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Breaking the Grenville-Sveconorwegian link in Rodinia reconstructions

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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. 10.1111/ter.12406doi: differences to lead between the of thisversion citethisarticle and asVersion Record.Please copyediting, pa been throughthe typesetting, This article acceptedhas been for publication andundergone fullpeer review buthasnot 4 Australia. 6102, WA University, Perth, 3 Norway. 2 1 Availability Statement:Data sharingData notis applicablearticle tothis as were data createdno new instudy. this E +47 Fax: +47 Tel: 73 90 4229 TrondSlagstad Dr Correspondence details: date: 26 Accepted versionreceived Revised date: 23 date: 20 Received : Article type Paper ID :0000 (Orcid SLAGSTAD DR TROND T - NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory Geosciences Isotope NERC Targeting Exploration Centre for ofOslo, University Dynamics, and Evolution Earth Centre for Norway. Trondheim, 7491 Sluppen, 6315 POBox Norway, of Survey Geological mail: rond

Accepted Breaking the Grenville Article [email protected] 73921620

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This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. magmatic generally questioned been has supercontinent planet our on life of diversification and evolution the and dynamics mantle crust, of preservation and formation P Introduction Ga. and 0.45 between 1.5 billion years Proterozoic triple are interpretations a invalidating further orogenesis, peak at separated orogenesis during Sveconorwegian to, up leading histories tectonic different distinctly Sveconorwegian reconstructions. Rodinia This supercontinent. Lau Grenville The Abstract Neoproterozoic Rodinia, Atlantic, North Grenville, Sveconorwegian, Valhalla, Keywords: Accepted of dispersal and aggregation eriodic Article r enti - junction configuration appears least appears configuration junction a

, /metamorphic based on on based Baltica evolution of Baltica and Laurentia, the possibility remains that the that remains possibility the Laurentia, and Baltica of evolution , ( Sveconorwegian Nance, et al., 2014 al., et Nance, reconstruction provinces shared a similar tectonic evolution from pre from evolution tectonic similar a shared provinces

, and and , permissible with permissible triple ( .. Eas 2013 Evans, e.g.,

available However, However, vns n ifrn continents different on events Amazonia - junction Moreover . s , and ,

are

) . However, apart from the most recent supercontinent supercontinent recent most the from apart However, . a aemgei data paleomagnetic

Sunsas orogens are typically inferred to reflect collision between between collision reflect to typicallyinferred are orogens Sunsas fraught with uncertainty, to the point that their very existence existence very their that point the to uncertainty, with fraught vailable geological vailable

available available t a 10 Ga 1.0 ca. at configuration configuration

continents ploantc aa ugs te w co two the suggest data paleomagnetic , ) I t In .

likely. In contrast to the commonly inferred intertwined intertwined inferred commonly the to contrast In likely. geological and paleomagnetic data, of which of data, paleomagnetic and geological he absence of faunal evidence, evidence, faunal of absence he

has has is ,

ny forming a central portion of the Rodinia Rodinia the of portion central a forming likely often often data .

iet correlation direct Several Several and

suggest that that suggest xre a otoln ifune n the on influence controlling a exerted

ery identical nearly

,

and orlto o orogenic of correlation reconstructions exist for the late late the for exist reconstructions possibly possibly - 1.8 to ca. 1. ca. to 1.8 although although . A number of possible possible of number A

y were unrelated for a a for unrelated were y in following reconstructions

otherwise diverse diverse otherwise the Grenville and and Grenville the 5 Ga, ntinents were were ntinents

they

– Grenville

a Pangea Pangea

‘classic’ ‘classic’

and/ record record

are or or – –

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted were that by characterized was margin Laurentian SE The clear. less is evolution succeeding the Ga, 1.5 ca. until margins two the between 2008 Vernikovsky, and Thrane Pisarevsky, Pease, Natapov, Lu, Karlstrom, Jacobs, Gladkochub, Fuck, Fitzsimons, Ernst, Waele, De Davidson, (e.g., the form to (Amazonia) continent coevolution this that suggest assembly Rodinia of margins, SW and SE respectively their along reworking and growth crustal by characterized Ga, 1.85 ca. at a shared have to interpreted generally are Baltica and Laurentia La Paleo Article Baltica on constraints provide may present, Neoproterozoic Sveconorwegian are Laurentia, in Province Grenville the of correlative a be to unlikely 2008 al., orogens Sveconorwegian and Grenville inference This imply Rodinia Mesoproterozoic urentian and SW Baltican margins

osset ih the with consistent

alto, hl, aln Wlim, celn ad esmn 2001 Geissman, and McLelland Williams, Harlan, Åhäll, Karlstrom, that -

) I ti cnrbto, we contribution, this In . through Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of theSE assembled through a series of ca. 1.25 ca. of series a through assembled Laurentia and Baltica remained in close proximity before and during Rodinia assembly. assembly. Rodinia during and before proximity close in remained Baltica and Laurentia (Fig. 2A; (Fig.

of proximity of

lohhnu units allochthonous rgnc ciiy and activity, orogenic Condie, 2013 Condie,

supe

two orogens orogens two large

formation of widespread of formation r otnn ( continent ly ,

Rodinia Karlstrom, et al., 2001 et al., Karlstrom, stems from correlation of correlation from stems

eiw vdne ht h Sveconorwegia the that evidence review rud h Nrh tatc ein albeit region, Atlantic North the around ( Gower, et al., 1990 al., et Gower, - – interior Grenville interior being i. 1 Fig. ) Laurentia contiguity Laurentia . ics how discuss However, although there are numerous similarities similarities numerous are there although However,

) ceased . Although reconstructions vary widely, they all all they widely, vary reconstructions Although . – widely separated at the peak of of peak the at separated widely

1.12 Ga Elzevirian and Shawinigan Shawinigan and Elzevirian Ga 1.12 , Mesoproterozoic ,

, when the two margins collided with with collided margins two the when

Roberts and Slagstad, 2015 Slagstad, and Roberts ) evidence from from evidence – ,

Sveconorwegian

and the late Meso late the . common

consider sparse paleomagnetic data data paleomagnetic sparse

tectonic evolution starting starting evolution tectonic arc and back and arc

, how Li, Bogdanova, Collins, Collins, Bogdanova, Li, - /early Neop /early – ae Meso late Sunsas orogenic belt belt orogenic Sunsas n Province is highly highly is Province n

paleomagnetic data data paleomagnetic circumstantial ) . Most models . Most - a arc systems systems arc ccretionary ccretionary - roterozoic roterozoic Grenville

through through a third third a ( Li, et Li,

at – This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. detail. in Grenville orogen the with contrasts the and orogen Sveconorwegian Accepted2015 active with compatible high and magmatism widespread metamorphism by temperature characterized were that orogen the of Grenville a been high a by characterized was region latter different distinctly was orogen Sveconorwegian 2017 al., et Slagstad, times tec distinct by characterized orogenesis. Sveconorwegian arc/back outboard no margin, continental active 2004 al., et Brewer, Article widespread by evidenced contrast, In 1005 late The upper juxtaposing be have may crust ductile of extension Amazonia continent represent to inferred generally is and plateau, orogenic wide assemblages 2013 al., et Culshaw, Laurentia onto emplacement to prior events, – , 980 Ma, close to the orogenic foreland. foreland. orogenic the closeto Ma, 980 Slagstad, et al., 2013 al., et Slagstad, ( ign e a. 2008 al., et Bingen, anagmn o noig olsoa rcse creaie ihteRgltpaei the in phase Rigolet the with correlative processes collisional invoking for argument main - orogenic extension extension orogenic ( Möller, Möller, trig t a 11 Ga 1.1 ca. at starting

the SW Baltica SW the

as

utl npe a high at nappes ductile - et al., 2013 al., et crustal rocks of the of rocks crustal , Spencer, et al., 2014 al., et Spencer, ) ) . Ulk te Grenvill the Unlike . - Ensuing Ensuing margin processes processes margin continental continental n ) , .

t was followed by followed was margin appears to have been have to appears margin

Slagstad et al. et Slagstad ) ign n Voa 2018 Viola, and Bingen onometamorphic onometamorphic . This interpretation, however, neglects the western and central parts parts central and western the neglects however, interpretation, This . – vcnrein orogen Sveconorwegian

rnila orogen Grenvillian ahr ifrn fo ta osre i te Grenville the in observed that from different rather ( usa, t l, 1997 al., et Culshaw, bimodal magmatism bimodal - orogenic lid with deeper, more ductile rocks ductile more deeper, with lid orogenic metamorphic grades, probably with the development of a a of development the with probably grades, metamorphic - ) pressure metamorphic event at ca. 990 ca. at event metamorphic pressure n newy y 00 a ad etil b 12 Ma, 1020 by certainly and Ma, 1050 by underway en . Although this extension may have have may extension this Although . ( lra, t l, 2017 al., et Blereau, ( e 2018 ,

a

the tectonic evolution of the western part of the the of part western the of evolution tectonic the

events to uig h Gevlin orogeny Grenvillian the during late compressional late ,

- that of of that arc terranes were accreted onto Baltica during during Baltica onto accreted were terranes arc 2017 esis ,

in ölr e a. 2015 al., et Möller, esis , t northwestward involved )

ies 2012 Rivers, discuss the arguments for an accretionary accretionary an for arguments the discuss different parts of the orogen at different different at orogen the of parts different its

mainly mainly and sedimentation sedimentation and

eastern part, close to the foreland. The The foreland. the to close part, eastern

ewe c. 10 n 90 Ma 920 and 1140 ca. between , ye, t l, 2014 al., et Bybee, in extension extension in

event, , ies 2015 Rivers,

- the the continen ,

lgtd e al et Slagstad, taken place behind an behind place taken ( Rigolet phase Rigolet

Bingen, et al., 2002 al., et Bingen, until ca. 1.10 Ga 1.10 ca. until ( ar e a. 2000 al., et Carr, – hrusting of these these of hrusting 970 Ma, and has has and Ma, 970 ) - t collision collision t Late .

( , R o ultrahigh to Coint, et al., al., et Coint, ivers, 2012 ivers,

and and - orogenic orogenic , 2018 ., ,

at ca. at more more with with ,

as is is ) - , , . , This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. 2 no the along orogen 3 widely distributed Ma 710 formation and 1030 basin ca. of between supercycles two least at inverted and compressed that events accretionary orogen Valhalla the of concept the of Interpretation Neo margin. contiguous no with and Laurentia ofBaltica separation and (3) significant 1; scenario to compared eastward shifted Baltica with but proximity, relative in Laurentia and Baltica (1) scenarios: different continents. two the of proximity hypothesized generally the on constraints configu i as permutations, possible many to rise giving unconstrained, is longitude the however, Importantly, Ma. 900 least at until latitud a occupied and north drifted had Baltica orogens Sveconorwegian and Grenville Baltica al. et Li this butwenote that interpretations, Laurentia and Ba SW and contiguity Laurentian SE the provinces, of continuity Sveconorwegian and Grenville the from data available the on Based . aod t al. et Cawood ). AcceptedA, B Article ) . proterozoic

rations and Laurentia at 1100 and 1050 Ma 1050 and 1100 at Laurentia and ( 2008 – Baltica proximity proximity Baltica , ) i a cness Rdna eosrcin so sgiiat N significant show reconstruction, Rodinia ‘consensus’ a in , we discuss discuss we in Early Paleozoic allochthonous units units allochthonous Paleozoic Early in ( 2010 rtheastern margin of of margin rtheastern tectonic history of the North Atlantic region region Atlantic North the of history tectonic tectonic evolution of the proximal proximal )

interpreted the Valhalla orogen to represent an exterior, accretionary accretionary exterior, an represent to orogen Valhalla the interpreted llustra can be can the ensuing Neoproterozoic evolution evolution Neoproterozoic ensuing the ( The . Cawood, et al., 2010 al., et Cawood, t Baltica and Laurentia and Baltica ed

inferred until inferred

inference in Fig. 2B, C. 2B, Fig. in remnants remnants , which were both well underway by that time that by underway well both were which , Laurentia ltican margins after ca. 1.5 Ga is very much in question. question. in much very is Ga 1.5 ca. after margins ltican

(Fig. 2B) (Fig.

is f hs ai system basin this of e similar to Laurentia to similar e rather rather ca. ca.

, In following ) . This orogenic This . , further invalidating correlation between the the between correlation invalidating further , an attempt to attempt an 1.25 Ga (Fig. 2A), consistent with most other other most with consistent 2A), (Fig. Ga 1.25 , more or less as as less or more , poorly constrained. poorly across the circum the across North Atlantic region

~90° clockwise rotation of Bal of rotation clockwise ~90° (Figs.

system reduce the number of possib of number the reduce are now now are to see if it can place some some place can it if see to

(Fig. 2C) (Fig. 2 traditionally , - 3 North Atlantic region (Fig. region Atlantic North

) encompasses a series of of series a encompasses – was advanced with the the with advanced was se S metamorphosed and and metamorphosed

, where it remained remained it where ,

We paration between between paration

consider envisaged . By

950 tica

three three

; (2) (2) ; (Fig. (Fig. Ma, Ma, le le This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. a with formation consistent Snøfjord Ma) compressional by interrupted was Sedimentation orogen Sveconorwegian eroding the input from Svalbard terranes on Norway supergroups Trettin, 1987 al., 2015 al., 2016 phases compressional intervening far by affected ( ( stag The last orogenesis, Valhalla the Grenville for pathways evolutionary earliest of that match timing and 2018 Bybee, and Sørensen Skår, Stormoen, Henderson, Røhr, Marker, Kirkland, Sauer, Høy, Coint, Roberts, by dominated was orogen Sveconorwegian the Ma, 1000 ca. After Norway northern dikes mafic of coast the along northwards continued belt orogenic Sveconorwegian Tomographic Koehl, Bergh andWem Koehl, Bergh W

Accepted Article etal.,1999 alderhaug, ,

, Knoydartian (8 Knoydartian Viola, et al., 2011 al., et Viola,

(

) ) events events Kirkland, etal.,2007 Kirkland, , , exotic entities including the including exotic entities Baltica tracts of large covering ( e of extension in the Sveconorwegian in theSveconorwegian ofextension e Mertanen, et al., 1996 al., et Mertanen, ) ( , Kirkland, et al., 2008 et Kirkland, ( Slagstad, et al., 2018 al., et Slagstad, - domains of of domains field tectonic forces field tectonic ( Kirkland, et al., 2006 Kirkland, may be an expression of tectonic activity activity tectonic of expression an be may 40 ( Johansso – 8 mer, 2018 mer, ) , with intermittent compression compression intermittent with , 30 Ma) Ma) 30 ) , northeastern Rus northeastern

and extensional structures in northern Norway as young as ca. 800 Ma ca. 800 youngas as Norway innorthern structures and extensional long a ) , Krummedal succession succession , Krummedal n, et2005 al., ( Cawood, Strachan, Cutts, Kinny, Hand and Pisarevsky, 2010 Pisarevsky, Hand and Cutts, Kinny, Strachan, Cawood, ) , was active until at least ca. 590 Ma 590 ca. least until at active was

suggest that the entire present entire the that suggest Strachan, et al., 2013 etal., Strachan, ) (Fig. 2D) (Fig. )

and geochr and and ) , - Pearya terranePearya

lived, active margin until at least ca. 700 Ma. ca. 700 at least margin until active lived, probably related to intermittent active tointermittent related probably vs.

( ca. 1050 Ma Ma 1050 ca. Sparagmite Basin, Nystuen, 1987 Nystuen, Basin, Sparagmite

Sveconorwegian sia sia . A )

(Fig. 2 (Fig. n ( Lorenz, etal.,2012 Lorenz, and other extensional depositional environment depositional environment extensional onologic onologic

orogenic events orogenic o rogen rogen E ) ( . This series of linked basins received detrital received linked basins of series . This Estrada, et al.,2018 et Estrada, on Greenland Greenland on extensional structures structures extensional ) ( , the Kalak Nappe Complex Nappe , theKalak ( Bolle, et al., 2018 al., et Bolle, , is recorded by mafic dikes at ca. 850 Ma atca.850 mafic dikes by is recorded Tucker, et al., 1990 al., et Tucker,

older and younger younger and older /Valhalla

consistent with different zircon Hf Hf zircon different with consistent out

board board - e.g., ) day coastline of Norway was was Norway of day coastline , widespread widespread the Moine and Dalradian and Dalradian Moine the

( orogens orogens

Kalsbeek, etal. Kalsbeek, (

Cutts, et al., 2010 et al., Cutts, the Renlandian (980 the Renlandian W Norway W f h present the of , ) ) , Malone, et al.,2017 et Malone, ;

Laurentia thus b thus ) continental continental ( - (

Spencer, et al., 2018 etal., Spencer, margin advance, Koehl, et al., 2018 al., et Koehl, data suggest that the the that suggest data extension , oth oth

and The in northern northern in , 2000

( with with Spencer, et et Spencer, tectonic style tectonic -

se , ca. 1066 Ma Ma 1066 ca. day margin. margin. day Kirkland, et et Kirkland, sources.

units are units ) – ( , Slagstad, Slagstad,

) 910 and ,

and and

,

)

) in .

This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. not are they that argue could one events, magmatic and metamorphic deposition, of age e.g., similar broadly with evolution. margins active coeval other, several were there 2007 Whitehouse, and Daly Kirkland, provenance and history, magmatic and metamorphic in stratigraphy, similarities on based correlated can be successions Neoproterozoic 2019 al., et Campanha, Meso Late valid events orogenic t above, the Laurentia relatively but Recogni scenario. this rule out not does this unconstrained, essentially is in basement their and allochthons the between relationship incorporated readily be cannot allochthons Atlantic North margin Asian southern the on orogens (arc) Indonesian and (collision) Himalaya the orogens Sveconorwegian and that as same the essentially is 1 Scenario Discussion unknown. ex

Accepted Article allochthons Early Paleozoic foundin clusively Sveconorwegian orogen orogen Sveconorwegian until ca. 700Ma ca. until zing i sit n aaim emt a itral consistent internally an permits paradigm in shift his

Thus, Thus, -

the accretionary natur accretionary the n ery Neoprot early and

u f h Nrh tatc region Atlantic North the of nless the allochthons show some unique feature that allow that uniquefeature some show the allochthons nless .

- proximal , aod e a. 2009 al., et Cawood, forms part of the early the of part forms reflect rzi aceinr ooes r fud n ot continents most on found are orogens accretionary erozoic

location of Baltica at ca. 1 ca. at Baltica of location

(e.g., (e.g., e of the Sveconorwegian orogen and assuming a more easterly more a assuming and orogen Sveconorwegian the of e different settings along the same continental margin, akin to akin margin, continental same the along settings different , tahn Pae Krln ad try 2013 Storey, and Kirkland Prave, Strachan, Cawood, Strachan, Cutts, Kinny, Hand and Pisarevsky, 2010 Pisarevsky, and Hand Kinny, Cutts, Strachan, Cawood,

suggested by Slagstad et al. et Slagstad by suggested oehr in together , and their relationship to their current basements is basements current their to theirrelationship , and )

n atog te allo the although and

Valhalla orogenic system orogenic Valhalla to .0

coherent a

Ga, interpretation allows a second scenario second a allows to

hs scenario this ( 2017 tectonic chthonous North Atlantic Atlantic North chthonous s

tectonic and temporal temporal and tectonic (Fig. 2E, H) 2E, (Fig.

them to be correlated, be correlated, themto ) ,

where ht is h main the ties that

rmwr ta is that framework ) , but since the the since but ,

, it is likely that that likely is it , (Fig. 2D, G) 2D, (Fig.

the Grenville Grenville the . As ,

in which in outlined outlined (e.g., (e.g., . The The . , cnro s t ds ih i te vial ploantc aa lcn te w contin isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. two the placing data paleomagnetic available the (i) with odds at is scenario extensive configurat “classic” orogens accretionary similar but unrelated from derived be may Baltica on resting units Neoproterozoic the scenario, Caledonia Paleozoic Early until separated remained and Ga 1.25 ca. before or at separated Laurentia and Baltica that is scenario third The evidence. clear no of that distribution current the for accounts scenario Neoproterozoic This orogen. Valhalla the of stages early unconstrained Himalayan the portions different forming orogenesis, Sveconorwegian proximity relative in remain continents two the where scenarios include constrain orogens, Sveconorwegian and Grenville the of evolution tectonic the about knowledge present our Given Conclusions continent collision. Caledonian Paleozoic Early until separate remained and Ga 1.25 ca. before nonetheless but controversial, most margin o succession Neoproterozoic correlative Accepted Article but continent one onto accreted been have even may and rogenesis, the allochthons formed in relative proximity to their to proximity relative in formed allochthons the following following

ts

the ensuing Neoproterozoic evolution of the North Atlantic region, and paleomagnetic paleomagnetic and region, Atlantic North the of evolution Neoproterozoic ensuing the olsoa orogen collisional

a ubr f ifrn Baltica different of number a , ( i. F I Cru e a. 2007 al., et Corfu, I; 2F, Fig.

– eastward shift of B of shift eastward Indonesian portion of the southern Asian margin. Alternatively, a Alternatively, margin. Asian southern the of portion Indonesian successions

subsequent subsequent ion where the Grenville and Sveconorwegian provinces represent one side of a of side one represent provinces Sveconorwegian and Grenville the where ion s

in Early Paleozoic allochthons around the North North the around allochthons Paleozoic Early in were accreted onto their respective basements during Early Paleozoic Paleozoic Early during basements respective their onto accreted were break up. This up. break formed during amalgamation of the Rodinia supercontinent. supercontinent. Rodinia the of amalgamation during formed altica would allow the Sveconorwegian orogen to represent the the represent to orogen Sveconorwegian the allow would altica possible ) – . Complicating things even further is the fact that the the that fact the is further even things Complicating . cryptic tectonic evolution evolution tectonic cryptic Laurentia configurations in Rodinia are possible. These These possible. are Rodinia in configurations Laurentia , elsewhere scenario in which which in scenario Te es lkl scenario likely least The . along the same active margin, analogous to analogous margin, active same the along

currently continent n

Laurentia and Baltica separated at or or at separated Baltica and Laurentia

local basement, for which there is is there which for basement, local allows for for allows -

continent collision. In this this In collision. continent during and after Grenville after and during now now the Valhalla orogen or or orogen Valhalla the Atlantic, but assumes assumes but Atlantic, a be stranded on on stranded be

per t b the be to appears third paleomagnetically paleomagnetically and probably probably and - continent continent ents at at ents Such a a Such the the n – This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted The 2019. al., et P.A., Cawood, F.M., Faleiros, G.A.C., Campanha, a et S.B., Shirey, L.D., Ashwal, G.M., Bybee, K. Åhäll, T.S., Brewer, 201 al., et J.V., Auwera, H., Diot, O., Bolle, P the Reappraising 2017. al., et C., Clark, T.E., Johnson, E., Blereau, early The 2018. G., Viola, and B. Bingen, four A 2008. G., Viola, and Ø. Nordgulen, B., Bingen, H.J., Stein, and E.M.O. Sigmond, J., Mansfeld, B., Bingen, References Article significant in resulted that manuscript comments constructive for thanked are Cawood Peter and Corfu here presented interpretations the to up led has that work earlier in support their for institutions respective our and discussions, inspiring for colleagues other and Røhr Torkil thank We Acknowledgements with continent inconsistent that appear orogen Sveconorwegian the from data geological (iii) and orogens, Sveconorwegian and Grenville the of timing and style tectonic contrasting (ii) orogenesis, during latitudes different significantly Ribeira Belt (Brazil): revision, depositional age and setting in Rodinia and West Gondwana Gondwana West Research Precambrian and Rodinia in setting and age depositional revision, (Brazil): Belt Ribeira Letters Science and Planetary Moho the at processes magmatic and source magma setting, tectonic for Implications pre recurring for Research Precambrian evidence Norway, U and fabric Magnetic complexes granitic Sjelset Kleivan and Norway: SW of crust Sveconorwegian Norway southwestern Agder Sector, sub the Research of delamination involving model SW Scandinavia Sveconorwegian the in basins continental of Norway Orogen, southern development Ga 1.27 Mesoproterozoic:

, 313 , 170 - I., Menuge, J.F., et al., 2004. Mesoproterozoic bimodal volcanism in SW SW in volcanism bimodal Mesoproterozoic 2004. al., et J.F., Menuge, I., Norwegian Journal of Geology Journal of Norwegian - 204.

, , 320 134

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Earth of Journal Canadian , 31 , 249 , 389 clarification of this work of clarification - - 45. - continent continent 273. , 74 -

l., 2014. Pyroxene megacrysts in Proterozoic anorthosites: anorthosites: Proterozoic in megacrysts Pyroxene 2014. l., Sveconorwegian orogeny in southern Norway: Tectonic Tectonic Norway: southern in orogeny Sveconorwegian Geoscience Frontiers Geoscience

- Precambrian Research Precambrian 85. - 8.

Sveconorwegian continental margin tectonism tectonism margin continental Sveconorwegian collision. Pluton construction and deformation in the the in deformation and construction Pluton - - otnna ltopei man lithospheric continental phase phase , 88 , 43 ,

model for the Sveconorwegian orogeny, orogeny, Sveconorwegian the for model 02 Baltica 2002.

- 72. .

,

– 8 T evolution of the Rogaland the of evolution T , 1 ,

, 305 Tonian Embu Complex in the the in Complex Embu Tonian - 39 on 14. , 1425 ,

- , 247 ,

- Pb geochronology of the the of geochronology Pb an earlier version of the the of version earlier an Laurentia link during the the during link Laurentia - - 267. 1440.

tle

in Precambrian Precambrian .

Fernando Fernando – Earth Earth Vest Vest This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted eastern of evolution Caledonian and Grenvillian 2005. al., et A.N., Larionov, D.G., Gee, Å., Johansson, 199 P.F., Hoffmann, Mid 1990. T., Rivers, and A.B. Ryan, C.F., Gower, pre Reconstructing 2013. D.A.D., Evans, long viable, palaeomagnetically The 2009. D.A.D., Evans, 2018. pair: al., et A., rift Gerdes, K., Mende, conjugate S., Estrada, a as Antarctica East and Laurentia of margins Pacific 1991. I.W.D., Dalziel, single a in recorded events metamorphic Three 2010. al., et R.A., Strachan, P.D., Kinny, K.A., Cutts, and geochronological Geochemical, 2013. J., Dostal, and M. Raistrick, T., Slagstad, N.G., Culshaw, Article northwestern the across Transect 1997. al., et J.W.F., Ketchum, R.A., Jamieson, N.G., Culshaw, Peri 2007. al., et T.H., Torsvik, R.J., Roberts, F., Corfu, Acc during Crust of Recycling and Preservation 2013. K., Condie, 20 al., et N.M.W., Roberts, T., Slagstad, N., Coint, of margin the along orogeny Neoproterozoic 2010. al., et K., Cutts, R., Strachan, P.A., Cawood, In: history. Earth through orogens Accretionary 2009. al., et W.J., Collins, the A., Kröner, P.A., across Cawood, transect Geologic 2000. N.G., Culshaw, and R.A. Jamieson, R.M., Easton, S.D., Carr, Svalbard: a tale of two orogenies twoorogenies of atale Svalbard: 1412. Special Paper. ofCanada, Association In: volume. this by Laurentia made contributions Proterozoic the of summary a and evolution geological Bulletin eds). Hynes, A.J. and J.D. Keppie In: reconstruction. supercontinent High Arctic) (Canadian Terrane Pearya and central supercontinent anEocambrian for implications Evidence and Scotland NW Moine Supergroup, in modelling, phase Integrated garnet: Ontario Province, Grenville Belt, Gneiss Central Research domains, Sound Shawanaga allochthonous Parry the of members of origin the on constraints isotopic crust orogenic Polystag Ontario: Bay, Georgian orogen, Grenville Caledonides the Scandinavian implicatio Norway: northern Finnmark, of nappes to Rodinia Nuna from Road A Bumpy Orogens: Proterozoic for implications and orogenesis Sveconorwegian metamorphism and magmatism between Relationships Norway: SW North Atlantic orogen, Rodinia: Valhalla London. ofLondon, Society Time and Space in Systems Accretionary Earth Grenvill

, e orogen of Ontario and New York andNewYork Ontario orogen of e 125 , 228 1. Did the break the Did 1. , 1735 , , 131 Tectonics - - 1751. 150. - Baltica

,

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American Journal of Science of Journal American (C.F. Gower, T. Rivers and A.B. Ryan, eds). Geological Geological eds). Ryan, A.B. and Rivers T. Gower, (C.F.

- Terra Nova Terra Journal of Metamorphic Geology ofMetamorphic Journal 982. - Pangean supercontinents supercontinents Pangean Ancient Orogens and and Orogens Ancient

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Proterozoic to Cretaceous e Cretaceous to Proterozoic 15. The Late Mesoproterozoic Sirdal Magmatic Belt, Belt, Magmatic Sirdal Mesoproterozoic Late The 15. iu LA situ Canadian Journal of EarthSciences of Journal Canadian - rtrzi Laurentia Proterozoic , 17

(P.A. Cawood and A. Kröner A. and Cawood (P.A. , 317 , - ICPMS and SIMS geochronology from the the from geochronology SIMS and ICPMS 38 - e convergence and extension in the lower lower the in extension and convergence e Journal of Geodynamics of Journal Gondwanan elements in the Caledonian Caledonian the in elements Gondwanan ns for the paleogeographic framework of of framework paleogeographic the for ns , 265 , 99 -

325. , 57 - 102. retionary and Collisional Phases of Phases Collisional and retionary - ,

ie ad all and lived oen Analogues Modern Geosciences 307 - 77.

Geology Geological Society of America America of Society Geological , 434

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, 598 , 240. Science - , inclusive Rodinia Rodinia inclusive - 120 267. , eds). Geological Geological eds). , , -

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- - This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. AcceptedSynt 1987. J.P., Nystuen, essay retrospective A cycle: supercontinent The 2014. M., Santosh, and J.B. Murphy, R.D., Nance, U.S. Southwest 1991. E.M., Moores, 2013. al., et J., Andersson, B., Bingen, C., Möller, a as terrane eclogite an of Exhumation 2015. I., Lundin, Antal and B. Dyck, J., Andersson, C., Möller, 1996. H., Huhma, and L.J. Pesonen, S., Mertanen, Th 2017. K., Piepjohn, and W. Gosen, von W.C., McClelland, S.J., Malone, Grenville The 2012. J., Majka, and A.N. Larionov, D., Gee, H., Lorenz, 2008. al., et A.S., Collins, S.V., Bogdanova, Z.X., Li, J. Koehl, sign zircon Detrital 2008. A.R., Prave, and R.A. Article Strachan, C.L., Kirkland, Joh T.M., Erickson, C.L., Kirkland, C Kirkland, late and Grenvillian of magmatism Granitic 2006. M.J., Whitehouse, and J.S. Daly, C.L., Kirkland, Will S.S., Harlan, K.E., Karlstrom, K.E. Karlstrom, Kalsbeek early Cambrian Hedmark Basin, the Caledonian Thrust Belt, southern Norway Norway southern Belt, Thrust Caledonian the Geologisk Tidsskrift Basin, Hedmark Cambrian early Research Gondwana 425 orogen hot m Special Publications London, Society, Fennoscandia northern Kautokeino, and Laanila in dykes diabase Neoproterozoic Caledonian for Implications terrane reconstructions Arctic: high Canadian terrane, Pearya the of record magmatic high Arctic synthesis Rodinia: A Earth K from Finnmark NW in faulting shallow and successions Neoproterozoic circum within the other with comparisons and Contrasts Scotland: Supergroup, Geology Chemical Norway Arctic Complex, Nappe Kalak the from example An spectra: age monazite disturbed and tectonics Paleogeography Neoproterozoic for Implications Caledonides: Norwegian Complex, Nappe the Kalak Complex Nappe Norway Arctic Finnmark, in age Neoproterozoic Australian refining for implications and Baltica, and Rodinia Australia to extensions its Laurentia, southern Grenvillian for Evidence Caledonides: Greenland East the orogenesis? of history Neoproterozoic - , F., Thrane, K., Nutman, A.P. and Jepsen, H.F., 2000. Late Mesoproterozoic to early early to Mesoproterozoic Late 2000. H.F., Jepsen, and A.P. Nutman, K., Thrane, F., , B.P., Bergh, S.G. and Wemmer, K., 2018. Neoproterozoic and post and Neoproterozoic 2018. K., Wemmer, and S.G. Bergh, B.P., .L., Daly, J.S. and Whitehouse, M.J., 2007. Provenance and terrane evolution of the Kalak Kalak the of evolution terrane and Provenance 2007. M.J., Whitehouse, and J.S. Daly, .L., - 428. , igmatitic nappe, Sveconorwegian orogen orogen Sveconorwegian nappe, igmatitic 9 Åäl K. Åhäll, , – , 923 , Precambrian Research Precambrian

Comment Comment - Geological Magazine Geological

western US connection in the Proterozoic the Proterozoic in US connection western Journal of the Geological Society ofLondon Society theGeological of Journal - 951. Journal of Geology of Journal hesis of the tectonic and sedimentological evolution of the late Proterozoic Proterozoic late the of evolution sedimentological and tectonic the of hesis - - I., Harlan, S.S., et al., 2001. 2001. al., et S.S., Harlan, I., ,

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Precambrian Research Precambrian 67 , 25 , 96 , 395 , 4 , Precambrian Research Precambrian iams, M.L., et al., 1999. 1999. al., et M.L., iams, Precambrian Research Precambrian - - 110. nson, T.E., et al., 2016. 2016. al., et T.E., nson, 29. - 418. - East Antarctic (SWEAT) connection: A hypothesis hypothesis A connection: (SWEAT) Antarctic East ,

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41. - 891. , Assembly, configuration, and break and configuration, Assembly, 160 non A

– - , Ar dating and p/T analysis of fault rocks rocks fault of analysis p/T and dating Ar Long 358.

Lithos 292 , 179 aaoants ad Sm and Palaeomagnetism , - Refining Rodinia: geologic evidence for the the for evidence geologic Rodinia: Refining 145

Constraining pre Constraining -

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Discriminating prolonged, episodic or or episodic prolonged, Discriminating GSA Today GSA 226 , - 157 - 349.

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This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Accepted 1999. al., et E.A., Eide, T.H., Torsvik, H.J., Walderhaug, 2011. B.W.H., Hendriks, and B. Bingen, I.H.C., Henderson, G., Viola, age and evolution Proterozoic 1990. A., Råheim, and T.E. Krogh, R.D., Tucker, in affinities Caledonian with terrane composite a Pearya: 1987. H.P., Trettin, U 2013. C.D., Storey, and C.L. Kirkland, A.R., Prave, R.A., Strachan, I 2014. al., et P.A., Cawood, N.M.W., Roberts, C.J., Spencer, of preservation and Spencer, Generation 2015. al., et 2013. C.J., Hawkesworth, al., P.A., Cawood, et C.J., Spencer, M., Marker, N.M.W., Roberts, T., Slagstad, ArticleK and N.M.W. Roberts, T., Slagstad, Magma 2018. al., et N., Coint, N.M.W., Roberts, T., Slagstad, 2018. S., Gradmann, and V. Maupin, Y., Maystrenko, T., Slagstad, Continent 2015. T., Slagstad, and N.M.W. Roberts, progress of assessment an Orogen: Grenville the of evolution and setting Tectonic 2015. T., Rivers, Upper 2012. T., Rivers, 2003. al., et C.M., Powell, M.T.D., Wingate, S.A., Pisarevsky, loop loop th for implications Norway: SW dykes, Hunnedalen Zone" Fennosca in orogeny In: Ryan, eds). andA.B. Rivers Gower, T. Geiranger. to Trondheimsfjord from minerals U of Results Norway: Region, Gneiss Western the of part central the Island Society Neoproterozoic and correlations Dalradian the of Norway southern Orogeny, Sveconorwegian Research the of onset the at volcanism region Atlantic North Frontiers the from examples Proterozoic isotopes: Hf zircon from Orogeny theGrenville crust in continental orogen Sveconorwegian Rodinia on margins Sveconorwegian and Grenvillian Fennoscandian of stages terminal the Shield evolution during Norway SW Province, Sveconorwegian the modelling by thermal and assessed tomography seismic in reflected Fennoscandia, SW beneath wedge mantle Sveconorwegian Fennoscandia 1.86 supercontinents; Rodinia and Columbia years 40 thelast over Gren the of Sciences hinterland the in plateau orogenic fragmentation C.J., Kirkland, C.L., Prave, A.R., et al., 2018. 2018. al., et A.R., Prave, C.L., Kirkland, C.J., Earth and Planetary Science Planetary Science Letters Earth and Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences of Journal Canadian Precambrian Research Precambrian , 170 , . , 49

252 , 1 , , 905 , , 107 International Geology Review Geology International - - Geological Society, London, Special Special Publications London, Society, Geological 42. crustal orogenic lid and mid and lid orogenic crustal Geosphere - 916.

- 118. Supergroup, Shetland Islands, Scotland: implications for regional regional for implications Scotland: Islands, Shetland Supergroup, Geoscience Canada Geoscience

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Terra Nova Terra , ulakov, E., 2017. Linking orogenesis across a supercontinent; the the supercontinent; a across orogenesis Linking 2017. E., ulakov, 14 , 189 , 861 - – thrusting and extensional shearing along the "Mylonite "Mylonite the along shearing extensional and thrusting , 368 Palaeozoic basin development development basin Palaeozoic Terra Nova Terra , - 882.

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(C.F. (C.F. This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. al. et Li Acceptedafter Laurenti af Modified margin. southern active extensive, an 2. Figure Grenville ocean major a facing margin Sveconorwegian Grenville southern the leaving Rodinia, of margin northern the at Amazonia placed who model, to similar somewhat Laurentia of part southernmost proposed and data paleomagnetic al. et Pisarevsky the as to referred proposing configurat Article al et Weil to referred present between connection Laurentia 1. Figure Figures and S.A. Pisarevsky, M.T.D., Wingate, supercontinent Proterozoic The 1998. J.G., Meert, and C. Niocaill, Mac R., Voo, der Van A.B., Weil, and Laurentia: no SWEAT, no AUSWUS? noAUSWUS? noSWEAT, and Laurentia: Science Letters Ma 800 to 1100 for reconstruction derived Paleomagnetically Rodinia: a configurations permitted by the paleomagnetic data at ca. 1050 and 950 Ma. Latitudes are are Latitudes Ma. 950 and 1050 ca. at data paleomagnetic the by permitted configurations a – Examples of simplified Rodinia models Rodinia simplified of Examples . (A) ‘Classic’ pre ‘Classic’ (A) Sveconorwegian correlation has rarely been questioned. been rarely has correlation Sveconorwegian ion (A). More recent Rodinia reconstructions reconstructions Rodinia recent More (A). ion a .

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SWEAT models (C models SWEAT - questioned the robustness of the previous models on the basis of new new of basis the on models previous the of robustness the questioned Grenvillian, Mesoproterozoic reconstruction of Baltica and Laurentia, with with Laurentia, and Baltica of reconstruction Mesoproterozoic Grenvillian, , 13 - a Cnd ad utai and Australia and Canada day - 24. figuration

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This article isThis article by protected copyright. All rightsreserved. Sv successions; and Sværholt RB succession; mafic Hunnedalen EG succession; tectonism Caledonian to respect Yellow nappes. allochthonous Caledonian active to related Meso Caledonian Paleozoic the to blue dark and orogen, Timanian Neoproterozoic late the to green orogens, Neoproterozoic early to Figure terranes SNO terrane; Pearya dikes; mafic Dalarne Rodi to interior major belt a orogenic collisional of side one representing Laurentia and Baltica with configuration, ‘classic’ the activity, orogenic of thepeak at Laurentia and Baltica of separation significant suggesting data paleomagnetic continent of result a as form not did orogen Sveconorwegian the that other. each to unrelated and separated Laurentia and Baltica G) including scenarios,

Accepted Article 2 scenario ; -

3 through late Neoproterozoic deposition, deformation, and magmatism, interpreted to be be to interpreted magmatism, and deformation, deposition, Neoproterozoic late through . .

North Atlantic region with relevant geologic features. Pink blocks correspond to late Meso late to correspond blocks Pink features. geologic relevant with region Atlantic North , –

– Rockall Bank; SAR Bank; Rockall with Baltica Baltica with grud ai dks Ext. dikes; mafic Egersund - agn rcse i a long a in processes margin scenario 1, which is the is which 1, scenario

ie; KAU dikes; GO – vcnrein rgn SSv orogen; Sveconorwegian – rnil ooe; KAU orogen; Grenville – – hfe eswr fo is lsi psto (, ) ad cnro 3 scenario and H); (E, position classic its from eastward shifted paaha rgn e sas indicate stars Red orogen. Appalachian Svalbard terranes. Svalbard

– – atkio ai dks K dikes; mafic Kautekeino Sarfartoq carbonatite; SIL carbonatite; Sarfartoq –

oiin. brvain: ALN Abbreviations: positions. nia, seems the least likely. likely. least the seems nia, stars indicate similar evidence in autochthonous autochthonous in evidence similar indicate stars

‘classic’ contiguous Baltica contiguous ‘classic’ – - xesoa futn; FEN faulting; Extensional ie Rodinia lived

– atkio ai dks M dikes; mafic Kautokeino – Sørøy – -

exterior orogen, have been found in in found been have orogen, exterior Sept Isles layered intrusion; SSs intrusion; layered Isles Sept Given a range of geological arguments arguments geological of range a Given - - vrot ucsin Sv succession; Sværholt rmea sceso; M succession; Krummedal – lö abntt; D carbonatite; Alnö brvain: BDD Abbreviations: areas where evidence of late of evidence where areas - – continent collis continent Laurentia configuration (D, configuration Laurentia – e croaie HUN carbonatite; Fen – on sceso; P succession; Moine ion, and the the and ion, – – – Blekinge Dalradian Dalradian Svalbard Svalbard – – – Moine Moine , Sørøy Sørøy

with with with with – – – -

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