National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 2006

Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Z()O~ O\M~+C~ Cc"kr fo(

L~'\~.5 ~ I f~ ptc5eJV~+; 01) Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

{1

IIc . .J

[1 I I L J

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 2of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Table of Contents

Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan ...... Page 5 • i

Concurrence Status ...... Page 9

Geographic Information & Location Map ...... Page 10

Management Information ...... Page 12

National Register Information ...... :...... Page 13

j I

Chronology & Physical History ...... Page 18

Analysis and Evaluation of Integrity ...... ,...... Page 29

Condition ...... ;...... Page 42

Treatment ...... Page 43

Bibliography ...... Page 44

[J

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 3 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

f ,

f 1 lJ

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 4 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan

Inventory Unit Component Landscape Description Seawall is one of two campgrounds located in Acadia National Park, a 47,000-acre preserve of coastal mountains and rugged forests located on Mount Desert Island in Hancock County, Maine. The 120-acre campground is located on the western side of the island south of Southwest Harbor off Route 102A, along the coastline of the Gulf of Maine. Built during the "New Deal" period from 1935 to 1942, Seawall Campground is a product of conservation programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). These "make work" programs of the Roosevelt administration were created in response to severe unemployment resulting from worldwide economic depression.

Seawall Campground consists of four loops of campsites and a group camping area all accessed by a spine-like paved Campground Entrance Road. The campground entrance is at the camp's southern boundary across the road from the Seawall Picnic Area situated on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean. From the entrance, the Campground Entrance Road travels north to the Checking Station and continues due north with Loop A intersecting and extending to the west and, further along, Loop B intersecting and extending to the east. These first loops were completed in 1937 and did not accommodate trailers. Each campsite loop connects a collection of campsites defined by a series of parking spurs, links and pedestrian pathways. Comfort Stations #102 and 103 (constructed 1938-41) serve Loop A, and Comfort Station #104 (constructed in 1938) serves Loop B. Further north on the Campground Road, Loop D branches off to the northwest and the Amphitheatre Road and Amphitheatre branch off to the east. Developed under MISSION 66, a mid-twentieth-century National Park Service (NPS) building program, both Loop D, which accommodates "walk-in" campers in small spurs that are accessible by foot, and the Amphitheatre are non-contributing features. Four concrete-block comfort stations (#178, 179, 180, and 181) serve Loop D and are also non-contributing. These unmistakably modem features are set back from the other areas of the campground and do not intrude on the historic character of the campground.

The Campground Road continues north past two historic structures, the Pump House and the Tool Shed, nestled in the woods to the west. Both structures were constructed in the late 1930s, the Pump House in conjunction with the water tower (removed in 2004). Beyond this, the Campground Road loops back on itself, defining Loop C and returning traffic to a southern direction. The park CCC crews built Loop C and its campsites (designed for trailers); Comfort Station #105; and the Checking Station between 1939 and 1941. Yet one more loop branches off Loop C providing access to the Group Camping Area, located adjacent to the campground's northern boundary. A new comfort station was recently constructed to service this area.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 5 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

A Ranger Residence and Garage are located adjacent to a separate entry road from Route lO2A, just west of the Campground Entrance. These buildmgs were added 1941-42, at which time another building was built as a Naval Radio Station (converted at the end of World War II and non-contributing).

Additional features and site furnishings that remain from the historic period and contribute to the significance of the campground include entrance gates, stone and log barriers, markers, fireplaces, and water taps.

Historic Overview Seawall Campground was built between 1935 and 1942 as an initiative of the CCC and WPA, federal "make work" programs created during the Great Depression. The Roosevelt administration created these programs to alleviate severe unemployment. Seawall Campground was built according to the principles and practices of rustic park landscape design used by the National Park Service (NPS) and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) between the years of 1933 and 1948, a style inspired by the romantic conception of wilde mess that permeated

the nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries and favored by the National Park Service during the early , 1 i 20th-century.

The Seawall Campground was built in response to pleas by the park superintendent and resident landscape architect for a campground to accommodate the needs of the increasingly popular trailer camper. Initial 1935 WP A plans for Seawall Campground included two campsite loops featuring parking spurs and campsites designed according to the system developed by forest pathologist E. P. Meinecke that limited damage to natural vegetation and habitat by restricting areas of pedestrian and automobile traffic. { I l j Significance Summary Seawall Campground derives significance under Criterion A for its association with the New Deal programs especially the CCC, which provided the labor force and federal funding that made construction of facilities possible in Acadia in the 1930s and 1940s. In addition, Seawall is significant under Criterion C as an example ofNPS Rustic Design constructed during the New Deal era. The National Register lists the areas of significance as Landscape Architecture, Cop.servation, and Entertainment/Recreation and the period of significance 1935- 1942, corresponding with the first pre-war investigation of the Seawall area as a potential Recreational Demonstration Project (RDP) in 1935 and ending when the physical work by the CCC was completed and their camp NP-l was disbanded in 1942.

Condition Summary Overall, the condition of Seawall Campground is good. The 1996 Cultural Landscape Report (CLR) for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground identified several impacts to the landscape of the campgrounds, including the lack of vehicular barriers along both camp roads and parking spurs which has led to degradation

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 6 of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

of soil conditions, mechanical damage of vegetation and a loss of well-defmed campsites. Understory species along the camp roads and at the edges of campsites are most affected due to compaction by pedestrian and vehicular traffic. The deterioration of screening vegetation along roadsides and between campsites threatens the rustic character of the campsite.

The historic spatial layout and the majority of the built features designed and constructed at Seawall during the historic period are retained, most notably four historic comfort stations. These comfort stations retain many of the characteristic design details such as L-shaped privacy screens at the principal entrance to each restroom,

with an articulated diamond pattern cut out of the vertical ~oards. The individual campsites contain examples of parking spurs and links characteristic of the period. Within the campsites, a large collection of rustic stone fIreplaces is extant. A few of the original wood-post campsite markers remain, but many have been lost since the campground was constructed. Native vegetation, including spruce, fIr, and a shrub understory, lines the roads and provides screening between the individual campsites consistent with the original design.

Since the completion of the CLR, the park has taken extensive measures to rehabilitate the campgrounds. A $4 million rehabilitation project was recently completed at Blackwoods Campground. This project included rehabilitation of the site, utilities, roads and buildings. Landscape rehabilitation efforts are ongoing to combat the deterioration of the landscape as a result of heavy use of campsites and associated features. A $280,000 site re-vegetation project is planned and will continue rehabilitation efforts at Blackwoods.

Integrity Summary I Seawall Campground retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling and L. association with the twentieth-centUry movement to develop national parks for public enjoyment. Its overall character, physical appearance and condition are little altered from its period of signifIcance and the majority of . the built features designed and constructed during this period remain intact and in their original location. The I following landscape characteristics were evaluated for Seawall: natural systems and features, spatial (j organization, vegetation, circulation, buildings and structures, and small-scale features. Today, the circulation, spatial organization, buildings and structures, and vegetation continue to convey the original design and appearance of Seawall Campground during the period of signifIcance.· Analysis indicates that the overall character of Seawall Campground's cultural landscape does retain integrity to its period of signifIcance.

Inventory Unit Name Seawall Campground

Inventory Unit Size 120 acres !j

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 70f46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Landscape Hierarchy Component Landscape

Hierarchy Description Seawall Campground is one of thirteen cultural landscapes that have been identified within Acadia National Park, which is part of the Northeast Region of the National Park Service. Seawall is located in the southwest section of Acadia National Park.

Site Visit Conducted Yes

Site Plan See Appendix for site plan: Existing Conditions Map, drawn from historical base map, Seawall campground. Drawing is an as-built revision of drawing NP-ACA-26665 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campgrounds: Acadia National Park, 1996: 59).

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 8of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Concurrence Status

Inventory Unit Inventory Status Incomplete

Date Data Collected 05/1512006

Date Data Entered TBD

Data Recorders Erica Max Gretchen Hilyard

Park Superintendent's Concurrence Undetermined

Park Superintendent's Date of Concurrence TBD I ! Completion Status Explanatory Narrative The "Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campgrounds- Acadia National Park" was r l ~ completed by H. Eliot Foulds of the Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation in September 1996. This CLR provided the background for field work and draft CLI documentation conducted by Olmsted Center intern, Erica Max, in May 2006. The CLI was edited by Olmsted Center intern, Gretchen Hilyard, in September 2006.

r L

LJf'l

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 90f46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Geographic Information & Location Map

Inventory Unit Inventory Unit Boundary Description The dramatic landscape of Mount Desert Island was created when glaciers carved deep north-south valleys in the formerly east-west running granite ridge. V-shaped valleys were created, boulders were stranded precipitously atop mountains, and the coast was left jagged as the ocean level rose and flooded the foothills. Acadia National Park occupies more than 30,000 acres of the island, with a diverse variety of natural features including coastal mountains, rugged forests, wetlands, lakes and abundant wildlife. Located in eastern Maine, in Hancock County, Seawall Campground occupies 120 acres along the coastline of the Gulf of Maine, south of Southwest Harbor, on the western side of Mount Desert Island off Route 102A. Seawall is an early campground designed in response to pleas for a campground that would accommodate the needs of the increasingly popular trailer camper.

The boundary of Seawall Campground includes the entrance road, Loops A, B, C, and D, the group camping area, and the area in which the Pump House and Tool Shed are located and follows the path of the entrance road and loop roads, and is drawn 50 feet from the edge of pavement to either side of these roads. Adjusted for loop roads A and B, it extends around these 150 feet from the edge of pavement to accommodate exterior spur campsites. The width of the boundary is also adjusted to accommodate those contributing resources that lie outside of the campground roads (the Tool Shed and Pump House, as well as the Ranger Residence and

Garage), and is drawn 25 feet west of the ~ump House, the furthest removed building.

Counties and States State Maine

County Hancock

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 10 of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Location Map See Figure 1

Boundary UTMS Source USGS Map 1:24,000

Type of Point Area

Datum NAD27

UTM Zone 19

UTM Easting: Northing: A 555720 4898730 B 555600 4898600 C 555630 4898420 D 555580 4898400 E 555500 4898540 F 555430 4898440 G 555300 4898440 H 555390 4898530

I I 555200 4898580 I l. J 555300 4898760 K 555050 4898940 L 554950 4899100 M 555080 4899200 N 555350 4899010 1

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 11 of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Management Information

Inventory Unit Management Category • i Must Be Preserved and Maintained

Management Category Date TBD

Adjacent Lands Undetermined

Adjacent Lands Description The National Register documentation for Seawall Campgrounds lists a non-historic area of the campground that includes buildings, structures, and sites that are outside of the nomination boundaries. These include Loop D with its campsites and comfort stations, the Amphitheater area, and the historic Doliver Cemetery. Loop D was constructed in 1961 as part of the MISSION 66 program, and thus is not related to the period of significance identified in current National Register documentation. Campsite Loop D contains 141 campsites arranged around a central parking area and three concrete-block comfort stations (#178, 179, 180) and is discussed within this CLI. The Doliver cemetery is not associated with the campground, but with earlier land use of the area (Seawall Campground National Register Nomination, 9).

Management Agreement Type of Agreement None

Expiration Date n/a

NPS Legal Interest Type of Interest Fee Simple

Public Access Type of Access Unrestricted, with seasonal constraints

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 12 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

National Register Information

Inventory Unit National Register Nomination Landscape Documentation Undocumented - SHPO

Existing National Register Status Explanatory Narrative On June 30, 1997, the Maine Historic Preservation Commission concurred with the National Park Service that Campsite System (Loops A, B, and C) at Seawall Campground met the registration requirements defined in the Historic Park Landscapes in National and States Parks Multiple Property Documentation Form and was eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1997. In addition to Loops A, B, and C, this determination included: Campground Pumphouse, Campground Ranger Station (Checking Station), Campground Water Tower, the Campground Tool Shed, Campground Restroorns # 102, #103, #104, and #105.

The Maine Historic Preservation Commission has not raised any objection with excluding Group Campsites at Group Campsites at Loop C. designed and built in 1960-1961. Loop D, constructed in 1961, is outside the boundary of the proposed Historic District.

In 2004, in consultation in the SHPO, the water tower was demolished because it was in poor condition.

The Historic Resources of Acadia National Park Multiple Property Documentation Form and the associated listing for Seawall Campground were endorsed and concurred upon by the Maine Historic Preservation Commission on October 25, 2005. Their listing on the National Register is pending. In addition to those resources previously evaluated, the National Register listing includes the following additional resources: Ranger Residence Garage Road System including the Entrance Road, Campsite Loop Roads, parking spurs and links and Pedestrian Pathways Campsite System

The following resources were found non-contributing: Comfort Station #181 (ca 1960) Employee Housing (ca 1990).

The contributing and non-contributing status is consistent with the documentation submitted to the Maine Historic Preservation Commission.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 13 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

As a result, the landscape of Seawall is adequately documented and is awaiting final signature by the Keeper of the National Register. Given the current status of the nomination, the status of Undocumented - SHPO, while not accurate, was selected as the best category option. Once the Keeper signs the National Register nomination, the status will be updated to Entered- documented.

NRIS Information NRIS Number n/a

Primary Certification Date n/a

Name in National Register Seawall Campground

National Register Eligibility National Register Eligibility Eligible - SHPO Consensus Determination

National Register Eligibility Explanatory Narrative The CLI is based on draft National Register documentation that is in process called, Historic Resources of Acadia National Park Multiple Property Documentation Form and the associated listing for Seawall Campground. The draft National Register form adequately documents the landscape of the Seawall Campground and the fmdings of this draft National Register documentation have been incorporated into the CLI, these findings did not originate with the CLI.

Date of Eligibility Determination 1012512005

Significance Level National Register Classification District

National Register Significance Level Local

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 14 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

National Register Significance Individual

National Register Significance Criteria A -Associated with events significant to broad patterns of our history C -Embodies distinctive construction, work of a master, or high artistic values

Criteria Considerations n/a

Statement of Significance Seawall Campground is significant for its association with the twentieth-century movement to develop national parks for public enjoyment. It is a reflection of the principles and practices of Rustic park landscape design at Acadia used by the National Park Service (NPS) and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) between the years of 1916 and 1958, and retains those characteristics developed during the New Deal era. Seawall Campground is significant not only as an individual landscape feature, but also as a component of the larger development of Acadia National Park, the first national park established east of the Mississippi River (Meier & Terzis, 1999:57- 79; l\1cClelland,1995; 94-96). Within these larger contexts, Seawall Campground retains all of the necessary associations and characteristics of the "Rustic Design in the National Park Service (1916-1958)" historic context sub-theme and meets the registration requirements for visitor facilities and developed areas (Meier & Terzis, 1999:57-79; McClelland, 1995; 94-96). Seawall Campground possesses historic integrity oflocation, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and overall reflects the physical appearance, historic design intent, historic use, rustic design vocabulary and condition of the landscape during the period of significance.

Seawall Campground is significant in the areas of architecture, landscape architecture, conservation, and I l. recreation. The applicable National Register Criteria are Criteria A and C. Under Criterion A, Seawall Campground is associated with New Deal programs, especially the CCC, which providing the labor force and federal funding that made construction offacilities possible at Acadia and elsewhere in the 1930s. Seawall Campground meets Criterion C as an excellent example ofNPS Rustic Design constructed during the New Deal era.

II The period of significance for Seawall Campground is 1935 to 1942. The period of significance begins with the LJ preliminary investigation of the Seawall area as a potential Recreational Demonstration Project (RDP) in 1935 and ends in 1942 when physical work by the CCC was completed and their camp, NP-l, was closed.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 15 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Period of Significance Start Year: 1935 AD End Year: 1942 AD

Historic Context Theme Expressing Cultural Value Historic Context Subtheme Landscape Architecture Historic Context Facet The 1930's: Era of Public Works

Historic Context Theme Transforming the Environment Historic Context Subtheme Conservation of Natural Resources Historic Context Facet Origins of the National Parks Movement

Other Historic Context Facet Scenic Preservation Other Historic Context Facet Origin and Development of the National Park Service Other Historic Context Facet The Conservation Movement Matures 1908-1941

Historic Context Theme Transforming the Environment Historic Context Subtheme Historic Preservation Historic Context Facet The National Park Service and the New Deal

National Register Area of Significance Conservation Entertainment/Recreation Landscape Architecture

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 16 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

National Historic Landmark Status No

World Heritage Site Status No

'i I

II') I , , .. )

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 17 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Chronology & Physical History

Inventory Unit Primary Historic Function - Major Category Recreation/Culture

Primary Historic Function - Category Outdoor Recreation

Primary Historic Function Outdoor Recreation - Other (National Park)

Primary Historic Function CampgroundlPicnic Area

Other Historic Function- Major Category Landscape

Other Historic Function - Category Scenic Landscape

Primary Current Use - Major Category Outdoor Recreation

Primary Current Use - Category Outdoor Recreation - Other (National Park)

Primary Current Use Outdoor Recreation - Other (National Park)

Other Current Use - Major Category Scenic Landscape

Cultural Landscape Types Cultural Landscape Type Historic Designed Landscape

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 18 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Current and Historic Names Name(s) Seawall Campground

Name(s) Type Both Current and Historic

Chronology Start Start End End Era Major Event Major Event Annotation Year Era Year 1880 AD Established Beginning around this time, the groundwork for the creation of the park grows out of civic efforts by the Village Improvement Association and the Village Improvement Society to protect and provide public access to the natural topography. 1903 AD Land Transfer Under the leadership of Charles W. Eliot, summer resident and president of Harvard University, the Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations is chartered for the purpose of acquiring parcels ofland on Mount Desert I Island, mainly to protect walking trails and scenic I: vistas. 1909 AD Land Transfer George Dorr purchases a small spring in a meadow northeast of Cadillac Mountain. 1913 AD Land Transfer By this time, the Hancock Trustees control over , ) I :1 5,000 acres on Mount Desert Island. L 'j 1914 AD Established George Dorr begins to lobby the federal .government to designate the land as a national park, later suggesting a national monument. 1916 AD Established On July 8, President Woodrow Wilson authorizes Sieur de Monts National Monument (later known as Acadia National Park). 1917 AD 1919 AD Established National Park status is authorized by Congress in 1919 under the name Lafayette National Park (changed to Acadia National Park in 1929).

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 19 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

1918 AD Built John D. Rockefeller, Jr. receives approval to extend the network of carriage roads he has , constructed in the area of his summer home at Seal Harbor into the park land. 1924 AD Built Recognizing the arrival of automobiles on Mount Desert as inevitable, Rockefeller, Dorr and Eliot

seek to control their access and ririnimize their ", I impact on the landscape. Rockefeller funds construction of the fIrst park motor road which is completed in 1924. 1926 AD Built Visitation increases, prompting a need to accommodate a growing number of visitors. In response, Rockefeller [mances construction of a private automobile campground development on his Blackwoods tract near Otter Creek which he intend to donate to the NPS. 1929 AD Established Congress passes 'legislation adding Schoodic Peninsula to the Park, and changes the name to Acadia National Park. By this time, the park is attracting over 70,000 vacationers a year prompting the NPS to prepare a Master Plan to address the pressures of increased visitation. 1930 AD Land Transfer Dorr continues to expand the boundaries of the park, acquiring a 233-acre tract that was originally the site of the Seawall naval radio station, an area he thought well-suited for campground purposes. 1933 AD Established The NPS and Emergency Conservation Works Act establish two Civilian Conservation Corps camps at Acadia, made up of young men 18-25, to work on beautifying the state roads leading to the park and other projects. 1935 Planned The FERA submarginal lands program has about 8,000 acres on the western side of Mount Desert Island under study as a potential Recreational Demonstration Project (RDP).

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 20 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

1935 AD 1936 AD Built Survey work begins in November, and by the following June development of the Seawall Campground and picnic grounds has begun. 1936 AD Built Actual Civilian Conservation Corp's construction of the campground begins. 1937 AD 1939 AD Built Seawall Campground is developed and funded as a Recreational Development Program (RDP). Facilities constructed included two loops with 63 campsites, comfort stations, fireplaces, and picnic tables. 1937 AD Built By February, it becomes necessary to obtain additional WPA funds to complete the job. 1937 AD Built Development of Seawall Campgrounds has progressed far enough that it can be made available if one or two comfort stations are created in it this year. 1937 AD Built The first new comfort station prototypes (Building #102 and #103) are designed and constructed in Loop A. 1937 AD Built By September, the two loops of the Seawall Campground had been completed except for a comfort station to serve Loop B. 1938 AD 1939 AD Built The Loop B Comfort Station #104 is constructed as funds became available. 1939 AD 1942 AD Development Acadia's Civilian Conservation Corp continues I work on both the Seawall Campground, initiating l construction of the Loop C trailer loop, a checkerlranger building, and sewer, water and electrical service. When the war breaks out in Europe, some CCC companies are disbanded, putting pressure on the one remaining camp, NP- 1, to complete the work. 1941 AD Abandoned With the approach of World War II, the focus of the CCC work shifts to civil defense. 1942 AD Abandoned NP-1 is disbanded in June. 1942 AD Built Two radio stations are constructed, one at

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 21 of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Seawall and the second on the summit of Cadillac Mountain. After completion of these projects, NP-1 is disbanded in June and development of utilities necessary to open the Blackwoods Campground is halted. Only the first phase of the campground has been constructed. 1946 AD Built Six lateral roads are constructed during the financially lean years following the end of World War II using the simpler "spur" type campsite arrangement. 1947 AD Destroyed The Bar Harbor Fire destroyed 17,128 acres on Mount Desert Island, of which approximately 8,750 acres were within park boundaries. A community house, ranger quarters and comfort station at Blackwoods Campground are among the buildings lost. Clean up work associated with the Bar Harbor Fire delays the further development. I 1956 AD 1966 AD Built In anticipation of the fiftieth anniversary of the National Park Service in 1966, the agency undertakes a major program, known as MISSION 66, to upgrade park facilities tlu:oughout the system. Initiatives funded by MISSION 66 include the Seawall Campground Amphitheater and Campsite Loop D. Improvements are made to upgrade utilities and facilities at Seawall and Blackwoods Campgrounds. 1958 AD Built Thunder Hole, the last segment of the 26.2 mile Motor Road System, is completed after three decades of collaborative efforts between the NPS, Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Public Roads. 1960 AD 1961 AD Built An "A-frame" -style Amphitheatre is constructed r at Seawall, reflecting the design standardization L common to MISSION 66. 1961 AD 1962 AD Built "Life" magazine lists Seawall Campground as

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 22 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

one of Americas "50 Best Camping Areas" and a year later, an additional campground loop, known as Loop D, is developed for the exclusive use of "walk-in" campers. The "walk-in" loop features a spur road off the main campground, ending in a parking area served by 3 additional comfort stations at its perimeter. 1970s AD Altered The last 1700' of road leading to the Camp Court is widened from two to tree lanes to accommodate increased traffic queues. 1971 AD Altered The total number of campsites is documented as 192 but will diminish to 160 in subsequent years due to various campsite realignments. 1978 AD Destroyed The original historic checking/ranger station is burned. 1986 AD Altered The Seawall Amphitheater is modified, retaining the "A-frame" structure originally constructed in 1961.

Physical History Summer Development: 18905-1932 During the late 1800s, Bar Harbor sheltered both seasonal and year-round inhabitants of varying social and economic classes, especially attracting many wealthy visitors during the summer months. The area was also noted at that time for its large seasonal population of Native Americans. Increasing development of Bar Harbor as a resort eventually caused the Native Americans to move to the quieter western side of Mount Desert Island, I L until they were almost completely displaced by the elitism of the "Cottage Era". Acadia National Park, the first national park established east of the Mississippi, was initially created as Sieur de Monts National Monument in 1916, then renamed Lafayette National Park in 1919, and subsequently named Acadia National Park in 1929.

In spite of the growing popularity of recreational camping during the late 1920s, at that time, the park did not have its own public campground. Although both a park master plan and an alternative proposed by Charles Eliot II recognized the need for public campgrounds as early as 1927 (see Figure 2). However, it was not until the New Deal programs of the 1930s that plans for campground development were systematically implemented (Meier and Terzis: 73).

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 23 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Until that time, commercial lodging, private "auto-camps", and backcountry camping were the only options available. An abandoned Native American seasonal encampment, called Ledgelawn, was soon put into service by the town of Bar Harbor as a public campground. In 1927, one of the park's first planning documents described plans to replace Ledgelawn with a new park facility west of Bar Harbor at Bear Brook. The following year, the Bar Harbor Village Improvement Association sponsored a planning report entitled "The Future of Mount Desert Island", which addressed the physical planning of the entire island, both inside and outside park boundaries. As plans continued, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. was repeatedly sought after a patron for the development of park facilities.

Between 1927 and 1932, Superintendent George B. Dorr pressed on in the development at Bear Brook, which provided water, fire rings, and comfort stations, as well as randomly cleared areas for parking. In 1932 new plans for Bear Brook Campground were made, which involved removing discordant buildings, and adding screening vegetation and ordered parking. This layout clearly reflected the ideas of forest pathologist Dr. E. P. Meinecke, who focused on the provision of discreet boundaries for pedestrian and automotive traffic, thereby reducing damage to the surrounding vegetation and preserving the natural habitat.

Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933-1939 The plan for the reconstruction of Bear Brook Campground proceeded quickly after the creation of the CCC by the Roosevelt administration in 1933. The CCC, which was established to provide a work force for projects funded by the Emergency Conservation Works Act (ECW), was one of several programs established in the New Deal era that was beneficial to the NPS. The Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) was also proposed and passed in 1933 to move agricultural families off of submarginal lands and onto more productive lands. Consequently, the NPS was responsible for developing any potential recreational areas from such lands. The Public Works Administration (PWA) New Deal program was intended to fund major capital improvements, utilizing local contractors and labor to stimulate the regional economy. Portions of Acadia's motor road system were constructed with PWA funding. Lastly, the Works Projects Administration (WP A), established in 1935, created yet another source of funding for conservation and recreational development. At Acadia, two CCC camps located in the area, camps NP-l and NP-2, undertook the construction work.

Acadia Campgrounds, and Seawall Campground In 1935, Acadia's resident landscape architect, Benjamin Breeze and park superintendent George Dorr made an appeal for new campgrounds. Soon after, preliminary work was begun to investigate the suitability of a tract of Rockefeller's land in Hull's Cove as the possible site. This site was eventually rejected in favor of a western site in the Seawall area (but later the current visitor's center would be located nearby). Approximately 8,000 acres on the western side of Mount Desert Island had been studied as a potential Recreational Demonstration Project (RDP). These lands were purchased and developed for their recreational value as an extension to the holdings of

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 24 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Acadia National Park (then Lafayette National Park). In addition to the acquisition ofland, RDP funds were expended for development of recreational facilities in the Seawall area, near lands already owned by George Dorr, and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Survey work began in November of 1935 and by June of 1936, WPA Jobs #303 and #705 were in progress for public campground and picnic ground development (see Figures 3 and 4).

The name Seawall Campground was taken from a naturally occurring barrier of granite rocks that forms a characteristic "seawall" along the Gulf of Maine located approximately a quarter mile to the east. The initial development of Seawall Campground consisted of two separate one-way loop roads, featuring parking spurs and campsites laid out using the Meinecke system of campground development. The plan originally featured a single "Latrine, Washroom and Shower Bldg" at the center of each loop. While Loops A and B were not designed to accommodate trailers, the original drawings referenced two possible future loop developments to the north, including a loop reserved for trailers.

WP A appropriations for campground development were insufficient to cover either the cost of the latrine, . washroom, and shower buildings or the community and administration building described in the original plan drawing. However, by February of 1937, development of the campground by WPA crews had progressed to the point that it had become necessary to obtain the additional funding to complete the job (see Figure 5).

The NPS had published a "Portfolio of Comfort Stations and Privies" during 1934 in an effort to provide design guidance to the CCC (see Figure 6). This volume was especially valuable to those CCC companies at work in the state parks and forests that did not have the luxury of a team of designers working on their behalf. The circulation of this pattern book served as a source of design inspiration for architects. Because of these published materials, it is not surprising that the comfort stations constructed at Acadia would have been derivative ofNPS designs elsewhere. The original "Portfolio of Comfort Stations and Privies" was updated and expanded between 1934 and 1938. The fmal publication, edited by architect Albert Good, consisted ofa three­ volume, comprehensive document titled Park and Recreation Structures. These volumes document many [ regional examples ofCCC-era construction and the design motives behind the work. For Acadia, however, the original plan was slightly modified, as Chief Landscape Architect Vint and Breeze felt a stone building in a wooded area would not harmonize with the surroundings. It was their opinion that a wood-framed structure would be much more appropriate, especially with hand-split shingles on the roof (Foulds, 1996:21).

Loop A, completed in 1937, was the first area at Seawall Campground ready for use by the public. The same year, the first new comfort station prototypes (bldgs. #102 and 103) were designed and constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps to serve the campsites in the Loop. They were constructed with a special allotment of$5,000 of Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) funds, with separate projects authorized to provide for both sewer and water service. Investigations were made into connecting the campground to the water system of

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 25 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Southwest Harbor, but dismissed due to cost. A drilled well supplied the water, and sewage from the restroom was piped directly into the ocean without treatment. Each campsite in Loop A was also furnished a rustic stone fireplace and a picnic table.

Additional CCC/ECW projects associated with the new Seawall Campground were completed for the construction of immovable fireplaces and heavy timber picnic tables that were specified by Meinecke's system of campground development. By September of 1937, the two loops of the Seawall Campground had been completed except for a single Comfort Station #104 to serve Loop B. The Loop B comfort station was constructed between 1938 and 1939 as soon as funds became available. Campsites in this area were furnished with the same stone fireplaces and rustic picnic tables that had been used for Loop A.

World War II As the rumblings of war began in Europe during 1939, Acadia's CCC continued work on Seawall Campground. Their work included the initiation of construction on Loop C trailer loop, a checking/ranger building, and sewer, water, and electrical service. Seawall's Loop C was constructed in 1940 as a trailer campground loop (see Figure 7). In 1941, the CCC constructed a recreational field that would later be the site of the Group Campsites (1960). Comfort Station #105 at the center of the loop was completed in 1942 by the Civilian Conservation Corps.

When war broke out in Europe, President Roosevelt declared a limited national emergency in 1940 to prepare the United States for an inevitable entry into the conflict. These preparations caused the diversion of resources fromthe CCC's emergency conservation work, toward the civil defense of the United States. These shifting priorities led to the premature closure of the CCC camp NP-2 on Great Pond, which served to confuse and disorganize the CCC park development programs, and place a great burden upon camp NP-1. The two camps had worked together on several projects at Seawall, such as the completion of the trailer loop and checking/ranger station, all of which were left to be finished by camp NP-l.

. However, by July NP-2 was reactivated, prompting a site visit by NPS Assistant Director Comad Wirth, who r· declared the completion of Seawall to be a top priority. The plans for Seawall were quickly revised to include I the development of washhouse and laundry faciliti\,!s, and an Amphitheater, improving upon the systems in use at the Bear Brook Campground. However by late fall, little progress had been made towards the initiation of r· construction. On April 1, 1941 NP-2 was completely abandoned and all its projects were officially reassigned I to NP-1, which successfully completed the recreational field, trailer loop comfort station, and checking/ranger station at Seawall despite pressures of time and funding. In the prewar months, however, the CCC was declining in national importance and became a less attractive option for the unemployed.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 26 of 46 Seawall Campground Acqdia National Park

Tourism fell off sharply during World War II, and many recreational areas were given new military uses. Seawall Campground played a role by hosting a Naval Radio Station, which introduced several buildings to the Seawall area and necessitated a rerouting of traffic for security reasons. With construction halted, there was time for planning, and a goal was established to "complete a full shelf of well-planned future proposals, rather than plans for immediate construCtion."(Foulds, 1996:32,34) As funding decreased severely, however, there was little money for regular maintenance, and the campgrounds began to deteriorate.

Post-War and MISSION 66 Once the war ended, visitation at Acadia National Park began to surge, tripling from prewar figures. Funding, however, remained below prewar levels. Little, if any, work was done at Seawall during the post-war period, although the Naval Radio Station buildings were converted to Employee Housing. In 1951, Conrad Wirth, who had been introduced to the NPS in 1928 by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., was appointed its director. His frustration over the changes that had occurred since the war, including the lack of vitality and funding, the over­ use of resources, and the deterioration of park buildings, led him to propose the MISSION 66 program. MISSION 66 was dedicated to upgrading facilities, staffing, and resource management by the fiftieth anniversary of the NPS in 1966. The MISSION 66 proposal captured the attention of the Eisenhower administration, which approved the ten-year program with a budget of $789,545,000. Under the new program, the earlier NPS design ethic gave way to standardization and fast track scheduling. Contractors from the private sector soon introduced contemporary designs and mass-produced materials as well, often sharply contrasting with earlier work. During this period at Seawall Campground the Amphitheater was begun, the original recreation area north of Loop C was adapted for use as group campsites, and Comfort Station # 181 was added between the playing field and Loop C (see Figure 8).

The site for the Group Campsites at Seawall Campground was originally constructed as a recreational field by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1941, and converted in 1960.

I I. Comfort Station #181 was added to Loop C in 1960-61, constructed of patterned concrete masonry units. Loop C is laid out in a branching pattern, featuring 43 "link" type campsites on well drained soil. This type oflayout makes it unnecessary to back up a camping trailer, something which inexperienced drivers find very difficult. The trailer loop is served by a single trailer waste dump station installed between 1960 and 1961. Owing to the large size of modern recreational vehicles and trailers and to the small size of Loop C, this is a very densely occupied area.

Loop D, was constructed in 1960 during the MISSION 66 park development program, as a "walk-in" camp­ ground. This loop features 104 campsites arranged around a central parking area (see Figure 9). Sites are marked with routed wooden trailside posts. The p;arking area is flanked by three comfort stations (bldgs

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 27 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

#178,179,180) built between 1960-6 ofpattemed concrete masonry units and are in fair to poor condition. Access to the campsites is via unsurfaced foot trails.

Little development has occurred at Seawall Campground in the years following the MISSION 66 program. Rather, emphasis has been placed on caring for existing facilities and making ininor modifications as necessary. Various work initiatives and planning studies undertaken between the 1960s and 2000 appear to have been focused primarily at Blackwoods Campground, although some have been applicable to Seawall Campground as well (Foulds, 1996:42-45). In 1990, Supervisor Jacobi launched a study of physical and management problems affecting Blackwoods specifically, but applicable to Seawall as well. Recognizing the age of the facilities and the increasing demands that have been placed upon the landscape, the report suggested measures to reconcile the protection of the campgrounds with the expectations of a diverse group of visitors. It brought together the history of camping and Acadia's development to the present suggesting, "We must all work together giving careful consideration to what we want and what campers want, and what we have to do to achieve our vision of camping at Acadia without destroying what we have" (Foulds, 1996:45)

I I l [

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 28 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity

Inventory Unit Analysis and Evaluation of Integrity Explanatory Narrative Seawall Campground retains integrity from the years of the CCC program (1933-1942). Prior to its dissolution in 1942, the CCC had successfully completed Seawall Loops A, B, and C and all structures necessary to make these developments functional. All original campground comfort stations remain extant in fair to good condition.

Many individual campsites retain their original location, though the vegetation surrounding them reflects the hardship of survival with heavy use. Features missing from the 1935-1942 period include heavy log picnic tables that have been replaced with lighter-weight tables constructed of boards and steel tubing. Modem additions affecting the entire campground include the addition of bituminous asphalt surface material to the Campground Roads. While during the historic period, master plan documents refer to the road surfaces as having been "base sealed." Site-specific modem additions include the construction of Loop D, a walk-in campground loop, and an Amphitheater. These unmistakably modem features are set back from the other areas of the campground and do not intrude on the historic character of the campground. While the details of construction of the Amphitheater and Loop D are modem, they were located in accordance with site planning documents in use during the historic period. These changes do not compromise the setting of the campground because they are physical features directly related to the function of the property as a campground. The conversion of the historic Seawall playing field to a group camping area constitutes a change in use, but has a limited effect on integrity because it can be easily reversed.

While Seawall Campground retains qualities of integrity relating to location, design, setting, and association, qualities of workmanship and materials are diminished by the deterioration of the individual campsites including the poor condition of surrounding vegetation and loss of small features and furnishings such as rustic picnic tables and stone and log barriers. Despite this deterioration and modest alterations, the feeling of a rustic campground located near the sea is still evident. I l Aspects of Integrity [J Location While some features where added after the period of significance, the layout and boundary of Seawall Campground remains virtually unchanged from its period of significance. All of the historic comfort stations and many of the individual campsites retain their original location. Seawall Campground retains integrity of location.

. Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 29 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Setting Protected within the confines of Acadia National Park, the setting, or physical condition remained consistent during, and since the period of significance. Attempts to modernize the facilities have not compromised the setting because they relate to the function of the property as a campground and do not diminish Seawall's historic character as a rustic campground. Seawall retains integrity of setting.

Design Seawall Campground continues to reflect key principles and practices of Rustic park landscape design during the period 1916 to1942. At the time, the emphasis was on protection and preservation of natural scenery and features. Where mankind did intervene, efforts were made towards naturalism. Native materials and indigenous frontier methods were used in construction, while naturalistic techniques were used in planting, rockwork, and logwork in effort to harmonize with natural surroundings. Native trees, shrubs, and ground cover were planted and transplanted to erase signs of physical interference with nature. Where roads, trails and structures were placed, these avoided the use of right angles and made an effort to preserve and display natural vistas and/or notable natural landmarks. Much of the original campground design was completed and remains intact. The two loops constructed during the period of historical significance (1935 -1942) retain their historical configuration. Comparison with historic maps also reveals that the overall layout has changed very little, and the naturalistic character of the overall design is evident. As a result, Seawall Campground retains integrity of design.

Materials All types of materials, including those used for the construction of circulation, vegetation and other landscape features, as well as the placement of materials in the landscape, are included under this aspect of integrity. The removal of stone boulders, originally used to defme campsite boundaries, has unfortunately caused a growth in the physical size of many campsites and thinned vegetative screening. This aspect of integrity is somewhat diminished as log barriers, campsite markers, vegetation, and other small-scale features have been negatively impacted by heavy visitation. In many cases, replacements in kind have been made, preserving the overall character, enabling Seawall Campground to retain integrity of materials.

Workmanship As with materials, many examples of historic workmanship have been compromised by overuse and heavy visitation. Some fine examples of CCC workmanship are evident in the historic comfort stations where some of the privacy fences still retain the original diamond design cut into edges of the vertical boards. At the campsites, some original parking links and spurs, frreplaces, campsite markers and barriers remain intact. While this quality is somewhat diminished, Seawall Campground does retain integrity of workmanship.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 30 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Feeling A property's expression of the aesthetic or historic sense ofa particular time period is evaluated under this aspect of integrity. Despite subtle changes since the period of significance, Seawall Campground retains integrity of feeling.

Association Seawall remains as he embodiment of a prototypical campground created by the Civilian Conservation Corps ·1 for the NPS as a public works project. It clearly retains integrity of association.

Integrity ofthe Property as a Whole As stated above, Seawall Campground retains integrity of location, setting, design, feeling, workmanship, association, and materials. Of the seven qualities of integrity, materials and workmanship have been the most diminished in Seawall through heavy usage, but in kind replacements have helped retain the historic character. While subtle changes have been made subsequent to the historic period, the cultural landscape does retain integrity to the period of significance.

Landscape Characteristics Information included in the Landscape Characteristics section of this CLI was taken from the Cultural Landscape Report on Blackwoods and Seawall Campgrounds by H. Eliot Foulds in 1996 or the Seawall Campground National Register Nomination, completed in 2005, which includes valuable information on the various features listed in this section. Information for this section is taken directly from these documents unless noted otherwise.

Natural Systems and Features The Acadian landscape has always been an interface between land and sea, with its coastal mountains, rugged forest, and abundant wildlife (see Figure 10). This physiographic context was ideally suited for the Rustic Design style which incorporated these natural features into the overall design. The Federal government

I, 'I developed and favored this style from 1916 to 1958, which was inspired by the romantic conception of l i wilderness that permeated the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In principle, it involved the subordination of man-made development to natural topography and landscape features, as well as the use of r. I li natural, native materials in any created structures in order to preserve natural scenery for public benefit. Natural topography and landscape features contributed significantly to the design of Seawall Campgrounds from the weather-rounded stones of the natural seawall, to the dense forest contorted by the harsh and salty ocean wind.

i l

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 31 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Spatial Organization· Beginning in the 1930s, initial plans for Seawall Campgrounds were arranged along a central two-way road which served as the spine onto which other spatial components of the landscape such as parking spurs and campsites were arranged. Like many other CCC Campgrounds developed during the 1930s and 1940s, the site was designed according to the system of campground layout developed by Dr. E. P. Meinecke to minimize damage to natural vegetation and habitat by restricting areas of pedestrian and automobile traffic. This system centered on the preservation of surrounding vegetation, inserting the campsites into the landscape and allowing the sites to retain their inherent natural qualities.

Roads serving campsite Loops A, B, C, and D intersect with the main Campground Entrance Road and direct traffic in a counter-clockwise direction. In Loop C, one-way lateral roads branch off of the perimeter road, allowing access to the individual trailer "link" campsites.

Today, Seawall Campground retains it historic linear spatial organization. The central two-way road still serves as the spine onto which most other spatial components of the landscape are arranged. The main road is oriented north/south and serves as both an access road from the public highway and as the primary linear route for vehicles and pedestrians within the campground. The Visitor Check-n Station, Campsite Loops, a seasonal housing area, and Amphitheater are all placed along the central road.

The spatial organization of Loops A, B andC are intact and the layout of individual campsites within these loops has changed little from the period of significance. Comparison of historic plans with existing conditions reveal that approximately the same number ofcampsites exist in the same locations. Loop A and B currently feature 38 and 27 spur type campsites, respectively. Loop C, the trailer loop, is a very densely occupied area due to its relatively small size and to the large size of modem recreational vehicles and trailers. The link type parking spurs are not particularly well defined or protected by barriers. As a result, the width of the spurs appears to have increased with time. Constructed in 1960, Loop D is non-contributing and retains its original corifiguration, except for its group campsites, which were recently relocated closer to the loop entrance in an attempt to minimize the impact of noise from this area on other campers.

Individual campsites within the campsite loops of the Seawall Campground have their own spatial identity, which has changed very little from the historic period (see Figure 11). However, the individual campsites were spatially delineated with boulders as barriers and vegetative screening. As significant numbers of these barriers have been removed and understory vegetation has declined or been destroyed, the spatial quality of the individual campsites of Loop A, B, and C has deteriorated since the period of significance.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 32 of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Vegetation Like many other CCC Campgrounds developed during the 1930s and 1940s, the design of Seawall Campground relied on the system of campground layout developed by Dr. E. P. Meinecke. A renowned plant pathologist, Meinecke was concerned about the impact of heavy use and trampling upon vegetation in various national arid state parks.

In addition to careful considerations of soil type, seasonal usage patterns, and types of vegetation, Meinecke proposed dividing campgrounds into individually delineated sites rather than the creation oflarge cleared areas for camping and utilities as was then common. In Meinecke's design, each campsite offered privacy, shade, and amenities such as a tent site, parking space, table, and fIreplace. Roads and campsites were to be marked with natural boundaries, such as logs or boulders, to prevent damage to surrounding vegetation. Screening vegetation served as the "walls" of the campsite that Meinecke described as a "temporary home," providing the defInition . of an enclosure and a measure of privacy. Circulation was to be achieved via one-way roads with adjacent parking spurs, which would allow traffIc to proceed smoothly while minimizing the amount of destruction to vegetation. This theory centered on the preservation of surrounding vegetation, allowing the campground to retain its inherent natural qualities.

Today, a spruceifir coniferous forest is the dominant vegetative type at the Seawall Campground. Sub- domi­ nant species include a variety of mixed hardwoods as well as birch and aspen. The forest cover is characterized as mature, with 75 to 100 percent crown closure. Undisturbed areas of the forest soil are covered with a ground layer of mosses and ferns. A variety of northern temperate shrub species populate the understory of undisturbed areas (see Figure 12).

Loop A is situated in a low area featuring wet soils which helps to support a great variety and quantity of vegetation. The vegetation within Loop A is relatively dense, providing good campsite defInition and privacy from adjacent campsites.

Loop B is constructed in a very poorly drained area which may be the result of blocked drainage culverts. The interior of Loop B is occupied by the comfort station which is set on an elevated area of fIll amidst boggy ground making mosquitos a problem. Many campsites in this loop lack clear spatial defInition due to the lack of screening vegetation. Similarly, there is little vegetative screening between campsites in Loop C. As a result, campsites in both these loops lack a sense of privacy due to the scarcity of understory vegetation between campsites. The vegetation around the walk-in campsites of Loop D is generally in much better condition than elsewhere in the campground due to the lack of damage and stress from vehicular traffIc, but they too share a [j lack of vigorous understory vegetation.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 33 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Overall, as the size of the parking spurs and links have grown, campsite size and shielding vegetation has been compromised; and high traffic areas and frequent pull-off points, such as near comfort stations and public phones, have lost much of their vegetation.

Feature Name Feature Contribution IDLCS Number

Screening Vegetiltion Contributing nla Seawall Woodlands Contributing nla

Circulation The Seawall Campground Entrance Road, begun in 1936, commenced with its intersection with Route State Route 102A, marked by a rustic gate. It continued for one half mile to the Checking Station located in a grass median. The main Campground Road continued past the Checking Station and this portion of the road was designed for two-way traffic. Further on, the Campground Entrance Road intersected with roads serving Loops A and B and led traffic one-way, counterclockwise, in a fashion that waf,- characteristic of National Park campgrounds of the period.

Loop A, completed in 1937, was the fIrst area at Seawall Campground ready for use by the public. Loop Band its single comfort station (bldg #104) were completed in 1938. Loops A and B were designed according to the approach recommended by Meinecke as spur campsites for "auto-tent" campers and were not designed to accommodate trailers. In 1942, Loop A was the fIrst road to be "base-sealed" when it was upgraded to serve as a civilian detour around the Naval radio installation. Although a numbered wooden post originally indicated each campsite, this change in surfacing allowed identifying numbers to be painted directly on the pavement _ surface. While road alignment remains unchanged, many boundaries and much surrounding vegetation have deteriorated due to the lack of physical barriers as recommended by Meinecke. Loop C was constructed in 1940 utilizing the "link" campsite approach specifIed for trailer-campers. Comfort Station #105, at the center of the loop, was completed in 1942 by the Civilian Conservation Corps and another (bldg. #181) was added in 1960-61. Loop C was laid out in a branching pattern, featuring 43 "link" type campsites on well drained soil. This type of layout made it unnecessary to back up a camping trailer, something which inexperienced drivers fInd diffIcult. The individual campsites within Loops A, B, and C have distinct spatial identity and character­ t· defIning features. Loop D and the group camp camping area was constructed in 1960 during the MISSION 66 park development program, as a "walk-in" campground (see Figure 13). This loop featured 104 campsites arranged around a central parking area. The parking area is flanked by three comfort stations (bldgs #178,179,180) built 1960-61. The Group Campsites at Seawall Campground occupy an open area originally designed and constructed as a recreational fIeld by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1941.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 34 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Parking spurs and links were an important circulation feature of Seawall Campground. Originally designed to confine vehicles to a defmed area, these features were chosen to reduce the possibility of damage to the surrounding landscape. Parking spurs were historically designed for auto-tent campers, who could easily pull in· and out of a defined spur. Parking links, however, were designed for trailer campers, eliminating the difficulty of backing up a large vehicle by introducing "drive-through" campsites with separate entrances and exits. However, the increase in size of most recreational vehicles, as well as the desire to accommodate a wide variety of equipment, created pressure to remove many of the boulder barriers that previously defined parking areas.

Pedestrian Pathways primarily followed the same routes used by automobiles. Smaller social trails off of vehicular routes evolved with use over time (see Figure 14). Bituminous sidewalks and a designated parking strip were constructed in 1960 to serve the Seawall Amphitheatre. The portion of the entrance road from Route lO2A to the Checking Station was widened from two to three lanes in the 1970s to accommodate increased traffic queues. Bituminous concrete replaced the earlier base-sealed surface.

Access to Seawall Campground remains through a gate at the intersection of the Campground Entrance Road and 102A. The three lane entrance road becomes divided by a grass median at the Campground Checking Station where campers are required to stop and register. Past the Checking Station, the main Campground Road is designed for two way traffic, featuring an average 18 foot pavement width. Roads within the separate loops are narrower, approximately eleven to twelve feet wide, designed for one-way traffic moving in a counter­ clockwise direction. Both two-way and one-way campground roads are paved with bituminous concrete: Parking spurs are not well defined with barriers and are of variable size and shape. Defined campsite parking spurs adjacent to the paved roads are surfaced with crushed stone aggregate or bare soil. In order to accommodate a wide variety of equipment, many of the boulder barriers that previously defined parking areas were removed. The result has been a growth in the size of both parking spurs and links at the expense of the overall campsite area and its shielding vegetation. I L! The portion of the entrance road from Route lO2A to the Checking Station was widened from two to three lanes in the 1970s to accommodate increased traffic queues. Bituminous concrete has also replaced the earlier base­ sealant surfacing. The original gravel or base-sealed surfaces of the campsite loop roads has been replaced by bituminous concrete, identical to the surface of the entry road.

,r ,,"lI Today, most pedestrian traffic is directed along the same routes allocated to automobiles. However, smaller social trails have evolved in areas such as those previously cleared for the installation of underground utilities and have become small paths surfaced with forest litter or bare soil. Heavily traveled routes, such as those leading to comfort stations, have been surfaced with wood chips. [I, J

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 35 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Feature Name Feature Contribution IDLCS Number

Campsite System (Loops A, B, C) Contributing nla Campground Entrance Road Contributing nla Parking Spurs and Links Contributing nla Pedestrian Pathways Contributing nla

Buildings and Structures The initial development of Seawall Campground consisted of two separate one way loops roads, featuring parking spurs and camp sites laid out using the Meinecke system of campground development. The collection of buildings at Seawall Campground was designed to complement Acadia's landscape. Although the utilitarian floor plans for many buildings drew upon prototypes found elsewhere in the national and state park systems, this collection of simple buildings was custoinized to Acadia National Park, unified by the use of board and batten siding and hipped bellcast roofs. The hierarchy of building types was articulated in the variation of roof pitches. For example, the publicly oriented Checking Station was given a steep roof pitch, while the humble purpose of the nearby comfort stations was communicated through the use ofa flatter roof pitch. A headquarters building and site plan were designed for Seawall Campground during the historic period, yet were not constructed. Originally, only a single latrine, washroom and shower building was included at the center of Loops A and B. In1937, Comfort Stations #102 and 103 were designed and 20nstructed in Loop A, and by 1939, a Comfort Station #104 was constructed to serve Loop B.

The materials and finishes of the campground buildings have evolved over time. Hand split shingles have been replaced by asphalt/fiberglass composition shingles. Siding that appears to have been finished with stain has been painted a standard "NPS" brown. An exhaustive description of each campground building may be obtained through the Inventory of Structures: Acadia National Park (1984).

Checking Station Completed in 1941, the Checking Station is a one-story structure built upon a granite ashlar foundation. Similar in material and style to the comfort stations, it manifests the design qualities of the "Rustic Style". The building was T-shaped in plan, with an integral open porch along the base of the "T". To the right of the "T", a small side porch supported a shed roof faced with board-and-batten siding. Each of these porches feature unadorned square posts. The walls of the Checking Station are of board-and-batten construction with plain wood comer, fascia, face, and sill boards. The building is crowned by a steep hip roof, interrupted at the ridge left of the intersection by two massive granite rubble chimneys from which squat terracotta flues protrude. The roof was

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 36 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

originally covered with wood shingles and exterior elements were finished in a dark brown stain (see Figure 15).

Some minor adaptations have been made to the Checking Station. For improved protection of the substrate, wooden exterior elements are painted in the same dark brown stain and the roof is covered in asphalt shingles. The entrance and windows are still in the same location as they were historically, with the primary entrance to the Checking Station is through the porch at the bottom of the "T". The door, which lies behind an aluminum screen door, is of wood construction with a nine-pane sash above two wood panels. It is flanked by eight-light casement sash with plain casing. Windows elsewhere on the building are six-light casement sash.

Ranger Residence Built in 1941, the Ranger Residence, is a one-story, wood-frame building with a gable roof and with Rustic Style features including exposed rafter ends and six-over-six double-hung sash windows. The Ranger Residence was originally built in conjunction with the World War II era Naval Radio Station at Seawall

Garage The Garage, built by the US Navy in 1941 and associated with the Ranger Residence, is a simple wood-frame building with a pyramidal hip roof. It shares Rustic stylistic features wit.h, and is located adjacent to, the Ranger Residence.

Comfort Stations #s 102, 103,104, 105 /, These comfort stations at Loops A, B, and C were constructed between 1937 and 1941, and are all examples of prototypical prewar comfort stations (see Figure 16). Similar plans appear in the Portfolio of Comfort Stations r i and Privies, the Portfolio ofPark Structures, Park Structures and Facilities, and Park and Recreational l Structures, all published by the NPS in the 1930s in an attempt to provide practical prototypes which could easily be adapted or reproduced by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Designed according to the "Rustic· Style," which was a popular since utilized since the late-nineteenth century, the comfort stations embraced their natural environment by utilizing native woodland materials, echoing the color and texture of their surroundings.

Rectangular in plan, these buildings were constructed upon granite ashlar rnasomy foundations. A plain sill, comer, and fascia boards, accent the board-and-batten walls. A small wooden cove molding lies under the .1 eaves of the hipped, bell-cast roofs. Although the wooden exterior elements were originally finished in a dark brown stain, today they are painted in the same color for improved protection of the substrate. The original wood-shingle roofs are now covered in asphalt; they are interrupted on one or both of the long sides by a single shed-roofed dormer with wooden louvered vents. A single plumbing vent pipe that protrudes from the roof near the center ridge supplies additional ventilation. The buildings may be entered through one of three doorways:

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 37 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

one on each end provides access to the men's and women's restrooms, respectively, and a central door gives access into a utility room which lies between these two restroofllS. The two side restroom doorways are protected visually by tall wooden fences that wrap around two sides of an entrance. These fences have a square comer post, thin upper rails, and vertical boards set approximately one foot above grade. Several comfort stations retain a diamond pattern that has been cut into the edges of the vertical board. The windows, which contain four-light fixed-sash located directly beneath the fascia, occur in groups of three with the exception of a i single sash that illuminates the central utility room.

Tool Shed (Building) The Tool Shed was originally constructed by the CCC between 1937 and 1942 as a Pump House, using an architectural vocabulary in keeping with the nearby checking and comfort stations. The building is a small, single-room, frame structure set on a foundation of granite ashlar blocks. The painted board-and-batten walls are delineated with comer, fascia, and thin sill boards. The hipped, bellcast roof, which was originally covered in wood shingles, is now sheathed in asphalt. The single doorway consists of a diagonal, ch~vron-motif, board door in a plain wood frame over a granite sill block.

Pump House This structure, together with the former adjacent water tower (removed in 2004), was constructed between 1938 and 1939 with funding by the Public Works Administration (PW A) and labor by the CCc. The small Pump House is a single-room, rectangular-plan, gable-roofed structure that rests upon a reinforced concrete foundation. Similar to the checking and comfort stations, the clapboard walls and plain comer boards are painted a dark brown. The asphalt-shingled roof has projecting eaves with exposed rafter tails. A single doorway in an unadorned frame provides access into the windowless building. A sheet metal vent pierces the roof at the gable end.

Non-Contributing Buildings and Structures Non-contributing buildings and structures in the Seawall Campground nomination boundaries include the Loop l Comfort Station #181 (built in 1960), the modifications to a cleared area north of Loop C that originally designed and constructed as recreational field by the CCC in 1941 to convert it into a group camping area in 1960, and the Employee Housing building (built circa 1990). Additional buildings such as the Seawall Amphitheater and the comfort stations serving Loop D were constructed from 1959-1960 during the National Park Service's MISSION 66 development campaign. These buildings are not considered character-defining features of the Seawall campground landscape.

Comfort Station #181 is typical of comfort stations built in Loop D, constructed of patterned concrete masomy units. The group camping area forms a broad loop off a fire road, with five wide areas opening off of the narrow

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 38 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

loop road. There is very little definition of the individual sites in what is essentially an open field. Each site is served by two or more mass-produced steel ring fireplace units. From two to three board and tubing type picnic tables are also furnished for each group site. Pedestrian access from the Group Campsites to the rest of Seawall Campground is via an eroded footpath down a steep embankment.

Feature Name Feature Contribution IDLCS Number

Checking Station Contributing n/a Ranger Residence Contributing 041090 Garage Contributing n/a Pump House Contributing 041089 Comfort Station #102 Contributing 041091 Comfort Station #103 Contributing 041992 Comfort Station # 104 Contributing 041993 Comfort Station #105 Contributing 041094 Tool Shed Contributing 041095 Comfort Station #181 Non-contributing n/a Employee Housing Non-contributing n/a Group Campsites at Loop C Non-contributing n/a

Small-scale Features Small features such as signs, gates, fireplaces, and other objects, enhance the historic character of a landscape. Many of the historic character-defining features at Seawall Campground, such as signs and picnic benches, have been lost, although some remain in situ.

Stone and log barriers, which were recommended in the Meinecke plan, were used historically to define all campsites and circulation routes (see Figure 17). These stones and logs were partially buried beneath the surface of the soil to simulate a natural appearance. Few such barriers remain; those that do are located at the end of a row of individual parking spurs.

A variety of rustic gates were designed and installed throughout Acadia during the period of historic significance, although few survive. The entrance gate to Seawall Campground is the only remaining gate out of / three that were located at this intersection. These three gates, located across Route 102A, across the Campground Entrance Road, and across the picnic ground entrance road, were built as part of a project in 1942 by U.S. Navy to provide a secure zone around their newly constructed radio station. The existing gate is

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 39 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

constructed of two massive stone piers onto which are mounted heavy timber single crossbar gates. The gate was rebuilt to a wider span at the time of the widening of the entrance road. Other gates serving the campground are modem utilitarian steel gates that are not character-defIning features. In many cases these gates may have replaced earlier rustic gates that were designed to limit access to fire roads.

Campsites were historically marked by wood post-markers, which survive only at the intersection oflateral and perimeter roads. The contemporary method of painting numbers on an asphalt surface would not have been possible on the earlier gravel or chip sealed surfacing. Where the original markers do survive they reflect the conditions which existed during the period of significance.

The fIreplace design in use at Seawall is a variation on a theme used throughout the western national parks. The overall dimensions of these fireplaces range from five to six feet across and three to four feet deep. Two splayed low stone arms attached to a stone backing approximately two-and-one-half feet high form the firebox. The higher back wall serves as the visual vestige of a chimney and is purely aesthetic, serving no useful purpose. The firebox is lined with beige firebrick (see Figure 18). The cooking grate is fabricated from wide strips of cold-rolled milled steel, many of which are permanently fixed in place. Other individual fIreplace units at Seawall feature a third splayed arm that serves as a prop on which rests a hinged fIre grate. This third arm serves as a small but useful surface to aid in the preparation of meals. These fireplaces have long been recognized, however, for their high maintenance requirements. As early as 1938, Albert Good wrote: " ... in spite of every possible structural precaution to insure long life, this kind of facility remains intact for scarcely one season under the hard use to which swarming hordes ofpicirickers subject it." Steel and concrete alternatives were soon developed, including that designed by Cook County Forest Preserve in Illinois, which served as the prototype for the contemporary fIreplaces in widespread use at Acadia. In spite of these high maintenance requirements, most of the fireplaces at Seawall have not been replaced, although many of them consequently are in very poor condition.

Water supply taps are another character-defining feature of the campground. Albert Good discussed the pros and cons of concealing the water tap or pump by various devices, including its camouflage inside a hollow log or small building. However, he also recognizes the misleading and false nature of such principles. Therefore the water supply taps at Seawall are two-and-one-halfto three feet high, featuring common hose bibs. They are simple and unadorned, with a gravel pad to provide a dry footing for those using the fixture.

Feature Name Feature Contribution IDLCS Number

Stone and Log Barriers Contributing nla Entrance Gates Contributing nla

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 40 of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Wood Post Campsite Markers Contributing n/a Stone Fireplaces Contributing n/a Water Supply Taps Contributing n/a

i, j

r I c.JI ' r '" I I LJ

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 41 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Condition

Condition Assessment Condition Assessment Good

Assessment Date

08/3112006 ·1 I

. Condition Assessment Explanatory Narrative Upon the recent completion of a $4 million rehabilitation project of the site, roads, utilities, buildings and landscape in 2006, the condition of the Seawall Campground is now "good."

J' ) Impacts to Inventory Unit I I Type of Impact Internal or External Impact Explanatory Narrative Other Internal Many sites require vegetation treatment between campsites to provide campsite privacy through the rehabilitation of understory plantings.

Stabilization Costs Landscape Stabilization Cost $0

I 1 Stabilization Cost Date j nla

Stabilization Cost Level of Estimate nla

Stabilization Cost Estimator I nla ! i

Landscape Stabilization Cost Explanatory Description A $4 million rehabilitation project was recently completed at Seawall Campground. This project included rehabilitation of the site, utilities, roads and buildings. Landscape rehabilitation efforts included $75,000 in re­ vegetation of the site, which is part of an ongoing effort.

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 42 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Treatment

Inventory Unit

Approved Landscape Treatment Rehabilitation

Approved Treatment Document General Management Plan

Approved Treatment Document Date 06/06/1992

Approved Landscape. Treatment Cost nla

Approved Landscape Treatment Cost - Level of Estimate A- Working drawings

Approved Landscape Treatment Cost - Estimator Support Office

Approved Treatment Completed r Yes I Approved Treatment Explanatory Description Treatment recommendations were developed for the Cultural Landscape Report based on the management goals outlined in the "General Management Plan: Acadia National Park," completed in 1992. The purpose of the CLR was to guide the multi-year treatment ofthe cultural resources at the Seawall and Blackwoods campgrounds. All recommendations in the CLR were focused on preserving the overall character of the cultural landscapes at Seawall and Blackwoods campgrounds. The CLR recommendations include guidelines for parking and service areas, vegetation, drainage, circulation, campsite privacy, architecture and utility.

Approved LCS Treatment Cost nla

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 43 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Bibliography and Supplemental Information

Bibliography Citation Title Citation Author Year of Publisher Publication Historic Resources of Acadia National Park Meier and Terzis 2001 Multiple Property Listing Urban Soil in Landscape Design Craul, Phillip J. 1992 John Willey & Sons Ecological Aspects and Camper Opinions of Dunford, Robert D. 1971 University of Maine Black Woods Campground: Acadia National Park The Future of Mount Desert Island: A Eliot, Charles W. 2nd 1928 Bar Harbor Village Report to the Plan Committee Bar Harbor Improvement Village Improvement Association Association Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods Foulds, H. Eliot 1996 Olmsted Center for and Seawall Campgrounds: Acadia National Landscape Park Preservation Compliance Documentation for the Historic Foulds, H. Eliot 1993 Olmsted Center for Motor Roads: F:ederal Highway Project # Landscape PRA-ACAD-4AlO Preservation Park and Recreation Structures, vols 1-3 Good, Albert H., ed 1938 U. S. Government Printing Office L J An Introduction to the Study of Landscape Hubbard, Hemy 1931 The MacMillian Design, revised ed. Vincent and Theodora Company Kimball Historic Park Landscapes in National and McClelland, Linda 1995 National Park State Parks. National Register of Historic Flint Service Places Multiple Property Documentation Form Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape 1993 National Park Design of the National Park Service Service Camp Planning and Camp Reconstruction Meinecke, E.P. c.1934 U.S. Department of Agriculture Design on the Lands: The Development of Newton, Norman T .. 1971 Harvard University Landscape Architecture Press The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Paige, John C. 1985 National Park

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 44 of46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

National Park Service, 1933-1942: An Service Administrative History Mr. Rockefeller's Roads: The Untold Story Roberts, Ann 1990 Down East Books of Acadia's Carriage Roads & Their Creator Rockefeller Division of Cultural Resources: Inventory Aborgast, David 1984 From files NPS of Structures: Acadia National Park (1984) North Atlantic Regional Office History Division: Management of Cultural 1994 U.S. Government Landscapes. In NPS-28, Cultural Resources Printing Office Management Guidelines, Release IV Restroom Inspection and Evaluation: 1995 Denver Service ACAD-232 Upgrade Public Facilities and Center Utilities, 90% draft Upgrade Public Facilities and Utilities, 1995 Acadia National Acadia National Park: North Atlantic Park with Denver Region, Package ACAD-232. Task Service Center and Directive for Special Studies, Schematics, NPS North Atlantic Surveys, and Preliminary Designs Region The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for 1992 U.S. Government the Treatment of Historic Properties, Printing Office Revised 1992 Parks, Politics, and the People Wirth, Comad L. 1980 University of Oklahoma Press Acadia National Park Archives U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service Acadia National Park. Record Group 79. National Archives Records of the National Park Service. Central Classified Files. Acadia National Park. Record Group 79. National Archives. Records of the National Park Service. New England Central Classified Files. Region Drawing Files, Division of Maintenance and National Park Engineering Service, New England System

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 45 of 46 Seawall Campground Acadia National Park

Support Office Microfilm Collection National Park Service. Denver Service Center Technical Information Center Rockefeller Family Archives. Homes, Rockefeller Archive Office of the Messrs Rockefeller Center

·1

Cultural Landscape Inventory (9/13/2006 Draft) Page 46 of 46 Site plan (see following foldout page): Existing Conditions Map, drawn from historical base map, Seawall campground. Drawing is an as-built revision of drawing NP-ACA-26665 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campgrounds: Acadia National Park, 1996: 59).

i lJ

1 [J 59

H£AT .~. ~-

. .,,;SO. LAND

ATLANTIC OCEAN

-~.

.. T' i ;/ ./ ././ ;/ ;/ ;/ / I I / I ~9 I / / / /1 / / / I I / ;// ;/ I / ;/ ,~"".<:.",,,'~poR ...... , ...... '''''-•• <:. __'''' ...... ".-./r.n.c_pcno"'" _.1.2 ...... ~:IfU""

,~ ki:..l~'7:;;}:~~ .. '.1 ---- ...... ·nJ"'-l1,. O... I"ch.S,,,.. h., -----

Figure 80: Historical b'lse map, Seawall campground. Drawing is an as built re\·ision of drawing ~p- AC-\-26665. r;\~~Y;:p~>' D,", v oCe'tO"'- ...... -_ .•• _._ ... FRENCHMAN BAY

DESERT

/ \ , ( ,, "\ I

"' \

! ,/

ATI.. ANTIC OCEAN

Isratford HiG\OrlCDI '~"-'.. !~-~. ~ ""~~~'~ \b!,tll'ord """.,/

kir"".w.'Y ,.... a

~\ t$UtlOD '

"" f l ...

Figure 1: Location Map. Seawall Campground is located near the community of Bass Harbor in Acadia National Park, Maine, shown at the bottom left of this map (Acadia National Park). . [1 l j FRENC H 101 ...1 N'S 6f"" aROOK CHAMPI."'l.N MOUHTAlo'I

HUGUENOT HE P.D

5 UADRON

• BA.R HARaOR' MAINE.- PR0POSED PARKWAY.AND WILD GARDENS TO ACCOMPANY Re.POR'T· TO PLA.N OOMMlTTfE. . BAR HARBOR VILLAGE IMPROVE.MENT A5SOCIATION • K e B 0 MOUNTAIN flY (ltARU.5 w. ~110r to'" . l.-.NOsaPf. A.ROiITf,CT -oc,T.-I'!>tT •

nd Figure 2: Map from "The Future of Mount Desert Island," by ch~~i~~ Eliot 2 , 1928 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground: Acadia National Park, 1996: 12).

Figure 3: The Seawall area was identified as a possible Recreational Demonstration Area by the submarginal lands program (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground: Acadia National Park, 1996: 18). i \ \. \. \{"," \,'-:~'~::~~.> "'. A~,f/'"

!' . '·<:'::'?~~~~~:::?::'~':\:'\',i.~~' \ ; ", i'., \\ . [ ·i:'~ "~h''' .. I ~'\ l \ \:\ ~~\. /\TLA:"'-iT,C 1" -~J) \, '~,;\ ''\;~ , '/, . ,,'.' 'ii,... Oe"A"

.-,- " 1: \\

~,.." / \\ '--"'-,.,--.;,; \

" -' . ;,...... :.~\\.-.... ,,' .\.. .. \j ).),.// ..

: , \ ~ :,

\\\\\\ .__ ._./ ....

) .~-. . -----~~"" .. ~..-,-.-- '\._.~ .. ---.~ (' Dol. Llvf.Q "": ),: ./',: :~~~~~ij:~,:; ;>~~/ r·· .- .. ~~. ----""'-"~.~.,-- '\ -" ...... " " ~ f l / t· /)', --_... --.. .---- '''~,~:.:- .;;-,.;~- ·~;t· "'- ...... /;/ .,:":'>·~·-;1/ Figure 4: "Seawall Radio Lot Topo," Drawing NP-ACA-8036-1-1). Drawing shows conditions prior to campground development, 1935 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground: j. Acadia National Park, 1996: 19). l 1: , ~. ,~".. ../ Figure 5: Seawall campground development in 1937 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground: Acadia National Park, 1996: 22).

,,-,')

i l Figure 6: Prototypical comfort station design, used from 1937 to 1948, Acadia National Park. Drawing NP-ACA-1128, 1937 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground: Acadia National Park, 1996: 23). Figure 7: Seawall campground's trailer loop (loop "C"), Drawing NP-ACA-357-2-6, 1939 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground: Acadia National Park, 1996: 30).

C 1

Ic

Figure 8: Seawall campgroun's amphitheater in 1962 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground: Acadia National Park, 1996: 39). PATIU ARt MARIH'O WItH I HUMBtfl.fO ron fOil. ~'tI' c.:.M"~lH

Figure 9: Seawall campground's loop "D" walk-in campground, Drawing NP-ACA-2879, 1961 (Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campground: Acadia National Park, 1996: 38).

I L

Figure 10: Seawall picnic area, OCLP 2006. Figure 11: Seawall trailer campsite, OCLP 2006. Figure 12: Seawall understory, OCLP 2006.

J Figure 13: Seawall group campsite, OCLP 2006.

L

Figure 14: Seawall path servicing sites, OCLP 2006. l1.1. I

,.:~-l

) Figure 15: Seawall Checking Station, OCLP 2006.

r t r I

Figure 16: Seawall comfort station near group campsite, OCLP 2006. Figure 17: Log barrier along path from comfort station to group campsite, OCLP 2006.

Figure 18: Seawall fIreplace, OCLP 2006.