€rJ?Jlsny uJelsal\ spnlqeJuo4 ,(Irruu palnqrlslpsD^\ poo^\ppws BIu.qsnV NOIIVJSCTA tuolse71!ur ernllncu8eJo lueurdole^epaql ol JorJd

lBllqBH puB uortnqlrlsl( The mean annual maximum temperature for occur in Narrogin once in 2.5 years.The length of the Kalgoorlieis 25.1'C,while themean annual minimum growingseason is 5.6 monthsat Narrogin. The mean temperatureis I 1.5'C.Based on screentemperatures in annualmaximum temperature at Narogin 1s22.2'C, Kalgoorlie , thereare 10 frosts per year under2.2"C and while the meanannual minimum temperature is 9.9"C. the frost-free period over 2.2"C ls297 days per year. Basedon screentemperatures, there are 7 frosts per year under2.2'C. The climatic extremesare less severein the Wheatbelt and coaslal areas where trial plantings of The meanannual rainfall at Bunburyis 871mm. Sandalwoodhave beencarried oul Dry periodsof six consecutivemonths may occur in Bunburyonce in threeyears. The lengthofthe growing Narrogin, Perth and Bunbury all have a seasonis sevenmonths at Bunbury. The meanannual mediterraneanclimate with 75-85per centofthe annual maximumtemperature at Bunburyis 21.9'C,while the rainfall predominantly in the winter months (May to meanannual minimum temperature is 12.4'C.Based on Octoberfor Narogin - 78 per centof the totalrainfall, screentemperatures, there are two frosts per year under Table 1). The meanannual rainfall at Nanoginis 504 2.2"C. mm. Dry periodsof seven consecutivemonths may

Table I SUMMARY OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR KALC'OORLIE. NARROGIN AND BUNBIJRY (Extractedfrom recordsof Bureauof Meteorology - Perth)

Ian Mar Apr May Aug s"p Dec Year

KALGOORLIE Temperature("C) - 48 years of Records MeanMaximum 33.6 31.9 29.7 25.1 20.4 r7.5 16.5 18.3 22.1 25.6 28.9 32.0 25.1 '7.8 Mean Minimum 18.2 17.6 r5.9 r2.4 8.3 4.8 5.4 10.8 13.9 16.5 11.5

Rainfall (nm) - 50 Yearsof Records Mean Rainfall 22 28 19 19 28 3l 26 15 16 18 15 25',7 Mean Raindays 3 4 45 7 8 9 5 4 4363

NARROGIN Tempercture("C) 22 Yearsof Records Mean Maxirnum 30.8 29.9 27.1 22.5 18.3 15.3 14.6 15.1 17.3 21.2 24.9 28.9 22.2 Temperature('C) 21 Yearsof Records Mean Minimurn r4;t r4.9 13.5 10.9 8.2 7.0 5.6 6.3 8.1 10.? 12.8 9.9

Rainfall (nvn) - 98 Yearsof Records MeanRainfall 10 l7 21 30 65 92 89 68 47 34 18 13 5M Mean Raindays 2 3 4 6 11 l) 15 14 11 9 5 3 98

BWBURY Tehperutue ("C) 21 Yearsof Records Mean Maximum 27.8 28.2 26.0 22.5 r9.9 r?.8 16.9 17.0 18.0 20.2 22.5 25.5 2r.9 Temperature ('C ) 20 Yearsof Records Mean Minimum 16.4 17.0 t5-4 1,3.2 l1.l 9.7 9.0 o7 11.0 12.9 14.9 12.4

Rainfall (ntn) - 108 YearsofRecords Mear Rainfall 11 12 22 46 128 183 17]. 124 80 54 26 14 871 '7 Mean Raindays 2 2 4 14 18 20 17 14 1l 6 4 t\9 'lsoq crl eArArnsuec qJrq,r'e1rserude1e311qo uesr'srseqlu,tsoloqd oioJcqerp IIr,1\elsered eqt sse4stq8norp aue:1xaJspun lo elqr?deJq8noqlp'wnt?Jrds unpluDs'eroJa.raql l[ql pettlrpur e^Eq suoqe^rasqo lleds &p B Surlnp 'acuelsrxe qlmoj8 urelureur,{yurlnq'1q3norp spuutsqlr,r dtuo lou [€uorl3unJpe1rur11 e fluo 'uo4qdepe poo,rJnpucsuurplsny rucls:16 srqlJo suBeu a^eq erJolsneqeql qBnoql1e'sJequnue8rel ur pecnpord fg sluc1dlsoq Jo surols,{sloor:edeep pue e^rsualxo eJtrBuotsnBqeqJ (9361 lueurgedeq stserodrrullltrlsnV oql tuo{ lueuqsunou ,{\eJpol lr s,{rollBlrqrq Jnr$JBdslr uralsold:926I ueqreH) dloue^ pue :aqunu ur ,&e,r 'ttlels,(s toor,roJlurls E snq poo,^AFTpuESue{uIsnv ruclsc./l& F€ruuo 8ur^rl eq,(eurlueldeuo qcrq,trslsoq;o aSuereq1 'ru€ts,,ts 'serJeds q8aoqtlv looJ orll puB punor8 e,roqu looqs JeqloJo stooJrllr^\ tunuolsneq plelel e acnpo.rd 'poo,rppucs eqllo ql,&ojfl eqt roj olqf,lrr^B sr poos"rll Jo uredsopue orllJo slooJlualq elrsuelxe eqt uo dolaa.ap aqlJoluarrlnu oql olrq^\anunuoJ ot elqesr 1ueld lsoq e;o qJrq.^\'slooJeurJ cqJ (926I) lleqreH fq pazuDruuns luepuedepullueudole^ocl'qlun,ll ptrs31rUsrolu luallgJns uaeq suq snuo8 wnlDtuDs oql ur ursrlrsu:tldtooJ eqJ 'pos ue.rr8 eq1olur ,{lprdcr scrrnqpue alllgq pue SuoI sr I{ISIJJSVdYd peasSurluururcS cql Jo elJrptreql suoqrpuotlq8norp ol peloepE-lle/ sr poo,rlBprr?suBrlsrlsnv ulalseld 'uosees8ur,tor8 eql Sur:npsloorlsoq elqqrns roJ qa$:s 'slooJ J,HCNOUq OI NOIIYTdVOY oql ,{reuoJslooJ JepoeJourJ pro1u1aq1 1o q13ue1 ',4lleraue9 'plerJ eloq,{ oql 8uof, eql u! os op ,{loru.rlnq 'ee4 lueredeq1 o1 f.Inlur JelJrslooqs elEraua8er uec sl1nq (AIe1.EIg) o opuo 0t sw dtp tn n loor aqJ'(8 el?ld) slrosdpues deap ur ua^a'deep tutu 'u (' qtueg) oqa ru d 0rol sntd{p rn g 002 ueql erou puelxe ,{lere:1nq gg-97 rol unr feur ( rg'd,) Duolu|soddoo|qdowatg poo,!\l?pu8s u?llBrlsnv urslseld Jo slooJ Ielatsl eqJ ( 3nj.r,tJ) upla{plo Dlrydoud.tg SIOOd (lezlud g pup sler( rulslptq)DLlJuouotDlnldowalg ',-ru ( xnll/i g) Lta$daap otqrlowatg 3) 018 sr (.{rp rru) luetuoJ ernlsrourluac rad g1 1u (' tg 6.) o tl oltuta 4o ol uqdow atX ,{1suoe Iro poo,rppue5 cpeuore .{18uoIScql urr',luoc '(uaorq ( [enl^{ J oppqol DaDuopoO sloor eql pu? poo^ruueq eqJ IrBp ^llDnsn) ('brw) \J1Js!.nDUUD SD) poo,tl"Eoq puB (,^AoIIa.{aIPO poo^ldss sapnlJtn poo r eqJ (1a3on xa uunJ) DltUdjnau DnsDJ ooo,{r ('3zttg ,U) DuDtuDptDL!rDlssDJ 'd-mcopuo 'punor ( ttcnl,t'g) o11f,r1douo7 o4a1 orto ty ro lnu reuur qloours? pur drucrde ( 34IC',^A)DlIKtldoutt DDprV Jetnou,r\oJq-uct ,4leql8al B s?qlrn-IJ edu aq1 'drunrqag (qlueg') salz1luaq DtJ0)v pu€,ft€nuelSuunp punor8 eql ol lIeJpu€'fJenuut (\luag) sapl04alpJ DtsDJv puEreqolJo uea,rleq,{lpnsn emlBtuslrn4 eqa '.te11 'llanlll ( qluag xa d) DinauDDrrDrV lnoq€,{q pedolo^ap,(llnJeJe suossolq ulPureql pue 'uunln? l' qlnzg) olDutun2p pt2D Jv ol (,fteruqoClnoqB) Jeuurns-plu uro4 J€edde 'fJEIIrxB 'spnq pu? I?ultu.rol Je^rouJo selstusd sJue, 'srce( WNJVJI]S WN'I{JNVS uelos Jo xrs ls slasdoropees $nJ eql pue JnoJ UOd CqCUOJTU SEIJAdSJSOH :o aa:q13oaEe aql le spnqJo,rou s€Jnpo:d poo.,ryupue5 'eom z elqsr uslpJlsnv uretseld uqqodo4aurqttod eql uI

'(696t tln1 :3761 .(7961.{ey8pag) su:aned 'odeqs 'uJoJ rauprBg:9261 ueqroH) ,rrrry pugswdtprnl erene? Eurlrn4puu moloc JeeI lqAraqur,{lqrqnue,r '(Z oqlJo ,(llensn olq€I) soraedslsoq Jo a8uur epr.tr u uo reql ,(q poqsrn8ulsrparv unpJuDSJo serJedser{J euolsneq3o lueurdole^ap cql qgnoql Stnsnrsprud,(qIIuo .{CO'IONSHd

poonalBpuBsJo saJnlBedearldrJJsa( SANDALWOOD OIL oil). Extractsfrom the sapwoodat 22 and47 yearshave The British Pharmacopoeiadescribes Sandalwood oil yieldedi3 and19 percent respectivelyof theextracts as: of theheartwood (i.e. percentages ofoil in thesapwood a colourlessor paleyellow oily liquid with a of 0.2 and0.4). Exfiactsfrom the sapwoodof mature charactedstic odou afld wpleasant taste, containing treesat Narrogin haveyielded 22 per centof the extracts not less than 90 per cent of free alcohols. WIV of heartwood(0.6 per centof oil in the sapwood). Matue Mass permillilit e i6 0.964 to0.974Irams, soluble limits (Ravensthorpe) I in 3 to 6 of 70 per centalcohol. treesat the southem of distribution yieldedabout 1.5 per cent oil or half of theyield of trees WestemAustralian Sandalwood oil, hasan optical from the arid region. Oil yield from heartwoodat 15 rotationof -8"to -3". EastIndian Sandalwood oil hasan yearsof ageon coastalsand near Perth was 0.5-1.0 per opticalrotation of -15' to -21', hasmore odour and is cent,or aboutquarter of that of inlandmature trees. morebitrer. The opticalroradon of t}e cilof S.lanceolmun (Plumbush)is from -3tr to -4ff. Theoilsfrom thesetwo Auniquemethodwas used to extractthe Sandalwood W.A. Santalumspecies could be blended to producethe oil. Thisinvolved subjecting the finely groundwood to sameoptical properties as the EastIndian Sandalwood extractionwith a volatilesolvent, then the exfiactwas oil. vacuumdistilled @ock 1967).The medicinalvalues of the oils of the Ssntqlumspp. were recognizedby the The oil hasa specificgravity of 0.975at 15.5"C,a Aushalian aboriginesand early settlers(Aboriginal refractiveindex of 1.507at20'C, and total alcohols over Communitiesof the NorthernTerritorv of Australia 90 percentassantalol. These are principally alcohols of 1988). thesesquiterpene group. Anomalouspropenies ofWestem AustralianSandalwood oil havebeen explained by the Sincethe discoveryofpenicillin andtlre development contentoffarnesol, an acrylicprimary alcohol (Birch et of modem antibiotics,the medicinal importanceof al.1953). sandalwoodoil has declined. In recent years the sandalwoodoil has beensubstituted as a fixative in Thecommercial yield of oil variesfrom 2.4 to2.9 pet cosmetics,soaps and perfumes. Despite this decline the cent for roots andbutts. Treesfrom semi-aridareas have commercialoperations have been mainfainedfor the beenrecorded as producing lhe highest quality oil (Wesf€m uniquearoma of sandalwoodjoss-sticks. Prior to June AustralianForests Department 1925). Relativelyfast 1950,sandalwood oil salesexceeded the value of the grown planlation trees in the Dryandra Forest, near woodsales by $1 195460. The exportvalue of theoil Narrogin,at 22 and 47 yearshave y ielded. 49 and7 4 pet was similarto tiat of the raw wood until 1971,when centof theyield of maturetrees (i.e. 1 per cert - 2 percent thesesupplies ceased. '3ur,ros :eq8rq eq'(0S6I-026I) g-rodeg pnuuy rueuuedcq slsaJoJul?llBJlsnv luelsei& aqt pu? spJoJoJ]u3u.ru?d3c poo,.dl€plr€Serl Wr,r\,{lsnoeurrlnulrs Jo aloJeqJarlro u,\\os slsojoc ur pszrmuulns suoue^Jasqolo srseq eql uo a:e,,n(ya8on xe uunJ) oltqdowau otsso3 pue ( qtueg) uo!lsullurac salalrwaq otJDJV Jo spaestuesqe ro ,tAsJ€to,,!\ slueld 'set}:ds tsoq aJoq,{\sear" F)luonruodxcuI lsoq prluelod 'sprsnB 3utttau Jo ^lrsuepoqt uo SurpuedopSur,rosJo ^lrsuapeqt :sluBld elltt ro seqnl uoJrpczrue,rle8 Sursn pelmlold ueuo c.te,{ lsoq qtEeuoq,{lelerpeulxr u,ros eJentrspeos 'Jrlls?Jed sr 'IZ6I s8ur^ros's?crDpelseJur{rqq€l uI '{Jots rrlscruop puB poo^dl€puestpqt ur',{re^ocsIpaqt 3ur,ro11og qrqqr:'soofiSuzlcpnpxo ol poJucJaJe,r seoJ?]sot{ '(urAoJJBN-erpuE.{rQ) ulu 00I ol 09 ro (eruoo8lB)) 'luauqJelle 'sle^relur lsoq ol :oud poued eqt ruru gg o167 30 qldep E ot ur os peoseql pu€ .]q8ru:o,lo flur^r^insJo eJwqJ Jcncqs s8urp"cs Sunor orll e^e3,{cql ur t ol t l? roq B q1l,1Apauasool s€^\ lros eql 'ro^9,rorl 1q3noq1se,n 1r csnecoq u,ros JIJA1(u[u gI ta^o) speos pe{eos pm pe{Jel:) s?^\ paes eql '$sel oulos 'ezrs re3:e1cq1 JoJ poppr8 ueuo cJc,1Aspeas eqJ uI lueulee.!-o:dlnoqtr,r u,,iros,41ensns€,r peeser{J

D|D1pDlSnUtd pue '(t elqEJ) ((Ja) DlDqdaroqdwo8 ntsoud mm4 1o stotlvtrcld snfiqnnA)l]]Pt|oJo spuqs 8ur^ or8 ,4FeuJoJ)uoll.ssng 'lserod SunoA et€ts VN 9T-I'6I le spu?s^\ottc,{ ot oruoo8lp)tE sr[?ol-fpues uro.r;'seddt NOJTqSSNg IrosJo eBuerE uo peqsrlqelsasre,lt sloyd Iaueuir,redxe Jo '(tt6I ssues€ - 6Z6I) sreef uorss.rdeq aqt ?ur:n6 tserocolBs 'pclentr?^e Eeuu,{rc $lJolg sa\ols eq plnoJ peqsrlqelsedpee{? sEeje pueqlrus'sreted'ur{eJoJ eqt uorJ stlnseJIrlun Sul,ros peoldsapr,r terlunJ eseeJ 'Iro)i ',{sro 'It6I '0€6I pl€g Ioi r-r'0 9s6r ot eperrls€,lt uorsrrep ? uI ,tq pq 0g9I ol 'sJc11nd tzf,8 .^res"d prpu?,{rc 0I-9 rg6r peseeJJurs?.r u.ros pe& lslolaqJ poo,nppwg 's9761 1gg97a,rreseg Surrapucg t6 9Z6r tJp4uof, dq dUBrol peul?tqo spees8u$n sq Sur.rnp 'v'1\\ 1ggET e,r:asag Suuepueg 06 tz'7761 poo,r{ppues qll/( u,{os ero/d eq z6I toqunJ v I80gZe^rosed Suuopuog 9I rz6l s096IOIr'\r Or 0z6I- SgI(nIS NOrJvusNgCgu NI2OAWN '3IXIl

se^Jasaupoo^\ppuPS ql!,{ ,(llllq?l^ rlew asol sercedsuerpul lspg eqt Jo spoes 'rloolBJ llltl?as pu? eueuooJ 8-r 0E-826r eql tsql pe]?crpure^?q suot€^resqo pu? (tg6I a8rmC) 'v lsJoc elels aQUIUIBIJPX 99'r8t 0E-926r poo,rlBpuES i{ eql uer{lJsllpurs aJ" lell?l eql Jo spees ',{toerJ e^resel{ sql eleuru:e8 lou prp satJedsuBrpq lssE aql poo^\l?pues oprsary.I €8[ 8Z6r lsaluoc uI dlae:; peteurruro8pooalepues V iA aql '3rrr^{oJ ssorJ uraqlnos rEiu O9I LT,6I aruoo)'IVt 'u,ros aJe,\\ (wnqp wnpuDs) sarJedsuerpul ls?g eW pue (wwDxlds .s6gl uol loJo-J (Dq)Darv alDO unlDluDs) poo,^i\I€pu?s y'ld a^rleu eql qtog lsn8nv ur slnu poo^rppups qll/( petueld pue porueJ 'peq8no1d ',4lle4lul (suodJglpnuuv tueutredeqslsarog se,r dlls8ur4 r?eu ?q Z Jo eore ue '968I-568I uerle.rlsnvtuelsa1\ pue selrC ptueuruudaq uo pos?g) ur (lueuru€do( spu€'I eW Jo qou"rq ? s€) s096I CII^I OJ 0Z6I NI luoruuedee slseJodpup spooideqlJo uorl€rruoJeql JeuB SCNIIdOSCOOI{TVCNVS COAUVJ^IhINS paJuJruruoJprle-qsnv uelsel u poo,r,rppue51o3uuue14 ' AIqBI s68I - SAI(nrS NOIJVdSNSCSUI.'IUYS

poo^\lBpuBSuo rlJrBaseuJo dro1sr11 germination of Sandalwood was obtained from fresh Pests seed, reabd by soaking ovemight. Although some In theseseries of trials, the surviving sccdlingsof buried seed gcrminated four years after sowing, two Sandalwoodwere prone to rabbitatack duringthe first years was recognized as the useful limit of viability threeto four years.Although the scedlingsresproutcd, (Wcstem Australian ForestsDepartrnent 1927). heavylosses were experiencedfollowing continuous grazing.In mostinstances, rabbits browsed the seedlings Germination rates were invariabty low, and higher in late summerwhcn othcr fodder stockswere very germination ratesoccurred only aftcr one or more years degraded(Westem Australian Forests Department 1925). of rainfall, usually excccding 100 mm or more, or 25 mmpermonth for threemonlhs from the time of sowing. Insectattacks on regenerationwere first notedin June1930, when new shoots and leaves wcre desfoycd Observarionsindicated tlnt sowing in Januaryfavourcd by thc larvaeof a nativeChrysomelid beetle (Western seedgermination. Gcrmination ofthe seedsappeared to AustralianForests Departmcnt 1930). Such attacks be favoured by the higher tcmpcraluresin the summer appcarto be periodic; however, at times diseased months (Tablc 1). Other obseNations indicated that the Sandalwoodwas heavily affectedby scaleinsects of pattern of sowing in late summeror early autumn, with Mytilaspis and Eriococcus species. Damage to opcning rains in autumn, followed by wintcr rains, Sandalwoodbywood borcrs and defoliators was usually produced highcr seed germination results. Thcrcfore, nof widespread. the combination of tcmpcratures and prevailing soil moisture levels appearedto be thc main determinantsof Summary favourable seedgerminalion. Theseearly regenerafion studies indicated that germination and survivalof Sandalwoodwas most successfulon Establishment and Survival waterrun-on siles, and in areaswhere there was a range On the basis of observations summarized in Forests of potentialhost species. Seeds of 18 mm or morein Departrnentrecords and the Westem Austlalian Forests diametcrfavoured gcrmination and two to thee spot- DepartrnentAnnual Reports(1920-1950), the bcst overall sownseeds at a dcpthof25 to 50 mm directlybelow the cslablishmcnt and survival results were achicved on canopyoft}Iehost species favoured the establishment of lower slopeswith loam or sandy loam soils. Light soils Sandalwood. gave poor results in the dry scasons,while in the wet . seasonsclay soils gave poor rcsults becauseseeds were REGENERATION STUDIES 7973TO 1979 washed away (Wcstcm Australian Forests Departrnent Fifty yearsof obsewations:urd measurements had Fovided 1925, 1927, 1930). usefulinformation on Sandalwoodestablishmcnt, grcwft rateand yields. Data on rcgcncrationwere still lacking Prior to host attachment,seedlings protectcd from and furtherresearch programs were developedin the the directrays of the sunsuruivcd three to five months 1970s.In 1973,a new seriesof plotswere designed to longerthan cxposed seedlings. cxaminc the managementof W.A. Sandalwood regenerationin the inlandMtlga (Acaciaaneirrz, F.Muell. Grassand shrub growti on thelight to mediumsoils ex Benti.) and Eucalyptwoodlands. The work was was observedto protcct and sometimesto providc carriedout in thc Kalgoorlieand Nanogin areas. Thc temporaryhost tissue for the Sandalwoodsccdlings in obscrvationsand results are summarized by topicin thc their establishmcntgrowth pcriod (WestemAusfralian followingchapters. ForcstsDepartment 1927). REGENERATIONSTUDIES . I98I Thebest establishment and suryival rates werein the On thebasis of thercscarch carricd out from 1895to orderof 1pcr cent at Kalgoorlie amd Dryandra-Narrogin. 1979a seriesof trialswere established in theDryandra The growthpotential of 28-year-oldSandalwood, that forestnear Narrogin to invcstigatethe regenerationof establishedand survived,is illustratedat FrankBlock Sandalwoodwith a diversity of seeds,seedlings and (Plate9) andStokes Block (Plate10). germinanson a rangcof siteconditions. The obscrvations andresultssummarized in thefollowing chaptcrs should assistfutulc rcgcncrationo[ Sandalwoodon an oFrational andplantation scalc. (686I - 096I) IleJurerflree{ erpoo8p;q 3 arn31g

( tlur; a6Dra^V-+- | !L!) sto,ot ona,tv VZ

6a, aa, 18, 98, 98, tB, 98, ZA, LB, OA, 61, 41, LL, 9L,91, bL, fL, ZL, tZ, 01, 69 89, 19, 99, E9, t9, 99, 29, 19, 09,

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Surreprsuocd1a41 sr s€'sJrJeds aql parno^eJsuorlryuoJ {sollng puerloopJ l? suons^Jesqo sle^01uo!3npo.ro peeseql lceJJeosl? u€J seeJlpoo^rlEpuss uBrJar|snv looJlPrll pJpnlJUoJ aH srJlut,rploc puuurur ;udy qtr.4\polBlerloa (ra^ru uosrq3rnl orll qtnou oqt lll4seld erl Jomo8l^ luslFssr pu€suonlpuoJ et$ eqJ se^\ l Jo raeu) neIJ I ls lcsrnIJ'lsrlt pepjoJoJ (9L6I) sor^eq '(gZ6t) tucrutrudcqslserod uBIl?.Dsnv uelse/{ 'p^al (ruelred eql Jo sJeirJJo,{qJarlrpe ep?u iralr sEueurJJelrurs rL6l:eq8rqaqr;o 'suonnqr.usrp 'sessetord gZ peeslu3ol paJuenuu J^€q ,(eu 0I u?qtssel sas€J eulos ur) tuoJ Jed usqlssol ot uelte; 're^e^\oH'7161 e^Ilse8rpreql q8no.rql'snr.uel€ql potsJrpurtueuruodxe peq uoqrnpordpcrs'8t6I dq ur do:c srql Suunpsuorle^resqo sqluou uel JoJseel lueJud p3astu€punq? pu? peeJdsepr,r? dq pe,tolloJosle s€^\ '8rJ) aqt:apunSurdl.rage:aqotcg ur dn pelcrdsur*t1 117szn erlroo8l€) l? 9161ur:eef 1e,,vreql (Z (lq8norp uruSolq red rsqrunupeas o8urc,re aqJ 'seaueue^ord eql Suunp a8ae,le eqt Jo tueJ Jod gg s€1{ II€Jurer psuo eJurs eq:oo31q4eql Jo lsql uergro8rel ,{1qeeclou seat pees lunuue)696I ur tq8noJpJee,{-JnoJ e Jo eqt 'serJodpu€snoql pJJs pup peJe^\ou sql o^\t ot Iruuro{ oaueJe qlr,{'r{Jpe eun tsru eql roJ lJs at1:ooEleyte 'u13o.ue51 poo^\Jspuss ItL6l pdy rog .laspaes pu€ spaes002-0gI 3o e8era,reue pecnpo.rd ruau eql ur'elduruxe '€rpuE,{rc 'dre^orer ^\ollB gap€ou ts seer gtJo pusls,(pr9 Io-I eW'8L6I uI Suuo^\ou un oro IInJ ol e]3 IJeJulBr 'sJEa,{ qfrq ,(lqeuoseerJo smo,{o^llncesuoo o.tit or'rl 'oAPJe^e euourpeesles a^oqeere,{\ uBJuIeJ SuruuDdslq8noJp?JaU?'lseJluotuI'Jeef Jetur^\pu?retuuns qloq'ludv ururerou sE..^ ereql uaq^\ pue peJe/(ou ,(ltBnsnpoo.{\Iepues usrlP-usnv ruetsed\ '1161 pepe^oJ uy a8ura,ruwql reueq:o eEerar'ese^\ IIBJurer IIeJur?reterepou Jo sJ?of eqt ur leql e^sq '1161 '996I rqeur-qcEuqre,r.erd roruumseql pouedslt0 Suunq pue 896I a1:ooEpi'1te suolv,,uesqo'suoplpuot ers.r serl€q ,{q erna1rtr41t€ pepJoaer uoqcnpo:d paos eqt sr uournpoJdpoes Jo stu?uruuelapureu eqtJo ouo poo/dl?puBsJosr€a,{ tseq eqJ 'uolnqrllsry uoqlnosstl NOITJnqOUd OSSS paaspooa\lBpuES HolesSandalwood Reserves on differentsite conditions tcsts were carried out initially, after two years,five in 1978and 1979 rcflected budding and flowering ofthe years,eight yean and nine years on varyhg seedfeamenb. Sandalwooduees. All thcmature fruitdropped from the Thefindings are summarized in Table4. The declinein tlees at Bullock Holes,and was collectedin January seedviability observedin Sandalwoodat five years 1979.No fruit maturcdat theless favourable ridge site supportssimilar findings by Sedgley(1984), where at Calooli. Treesunder stress did notflowcr, and further Quandong(S. acazinatum) germinationrates slartcd to incipientbudding and flowedng in March1979 failed to declineafter five years. setseed in bothreserves. AtBullock Holcs,t}leaverage productionin 1978was 28 maturefruit pcr tree( andfive undevclopedfruit whichwas not collected). The mature Table4 secdnumber per kilogramwas 460 with the endocarp SUMMARY OF SEED\'IABILITY AND retainedand the epicarpremoved. GERMINATIONTESTS AFTER STORAGE

Thevigou ofthe lrccswas also affected by thescale Time of Seed Seed Seed insects.The scale wasparticulady evident in thebclow- ViabilityTests Treatnenl Germination (Years) averagerainfall years. It wasmost noticeable in August Rate (%) 1979.In thepreceding March, Januaryto incipientflush seedssoaked ovemight & with somenew leaves appeared in abouthalfofthe trees. endocarp&)cracked in vice 84 Although black scale was very cvident when seed productionwas absentduring the studyperiod in tho 400 seedswith endocarpromoved, four treatments(') . Gcrmination 1970s, other observationshave shown that inscct terminated in 6 weeks infeslationsarc reducedby adequaLerain. Avera8e for foul trcatrnents 76.5

PRE-SOWING SEEDTREATMENT 400 seedswith endocarp (.) Severalmelhods for thegermination ofSandalwood removed, fow treatnents Gemination teminated in 13 weeks (5.spicatum) (S. andQuondong acurzinctrm)seeds have Average for four treatments 34 beentried previously (Grant and Buttrose 1978; Crossland 1981,1982; Sedgley 1984). All thesemethods involve 160 seedswith epicarp intact, (") detailedprcparation of the seedand controllcd conditions four treatments Cold Storage,witr Silica Gel 50 [orgermination. Observations onpre-sowing reatments Cold Storage,without Silica Gel 22 haveindicated that the optimum method for largequantities Room Temperatrue,with Silica Gel 30 of Sandalwoodfruit is to soakthem in waterfor a short Room Temperature,without Silica Gel 15 period.The fruits shouldthen be tumbledtogefier with SeparateSerial of Seed someheavy stones in a cementmixer. The husksare stored in Cold Storc, wittr Silica Gel 5"1 thcnwashed away and the nutsset out to dry. Soaking ovcmightor possiblylonger, followed by dryingin the SeparateSerial of Seed stored in sun,allows the shclls to dry out. The shellsthen start to Cold Store, with Silica Gcl 52 crack. At this stagethey are ready for planting.

(a) Four Treatments werc: SEED VIABILITY AND GERMINATION Tempcrature - Cold Store (4-5"C) AF"TERSTORAGE - Room Tempelatlrle A seriesof testswere undertaken !o investigatethe Moistue - Widr Silica Gcl Wirhour Silica Gcl viability of WesternAustralian Sandalwood seed in the field and in storagc. Previous investigationshad (b) Epicarp outer coa[ concentratedon seedless than two-vcars-old. Endocarp hard coat

The experimentwas initiatedto testthe effectsof Thc Sandalwoodresula indicatetiat the germination moisturcand temperature on storedseed (see Appendix ratedeteriorates with timeand that ifstorage is required II). Theseeds were collected in Octobcr1974. The seeds thenthe preferred option is cold storagcwith silicagel. weresoaked ovemight and thc endocarp(hard coat) of In addition,a continuingrcgeneratiofl program woukl someof tie seedswas cracked in a vice. Secdviability rcquire storing twice the annualrequirements for a

t2

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'lB^r^JnsnurTpees JoJ 'fiII qpueddv 'uoReuruua8 Jo oq pereeddercz;u drucopueeqt Eur,rue; eos) spees poo^rppu?S 000 9Z Jo uopeuluue8 eql rno^q ol pareaddz spaeseW Sullleqs qEnoqlp $ql uo (fueropueeqt Eunourer)spaa6 eqt Eqleqs JostseJJe '(umwwJo pqPclpurpoo rppues m suoqB^loslolels.l egl asEllse uI ol uelBuepun ere^\ stsel Jo seues V 'S) SuopuBnb roJ (t86I) ,(e18pag,{q pe^resqo oqe NICOUUYN JV NOIIVNIIAUSC qgSS ere,{ Elnlloqs Jo seEEuE^peuoleuruuo8 leFlu! eqJ 'pawqu:e8 paespellaqs sqljo luoc red ggte^o puepoes '(uoncnpoJdpees uo uorssncsrpsnor,rerd 's{ep 'Iecnuc pofleqsuneql Jo rueorad oru-ftxr S 9€ ur pss laslur aes) eqrooSpy sE qJns seareJoJ ,{pelncrued 'sdsp roJ pu? 9I ur sllaqslnoqtlr paasJoJ peulBlte s?^r seurornqsree,{ uo[rnpoJd peeseW ruo.gp€es Jo alols 'sreed uop?ulrue?lrln{xlxeur eql le$ potBqpw$FseI eql eq! qslu!?ur ol p"au eql lq8re ot dn Jo prouod Germination and SeedlingEstablishment of Sandalwood

A seriesof experimentswere designed to investigatethe effectsof a rangeof sitesand techniques on thegennination germinationof WestemAustralian Sandalwood seedlings and establishmentof Sandalwoodseedlings. These with different host speciesat Narrogin andKalgoorlie in experimentsare summarizedin Appendix V and the both nursery and field situations(see Appendix IV and resultsare summarized in thefollowinc text and Table 6 Appendix \). andTable 7.

NARROGIN TRIALS Table 6 Hostspecies included Mriga(Acacia anewa),Iam(Acacta CHEMICAL ANALYSESOFTHE acuminata, Benth.), Acacia hemiteles, Cratystylis SURFACE SOIL IN TI{E subspine sc ens (F.Mr;rell. &'l ate),M air eanap oly pt ery g ia KALC'OORLIE ARBORETUM ((Diels) Paul G. Wilson) andAtipler smnicola @aulG. Wilson). Treatnent Soil Electric@l Total NaCl TyP. Depth pH Con- soluble (E") (rnn) (Vo) Resultsare summarized in AppendixIV andTable5. ductitity Sahs

Survival was initially favourable,however, surviyal Control 0-10 8.20 140 0.030 0.005 decreasedover the first summer. The low survivalof Irrigated 0-10 8.65 142 0.030 0.006 Sandalwood(2 per cent irrespectiveof experiment)and Connol 10-20 8.80 142 0.030 0.004 Irrigated ro-20 8.55 122 0.026 0.003 thebetter survival of the hostspecies of Mulga (22 per Control 20-30 8.70 857 0.220 0.103 cent)and Jam (17 per cent)in the field, suggestedthat Sandalwoodfailed to makesatisfactory union with the Table 7 plants in nursery, well v/ith rootsofnurse while the as as GERMINATION OF SANDALWOOD FROM 2OO vegetationnear theroots of thenatural hosts in thenative SEEDSPER TREATMENT AT KALGOORLIE Narrogin. The latter failure of the development of haustoriawas confirmed by inspectionof washedroots. Ipcalilt Torll Signi- (il Table 5 PERCENTAGE SURVIVAL OF SEEDLINGS Kalgoorlie Irrieated 20 11 3l BEFORE AND AFTER THE FIRST SUMMER Kalgoorlie Norlrrigated t3 E 2l N.S. (1978-1979)AND TOTAL SURVIVAL AFTER THE BullockHoles Not Irrigated 66 53 119 N.S. SECONDSI 4MER(1979-1980) Jeedamya No! IrriSated 18 30 48

Ibcalit, Trealnenl Total Signi- P ercetta g e of Seedling s Seedling Sumival Sunival Kalgoorlie Irigared 82331 ** 23.s.80 1.11.78 22.3.79 Kalgoorlie Noilrrigated 61521 **

Period Since Bullock Holes Not Irrigared 65 54 119 N.S. Plarting(Months) 4 9 Jeedamya Not Irrigated 30 18 48 N.S. Acaciaaneura (Mulga) 92 11 22 Incality With Coat Total Si9ni- Atriplex arnicola 92 47 5 Coal Renoved trcatu:e Cr aty styli s sub sp inesc e ns 35 5 0 Moieana poltsterygia 88 48 3 Kalgoorlie Inigated " 31 31 ** Santalumspicatum 49 5 2 Kalgoorlie Notlrrigated -21 2t **

BullockHoles No! Irrigated 62 51 119 N.S. KALGOORLIE TRIALS Jeedamya Nor Irrigatei 35 13 48 * plots A seriesofexperiments were established in fenced SiSnificanceby Binonial Proporlion Tes! in theKalgoorlie Arboretum,Jeedamya Pastoral S tation, ** P<0.05 * and Bullock Holes SandalwoodReseNe to test the P<0.r0 N.S. P>0.10 9I

.urSouuNlD era^\ sae! poo^{lPpu?soJnleu JepunpunoJb eql uo 'pBe$ouoq suorlrpuo:f.nsrnu elqeJno^eJ alour eql ol polerol-ereq pasodxe3ur,tl speospoo^\pprres orl Jo euos pFoqssenbruqJet aseql uo lroli\ dn-^\olloJlBrI paprJop ?,(ruupeofeql l? anSqdecru pet:odere rlr.r peprouroc ssrAlI ?3JeSrql u luolslJaplsou osles?^\ uorlsuftluog sq1 1o1de,(uupael eql ut l€^l^rns pesmrJepspses 'unleJoqJv '(7-1 o1Foo31q4eql uI pocunouo.rdlsour eqt Jo sd:eJopueaq1 Sur,roursg tuaugedxg - n 3re/'\slueld lsoq Jo ,{JuerJrJep pus sSullpaes Jo f,lrpuow xpueddy pue1o1qel) salls IIe SuIood'slor1uor aql mql 'uoq?^nlnJ Sulmpqool tsoqeqt Jo uotJnlsep erl Jo lFsaJ l)llcq oupu3 luelsrsuoJurlPgA\euros era,lr uoneuruueS u ,(1qzqo:dse,t:ett€l oqJ '[?^r^ms]ou tnq uorleuruua8 s8srnocue01 sluetuteeJl roJ sllnsor'sl?tr| plerJuI lsrsse 01 punoJ se^\ uoue^nlnJ'slset leqlo uI '(/ eJq€I)uo1e8tr:l qt1,n pue pees 3o 3u11eos lq8rurs,ro 'puPlpoo,4{ ,/{ol qir,{r so^ordrxruoqeurur:e8 leql lseSSnsunleJoq.rv uedour ur 99 1urqtr/'r pu? puelpoo.{ uedo ur urg 6 urqtr,rrr elpoo8p){ sq1JoJ stlnseJ uon?uruue8 e8quoJJod 'tsoqlsejBeu aql 01rosolo ,(puecr3ru8rs orJ,r sp^r^ms 'sterl 'sluJr-ulBerl plorJeql uI'sloor tsoqJo.{tllrqrlre^e oqt,{qdtureur snousleql ur sal?l uonpur ruJJA aql eJuanUur gJuruuaepsr p^rNns lnq'uolsuruue8 poo,rFpuesmo^q ol luarsrJJnsureJ€ seJueJeJJrp Iros essJms eql eJoJoJeqI 'lpJeueS 'urntoroqrv ol sureesJale,,t\ Jo ,{lddns elenhpe u? uI eJItooAp>Ioql l€ sellslueu4ee4 peleiu:r pu€IoIuoJ eqlroJ slros eJEJmsaql Jotuatuor ll?s pu? 'e rsnlJuoJurele^\ stlnsar aseqJ'uJnleJoqJV ellJoo8pt Hdarl urso3uoroJJrp tq311s ,(1uo ele4snll stFseJeqJ eqlur potseleIaA sloydpeteirur pue pele8urr-uou eql ur (p^oulerleoJ paes ltvad'?upieos) pees ro3 sdrqsuoneler .(9 olq?I) lueruorlles unlsrorua,rordrur o1 s1ueu4eeJl pees ',(lluexnouoJ pue gd :o; pes,{puBaJo^\ slos ereJmseql 'ujnloJoqrv et1:oo81qqaql lE sllnserJo uorlqa.rdJaluleql ur sle,,.el 'I L6I-EL6ISuunp ge;ure: gd pue flrurJusJo slJeJJoelqrssod eql ^rer^eroJ e?uare-a,roqeq1r,n paprJuro, s JpIu.rqsed eq1 ur slrqqe.r pue(ecrur) suepo:3o uorElndod eq1 ur eseeJrureqJ lual rad 8'/ (patPEur)allroo8l?x lue3rad 0't (lonuo.) ellroo8p) 'eJru pleu luer rod S'0€ seloH{rollng JOeJuapr^a ou pu?'sluou.rlEeleseql ueo^\loq a3[eleJ]p :ss.{ 916I ,{sI I ur slold 'e^leseU 'g€Jur€r ou s?^\eraqt poo^rppuesseloH {iolln{ oqllV ur u,tt'ospoes uo4 uolleunuoS pue$ueurlpe.B 'pe^ouer '(L fueJopueeqpeq dpearplzql speeserllJo eJou r?Iltu$ rod olqpl) sloldplerJ eqt Jo sllnsereql qlr^\ Suqeaa:rurgo enEqd aql ,{q pesnBJ ,{IqBqord sB^{ spaes peJeduoaueq^\ ^\oI ele^\ setBJuoq"uruuaE 1nq 'uoqe8urr aqt;o sdrecopuaeql Sururlor ur uoneurur:eEra11aq qlv,r flprlur pe,rordur untarcqrv orlroo8p){ eql l? 'e,{urepeel ? aq ot peJu3dde1eq16 t? $uepor dq uel?a poo/',ltf,puBSuPtlelsnV uetsei Jouoqeurura8 eq1

I SandalwoodRegeneration

EFFECTS OF SITE CULTIVATION ON 1895.This suggeststhat the germinationand survival ARTIFICIAL AND ratesrecorded in theseexperiments are a benchmarkin NATURAL REGENERATION that they rcprcsentlikely pattems under the worst A sericsof rrialswere established, in May 1974,to test germinationand establishment conditions. The 1976-77 the effectson Sandalwoodgermination and survival of ftought continuedto causehigh mortality in both the site, natural seed supply and artificial sowing, and experimentalseedling population of Sandalwoodand in cultivatingthe seedbed.Four sites were selected for the themature Sandalwoods and host shrubs well into 1978 studies,in relation to their representationof plant aIJ,d1979 . communitiesand their locationfrom Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie,on two PastoralStations (Gindalbie and The seedlings,given equal initial germinationfrom Jeedamya,located60 km no h-eastand160kmnorthof spotsowing, were favoured by uncultivat€dsoils during Kalgoorlie)and two Reserves@ullock Holes andCalooli, 1975and 1976 (Fig.3). These differences appeared to be located40km north-eastof Kalgoorlieand 15 km south- affectedby tie occurrenceof two yearsof severcdrcught. rvestof Coolgardierespectively (Appendix VI). The As droughtsoccur at relativelyfrequent intervals in the sitesdiffered in their location,soil typesand dominant semi-aridareas of WesternAustralia, the rcsults in plantcommunities (Appendix VI). October1977 fig. 3) reflectthe earlier comments about the low establishmentrate of Sandalwood. The A goodyear of scedproduction in 1973at Kalgoorlie effectivenessof cultivationmust then be questionedin was followed by two wet years,both favourablefor areaswhich are subjecl to pcriodso[ drought. geminationand establishment of Sandalwoodseedlings. Althoughseedlings of six and sevenmonths old were The seedlingsin cultivated soil suffcred greater observedto establishhaustoria on hostroots at Kalgoorlie mortality,bofh relative and absolute, than did thc seedlings in 1975,observers have also noled that seedlings when in uncultiyatedsoil (Fig. 3). This mortality may be dug up at twelve monlhs(Westem Ausftalian Forests relatedto theparasitic nature of Sandalwood.The new DepartrnentAnnual Repo 1924) had not always seedlinghas little chanceof survivingits first summer parasitiseda hostplant. Thereforcthe older seedlings unlessitdevelops a haustoriallink with theroot systems cannotbe assumedto haveestablishcd haustoria at 12 of the hostspecies for a supplyof waterand nutrients. months.Resultsare summarized inFieure 3 andTable8. Cultivationappears to havedestroyed the fine surface rootsofpotential hosts,leaving the Sandalwoodseedlings A seriesof illustrationsin Plates11. 12-13 and 14 to perish. reflect the range of regenerationand germinationof seedlingsat Bullock Holesand Gindalbie. Otier factors may have contributedto seedling mortality.Ore possibilityis thatthe cultivated soil dries Resultsillustrate that far moreseedlings established out morerapidly. Another is the potentialcompetition in lhecultivated than the uncultivated soil. Neve heless betweenscedlings. theplants on thecultivatcd soils were farless stable than thoseon theuncultivated soils, as the highergermination A sequenceofthree wetyears appcars to be necessary was followed by a greatermo ality in the following for the successionof flowering,seed set, germination summermonths. Improved germination was probably a andestablishment of Sandalwoodseedlings in thefield. resultof theburying of seedsby therotary hoe @ig. 3). Sucha scquenceoccurs infrequently in theinland arcas. The resultsftom the field trials in the morefavourable The severedrought that occured at Kalgoorliein yearsof 1973to 1975assisted in evaluatinggermination 1976and i977 resultedin significantSandalwood sccdling andestablishment needs of Sandalwood,however,little morraliryin rhefield fials (Table8, Fig. 3). is known on a regional scaleof the impactsof the changesin climaticconditions on naturalregeneration of Droughtof this sevedtyis mre, as only one other thisspecies. &ought of a similar scvcrityhas beenrecorded since LI

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z c = (I) m t -rl (t m m o t- z a -4

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sNotl.v-i-s z oSrv^lr"lnc Table8 GERMINATIONAND SEEDLINGSIJRVIVAL FROM SPOTSOWING OF IOOSANDALWOOD SEED PER PLOT TREATMENT

NUMBEROF SEEDLINGSPftESENT

On Reserves,Calooli On Pastoral Stations, Season + Bullock LIoles Gindalbie + Jeedamya and Date of Not Cultivated Cultivated Not Cultivated Cultivated

Not Fenced Not Fenced Not Fencerl Not Fenced Fenced Fenced Fencetl

No. sownin May 1974 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

1974 Germination and Sunival wi Ju.ly1974 23 28 38 15 0 2 I 0 Sp October1974 19 5l 44 43 15 t2 8 Su January1975 10 29 30 33 3 6 2 6 Sp October1975 19l9 t't 0 I 0 2 Su January1976 1815 l8 0 I 2 April 1976 18 16 0 1 0 2 Sp October1976 189 16 0 1 0 2 April 1911 068 9 0 I I 2 Sp October1977 043 5 0 I 0 2

1975 Germination and Survial '19 Sp October1975 33 35 33 30 24 36 Su January1976 l5 24 2l 28 36 66 6 1'1 April 1976 10 17 l8 55 3 lt Sp Ociober1976 14 11 r'7 10 54 2 10 '1 '7 April 1977 3 7 7 0 29 0 Sp October1977 I 3 5 4 0 0 5

Sp = Sprine' c,, c,,,---.

Thefindings on longer-termsurvival were restricied Results are summarized in Appendix \tII, Table 8 by thedrought conditions in thelatter part ofthe 1970s. and Figures. 4, 5 and 6. The rcsults confilmed that fencingwas not significanton rescrvcs,but was significant EFFECTSOF BROWSINGON SANDALWOOD on the stations.Whether Sandalwoodregeneration occurs REGENERATION naturally, or is artificial, it is evident that the chanceof Previousworkers and observers have noted the lack of survival on grazing areasof pastoral stations (covering Sandalwoodregeneration in WesternAustralia. The most of the residualSandalwood country) is very low. fateof seedlingsis often thoughtto be affectedby the Hot dry seasonsreduce the amount of succulentfoliage grazingof herbivores(sheep, rabbits, goats, camels, and domesticand feral animals (sheepand goats) range donkeys,horses, cattle ardkangaroos) as shown in Plate over lhe land and graze the Sandalwood seedlings. l5 andPlate 16. The impact of rabbits and native herbivoreswas A seriesof fe|cing hids werecstablished to inyestigate cyidenl.on the rcserves,however, lhe impact was markedly theimpact ofgmzing on Sandalwoodregeneration on a less than on the strtjons with the larger trumbers of mngeof sitesin theKalgoorlie area. introduced herbiyores(sheep and goats). ----F

6I

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JUL OCT JAN JAN APR ocT APR ocT 74 74 75 75 77 77 TIME

Figure 5 Effect of fencing on geminantsof spot sown seed(400 seedsin eachtreatment)

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'suonrpuoJelrs pupJu€rurlrtuareJJp eql ro deg4ruqg te suoqelndodeqt ur suonerrelJIleuaB o1 e1z1sr deur ,{lqrqedec Surcrddoc uI soJuaJeJJrprellel aql '(tI e]P'ld)wwDrlds wtrloluos Jo uoneJeueSarroJ uorldo elqrssod e eq ol sreeddpslool Jo SurorddoioJeq,{ ,{eg lJprls t€ suole^resqoluocol 'eere z ruo:;.re;;pot ruodde sSurpurJ oseql all:oo81qtror4 3 ur uoneJoue8eJpoo^\l€pu?S Jo eomos? se uodnpalar oqlou plnor SurtrddoJler{l peuurJuoJ sepnls eql V

'fi111 g xrpueddy'6 e1qe1)tsls:ed rou pp qmor? z errddorIIB pw (luer red9 ro slueldt) Suqorddocoueld Joraqunu ^rol e pe^\oqsrIooIeJtE sl€lrl SuElnJer{I SandalwoodGrowth Rates

Dwng 1974and L97 8 shdieswere underhken to det€rmine A wide range in rates of growti were observed the range in size of Sandalwoodtrees and the rate of betweenthe largest and smallest trees wiftin different growth. The natural variation in plant size and rates of sites(Tables 10 and 11). Observationsindicated that growth are predictably related to factors such as site local siteconditions influenced boft hostand Sandalwood conditions,climate and soils. Results were extrapolated growth rates.The length of time required to attain to determinethe length of timeSandalwoodneeds in the commercialsize (127 mm diameterat 150 mm above different regions to attain commercial size. Resultsare ground) varied from 32 to 59 yearsat Dryand€ !o 59 to presentedin Tables10, 11, 12 and 13;Figures 7, 8 and 115 years at Kalgoorlie (Table l2). Thesedifferences in 9; andAppendix X. growlh rates appearedto be related primadly to the varyingsite and climatic conditions in the two regions.

Table10 SUMMARY OF HE]GHT AND STEM DIAMETER GROWTH RESIILTS FOR SANDALWOOD AT KARRAMINDIE AND SCAHILL

Heigln(n) Sten Dianzter (rntL)

Total Stemat 75 nrn k 150ntn heiEhl Year Bark Sown Ircr. To 38 nan To 55 nvn Incr. Over Undzr O1)erbark 1940 1974 34 yeary hea wod overbark 1940 1974 34 years bark bark for 38 nrn thickttess) 7t 300 ,in

KARMMINDIE Plor1 1.50 3.80 2.30 tl't 91 100 78 72 22 (6 trees) 1.25 3.60 2.35 t3 ta1 94 '10 1.25 3.65 2.40 l9 51 0.n 4.10 3.t3 t3 107 94 0.84 3.20 2.36 6 80 74 1.U7 3.78 2.'71 10 105 95 102 81 2l Mean llee 1.15 3.68 2.53 96 83 2l Arurualincrement 0.074 2.44

Sampletree 0.45 0.92 91 90 69 8'l 2l

KARRAMINDIE PloiE (12tre€s) 1.50 2.95 0.55 24 70 46 65 47 IE '70 Mcan tre€ 1.50 2.50 1.m 0.66 24 46 70 54 t4 Annual increment 0.030 1.35

SCAHILL 1930 1%1 I%1 Mean(14 rees) 1.08 1.93 0.85 18 5'7 39 56 38 0.025 1.18 l0 Mean(12 lrees) 1.23 0.32 38 23 37 22 II 0.010 0;70 tz

"ICbI sruafgg :uosurlof I) ouollaSanq sree,{0l-9€ :( )O) Dtotld ar o1ldlu oB snldtptn g DuuDns,)ollv- oopuor snitpJnq sree,{9[ :uels.{S srPed0S - €Z :([p>felg) oopuDtr eun( puesueepuess8g uo 'dds,rs{?rg snitprng - ('r$ueg)DtDulwnrD arorv l SAdAJ AJINII]^IWOJ JNY'Id SAdAI AJINru^U{OJ JNY'Id ulqurerIBnuuE ruru 068-sL8) ulBld lBlsBoc usras (1p;urerpnuue ruurggg) urSo.t.tep

:(y xpueddy) sreef ggl - gg :DIOUlunJD searepuorSar aarql aql urrllri\ sad,{l &runururoclueld 'suourpuoc Drrory- qsnquoorgpeq8noldun luaJsJJrpur Uospu? JnpurllJr{tr,{ paFp^ sJ?e,{09 - It :DIOUlunJD (rxrx ZZI Jo raleu?lp rue$) szrs IErueuuoc e ulsll? DrJrJy-qsnquoo.rg peq8nol4 o1pa:rnber sull goqfuel aq1 'seareupld plseoJ us/ns SEdAJ AJINNI^MIOJ INY'Id pue ufor:ep eqt ur seorlpoo,i$ppuBs u o gL6I p\n V L6I (legurerpnuue utrr ggg-ggg)ur8orlep ul ue{euopunosJe are.t\ slueuramseaur;o e8uer y

'(€ 'Z '8 sArC'6 selqBJ),u/3! 088ruorJ paue^uoc lq8ra^\ G/6I rie^V) (ru)T x (ub) zpx S8IOO - GOI x !ur)eulnto^

0t6 auuol rad suals Jo requrnN 9eo tt (3I) (d uers ,{q lq8rell 0t 0z 09 0t 00I er) eu.mro^rq luar red 60 t'0 to GOI x eu) .^oq8 roJ erunlo^ zz 8I 0' 9I 99 urrrr99 or Poo?t\u?eqroJ rrrur0991" r.Fu.r"rc lz te ,9 (eD OL (tlrlu) (uur O0€1e prrs) ruru Ot[ ts.relau?lc e9 8I TL (uur) punor8eAoqe uul t/ l? .raleu?lc ur 9r'Z lq8l3q uDeW ssrtS flDuts

auuotred suars Jo requrnN L'0 (3t (o tuors,(q tq8ra.y'{i 0z 09 00I (%) aumto^ fq rue3r.d 80 zz !' a)(r-01 x ,ur) e^oq?.rojeruqo^ 9l 6t ss unu s9 ol rmts toj lrlur 0z6 le raleu?rd sz 09 oh 00t (06)aumlo^ Iq luec led LO 9I LZ <.rGOl x ru) a^oq?roJ erllnlo^ ET 99 8I g8 urur0t ol poor\u?eqroJ IroJ unx 09t w reFrrrPr( 9t 69 0z) 06 (rurr) (urur 00€ 18prl8) urur 0SI r reF(uBrC OL I6 (uiur) pmor8 a^oq" uIIr 9/ rBr"rautBre tu tt t rqtlaq ueel,{ ss'l) a8rl7

OLL 00t auuotiad sura$Jo raqurnN (3{) (o urars{q q8re^l 0z st 99 00I (%) aumlo^ ,{q luec rad Ll 8'Z z9 ro (.0I x .u) . oqBroJ eumto^ tz 8I 6e 9I cc rrrur99 01ul.rs roJ rrru oszl rBl.l'ur"Ic 0g 0€ 09 ot 00I (%) eunlo^ Iq rller red z'l €l zt or (r0I x eu) e^o(p roJ errnlo^ 0z 0t 09 8I 8L ruru 0' ol Poo.{uBaqroJ unu 099 r" l4auI"I(I zz 99 8L (02) 86 (uur) (uttll 000 rDprrB) ulrr 0gI r" leleul8rq 6L t0I (uur) pl[ror8 s^oqBurlu 9/ rBlerelII?IC ur 98 t {8iaq lqoJ aaq Ea3/v7

woLl vos -yoaH poot dDs ID,OJ TW,4 sttoltras Jo s.talauttttd Plto saa4 aPuos

(r Jo'Id fl(N[ ryurrv){oJ JxrrNsuva tt (rl9v sgiluJNI c']aII' qooiarvcNvs do ,\dvr uf'ros II AIqEI Table 12 GROWTH RATE OF SANDALWOOD AT NARROGIN AND KALGOORLIE AND NIJMBER OF YEARS NEEDED TO REACH COMMERCIAL DIAMETER OF 127MM (DIAMETER OVER BARK AT 150MM ABOVE GROUNDLEVEL - D.O.B.)

Nurnber Mean Annual Age to StateForests ofTrees d.o.b. d.o.b. reach d.o.b. Locality and increnvnt 27 mm Reserves tyrc) tn) lrun) lwn) lyrs)

Narrogin DryandraS.F. 22 337 88.0 4.0 Reserve8324 47 106 101.5 2.16 59

Kalgoorlie KarramindieS.F. 52 288 9r.4 1.76 '72 Plot I as above 44 10 95.0 2.16 59 Plot E asabove 49 t2 70.0 1.43 89 ScahillReserve 44 zo 48.2 1.10 115

Table13 LINEAR REGRESSIONSOF VARIOUS COMPONENTSOF SANDALWOOD TREESFOR DIAMETER OVER BARK LTNDERCOMMERCIAL SIZ, (I,2) AND ALL TREES (3.9) IN TIIE EASTERN GOLDFIELDS AND GRF.ENOUGTVGASCOYNEREGIONS.

Y(ks) s.D.

1 Total weight l5 lf.tt 7.2 -7.728 0.2750 0.70 2 Twigs (<10mm d.o.b.+ leaves) l) 4.93 2.r5 -2.922 0.09u 0.78

basedon l5 treeswith d.o.b.under 127 mm

Y (kc) s.D.

3 Total weight 22 28.5 20.8 -29.32 0.5441 0.94 4 Soundroots IJ 3.0 t.1 -1.35 0.0370 0.82 5 Commerciallogs 22 r0.2 7.4 -10.53 0.1952 0.95 6 Butt log section- 9 brokenbutts 22 3.6 2.1 -0.91 0.0428 0.74 7 Stemlog sections 22 7.0 7.2 -12.01 0.1790 0.90 8 Total branchwood 22 8.4 )./ -6.11 0.1366 0.87 9 Twigs (<10mm d.o.b.+ leaves) 22 8.3 ).t -6.10 0.1360 0.87

basedon 22 treesinclading 7 with d.o.b.<127 mm (ranging55 - 180mm)

24 '(releuJsrp 'uoqz;s urr Z-S'I - e8uerazls) luaurdrqsro; ,(peer erqppurg trn{ poo^ll?puBs:9 at?ld 'dureJs,raurqd l" papslspoo^rppues :S alqd

uopelgelEugauurq poo.r1upuus ?urpso-I :, eleld poo^\pprrgsSurtpd rog asn ur rolce{ :g €leld

sloorSur nJ rellnd V :Z atqd elFooEJey1e (ur €) ee-qpoo^\ppuBs : I elsld Plate7: Healthycrown growth, February 1987 Plate8: Lateralroot developmentof Sandalwood. in responceto recentrains, West Kalgoorlie.

Plate 9: 28-year-old Sandalwoodplant in Frank Block, Plate10: 28-year-old Sandalwood plants at Siding Dryandn StateForest. Road,Stokes Block,Dryandm State Forest.

Plate11: Sandalwood se€dlings at BullockHoles Plate12: 8-year-old Sandalwood plants at Bullock SandalwoodReserve. HolesSandalwood reserve. 'Euqgaespoo,nppuus plo-reo{-I 'Nerog etqs urpuefrq'peoaernD lE salpnls uolprauoEed:8I eletd 'uopetSEEUBN uo poo,nppue5;oEucrddoJ :rI slsJd

'Zg6IlaqueldaS'la^el punorSot 'EurzeJE ^rorEueJ poo^lppues Jo eJu€sqBuI :9I el?ld

'086I slold uoFBlselllla^ uo pool\Isprrss ol aEeuJPpleog :9I e|sld

'696ypdy 'ecuegeprsur Surpees;o 'BarB 'spr.s uoteuluue? lotd tButuousts arqlBpulD :tI epld EurcusJ:uols told IBr! uortstsalqJspqg :gI elqd

I Plate 19: Regenerationand proyenancestudies at Gura Plate 20: Regenerationand Provenancestudies at Gura Road, Dryandra StateForesl Road,Dryandra State Forest. 3-year-old Sandalwoodseedling. 3-year-oldSandalwood seedlings.

Plate2l: Plal'f.22: Regeneration Natural and provenance Sandalwood studiesat Gura regenerationat Road,Dryandra CurriesRoad, StaleForest. DryandraStat€ 3-year-old ForesL Sandalwood seedlings.

Plate 23: Sandalwood,Kalannie, Rabbit Proof Fence Road. S7

I loldepupu?rcX ol lxousool poo^\lepue5 goqs,(pue puourag L arnElJ

IUVS: A OOOI,\dVS: ^rS OOO/!4-j-AV3H3nut = rl : 3']Vf,S ururot LU99.Olo rqoleHrv le^e-lpunoJg rv : (ujr.rJ)relatllolo

o9.z , (r.u) saeil uJnrpauja^leMl lo uDaW- 3 : aldulDs {! 26. o lo lqoleHlv le^a'l punoJ9lv : (rxur)r9laujDro

o/.e , (ur) lqoraHea.t-l a6Dla^v seeJ+a6iDl xrs Jo uoew - g: aldulos

urt JolqDraH lv la^a-'lpunoJe lv , (ujul) lelauiolo

o8.s , (r.!)lqolaH ae{ aa4alduos afuol v - v:ald[uDs Additional measurements were undert2ken on constituentparts of 22 Sanrlalwoodtrees ranging from 87 to >138 mm slem diameter from three localities whereSandalwood pulling operationswere in progress, z north and north-eastofKalgoorlie (Morapoi Station - 8 Eees;and Edjudina Sradon - 7 tre€s)and between Pa1'ne's Find andMorawa (KararaStation - 7 trees)see Table 13 E and Appendix X. F

The plantation trees sampledat Karramindie Stals Forest (Plot 1) were cut and measuredby the sectional : methodto derivevolume and increment of thetruewood. sapwoooano Dz K (flg. /).

Resultsindicated tl|at balk andsapwmd had a consant (mm) DIAMETER thicknessof 21- 22 mm and that predictably the larger Figure 8 and taller treeshad a higher componentof heartwood. Summaryof relationshipbetween number of slemsper tonne and the diameterclass (mm)

a Torolwood (wnhour bork),lrom 12.ll ?3 + Heorlwood(lviihour bork ond sopwood),trom 14 9'71 o Torolwood(fiirhout bork), from 14.9 71 .l o

ooooo o tt + aa' +

+ o *l F I ot. + ++ a-6 i'+ + -+ + iqz ++- ++ 3 -t| o: .1. A \:{.:t oo tro oo I ".t ' oo^l ooo | I

r973 TIME

Figure 9 Air dry weight of Sandalwood,showing loss of moisturecontent of fresh geen wood and variation in relation to seasonalconditions. l97l ro 1974 LZ

'El gI +Jo uoEsue^ Iaroseose po^\oqspsq sne,{ [ re^o qJrqari-ur'6l0Ig 1e^ol punoJE1e lm els,r suels Jr pennbeJJequnu eql ol dlrsuep oqt pecnpeJJaururns JeAo SurdJpJeqund Jo l[sJ red 09 lnoq? s1euuol e acnpordo1 popaeu suels 'seldures 'y eseql ur poo^{useq pu? poo \ Jslq uaa^ueq (pepd) pelse,rreqgoraqumu oql preueEu1 xrpueddy '(8 'Eld) soJueJaJJJpIpaJ ou eJe r eJeqJ r$uour auo pus 0I em?rd ur pezu?ruumseJ? euuol Jed sue6 Jo roJ EuLfip ralJu(?{ 0SD e-rrE]088 ser\ ,{lrsueppool sJaqunupup sreleurelp ruels uaa^rteq sdqsuolelaU 'serrads 'rzls aa4 lsoru op sB ee.! IIeJe^oqlr,n ,(Jasra,rur 'QIrEq /fte^ poo,r\ueaqpuB poo^\dEsJo suoruodotd eqJ re^o) ulur Z0I u?r1t ral?eJ8Joleursrp uels ? qllr sea.{uI poo,ndesspeacxe 'uu LzI Jo lelausTpuels poor\ueoq Jo [ouodord eql rcql elelnJlBr o1 elqssod 'uoqDp? ezrslErJr€ruruoc eqt l3 ,(le^nsedseJ0gI pw 06 rsoujls se.r 1r samEg esew Jo slseq eqt IIo uI Conclusions

Conclusions&om tlrcW.A. Sandalwoodresearch program From tlle experimentswith seedlingsof Westem from 1895to 1981are: AustralianSandalwood and host species,a high mortality of Sandalwoodand the better survival of the Mulga and Jam seedlingsindicated that the 1. Theviability ofthe nutsdecreases rapidly after two Sandalwoodmay havefailed to makesatisfactory years and best germinationis obtainedfrom fresh unionwith theroots of thehostplants, either in the matureseed. field or in t}te nursery.

A series of consecutivewet years are required for 9. The dircct s€€dingfials confumedttlat establishment the trees to flower and set seed. A following wet by this methodwas very uncertainunder the harsh year is neededfor germinationand establishment of conditionsprevailing in thefield. the seedlings.This sequenceof favourable ycars must be extendedfollowing drought. Such a sequence 10.Germinationand survival of Sandalwoodseedlings is less predictable in the drier inland areas near in thefield is favouredby proximityto thehost and Kalgoorlie than in the Wheatbelt. semi-shade.

Cultivation improves germination,probably owing 11. Successfulartificial regenerationof Sandalwood to the burying of the secds. on a plantationscale can be achievedby sowing four germinatedSandalwood seeds per spot in A The significance of cultivation is reduced during appropriatewell drainedsites, 50 - 70 mm below periods of drought. the soil surfaceand mulched in a smalldepression at thedrip line ofthe southside ofa hostplant, and 5. Spot-sowing seeds,about 50-70 mm deep,without protectedfrom grazing. cultivation improves survival of seedlings over spot-sowing in cultivated soil. In conclusionthe potential for widcscaleregeneration andestablishment of Sandalwoodin WesternAus(alia Seedling survival improves if grazing animals are is feasibleif the naturallimitations on this speciosare excluded by fences,especially on the pastoral stations. recognized.The possibilityof re-establishingSandalwood in tie Goldfieldsand the Wheatbeltsimilar to those 7. Sandalwood regenerationcannot be reliably obtained illustrated(?lates 22 and 23) shouldbe encouragedfor from coppice, following either fire or cutting. the futureof Sandalwoodin WestemAustralia. OL

.U .seFqdumH .I pu ,ftesmu roJ ueputlvrl l :stold .B ,uleJ3II8Bl .s1soc?rmlsqqnd r{cJEeseruo {lo^r pleu roJ uBuuolg '1'1,11' '3'p 'puouqcrx 'J.d puB Suqu^ter eqt SqpunJ roJ (auvcs) t"ntot urodr3 :lueureSDr&I l uoqE€ue8ed pus uol"^JesuoC poo^rppu?S e{L plru.I puB uoqedesuo3;o lueuuedeq eq1 pLre luarulde( slselod taruoJ eqt Jo JJ"ls pue $ecgJo :$EJCTW 'f pus loqqv 'J.elqoN .I ,folSprs 'yr1 seerege-req1 {q gueruuroofgdlaq elDuonlpps uI :JeIncn:ed Treu.m.ops-r{| Jo lDqeDdard aql ttr ecr^IaF.B Suqpo uI ']lmluer lsel ew la^o BrlE-BsnvuJolse^\Jo qels eql lscqu. n€ql rcJ ,(el[ee)I'I 's^re.I 'iqsrusl W I.Wg lrql^\ qr:Bosarpoo/$leprres rrr po^p^u suowznre8ropue :el.roo?pt ls salpnlspleg rn ecuelsrssE spnprarpur,{ueru eq1 {uer1l ol erq pFo^\ roqtns er{J roJ anllncuSv ;o luou4redeq eql Jo sr"cgJo '8upurypue :qr.DeseJelB Jo sder^er .H.c.Ie^EH'f.I lueue8emoJue JoJ,(ueduro3 poonppues uerp.Dsnv I?clrlrcroJ a^\eH N'd' .uu).I^I eql 'poourepun 'a ',Ggea)I .I :ur8o!EN t€ sFI.u pteu pu? slsarcdJoJop^lesuoJ aql ot enpsJs s{uerlt lsrmds

slueIuaEpelllAou{Jv References

ABORIGINAL COMMTINITIESOF TIIE NORTHERN BEARD,J.S. (1976a). The Vegetation ofthe SharkBay TERRITORYOF AUSTRALIA (1988).?ralirioral andEdel Area,Westem Australia. Vege tatbn Survey Bush Medicines.An Aboriginal Pharmacopocia. of WesternAustralia, Map and ExplanatoryMemair GreenhousePublications Pty Ltd., Richmond, l:250 000series.Yegmap Publication, Sydney. Victoria. BEARD,J.S. (1976b). The Vegetation of theMurchison AVERY, T.E. (1975).Natwal Resources Meqsuremeftts- Arta.VegetationSwvey of WesternAustalia- 1:1 N0 2ndEdn,McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 000Series, Explanatory Notes to Sheet6. University of WesternAustralia Press, Nedlands. BEARD, J.S.(1972a). The Vegetationof the Jackson Area, WesternAustralia. Vegetation Survey of BEARD,J.S. (1981). The Vegetation ofthe SwanArea, WesternAustralia, Map andExplanatory Memoir WestemAustlalia. Vegetation Survey of Western I :250000 series.Vegmap Publication, Sydney. Australi

BEARD, J.S. (1975b).The Vcgetationof the Pilbara DAVIES,S.J.J.F. (1976). Studies oftheflowering season Arca. VegetationSurvey of WesternAustralia., andfruit productionof somearid zoneshrubs and 1:1 000 000 Series,Explonatory Notes to Sheet5. treesin W.A. "/aarnalof Ecology64:665-681. Universityof WestemAustralia Press, Nedlands. IT

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'PII8-rlSnV '?JJaqu?J'o3rruaS tuatser!\'qllad Suqslqnd tueuuJa^og ',&Brqrl 'prF.usnv '€JJequeJ'eunEd o,fupg'fsss-AoJ€ets ee-I tllelsaid us{e.lsnv prleBlold Jo n mg gg '(tS6I) 'I '(OOAdA(Nn 'S Jo ,{rlsnpul poo,t\lBpues, :eZeuualo|'tnt'risnv {o Dtot4 O86i V'ACUOA9

'I,-IT:0e snrol tsrloC d-Ilsnpulpoo^rppuEs 'qued'0I-I '.Wuua ng ruauuodaI stsatog 'plo9 '.I 'JOB.IYJ aqlJo s,{eo,(lJ?A u€pooid (€86I) uDtlD4snvu"t7$aa'poot lgpuEs v'dt e.ueleJer 'V']'d.{NOuV9 uqo,uDsJo f,pns,xyuouoxplV (gZ6D '69-99'E9'29 :28 2rnlrrlloH 'spuElpeN'sseJd umlowy' uowMos4Suopupno{t86I)'hl'IA.ImES erp"qsnvurelse{\ 'r,salojr '(Zl.6I) 'C'A '-I-IVC Jo &rsro^run puDDaS aqJ '99-29:8V 2ru?trS 'elprlSnv p rnUn r uBV lo afi I rsa I uDllD 4 sTrVlo loun o['s?€r L uqpaeg?uopuen| Jo pJeqJJOu? Jo tuarrlssossv urslsei&'rlusd'?qsuoloJg-uoslasd',{rerqr-Ie.&leg 'seloN ',,{ 'IATCCAS ',1asq16 reulullerd letFqceJ (286I) ?uum1 eql, (096I) C'NVI IX)Ot{g-rD{ydC

'roqolJo 'P{e-rlsnv 'erle.usnv 'qued ',fuBlql.I '^{er^lelul Jo uousrJossv uelse \ e&lpg 't$qs 'llo ',?rprsnv sprupusts uoneuuoJul fgtuoy{ Jo lducsue{ urstsoid Jo drlsnpul 'f'U'NVAONO(I poofrlvpwsnnptslty tol ptopuug (t96I)'AD'XJOU poo,{ppueseqlJo tuolstH V, (9t6I) APPENDIX I

StatutoryReserves containing Sandalwood in WesternAustralia at 1,990.

No. LocalityIndex Number Vesting Area (ha)

GOI-DFIELDS NationalParks I Goongarie 1'35637 NPNCA 60335

StateForests andTimber Resemes 2 Majestic 195/25 LFC 2226 3 Randalls r94125 LFC 16350 4 Kambalda r99/25 LFC a1L) 5 KangarooHills 198/25 LFC 6600 6 KarramindieSF No. 8 LFC 781

SandalwoodResemes 7 Emu Rock c196/'5 L ACT (N\D 8186 8 Wallaby Rock CL97g LACT(ND 4556 9 Coonana c19640 LACr(Nv) 37061 10 Bullock Holes c19825 LACT(NV) 13313 11 Lakeside ct92l4 L ACT (NY) 3787 12 Calooli c192ll LACT(NV) 3l2l 13 Yellad cr92r2 L ACT (N9 6r02 14 Scahill cr962l LACT(NV) 6916

OtherResemes 15 Kalgoo ie GreenBelt (20 km radius) vcl- (NV) 83000 16 Reserveland betweenKalgoorlie and Widgiemooltha (excluding other reserves andHampton areas) Reg.95O) Various (ND 260240

NotufeReserves l7 RowlesLagoon c4274 NPNCA 4U 18 Clear& MuddyLakes c7634 NPNCA 1926 19 Kurrawang c35453 NPNCA 62r 20 Kambalda c33300 NPNCA 3650 21 BinaroncaRock c32552 NPNCA 185 22 Victoria Rock c8480 NPNCA 258 23 DordieRock c3z1l WSSD tzl 24 CaveHill C178M WSSD 202 25 BurraRock c7038 WSSD 809 26 CarduniaRock A39148 NPNCA 38

N.E. GOIDFIELDS 27 Wanjarri NatureReserve A30897 NPNCA 53248 E

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(?anuuuoc)I XICNAddV APPENDIX II

SeedViability and Germinationafter Storage

HYPOTHESES wastested. This wasrepeated at nine yean. The secondat Hl: The ageof seedaffects the long term viability of frst viability testwas done at 25'C, the Sandalwoodseed. 20.c.

medium- H2: The storageof seedaffects the long term viability 6. After.nine yearsthe viability of 160 wastested (40 of Sandalwoodseed. sizedseeds with theirepicarp intact secds for each of the four treatmens defined BACKGROTJND above). hevious invesdgationson theviability of Sardalwood seedhad concentrat€d on seedless than two yearsold.In RESULTS view of tie irregularity of seedproduction in the field in Theresults indicate that the germination rate deteriorates the responseto the infrequentocculTence of conditions with time(Table 4, p. 12). Irrespectiveoffieatment (0 Years) to suitablefor seedproduction, the conceptsof long term seedgermination percentages fall from 84 viability of seedin the field and in storagerequired 76.5(2 years)to 34 (5 years).After five yearsthe type of combiration testing.To thisend a seriesof testswere underEken to storageaffects the germinationrate, with tlle investigatethe viability of Sandalwoodseed in theficld of cold storagewith silica gel being the favoured andin storage. combina on.

METHODS Thereforetho resultssupport the Hypothesesthat long term 1. In October1974 seeds were collected from the thc age and storageof the seedaffects the Kalgoorlie area. viability of the Sandalwoodseed.

became 2. In December1974 the seeds wero subsampled. In additionthe germination trials eventually standardizedas follows: seedswere soaked ovemight. The endocarp of 3. 800 15cm diameterpetri-dishes are partly filled with werethen removed using a vice on the $reseeds vermiculitet followingday. These seeds were then subdivided into 2 setsof 100seeds for eachof thefollowing Sandalwoodseed is placedin the vermiculite; 4 fieatments: Fungicideis thendusted over seed; Temperature - Cold Store(4-5'C) - Room Temperature Wateris addedto the vermiculite; Moistule - With SilicaGel - Without SilicaGel A pieceof hessian(large enoughto coverseeds) ismoistenedinasolutioncontainingfungicidc; The2 setswere then stored for 2 and5 yearsprior the testingof the viability of the seeds. to Thisisplacedoverthe seed and the lid isreplaccd;

4. Theremaining seed was then stored in 20-L hard Seedis placedin germinationcabinet (operatrng plasticcontainers with screw-toplids. at 22"C-25"C)',

5. After eishteight yearsa separateserial batch of seed Hessianis periodicaily re-moistened and replaced which hadbeen stored in thecold with silicagel It

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IIIXI(NEddV APPENDIX IV

Germinationand SeedlingEstablishment of Sandalwood'Narrogin

HYPOTHESIS afterplanting,the results were pooled and are prescnted H1: The presenceof host speciesincreases the in Table5. Survivalpcrcentages dropped over the first germination rate of Western Aus[alian summerto 5 percent for bothand then to 2 percertt two Sandalwood. yearsafter planting (Table 5, p. l4).

BACKGROUND For the l-year-old host seedlings,mortality was also A series of tests \rr'ereundertaken to investigate tho high afterplanting. Acaciq aneurasurvived the best, germinationof Sandalwoodwith hostseedlings at Narrogin. from 92 per cent beforesummer to 7l per cent after summerand then to 22 percent, two yearsafter planting DrperimentIV-1 amongthe natural vegetation of theWandoo woodland METHODS at Narrogin. 1. Both seed-germinansand sccdlings of Sandalwood were testedwith Acacta anezra seedlings,with ExperimentIV-2 and without threeother possible nurse seedlings METHODS (namely - Maireana polysterygia, Atriplex A secondexperiment was designed 10 test tlrc establishment rhagodioides andCratystylis s ubspine sc ens). andsurvival of 1200Sandalwood (Sqntalum spicatum) with the hostspecies of Jan (Acactaacuminata). 2. This experimentwas repeated tiree timeson ten units within a fencedarea of StateForest near 1. 1200Sandalwood seeds werc sowntogetier with Narogin. 1200Acqciq acuminata sceds in setsof30 cells(5 x 6) in polystyreneftays. Thecells in thetrays were 3. Initial seedviability was 82per cent in Apdl 1978. 5 cm squareand 8 cm deep.

4. To protectthe brittle roots,seed-germinants were 2. Theresulting germinants were planted out, at four ransferredto veneertubes immediately following anda halfmonths,in thefirst weekofAugust 1979 emorgenceof tho white tip or swelling of the into five sites(240 at eachsite). Individualcells radicle. werecut or brokenout of the tlays on two sidcs, leavingtwo sidcs intact. Each wasplanted without 5. Germinationwas timedto enable planting out of4- furtherdisturbance to theroots,in!o holesdug with to 5-month-oldseedlings in mid-winteron 27 June a mattock. 1978. RESULTS 6. Inspectionswere recorded before and after summer, Threeand a halfmonthsaftcrplanting in the 1979tdals, at 4 monthsafter planting (1 November1978), there was a significantdifference (P=0.05) between 9 monthsafter planting (23 March 1979)and 23 species.Sandalwood survived better (P=0.53 t 0.02) monthsafter planting (23 May 1980). thanJam (P=0.25 + 0.02). However,after summer Jam (Acacia acaminata)(U per cent) was surviving RESULTS significantlybetter than Sandalwood (2 per cent).General The results for seed-germinantsand seedlingsof observationsindicated that survivalwas betterin the Sandalwoodwere 51 per centand 48 per centsuryival fencedthan on theunfenced areas. No otherdifferenccs respectivelybefore summer. As thesepercentagcs were werefound. similar for seed-germinantsand seedlings of SandzLlwood

16r LE

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(pznlrrzor) AI XICNAddV APPENDIX V

Germinationand SeedlingEstablishment of Sandalwood- Kalgoorlie

INTRODUCTION 2. Seedbedcultivation. A seriesof experimentswere undeftaken between 1974 and1977 to investigatethe effects of a rangeof sitesand 3. Seedplacement, on soil surfaceand buried; all seed techniqueson the germination and establishmentof dustedwith protectantbcfore sowing - Ceresan(1.5 Sandalwoodseedlings at Kalgoodie.The cxperiments percent w/w Hg asmercudc acetate; notto excaed wereunderlaken in fencedplors in theKalgmrlie Arboretum, 1.5 g/L of dust to seed). JeedamyaPasioral Station and Bullock Holes Sandalwood Reserve. 4. Distanceofthe seed from thc base oftheAcacid host plant,systematically disEibuted in four radiallines HYPOTHESES of 25 Sandalwoodseeds for optimum seedling Hl: Wateringseed beds increases thc germinationand eshblishmentbetween 0 to5 m from thc hoststem. establishmentrates of Sandalwoodseedlinss. RESULTS H2: Cultivationof seedbeds increases the germination From1600seedssown in 10treatments in May 1974,only andestablishment rates of Sandalwoodscedlings. onegerminanf emerged in 1974.A further13 emergcd in 1975,in the uncultivated block which had not bccn H3:The sfategic placementof buriedseed affectsthe watered. germinationand establishment rates of Sandalwood seedlings. Insufficientgerminations occured to testthe four . hypothcses. H4: The germinalionand establishmcnt mles of Sandalwood seedlingsis increasedif seed is placedclose to HYPOTHESES potentialhost plant. Hl: Thewateringofseed beds increascs the gcrmination andesrablishment rates of Sandalwoodseedlincs. ExperimentV-l METHODS H2: Theremoval ofthe endocarpincreases germination The first experimentwas cstablished in May 1974at the of Sandalwood. Kalgoodie Arboretumin a typical open woodlandof Salmon Gum - Redwood(Ezcalyptassalmonophloia- H3: The soakingof seedovemight incrcascs thc gcrmineLion EucqlJptastanscontinentalis) , dominatedby Acacia of Sandalwood. hemitelesin thetnderstorey on redloam soils, to testthe followingfactors: H4: The use of peat increasessecd gcrminationand 1. Watering,to simulatebetter than avemge seedlingsuvival of Sandalwood. rainfall,and unwatered. ExpefimentV-2 WaLeringRares (mm) METHODS Month May June July Aug Sept Thc sccondexperiment included trials at the Kalgoorlie Arboretum and field trials at Bullock Holes Sandalwood Rainfall Reserveand JeedamyaPastoral Stalion. (Average-mm) 26 33 27 30 15 1974Unwatered 29 20 27 13 59 An cxpcrimentat the KalgoorlieArboretum was 1974Watered x' 25 establishedin May 1975 to tcst thc following four factors. Tworeplicates of25 seedsat 1-mspacing between spots /* t< T m-2 - t< mh\ in block tlcatmcnts wcrc uscd in the cxDcrimcnt.

l8 6t

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(prrlrr1lrr) A XICNAddV APPENDIXV (cantinled)

ExperimentV-3 andv4 ExperimentV-5 METHODS METHODS Thethird experiment,established in August1976, repeated The fifth experiment was established to review thc the previous treatmentsin two irrigated blocks in the effects of early uniform pre-fteatment of seed with Kalgoo ie Arboretum, onc at 5 L/ spot (0.25 m2) per endocarpretained and sown in irrigatedand non-irrigated week(or 1000mm/year) and another, twice weekly (i.e. blocks (as for Experiment4). he- treatmertswere at 10L/wet spotdiameter of 56 mm per week,or eight appliedto two setsofthree factors with 16fcatments in times the ayerageannual rainfall). Quantitieswere thefirst setand 8 in the second: measuredfrom a surplustrickle point in eachsystem and timingof5 L accordingto thetime required to fill 0.5L The first setof factorswere: containerat eachwatering. 1. Soakedin water,starting hot andcold. The fourthexperiment was established in May 1977to testfour factors: 2. Fourpcriods of soaling- 1, 3, 9 and27 days. 1. Endocarp,retained and removed. 3. Sowingin moistpeat, in peatpot and without 2. Peatin thepot mixture(with peatand without peat). peat.

3. With seedlinghost of Mulga (Acaciaaneura) and The secondset of factorswere: without; irrigatedplot replicatedwtth Cratystylis subspinescens,non-irrigated plot replicatcdwith 1. Soakedin sulphuricacid, full andhalf strength Atriplexrhagodioides. (acidslowly addedto water).The seedswere thenwashed in lime water. 4. Inigatedand not irrigated. 2. Four periodsof soakingof 2, 15, 20 and 40 Twelve treatrnentsby randomnumbers in each minutes. block were located2.5 m apartbetween lines; and 30 spots,at two seedsper spot were sown 1.5 m apart 3. Sowing in moist peat in peat pot, with and betweenspots. All seedswere dustedwith Ceresan witloutpermanganate of potash (KMnO., l:4m). beforesowing. The seedlinghostplants were raiscd in 120-mmpots at Narroginnursery. The 1440secds were dusted with Ceresanbcfore sowing.Thc seedswere sown in unitsof 30 secdswith Trickle irrigation was establishedat 8 L/spot, six hostMulga (Acacia aneura) seedlings per trcaurrenr, twiceweekly in June,July and August (thatis four tosix five seedssown in spotsregularly distributed around timosthe monthly average)and Lhorcafterthree times eachseedling host, planted at 1.5m apart.This required weekly. Owing to the drought,sprinkler irrigation 288hosts fora totalof48 reatments,144 foreach block duringsummer was prohibited by law. Irrigationof the of 24 featmcnts. plot wasterminalod in December1977 and the Kalgoorlie RESULTS trialswere suspended. From720 seedssown in 24 featmentsin the irrigated plot, therewere firce germinanl.sin October,thrcc RESULTS monthsafter sowins. From 720 seedssown in the irrigatcdplot, germination commencedin Augusl Thercwere 20 randomlydisnibuted Owing trclack ofresponse this Experimentwas suspcnded germinantsin September,four monthsafter sowing. in Dccember1977. Viability ofthesecdwas82percont Owing!o lackofresponse Experiment 4 wassuspended (testedat theForcsts Department Headquartcrs, Como). in Dccember1972.

40 w

'su^\oJ, sPemeseqt ur p00spue eql Japunuoue^ulnJ plll IIooleJpu? ruur 00€-09I lE eleJ'le. ro^o rx?oldelJ 'polJnq 'seejl ou se,/r\eleqJ s?^{peos uelleJ aql Jo lsol{ dpuesper pj?q ? uo srnlcoeoru prrl e,{u€paal.seDeds poqslTqBse3t0 ol e8eulsppro^P 01 serdowi [ {on eenoql Dlrydoaar4opnlJur setn qtoq tE selJeds,(a.rc1srspun puo.{eqlnopeu&r selruon€^qlnc eql ulul0glJoqldsp oql uonels €.tul8peofN (onauD DrrDxV)EBIrrlN e ol aoqdr4or e qlr/t{lno porlJease^r uog?^ulnJ pueo^Jeseu poo^rlepues lool?l le ('qtueg'DlDulanJD DTTDJV)wel ,tlur€rusr puelpoo^\uado alol eq1 'V L6I 'F?lc Jo reuuns aql ut ,tlreopunor8 sq ot peddorppess 1y perJe^o u?o[-f1ps ,{ga,re.r8 pr,rnllB Jo as]noJ told red spaes00gI tnoqeqtrn edruepaalpue qoop3 .4\Oll9l.JS^\Orr€u 3 uo sJnJJo?eJ? [?Lrl seloH {JoIIng te eleJopourpup lold Jedspoes 0009 tnoqs q ^,\saloH pue'sur?ol,(plJpo.rpr^nlJeJo eslno3 e8eureJp eplrA ? uo 1co11ngle tuenbar31o1d .red spoos 000 gI lnoq? qlr/d sJnctoeoJ€ I€Lq orqppulg de:olsrepun€ql Suqeuruop .€16I erqppurglstuepunqese,^a.{lddns pees I€mlzu eqJ (1e3o1xg uun3)zlrqdoual.t orssD) pue (.brl^I) DtDlstt) 'saeJl Jeqoloo ur SuIlm.rJoJe,r qJrq^\ peespoo^rppues DutronsD J' ( ][enIN'C) D II Kq d ou o 3 Ds a t onocy, (.rpueg) '( 'c'on,uD o^,|lJo unururur e Jeoupalrales eJo^\ seeJE l?r-u eql salarlwaqo!)Drv qlr.r qlueg xg fisnj^l {1ddngpaag prnlup ,trrry) eBFI I prre(' 11xr1t1'g' otoltldou otulos sn tdtlDrng) unC uorups flureru sr puppoo,r uedo aqJ '(1ynxpueddy '(lse,t\-qlnos eos)(u 08 x u 0Z) Irolq pecueJunw pw (ur 0g x u{ gt) .g ur0Z) eJnsolcua uu ur pesns?^\ 8ulteu Joord-tlqqea puelpoo,r.,usdo ^\o[ ur o^Jesellpoo^\ppupS IIooleJ 'Qsea -quouuq 7y) 'p4B^nln3 'z rcu pw eoqf:qo: ql,{l pa1e,r,4FJpeqpees puepoo,nuodo u1 a,,r-rese{ poolr\Ispups seloH lJollng s2M23zll .(deep uu gL) 3ur^\ostods .I IsrJrJI]?Wr^\ pareduor ecEns los uo SqpoesBrnI?N :(quou uq StI) puelpoo.,r\uodo .,t\ol uI uonsls e,turupeel :eta^\palsel sJolaeJ aeql eqJ .tl6l fpJN '(lsPa-quou ur sars moJ 6rlt l? Fqsllqelse arar,rgueu4eorl tq?rg quou uq 0l) puelpoo^\uado ur uorlulgelqppulg S(IOHIflIAI suollDlS lDlolSDd

'8/6I '(seseqtuered ut ruruzIz pu€//6I ur ulur€gI :,{1aueu u1)e11:ooEpy u-ro:g '926I ,ellrooSp14 ur urur LZI Jo sllqurer pnuu? rlll.r uorlJenppu€ scrrslsrpneql puu ssrlrunuruoc1ue1d ;o te peaolloJ suo4rpuootqEnorq reqolcg ol uu.rZg uollBueserderneql ot uonelerur serpntseql JoJ pelJeles 'lu^r^Jns JequnJ" pue',{1nI ol ruur EII Jo sllsJurerJaur^\ ,{q eJs^\selrs rnog pu?uorleuruua8 pooarrppue5 pe.nolloJse^\ IudV ururur 0IZrpr^\'Sulpoog prouoqdE uo paqpaeseqt Suue,r.pyncgo pue 'Eur,trospDrJrue pu€ 'requeJe( - Jaqolso ur ruur6t pueJequeldes ur rxlx 0€ (nr.rs?r pees Jo),(lddns pe€s lEmleuJo'elrsJo slcaJJe eql 'tsn8nv 'peqsllq4se ur ururt8 sp^{s?eJe pl6g orll JoJllugumr e8ero,r.e lsel ol'fl.6l ,{?W eJe^{spl.rl Jo serjesv ',{e4 eql'8ur^\osrelgy ur 8ur,.irospepece:d urur 961 NOIIJNOOUINI 'tL6I 'sqluoru JO II€Julsruunlm us uI rouD ue^rs 's8ullpeas Sururuurereqt ur nlu 911 puersn8ny o p:dy ruo.gsqluour poo.{FpueSJo l?^r^mseql eq u Euqlegurul 6rZ qy.r palnqrnsry{1ua,r.a sen srql sesEoJJurpeq pa3s pue elrs erl Jo uone^rtlnJoql :an 'urur 88€se^{ €16I ur erTJooFpXroJ IIeJureJ eqJ 'pa€s poo^rppuesJo uoqeuru:eEerp 'dqJ (eloq-qsrr)psr ,{,reeqrero ses Jrur poqpses pue elrs eql Jo uorl?ArllnJorlJ :IH 'pesprxo-uoIl peJg slueur8a;,{uols goeEpue uo sJnJ3o SflSSHJOdAH

uollBraua8aulurnlEN pus IslrulfJy uo uolle^lltnJ alls JospaJJg

IAX(NlIddV

,l APPENDIXVI (cantinred)

remainedon the surface.In addition to natural seedfall seedlings)fig. 3). for each of the four treatrnents(cultivated and not cultivatedon reservesand pastoralleases) 100 seeds The resultsshow germination of natural socdfall wereplacedon the soil surfaceand marked to testsurface increasedin ttrecultivated plots supportingHypothesis 1. germinationand survival. In cultivatedareas, the survival of seedlingswas higher (at October1977) thereby supporting Hypothesis 2. Artificial sowing At eachof thefour sites100 seeds were usedfor thetwo For themarked seed on the surface,gcrmination afiificial spot sowing treatments(with and without occurredonly at Gindalbie,two germinatedin 1974and cultivation). Thesewere sown 75 mm below the soil two in 1975,all on cultivatedground (i.e. germination surfaceand coveredwith 25 mm of soil. Spotswere of 2 per cent on cultivatedgound and 0 per cent on preparedby mattockto the width andthe depthof the uncultivatedground at Gindalbie).Surface sowing was blade.After sowing,the soil waspressed firmly overthe unsuccessful. seed. All spot-sownand surfaceseed treatments were markedwith paintedwire markers. Artificial Sowing In 1974,the best germination from the spotsown seeds Two unitsof 200 hard-coatedseeds were Lested occured on the reserveswhere 20 per cent of seeds for viabilityin thelaboratory. Germinationin onemonth germinated,however, there was no differencebetwcen was35 per cent and the capacity increased subsequently germinationon the cultivatedplots (22 per cent) and to 82 percent. uncultivatedplots (18 per cent).

RESULTS In 1975,the best germination of seedoccurred on Natural SeedSupply the stations(27 percent) where there was a significant Seedsof tlle germinantswere found by careful,random difference(P<0.05 level) in germinationon cultivated inspectionto be locatedat a depthof 70-100 mm below plots(15 percent) and uncultivated plots (38 per cent) the soil surface. (Table 8, p 18). During continuedobservations until October1977, of the 1975station germination results Germinationfrom natural seed was highest in the indicatodthat seedlingsin the uncultivatedsoil were cultivatedGindalbie plots; therewere388 germinants in survivingbeuer than ftose in fte cultivaledsoils (significant 1974and271, in 1975.The results presented in Figure3 at F>0.05level) (Table8, p 18).This wasnot the case (p. l7) for tie two reserves(Calooli and Bullock Holes) with 1974germination on rcsuvesor stationsand 1975 andthe two stations(Gindalbie and Jeedamya) reflected germinationon reserves. a markeddecrease in numberson all areasby October 1977.The survival ofnatural seedfall germinants forall The resultsfrom the spot sown seedswere too plots in October 1977 was less than I per cent (27 inconsisicnt!o proveeither Hypotheses I or 2 for artificial sowing.

/ta EN

'lue^e uopsu[ureE t461 eql uo.g lueserds8u{peas Jo requnN - I

NII UL9n ,16I reqolco 8Z trn 009n LL6I EIdY s9 EZn 8Z279 9L6I reqotro SL nzn 6V9ZL 9L6I IIJdV ozr 9Z tr 6V898 gL6t tmnuel I9t NII ,r 9L L7 9l 916I nqolro

69r I' ZI 9Zl SL6I drenuBl 69V €I rcv t 6I reqolro LL 7 0 9L ,L \TTT

T T T e T patDNtlnJ pato^ltlnJ p21D^,UFC pzto^! nJ toN 10N uottDMasqoto IDIOI S2AJ2S2U Z suouDtsz rD2trpuot uow

tu,wpart r2d was nDlns 001m1d lotpaag TnmtDNuo4 Itupulurag

(,(tddnspees pmleN) NOf,TYNI nGrDqOOA'TVqNVS dO l'{W{y{ns

(patll1rrzor) IA XIqNAddV APPENDIX VII

Effectsof Browsingon Regeneration

HYPOTHESIS shortperiodin 1976.Rabbit droppings were seen, but no H l: The fencing ot areas increasesthe germinarion otheractivity was recorded at theJeedamyaplotin 1976 and survival of Sandalwoodseedlings. andGindalbie plot in 1977. Kangaroofuoppings were recordedat the GindalbieStation and Bullock Holes INTRODUCTION SandalwoodReserveplots in 1975and1976. Kangaroos Many observations in the past have noted the lack of weresighted at Jeedamyain i977. Rodents,field mice Sandalwood regeneration. The fate of seedlings is often in panicular,were active at Jeedamyaearly during drought to be affected by ttn grazing pressuresof herbivores observations.Sheep grazing was heavyon the station (sheep,rabbits, goats, camels, donkeys, horses, cattle plots at Ginclalbieand Jeedamya.Twenty sheepwere and kangaroos). counkda[ lheplol on oneoccasion.

To test the impact of grazing on Sandalwood Fromthe 1600 sceded spots,553 germinants were regenemtion a series of fencing trials were established recordedwith germinationoccurring in winter/spring on a range of sites in the Kalgoorlie area. L974and 1975 (Table 8, p. 18). By January1976,164 seedlingsstill survivedinside the fencedplots and 94 METHODS seedlingsoutside. A seriesof trialswere established, in May 1974,to test the effects of grazing on Sandalwoodgermination and Notwitistandingthe continuousdrought from survival. A series of fenced and unfenced areaswere mid 1975until 1978,overall survival to October1977 of designatedon tie foul sites, (see further methods for 38 seedlings(4.7 per centof seedsplanted) in fenced thesetleaftnents in Appendix VI), namely: areaswas significantJy greater (P<0.05 level) than survival of9 seedlings(1.1 per centofseeds planted) in unfenccd Pastorql Stqtions areasfor all plotspooled (Table 8, p. l8). Gindalbie Station JeedamyaStation Rosultsfor pooled survival of germinantsfor unfcnced(grazed) plots on stationsand reservesin Reseryes Octoberl977, revealedthat survival of9 seedlings(6.8 Bullock Holes SandalwoodReserve per cent of germinants)on reserveswas significantly Calooli Sandalwood Reserve better(?<0.05 level) thanon stationswhere no germinants survived. In the fencedplots therewas no significant Ateach ofthe four sites,halfofeach block (40 m differencebetween survival on thestation plots where 22 x 80m) was enclosed(20m x 80 m)with stock-proofand seedlings(16.5 pcr centofgerminants) survived and on rabbit-netting fencesand halfwas left unfenced(20 m x thc reserveswhere 16 seedlings(10.1 per cent of 80 m) (Plaie 9). germinants)sulvivcd.

Movements of animals were noted from time to By October1977 of the total of 292 gcrminants trmo. onreserves, 16(10.1 percent) in fencedareas and9 (6.8 pcr cent) in unfencedwere surviving. On the stations RESULTS from 261germinants in fencedareas the survival was 22 Rabbits were present throughout the Goldfields in the (15per cent) and in the unfencedwas nil. Fencingwas period 1974 to 1976.Colonies were locatednear one of a significantfactor on stationsbut not on rescrves@< 0.05). the four plots (Calmli SandalwoodReserve) for a rclativcly

44 9'

3ur,,,\ollu'916l,{1rus ur por.reduoqs e roJ ,(llrerodruel 'suorlBls lrJolsBd3ql uo JeJ?313aJ? peJueJun puB poJueJ essoJf,epol pereodde$rqqur Jo dlr^lJs a$ suoqBuasqoJo 'srseqlod,{H uoo,rleqsoouoJeJJrp aqJ ar{l oddnssllnser srs8qeqt uO 'y161]eqolog ur sBuqpees eurosg;o peddn 'sSurlpoos aqt eroJereql pooitppues Jo Iu^r^rnspue slrqq?Jea:osolJIloop3eql ur lold pecuaguneql u1 uorleurure8eql ses?alJurSurJuoJ ',fueuuns uI .8utz2J8 ol 8ut/,\olsol '3urnr8 ;o ecuapr,relnoqlr,rir ,(puanb:sqnssu,tr 1o1d poJuoJun aql ur Euuuruua8Jo ecuBqJ 'suoleruesqo 'erqppurg aql tnoqSnorqlseere ar1 paluenb:4 mrue puu dq aEquu,rpeplrur uy le esorpol rsllurs 'S16I .9/6I soonEua) reqotJo ur parnJf,o o8unr?plrqqu ere,r e,{urBpeafte SurJUoJJo slroJJeoql {?hI tq31yg s8ullpeespoo,\\1zpu€S Jo Ie^r^rnsuo lceJJe ur pecueururocSurzEJA ,4^eeH'a8sls srq11e pazur8 e:e,t\ p?q 'e^Jased el]l!T SurJuoJ seloHl3ollnq eqtlV sluqd aqtgo sdol eql ,t1uopue 916I ur ,{lrueluepunqe se^\p00C 916I d.I?ruqe{ur deeqspuu tL6I teqono '3ur,nos 'told lods ur pedosqoele,r slrqqBt BFruBpeefeql lV tuo4 sBuqpass;op^r^lns uolceJJoenlrt psq o^JeseJoql ur Surcue;'1161raqolro,(q lq8norp oqlJo uoqunuquor 'pap peqs1ue1d arnleur ,(uuur 'reutuns 'pedole,tep qtli1 LL-9L6I eW Suunp paseec .{lraqre rea,{pnql eql fq pue lqEnorpeq1 dpnls eq1 s8ulpeas .punoJa 'aJUaJ lrqqud olour uem aaql flertrur e.€q^\ ;o ree,{puoces eq1 6uun( eql oprslnoluac red 76 'Uos pels^I]lnJ eql uo ezEr8 ol peraJerd sllqq?J aql pueaoueJ eqt aprsu luoJ red 19sE,r JBe,( lsrr; eq1Suunp .slold 'lq8noJp pu? petrurl dlluapr^a s?,r uotplndod lrqqer eql dlrlstJol,{ qlla peseeJcurernsse_rd Surzer8 pep^DlnJun oql tn s8urlpoosSuouJB palnr:o e8eurupaprl pu? poeJueelS JoJ .{lelrlcu erour peEuer deaq5 '8urs^,\oJq llqqBr ol 8ur.{o aole pe3uaJun ,pole^nlnt !9/6I 0ql ur porlnJJo sqlsap;o luac:ed gg ueq,{r roqolJo lqEnorpo1 Sur,tro .{lqegour Bulpees o1 grdy 3o sqtuou eql ur ureEaserlr^lce Eurzer8reql qlr,r peprourorpu€ SZ6I reqol3o ur uos?es.ftp eql qlr,r 'JeAe,\ psteuru slrqql all oH s8u[paas1o dre,roce.rauos peJueuIuro3]old orqppug eql 13deeqs ,4q SurzErC

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(p?n?r/?or)IIA xlcNaddY APPENDX \'III

Effectsof Fire and Cuttingon SandalwoodRegeneration

ExpefimentvllLl: Coppbeafter the 1975Wildfbe, Wildfire Effectson SandalwoodTrees in Lakeside LakesideReserve SandalwoodR€serv€

HYPOTHESIS Desuiption of No. Voof Hl: The occurenceof fire increasesregeneration in Fire Effects of Burnt Sandalwood. Trees Trees

INTRODUCTION Control(Unbumt Trees) Many obsenationsin the pasthave noted the lack of Sandalwoodregeneration. Early observationson coppice Light scorchof crown,litde growthof Sandalwoodin theWheatbelt suggested that or no butt scorch 11 20 coppiceregeneration may be an option for theharvesting of Sandalwood. Light-mediumscorch only, butt scorchto 0.5 m, and To evaluatethe productivityof recoveryfrom heavy-mediumscorch up bumingand cuuing a seriesof experimenswero established to 507odefoliation, bole in 1974-75on fencedareas protected from grazingon a andbranches blackened to reserveand on a pastoralstation. 1.5m 39

METHODS Severescorch, more than An areaofapproximately 40 haof typicalSalmon Gum 5070dsfoliation, total bole - Gnnlet(Ercalyptns salmornphlotaF NlrclL - Eucalyptus blackenedand branches salrbrisF.Muell.) and.Minet (Eucalyptuscelastroides scorched 11 20 Turcz.)woodland, 10 km eastofKalgoorlie, wasbumt in wildfire on the 9-10January 1975. Within thisbumt Dcsfoyed,stems burnt to area56 Sandalwoodtrees were selected and graded into ground 16 scorchcategories, 12 treeswere selectedin the same size-classrange in adjacentunbumtareas.All Eeeswerc Pieces,dead before fire numberedand fteir positionsmapped to assistin futue relocalion.

Periodicassessments of recovery or deterioration Of the total of 44 bumt trees,9 (16 pcr cont) in crowns,stems androots, and offlowering and fruiting, survivedand appeared !o havehealthy crowns by October werecarried out at interyalsofthree months for thefirst 1977,and all othersin thebumt areaswere killed by the 15 monthsand half-yearly for lhe next two years. fire. Noneof the unburntcontrol trees died duringthe srudy(Table 9, p. l9). RESULTS The resuls of the 56 burnt and 12 conLroltrees are The resultsdo not supportthe Hypothesisthat summarizedbelow: Sandalwoodregeneration is increasedby theoccurrence of fire. LV

rrsrl pue (8zI-I) p cqunu pu? perJrluepreJeld soclJ 'poor lBpu€s 'Sunlnc ur SurJrddorsespeJ3ur [eAeI punorS]e SurllnJ tBql Jo anbruqcetsrql pazllnn seJrtJeJd plerJ s$etltod.H eql Uoddnslou op glnsoreql oJoJeJoqI Sulpe,rerdse nesuruqJ e qlr,r lnr oJo^\suels V

'pa1eutrrfl 'rloolsJ pueorqppulc - uoueJo-I 'g se,.'rlueuuodxe oql puestuou[Ba! rclut,t{aql SuunplnJ suals gp uro4 ecrddocou s?,r eleql :pr€n8ou puB(slsrurue Ipurs 'V spnlcxeo1 8uq1eu p.lq urc 1) prun8- urur:e,1 'pa,rrruns,{lluenbesqns aJlddoc oN 'sqtuoru t JeUe 'E :,{Jppu" lsrou - IoS pecrddocrno;'916I qJ]?I I ur u.ropjnr saan9l cql JO SJ'IOSAd :lolur^{pu? Jeuurns - uosues 'Z

:peauoJ puE(steu:rue e3re1 'sl?^JalurreEuol tou Surpnlcxa1co13uu errar uado) pecua3 - Eutzzr0 I l? ueql pue J€o,{lsrg eqt :o; .{lrauenb lno parrreJ or3,4ASlueussosse Jrporred tuur zzz ol uIur 9l ruo4 :uoqonpoJdeJddoa e($ ^\ar^ar ot pol€84$AuroJe,{{ stolJeJ poSuBr'punor8o^oqe uur 0gI t€ sraleuerpuas . Eur.r,'o11o;eq1 s{rolq eg ulql.& slueurlee4SurzaS.rog 'slold peq:1eupu? pe{uer oJo^\ seal aqtJo azrsaql 'pepftngun Usl ere,r seoJl uoneleueSoJSurlsrxe ol luo3€lp€ers,r $Icolq esoqJ 'uonsls eql Jo Jt?q pu? 8u$eu qtr.r peprenSoro^\ see-r|oql arqppurc pue e^resadpoo,^ Ispu?s rTool?J 'psqsllqelse JoJIeq's{solqaqlurqtrlA'pecueJunualen^\zgpus lP'zrr 000tlnoqeJoq33e aJe.rslJolq moc 'pelleJ $lJolq ur pe3u3Jere^\ sea-D zg saailtg oqlJo . SqOHISI I

'dJpsseseuun 'sleul eq ot u,,t\oqstotBl Jo seuosp [q psloldxese,r uone.rouo8er ere,r petllslqo stFsal €ql ol 8ur^\o qJrq.r\'sluauleerl poo^\lEpu?SroJ enbruqcelpuone-rado ue sz Eurcrddoo luenbesqnsJoJ paumleJore^{ see.r1t9 Jeqlo eqJ . Surzlpn;o,{lqrqrssodeq pue'1761 ur ueuqcoJg-a{pJq fq petouuaeq p€q uorlproue8ejeJrddoJroJ lefu3lod eql '(916I ,tFI) lueulleorl NOIIJN(IOUINI relurrr,{rpeql ur uaop lnJ ere,r zt Jeqlouv'(9/6I 'Surcrddoc .{Ft) luerul?arlIIos lslouJeluJ^\ eql ur gI pu?(gt6I qEno:q poo^{lepueS Jo uon"JeueEaroql qoJ?]I q pelleJeje^{ sm.!) slueul?e-!Iros lslour sos?erJurIe^olpuno:Elepoo,tppwg;oSumnceqJ: IH '^lesuPqf, reuuns IaUB9I e qll/q palleJelelr. W . SISAHIOdAH

:sael gzl esarlJo ({Jolq 10407punotg tD qJBaur suralsZg) sIJoIq moJ eqt ul peddeu uoltsod 'ulttnJ ratlt attdtlo3 : 7-116 luawltadxg

1tnultuor) I l\ XtCNAddV APPENDIXIX

RegenerationStudies at Narrogin

INTRODUCTION andfragrant grey bwh (Cratystylissubspinescens). A seriesof t€chniquesfor sowingand germinating Sandalwoodseed were investigatedat Narogin. An RESULTS attemptwas made to studythe problems ofdifferent seed SeedSource and Planting Stock viability anddiversity of sites. Resultsfrom the direct seedingindicated that all the Kalgoorlieseed failed. Eighteen percent ofthe Narrogin METHODS seedgerminaled, however, only 9 percent of thegerminated Plantingwas carried out in 1981in a partiallystocked seedsurvived the summer. stand(87 m x 20?m) of Jam(Acacia acuminata) trees in the Dryan&a State Forest. The areawas fenced and three Resultsfrom the plantedseedlings indicated a fteatrnentswere allocated at randomin 30-mstrips (3 m variationin successbetweenthe Narrogin andKalgoorlie apart)in threereplicates x 10 unitsper treatment x 3 m provenance,as follows: betweenspots, pegged and labelled on site.The following sevenfactors and a combinationof treatmentson a 33per centof seedlingsof Narroginprovenalce suitablesite for Sandalwoodwere investigatedwith suviving at $le ondof summer,and plantsraised in the Narroginnursery: 8 per centof seedlingsof Kalgoorlieprovenance survivingat the endof summer. 1. Two seedsources: . Narogin, The sowingof germinatedseeds indicated similar . Kalgoorlie. rcsultsinitially, asfollows: 2. Threesons of plantingstock: . seedsown at 3 and4 per niche, 31pcr cent of 360 Nanogin germinatedseeds . germinatedseed sown at 2 per survivedas seedlings in spring,and niche, 29per centof 520 Kalgoorliegerminated seeds . nurseryseedlings planted at 1 per survivedas seedlings in spring. niche. 3. Two plantirg methods: Resultshad altered after summer, as follows: . mattockedspots, . ploughedfurrows. 34per cent of 360 Narrogin germinatedseeds 4. Two seedtreatments: survivedas seedlings, and . strips sprayedwith herbicide, 23per cent of 520 Kalgoorliegerminated seeds . not sprayed. survivedas seedlings. 5. Three degreesof shadc: . open, Theseresults are similar to those for the planted . half shade, seedlings. . full shade. Two drainageconditions: Sowinggerminated seeds at four per spotproduced . freely drainedslope, onesurviving germinant per spot,as follows: . a watergaining site on clayeyflat. 1. Sandalwoodestablished alone and with a varietyof 23 percent of spotsfor Kalgoorlieseed, and hostseedlings, including Jam (Acacia acuminatq), 27 percent of spotswhen pooled with Narrogin Mriga(Acacia aruwa) , Sheoak(Caswriru cistata) provenanceseed. 6V

'suacsaudsqns nfls{lrQ luec lod g '(oun1agmq oulnnsrral;y) ryoaqg lusr red 7g (papoou Iaq^\) '(unauD mzDrv) e?1n4 tuec red 69 l?U fadBlr Eururc8telE^r eW uo uprl Joleq,(pue$1suoc '(DtoutunJD uJDJV, ul€I lJue?.red. ZL sEA\edols peuB+-ll€^\ eql uo pN^.rns pue uoFBuluueo :eJea sercedslsoq Jo Is^!^JnS suolf:puoJ atls salreds|sUH Sullpees 'slods ro srnormJur sEurlpaes 'uedo eq1ur prr,rms lueJ Jed t? Eu[ue1dur saruere3npou aq o1pareeddu eJ€ql lse.suoc 'snounJ w!n uI u ut\os peesql.r peredutocsBeJB u?{os lods 'epeqs pendrxoc I1nJJapun pe^r^Jns tuec red gg uo reqErq s?^\ lslr^lns pue uousuruuaEpoo^{ppu"S 'IsAr^Jns :eJeqi{ Jo uoneuruueEpoo^\ppuss uo lJeJJeou peq 'sEu{paas pepuruueE Jo Is^l^Jns er$ Jo uosllEdrloJ Eupualdro 8ulrros eloJeqspe.a^\ Jo Eurdeds pcrureq3 ? ruo4 luapl^o se^\ epeqs Jo eJuangur eql uogu.rrda.rtr e11g

(ponuuuoc)XI XICNgddV APPENDIXX

SandalwoodGrowth Rates

HYPOTHESES plantation treeswere cut and measuredby the sectional H1: The naturalvariation in plant size and ratesof methodto deriye volume and incrementof the truewood, growthare affected by siteconditions. sapwood and bark.

H2: The site conditions,climate and soils affect the Volume was calculatedfrom lhe formula (Avery plantsizes of Sandalwood. 1975):

H3: The site conditions,climate and soils affect the V = 0.0785X D'?X L growth rates of Sandalwood. where: V = volume in cubic metrcs X 10'? INTRODUCTION D - mid-diameter in centimetres During 1974 a numberof studieswere undeftakcnto L - length in metles determinethe range in sizeof Sandalwoodtrees and the rateofgrowth. Height and diameter relationships for all plot Eees were used to derive information on growth rate, The naturalvariation in plant sizeand ratesof production of timber and age at which Sandalwood growth are predictably related to factors such as site reaches commercial size. Sandalwood weight was conditions,climate and soils. determinedusing a density figure of 880 kg.m-3,established in concurrent studies of wood density (surface-air-&y ExperimentX-l: GrowthRates - Kalgoorlic for one month, so that this figure is essentially wood METHODS density of grcen Sandalwood). In 1974,numb€red Eees were sampled fiom two locations sown between1925 ard 1930 at KarramindieState RESULTS Forest and Scahill SandalwoodReserve, both near For the largestsample tree, commercial heartwood of Kalgoorlie: 1.15kg grew in 44 years.Eight hundredand scvcnty Karramindie- 530ha of gentlysloping fees of tlis sizewould be required toproduce 1 tonneof siteswith heavyloam soils heartwood.The relativevolumes of the materialin the Scahill - 91 ha of sandyflats commercialsection of the Sandalwoodconsisted of 30 percent hearlwood,30 per cent sapwood and 40 percent A totalof22 treeswere measured at Karamindie bark. Bark and sapwoodhad a combinedconsistent and 26 at Scahill. All 48 trees had previouslyhad thicknessof 21-22mm. measurementstaken at 1-3month intervals for thefirst two yearsfollowing sowing, thcn at 3-6months for ltve Comparabletrees in the largestgroup (98 mm years,and next in 1939and 1940(Table 10, p.22). diameter)have 2.5 kg of total wood and 1.3 kg of heartwoodequivalent !o 400 treesper tonneand 770 In 1974,individual trees were grouped into 1.5m tlees per tonneof heaflwoodrespectively (Table ll, heightclasses and data were summarized for measuemcnts p.23). at 44 and.49 yearsof age,representing thc periodover which establishmentoccurred. Measurements were pooled ExperimentX-2: GrowthRates - Kalgoorlie, and adjustedto one ageof 44 years.A sampletree of Narrogin meanheight was chosen to represenfeach height class. METHODS In 1978,731 trees were measured(height and stern At Karramindiefivc sampletrees were each diameter);228 treesin 16 ha of 8 km x 20 m ransects matchedwith a treein thesunounding planradon. These throughKanamindic State Forest (Kalgoorlie) and all

50 IS

'lsoroC ell,ls srpu€.{r( tB $Icolg ,{eJC 'dmqung 'uq?ro3 ':lcou puuuolessng uao^goq - ^{olpn.I I0'I pueselols ppg 'stseJoJ (DlDqdaJotldulo? snldQocng) 1nn7 u1 le spr-o996I eqt uolJ srea,t0€ ol €z . :senrunuluoc(oopr.rD M sntdqD Jn I '(1. puE9 - DlDutwnJDDIJDJV) oopupid - ujef uI $l8ld) spro.ort96I ruorJsr?e,( 9f, . :quedreou pues uBJpuess?g pls?oJ uI :(ll€JurHJ€nuue luur 009) IlsJurpJJelur.r ur gzrslerJJeuruoi ot ql^rol8 'I :(Ilqurer lenuueurur 068 JoJpoJrnb se.^\sJeo,{ dUrJ ol eeql ,{luo^\J -9L8)IIp,JureJ Jolur,,r ur ezrsl?rsreuuro3 1r1.qqqu13ofieP 'g ot qlldorSJoJ peJrnber sear' srea,( gl ot gg SI'INSAU ulBld lalsBoJ uB^{s '$Z d'Zt elqeJ)uru /ZI Jo ezrsIprorauuor aqtulslt€ ((g eletd srPod0S l? ol pennbeJetu!eql eururaep ol pelelode-qxeera,n seorl 696I ur po^resqoen^{ sqt€apluereU) po8e u/t\ou{ JoJseteJ rlu\oJ8 aql seereureld IslsBoJ 'spl! IZ-816I uo.Igsree,( 691 - gg . ue,rs pw urSomNeF ul soerlpoo.Alepues uo 916l pu? :soulunuuroo(aArasoU tr6I ur ue{Brapunosle oJold stueuems rll Jo e8ueJV Euuepueg)urel a?pu onluEr8pu? (e^nseu sooHJaI^l 8uuey4) rg qsnquoo:qpeqSnoydun u1 ulflld lDtsDoJ uD,trspuo ulSotJDN- saflA ,ltaotg : €-X tuau4radrg 'sIeI.D IZ-8I6I ruo{srPa(09- 9t . :sellrunuuoSulBf 'suor8eroml orl ur suonrpuoJJrlerull3 puBl.rolpuE leu qsnquroorqpeqEnold uI pue elrs ur saruaraJJpo1 ,{pruur:deleleJ ot peJpodd€ $rueroJJrprol1el eqJ '$Z 'd 'Zt elqza) slFoo8p; :(ll€Jur?rlsnuuP urur 98€ le s]1€,{SI I ol 6S ol erpuE.&(l? sffed 69 ol ZE IJuo4 -9€t) IpJureJJelur1( ur ezlsIercJeuuoJ peu€^ezrs Jpruautrroc uruge o1 parmbu eruneq; ol rI.troJSJoJ pennbar sen srea,(gg1 ol gg 'stsoq uo{ ru 7 o1g o1dn '(6961ur s8uuuelder,nege snld)spur pauosqoe.la1 soo.q poomppue5 sno:o8r,r uaq^\ sJezrlq€J I€6I e$ JoJlsalod olslS sjpu?,{J( Wr^{pesserp ,{lreln8eJ pueluue; ol tueJelp?ells Surure8 eql utqllA {Jolg qlrus ur srse,(09 . -.rateme qlr,t pareduoJ ,rols sen\ qlA\oJBpoo,{rlupues pwperppert$soq'elrseuotV'soleJqt.trorEpuupr'rarns :saulunuuoJ (raDlpBanU DulnnsDJ ollv lSOqPu? poo^\lspu?s uo suorlrpuoJelrs Jo l3oJJeerl oopuou sqd{png\poeqs {cod - oopuBi[ uI pelelsuouopr,tzrlranJD a JDJ V pueo opuD $ sadtp )n g dq pel?ururop spuelpoo/r\ q sser1 pool{ppu?S plo 'lseJo{ 'e.rpue,fu6 -nat-yp 1o sdnorStuaJ€fpp Jo suorle^Jesqo qsls eJpue.fuceql u lr^\ IJolq sreled lV salrstuereJJrp urqlr.r soel lse eus puetsaErel oqt uI sleln 996TaW uo{ sree{8t - 0t . uae^faq pe^.resgoeJeail ql,ro:E ;o selerur sSuerspvrr y :septunuluoJ(rrr1l|an )D m)D 3 v SI'INSAU - oopuou snldtlocng) ruel - oopuBiAuI '8L6I lB e?3eqr roJ Jelourslp u?aru eqt .sler.rl gz6l aql roJ uro:; petelodelxa s€^\ .rsletuerpurels urru IZI Jo llul aruese1Suuepueg eql Jo puel^\ol pw ozrs lerrJeuuoc oql urell? ol pa{nber e6? eqJ sl?ln I€6I oqtroJ e^reser tuef-oopuela '(urEouelq) lsu uedotuoJ€fpe eqt ur sJse,{0g . tserogaq 5 e.rpue.trqte oold eWw seerr€t? I9

'lseJoC alsls sjpw,{.rq tz sqcolg ,{e:9 'fJnqung 'urwroS'IJou pu?uollossng uoo^\loq - ^{olpn.I Io'Ipue so{ols pl€g 'usen1 (oloqdacoqdwoS mfiqnnA) w\I ul lPsprn 9S6loqt uo{ sree,{0€ ol tZ . :sallunuuoJ (oop?Dhsn dtpJnl '(, puu9 - o\outwntonnoty) oopu€i[ - ulef uI soleld)sproJar t96I uro4sJ?o.{ St . :rlll3dl?eu pues ueopuesseg IslsBoJ uI :(lleJureJlenuu€ ruur 009) ll€JursJJalur/d ur Jzrs lerJroutuoJol ql,^\oJ3 :(ll€JurBJlBnuu€ ultll 068 ro; pe:mbe: ser'rsrea,t ,&JrJ ol aerql ,(luo,rl I -ql8) IIqunr lalur,ri\ur ezrsIsrJrorruot 111qqq ulSoueg '€ ot rllit\orEroJ pernbar se^\ srBa,{0l ol g€ sI'lnssu ursld lelseoJ uBras 'Oe 'd'Zl e1qu1)uru 161go ez$ Ierrleuuo3 aql ulslte '(€ eleld sJ?e,{09le ol parnboiaull oqlaururrelep ol pelelodg.qxoeJa^\ seal 's?em 696I ur poN€sqo€rs^{ sqleep lu6c0U) pa8u ua,rou:qro; seler ql,rr'or8eqa upld lslspoJ 'slBr.u IZ-816I ruo{ sr?ef,0[I - 08 . ue,,n5 pueu6or:e1q eql ur seel poo^rppuesuo 8L6I pue :se[runurloJ (e^Jesou tl6l ur ua{suepunosl€ :ra,r sluouelnseouJo e?ueJV ?uuspusg)ulpt e8pu culueJ8pue (a^JoseU SOOHIAI I 8uu€{rd)IBU qsnqruoorq peq8noldun uI urDId lolsooJ un/{S puD ulaor.t'N - satov rttiroJt : €-X tuaulrodrg 'sp$ IZ-8I6I uoq sree,{99 - 9y . :serlrunuuocIUBI 'suorEero,n1 eq1 ur suoulpuoaan?rullo puel^{olpue leu qsnquoorqpeq8nold u1 pue olrs ur seruoJeJJlpot ,(lueuud eleloJ ot pojEadde seruenJJrprellel aql 'GZ 'd'Zt a1qe1)alFoo8py :ulqurer pnuu? urrrr98€ lB srsJf SI I ol 69 ol Erpu?,to le sreo,{69 ol Zg uro4 -9€g)Ilqurpr lelur^\ur azrsIerJraruuoJ peu?^ezts lerJ.reuuor urzl€ 01permbeJ ourn eql ot ql/r\orErcJ parrnbeJw.r sJPe,{00I ol 09 'stsorl ruo{ ur 7 ot g ot dn '(296I ur sEuuuBldormeg e snld)sprn gaNesqoare$ seaqpoo,rppues snoro8r^ enq^\ slszrluaJ I€6I orllroJ lsaroC elels erpuedrc Wr^Lpasserp .{Fsln8er pueluueJ ol lueaefpeelrs Euture8 oW uqlr^\ )uolg qrrug ur srea,{gg . -rele,tr? qtlm pe.redu-roc,no1s serr q1ato-r8poorrrppue5 'etrs puepelp p?q $soq ouolV set?Jq rorSpue pal,uns :seurunuruiot(rtrrt1a3 amq outnnsoc o11y lsoq puEpoo^\ppues uo suourpuoc€lrs Jo lJaJJeoql - oopuDtwsntdtprng)>poeq5 rog - oopuel6 u1 peleJisrowepDrDulwn)o D|JDJV puB oopuo sntdtlDJflA {q peteuruop spuslpoo/r\ ur seor poo^\ppuss plo 'lsoroc '?Jpue,{Jc -ree,(-17;o sdnor8luecefpz go suou?^r€sqo 'selrs aas eJpuBdr(e$ urqtr^\{rolq sreled tV luareJJlpunlr?r sae-qlsollerus pue lseEJBteql ur sleln 996I er$uo{ sreed8g - 0E . uee,,laloqpe^rosqo ere,tr g,rorE go seteruq eSuer apr,n y :selllunuruor(rrru lwncD DIJDJV SI'INSSU - oopuDhsudtprnA) ll]ef - oopuei[ uI '816I l9 e8BOr{l JOJ JAeuBIp useu eql 'sl?lrl 8z6I eql roJ u.ro{ pel?lodelxe se^\ retauerp uels ruur IZI Jo lrurrl e,uesegEugepueg eqt Jo puel^{ol pus ezrs FrrJeuruloJ eql ulslle ol pennbeJe8e aql slsFl I€6I eql JOJe^JaSeJ uref-ooprl?la teg uedoruacefpe aqt ur sree( gg . (urEoreN) tseroCeln Serpu€&O le $old eWur seer gtt

(pan/4uar) X XICNAddV -

APPENDIX X (con,irrcd)

35 yearsfrom plantingsin 1931near Weighedpieces with andwithout bark. Watdesand Pinrr rddiata(z-yeals- old) nearthe new alignmentof the Logwood and branchwoodmeasurements taken SouthWestern Highway (picnic site). were:

. 70 yearsfrom 1935plantings near Delimbedand recorded log andbranch dimensions 'Wattle (Acaciapycnantha, Acaciq of eachpiece, i.e. mid and end diametersand salignaand Pinus piftqster - 8-yeus- length; old). Trimmedlogwmd andbranchwmd to 40 mm diameter of heartwood; ExperimentX-4: Fibre Mass Assessme of Pdrtsand Recordeddimensions, both endsof bark,sapwood, WholeTrces Eastern Goldfieus and Gascoyneand heartwoodand mid gi h overbark; GrcenoughRegions. Weighedwith andwithout bark. METHODS Twenty-twotrees were pulled from threelocali ties w here 3. Branch measurementstaken were: operationswere in progress,north and north-eastof Kalgoorlie (Morapoi Station- 8 trees;and Edjudina Weighed individual branches; Station- 7 hees)and between Payne's Find and Morawa Each branch, total length; (KararaStation - 7 rees).Thewhole tree and constituent Estimatedpoint of non-edibility (10 mm partswere fresh weighed and measured to investigatethe consideredtoo large to be browsed); relativemass ofeach componenc roots, stems,branches, Recordedenddiametersunderbarkand length, liom twigs and leaves.Measurements also includedstem 40 mm diameterof heartwoodto40mm diameter diametersoyer bark at 150mm abovethe ground, total of total wood. heightofthetlee and crown width. Each tree was pulled out of the gound and the solid rootsdown to 40 mm 4. Leafand twig measuremcntstaken were: wooddiameter were harvested. From eachbranch of each tree,removed approximatcly Treesmnged in size: ten to twelve leaveswith twigs; 9 treeswere under 87 mm stemdiameter, Subsampled12 to 14 leavesper tree and combined 4 treesranged from 88 mm to 112mm l00leaves withineach locality - separatedleaves stemdiameter, and twigs, measuredarca of leaves, fresh and 5 tleesranged from 113 mm to 137mm oven dry weights. stemdiameter, 4 treesexceeded 138 mm in stemdiameter. Thc relationshipsbetween the variouscomponents in various size classeswere analysedusing linear Componentsof eachree werethen segregatcd regressions(Table 13, p. 24). andmeasured, as follows: RESULTS 1. Root andbutt measuementstaken wore: An averagelrce rcaching commercial size will have a RemoYedroots and butt at 150mm; total fresh weight of 40 kg of which 45 per ccnt will be Diametersat both endsof bark, sapwoodand true marketable,as follows: hardwood,mid-diameter over bark and length: e9

00et-t620-0980

,8'0= r 'X 2800'0+ SLt€'6= (EerVleseg) A :qlaror8e1peJup^pv

nL'j = r 'X 1900'0+ LZ€I'0= Gee{ dr$tgeH)ZI

9'0= r 'laleurBlp 'X uals uru ,zI Jo ezrslBrcJeuuor eqt l3 6€00'0+ 6It €'0= (servlzseg) II 'p^el ,{la^utedseJ0g I ptrB06 tsoule puno.6 ls nJ ere^{ suels pennbeJJequrnu eqt;o tuec.rad s! 6uuol 9'0= r Jr 99 lnoqe 'x Be)put ol popoeusuels pollndJo requnu otll 'IuJauoEuI sr000 + ztlr'0 = (sumto^)I :stol plo eus .oN cP02906€I = euuoJred suats pellnd z-P67E88ZZ = euuoJred suels lnJ'oN :(W'd'tt elqpl) ruu LZI ol uur 99 seSue.rrepurerp ruelseql u azrselqeF{ruur ^roleq sea-q :(seaeu4lpur 3o eyduresgeus aql ur ,(1ddzsuorsserSer Eurarollo; eql urteleuelp) pe^uap eJe^{ euuol Jed suas Jotoqurn u puu rsleulppuols uoe^loq sdn$uoqEer'suouenbo eseB uorC (:EI Z - poo^\ueeH :ftit - poo^\des) *,r,rL6'0 = r zp6IL000.0 = rt\ :suels pellnd 9 (Jaleulprp turx 0I<) poo,yrrlJueJg *** L6'0 = r zpL€?000'0 = i\1, :suels lnJ (31 9'9 - sEr,nl :s^\olloJs3 :drp ue^o EI g.Z - eEelloJ - seeJ]poo.alspu? S Z7;o eldruzsqse4 e uo{ rlluou auole :ueer6Eq 9'9 eEe;1oy) lqirs.t peup-rmro; paslnq?r sE.{ (Ei)^\ - lqErea uias II (rereurelpurtll 0I>) pus (uu)p - Jeleuptp uels use qeq dqsuorleler eqJ sEr^U puBeFeIIod 2lqDtqlDW-uoN

69 LZI L'L slooll 6n 70r 8Z 9L s-n llng L I9 I I-OI uatS pooi l0loJu! (wwhrog Ja^o EqDt4mw poo(n DaH(b lAt?WD!O 0, aaryl4JreuauoJ luol 'tutu :s^rolloJsB Z0I Jo (IrBq re^o) JereursJpru4s (3{ ? u poo,r\d?sspr;cxe poo qt?€rl Jo uoUrodorderp teqt tr13tary1 qsarl elelmpc ol elqlssd se r tr semEgasaqt Jo qseq st$ uo

(/azlrruaJ) X XIqNgddV